[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2s04d-n5b30", "eprint_id": 78241, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:32:57", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 23:54:55", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Ultrafast Light and Electrons: Imaging the Invisible", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license and any changes made are indicated. \n\nDate: 14 December 2016. \n\nThe research summarized in this contribution had been carried out with support from the National Science Foundation (DMR-0964886) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-11-1-0055) in the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology (UST), which is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation at Caltech. During the forty-years-long research endeavor at Caltech, I had the pleasure of working with some 400 research associates, and without their efforts the above story would not have been told. References are included here to highlight selected contributions, but the work in its totality could not be covered because of the limited space and the article focus.\n\n
Published - chp_3A10.1007_2F978-3-319-31903-2_3.pdf
", "abstract": "In this chapter, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of microscopic imaging are overviewed with focus on ultrashort light and electrons pulses; for simplicity, we shall use the term \"ultrafast\" for both. From Alhazen's camera obscura, to Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek's optical micrography, and on to three- and four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy, the developments over a millennium have transformed humans' scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the visible shadows of candles at the centimeter and second scales, and ending with invisible atoms with space and time dimensions of sub-nanometer and femtosecond, respectively. With these advances it has become possible to determine the structures of matter and to observe their elementary dynamics as they fold and unfold in real time, providing the means for visualizing materials behavior and biological function, with the aim of understanding emergent phenomena in complex systems. Both light and light-generated electrons are now at the forefront of femtosecond and attosecond science and technology, and the scope of applications has reached beyond the nuclear motion as electron dynamics become accessible.", "date": "2016-12-14", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "43-68", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170615-093840689", "isbn": "978-3-319-31902-5", "book_title": "Optics in Our Time", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170615-093840689", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "DMR-0964886" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)", "grant_number": "FA9550-11-1-0055" }, { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Al-Amri-M", "name": { "family": "Al-Amri", "given": "Mohammad" } }, { "id": "El-Gomati-M", "name": { "family": "El-Gomati", "given": "Mohamed" } }, { "id": "Zubairy-M-S", "name": { "family": "Zubairy", "given": "M. Suhail" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_3", "primary_object": { "basename": "chp_3A10.1007_2F978-3-319-31903-2_3.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2s04d-n5b30/files/chp_3A10.1007_2F978-3-319-31903-2_3.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2016", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/e9dek-21e59", "eprint_id": 42870, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:25:38", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 06:05:14", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Park-Sang-Tae", "name": { "family": "Park", "given": "Sang Tae" } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Photon-Induced Near Field Electron Microscopy", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "ultrafast electron microscopy; electron energy spectroscopy; nanoparticle; plasmon; near field", "note": "\u00a9 2013 SPIE.\nThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research in\nthe Center for Physical Biology funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\n\nPublished - Park_2013p884506.pdf
", "abstract": "Ultrafast electron microscopy in the space and time domains utilizes a pulsed electron probe to directly map structural dynamics of nanomaterials initiated by an optical pump pulse, in imaging, diffraction, spectroscopy, and their combinations. It has demonstrated its capability in the studies of phase transitions, mechanical vibrations, and chemical reactions. Moreover, electrons can directly interact with photons via the near field component of light scattering by nanostructures, and either gain or lose light quanta discretely in energy. By energetically selecting those electrons that exchanged photon energies, we can map this photon-electron interaction, and the technique is termed photon-induced near field electron microscopy (PINEM). Here, we give an account of the theoretical understanding of PINEM. Experimentally, nanostructures such as a sphere, cylinder, strip, and triangle have been investigated. Theoretically, time-dependent Schrodinger and Dirac equations for an electron under light are directly solved to obtain analytical solutions. The interaction probability is expressed by the mechanical work done by an optical wave on a traveling electron, which can be evaluated analytically by the near field components of the Rayleigh scattering for small spheres and thin cylinders, and numerically by the discrete dipole approximation for other geometries. Application in visualization of plasmon fields is discussed.", "date": "2013-09-28", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers", "place_of_pub": "Bellingham, WA", "pagerange": "Art. No. 884506", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20131205-152254995", "isbn": "9780819496959", "book_title": "Ultrafast Imaging and Spectroscopy", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20131205-152254995", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" }, { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Liu-Z", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Zhiwen" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1117/12.2023082", "primary_object": { "basename": "Park_2013p884506.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/e9dek-21e59/files/Park_2013p884506.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2013", "author_list": "Park, Sang Tae and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nh3xn-7w475", "eprint_id": 20546, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 00:24:37", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 00:05:24", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Baum-P", "name": { "family": "Baum", "given": "Peter" } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Attosecond Free Electron Pulses for Diffraction and Microscopy", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2009 Springer.", "abstract": "In synthesized gratings of optical fields, free non-relativistic electrons compress to pulses of ~15 attosecond duration. Such pulses have potential to advance ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy to the domain of attosecond electron dynamics.", "date": "2009", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "Berlin", "pagerange": "155-157", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101026-142651725", "isbn": "978-3-540-95945-8", "book_title": "Ultrafast phenomena XVI", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101026-142651725", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Corkum-P-B", "name": { "family": "Corkum", "given": "Paul B." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-540-95946-5_51", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Baum, Peter and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9y8qr-pkm85", "eprint_id": 20544, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 00:24:30", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 00:05:20", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Baum-P", "name": { "family": "Baum", "given": "Peter" } }, { "id": "Yang-Ding-Shyue", "name": { "family": "Yang", "given": "Ding-Shyue" } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Four-dimensional Visualization of Transitional Structures in Phase Transformations by Electron Diffraction", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2009 Springer.", "abstract": "Imaging with ultrashort electron pulses allows visualizing atomic-scale motions in\nall four dimensions of space and time. We report the transitional structures and mechanism of\nthe ultrafast insulator-to-metal phase transformation in crystalline vanadium dioxide.", "date": "2009", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "Berlin", "pagerange": "116-118", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101026-141915851", "isbn": "978-3-540-95945-8", "book_title": "Ultrafast phenomena XVI", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101026-141915851", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Corkum-P-B", "name": { "family": "Corkum", "given": "Paul B." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-540-95946-5_38", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Baum, Peter; Yang, Ding-Shyue; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ncjzf-dbz06", "eprint_id": 69401, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 21:31:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 16:53:02", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Voyages with the Master", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Royal Society of Chemistry.\n\nPublished - 9781847558183-00003.pdf
", "abstract": "When I arrived in Philadelphia in August of 1969, I knew only of John Meurig Thomas the scientist. For more than three decades since then I have had the privilege of knowing John the scientist, the friend, and the communicator. In each of these dimensions, John is a Master. And he has one more unparalleled fourth dimension \u2013 a brilliant memory and a mental hard disk with unlimited storage capacity! Very few scientists are as versatile as John in his cross-linking of different science disciplines, and as cultured as he is in other facets of life \u2013 even in sports he was, as a schoolboy, the walking-race champion of Wales, and was also a member of the University of Wales cricket team in 1955.", "date": "2007-11-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "place_of_pub": "Cambridge, UK", "pagerange": "3-9", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160802-152748581", "isbn": "978-0-85404-114-5", "book_title": "Turning Points in Solid-State, Materials and Surface Science : A Book in Celebration of the Life and Work of Sir John Meurig Thomas", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160802-152748581", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Harris-K-D-M", "name": { "family": "Harris", "given": "Kenneth D. M." } }, { "id": "Edwards-P-P", "name": { "family": "Edwards", "given": "Peter P." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1039/9781847558183-00003", "primary_object": { "basename": "9781847558183-00003.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ncjzf-dbz06/files/9781847558183-00003.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a72sa-fdp70", "eprint_id": 69811, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:20:43", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:18", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lobastov-V-A", "name": { "family": "Lobastov", "given": "Vladimir A." } }, { "id": "Srinivasan-R", "name": { "family": "Srinivasan", "given": "Ramesh" } }, { "id": "Vigliotti-F", "name": { "family": "Vigliotti", "given": "Franco" } }, { "id": "Ruan-Chong-Yu", "name": { "family": "Ruan", "given": "Chong-Yu" } }, { "id": "Feenstra-J-S", "name": { "family": "Feenstra", "given": "Jonathan S." } }, { "id": "Chen-Songye", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Songye" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5407-5049" }, { "id": "Park-Sang-T", "name": { "family": "Park", "given": "Sang T." } }, { "id": "Xu-Shoujun", "name": { "family": "Xu", "given": "Shoujun" } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Ultrafast Electron Diffraction From the Gas Phase to the Condensed Phase with Picosecond and Femtosecond Resolution", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Electron Pulse; Coordination Shell; Diffraction Image; Internuclear Separation; Transient Structure", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Springer-Verlag New York, LLC.\n\nWe gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the National Science Foundation for building the new generations of UED. Partial support was provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Office of Naval Research.", "abstract": "Diffraction techniques have allowed determination of three-dimensional equi\u00adlibrium structures with atomic resolution in systems ranging from diatoms (NaC1) to DNA, proteins and complex assemblies such as viruses. For dy\u00adnamics, the time resolution has similarly reached the fundamental atomic scale of motion. With the advent of femtosecond time resolution nearly two decades ago, it has become possible to study the dynamics of non-equilibrium molecular systems, also from the very small (NaI) to the very large (DNA, proteins and their complexes) [1]. A tantalizing goal is the potential to map out, in real time, the coordinates of all individual atoms in complex chemical and biological reactions.", "date": "2004", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "419-435", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160822-130757566", "isbn": "978-1-4684-9584-3", "book_title": "Ultrafast Optics IV", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160822-130757566", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Krausz-F", "name": { "family": "Krausz", "given": "Ferenc" } }, { "id": "Korn-G", "name": { "family": "Korn", "given": "Georg" } }, { "id": "Corkum-P", "name": { "family": "Corkum", "given": "Paul" } }, { "id": "Walmsley-I-A", "name": { "family": "Walmsley", "given": "Ian A." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-0-387-34756-1_54", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Lobastov, Vladimir A.; Srinivasan, Ramesh; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7spzk-pn537", "eprint_id": 69810, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 12:48:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 20:38:54", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and Transient Complex Structures \u2014 From Gas Phase to Crystallography", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Elsevier B.V.", "abstract": "This article highlights the recent development of ultrafast electron diffraction at Caltech. This development has made it possible to resolve transient structures both spatially (0.01 \u00c5) and temporally (picosecond and now femtosecond) in the gas phase and condensed media, surfaces and crystals, with wide ranging applications. We also present some advances made in the studies of mesoscopic ionic solvation and biological dynamics and function.", "date": "2004", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Elsevier", "place_of_pub": "Amsterdam", "pagerange": "3-17", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160822-130757274", "isbn": "978-0-444-51656-5", "book_title": "Femtochemistry and Femtobiology", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160822-130757274", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Martin-M-M", "name": { "family": "Martin", "given": "Monique M." } }, { "id": "Hynes-J-T", "name": { "family": "Hynes", "given": "James T." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/B978-044451656-5/50001-3", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y3y9g-ma577", "eprint_id": 69833, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:24:21", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 20:39:50", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers (Nobel Lecture)", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag. \n\nPublished Online: 8 Oct 2001.", "abstract": "N/A", "date": "2001-10-08", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "1-85", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160823-082225402", "isbn": "9783527302598", "book_title": "Femtochemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160823-082225402", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "De-Schryver-F-C", "name": { "family": "De Schryver", "given": "Frans C." } }, { "id": "De-Feyter-S", "name": { "family": "De Feyter", "given": "Steven" } }, { "id": "Schweitzer-G", "name": { "family": "Schweitzer", "given": "Gerd" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/3527600183.ch1", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/13ptz-mcp12", "eprint_id": 69832, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:37:54", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 20:39:46", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "De-Feyter-S", "name": { "family": "De Feyter", "given": "Steven" } }, { "id": "Diau-E-W-G", "name": { "family": "Diau", "given": "Eric W.-G." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Organic Femtochemistry: Diradicals, Theory and Experiments", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "organic femtochemistry; diradicals", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Wiley-VCH Verlag. \n\nPublished Online: 8 Oct 2001.", "abstract": "{no abstract]", "date": "2001-10-08", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "97-112", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160823-082225101", "isbn": "9783527302598", "book_title": "Femtochemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160823-082225101", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "De-Schryver-F-C", "name": { "family": "De Schryver", "given": "Frans C." } }, { "id": "De-Feyter-S", "name": { "family": "De Feyter", "given": "Steven" } }, { "id": "Schweitzer-G", "name": { "family": "Schweitzer", "given": "Gerd" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/3527600183.ch3", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "De Feyter, Steven; Diau, Eric W.-G.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kh1yv-71c58", "eprint_id": 69812, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:13:29", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 20:39:03", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Baskin-J-S", "name": { "family": "Baskin", "given": "J. Spencer" } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Orientation Dynamics and Molecular Structures from gas Phase to Condensed Media", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2001 World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd.", "abstract": "Basic concepts of molecular orientation are discussed, and a unified picture is presented for rotational dynamics in different phases: coherent inertial in isolated molecules, partially coherent in dense fluids, and reaching the diffusive limit in liquids. Theory is compared to experimental studies from this laboratory on reactive and non-reactive systems, including biological systems. Important to molecular orientation is the time scale, and we compare quantum-state orientation (continuous wave experiment) and classical-like orientation achieved with femtosecond resolution.", "date": "2001-09", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "World Scientific", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "3-20", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160822-130757830", "isbn": "978-981-02-4866-6", "book_title": "Femtochemistry and Femtobiology", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160822-130757830", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Douhal-A", "name": { "family": "Douhal", "given": "Abderrazzak" } }, { "id": "Santamar\u00eda-J", "name": { "family": "Santamar\u00eda", "given": "Jesus" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1142/9789812777980_0001", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Baskin, J. Spencer and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/23tfg-dca45", "eprint_id": 69834, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:02:55", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 20:39:52", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtochemistry: Recent Progress in Studies of Dynamics and Control of Reactions and Their Transition States", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Springer. \n\nRevised and reprinted with permission from J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 100, 12701. \n\nThis work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. We have received two referee reports for this article, and wish to thank both referees for their very thorough reading of the manuscript and for the helpful suggestions. The work presented in this review was the result of the dedicated efforts by members of the Caltech group, past and present. They made possible the story told here, and I hope they will find it as exciting as their research in Femtoland!", "abstract": "This Centennial Issue of The Journal of Physical Chemistry marks not only its achievements since birth in 1896 but also an era of great scientific contributions to the field of chemical dynamics. Pioneering work in the studies of molecular reaction dynamics, which continued over a century, led to new methods of experimentation and to new concepts. Letokhov [1] has identified \"three waves\" in the development of molecular dynamics, depending on the time scale. In this account we focus on the third wave characterized by femtosecond time resolution. Chemistry occurring on this time scale, femtochemistry, is microscopic, on the length scale of a bond, allowing us to address the nature of transition states and their control, a subject also started in the first part of this century.", "date": "2001", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "415-476", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160823-082225764", "isbn": "978-3-642-63150-4", "book_title": "Atomic and Molecular Beams: The State of the Art 2000", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160823-082225764", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Campargue-R", "name": { "family": "Campargue", "given": "Roger" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-56800-8_30", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/txehg-ddb93", "eprint_id": 70878, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:48:57", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:36:38", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "M\u00f8ller-K-B", "name": { "family": "M\u00f8ller", "given": "Klaus B." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtosecond Activation of Reactions: The Concepts of Nonergodic Behavior and Reduced-Space Dynamics", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "femtosecond activation of reactions; nonergodic behavior; reduced-space dynamics", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and US AFOSR.", "abstract": "In this paper, we discuss recent experiments and perform classical trajectory calculations on a model system to illustrate these concepts for a unimolecular dissociation reaction.", "date": "2001", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "157-188", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-110311452", "isbn": "9783906390284", "book_title": "Essays in Contemporary Chemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-110311452", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Quinkert-G", "name": { "family": "Quinkert", "given": "Gerhard" } }, { "id": "Kisak\u00fcrek-V-M", "name": { "family": "Kisak\u00fcrek", "given": "M. Volkan" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9783906390451.ch5", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "M\u00f8ller, Klaus B. and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ymjhe-gyx24", "eprint_id": 70064, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:27:28", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:20", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtochemistry", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "femtochemistry; photography; plant photosynthesis; nuclear motions; biological vision", "note": "\u00a9 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "[No abstract]", "date": "1997", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Interscience", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "892-892", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-094505353", "isbn": "9780471180487", "book_title": "Chemical reactions and their control on the femtosecond time scale", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-094505353", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Gaspard-P", "name": { "family": "Gaspard", "given": "Pierre" } }, { "id": "Burghardt-I", "name": { "family": "Burghardt", "given": "lrene" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9780470141601.ch38", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5wry2-yp222", "eprint_id": 70065, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:49:12", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:22", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtochemistry: Chemical Reaction Dynamics and their Control", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "[No abstract]", "date": "1997", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Interscience", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "3-46", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-095951484", "isbn": "9780471180487", "book_title": "Chemical reactions and their control on the femtosecond time scale", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-095951484", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Gaspard-P", "name": { "family": "Gaspard", "given": "Pierre" } }, { "id": "Burghardt-I", "name": { "family": "Burghardt", "given": "Irene" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9780470141601.ch1", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gpszf-qj768", "eprint_id": 70066, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 06:59:45", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:24", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtochemistry and Max Bodenstein's Impact", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.\n\nThis work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and by the National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "This article gives a summary of the presentation made in tribute to Max Bodenstein at the conference entitled \"Gas Phase Chemical Reaction Systems: Experiments and Models 100 Years after Max Bodenstein\", in Heidelberg, during the period July 25 to 28, 1995.", "date": "1996", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "Berlin", "pagerange": "3-13", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-095951815", "isbn": "978-3-642-80301-7", "book_title": "Gas Phase Chemical Reaction Systems", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-095951815", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" }, { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Wolfrum-J", "name": { "family": "Wolfrum", "given": "J." } }, { "id": "Volpp-H-R", "name": { "family": "Volpp", "given": "H.-R." } }, { "id": "Rannacher-R", "name": { "family": "Rannacher", "given": "R." } }, { "id": "Warnatz-J", "name": { "family": "Warnatz", "given": "J." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-80299-7_1", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tyz9m-gx213", "eprint_id": 70091, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 05:09:50", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:23:56", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Felker-P-M", "name": { "family": "Felker", "given": "P. M." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Rotational coherence phenomena", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1995 Springer Science+Business Media. \n\nWe are grateful to numerous co-workers, cited in the references herein, who have contributed heavily to the understanding of rotational coherence effects and the development of rotational coherence spectroscopy. We are particularly grateful to S.M. Ohline for the data of Figure 6.18. This work has been supported by grants to PMF and to AHZ from the U.S. National Science Foundation, to PMF from the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, and to AHZ from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.", "abstract": "The development of seeded, supersonic molecular-beam techniques [1] has made it possible to study dynamical phenomena that would be very difficult to study otherwise. The time-domain manifestations of the free rotational motion of large molecular species subsequent to pulsed excitation comprise one such phenomenon [2, 3]. Both the vibrational and rotational cooling that pertain to a seeded-beam sample render the observation of rotational dynamics in the time domain much easier in these samples than in higher temperature gases. The vibrational cooling allows for the spectral isolation of the rotational bands associated with different vibronic (or vibrational) resonances. These bands can be individually excited by ultrafast laser pulses, with the ensuing dynamics due only to rotation. The rotational cooling significantly limits the range of rotational states that can contribute to the dynamics (though many states may still contribute for large species). The effect of this is primarily to slow down the rotational dynamics such that they can be readily observed with picosecond resolution.", "date": "1995", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer Netherlands", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "181-221", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-150030709", "isbn": "978-94-010-4573-5", "book_title": "Jet Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-150030709", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Hollas-J-M", "name": { "family": "Hollas", "given": "J. M." } }, { "id": "Phillips-D", "name": { "family": "Phillips", "given": "D." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-94-011-1314-4_6", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1995", "author_list": "Felker, P. M. and Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hf3hz-xzf19", "eprint_id": 70090, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 05:09:43", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:23:47", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Felker-P-M", "name": { "family": "Felker", "given": "P. M." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Ultrafast dynamics of IVR in molecules and reactions", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1995 Springer Science+Business Media.\n\nWe are grateful for support in the form of grants to PMF and to AHZ from the U.S. National Science Foundation, to PMF from the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, and to AHZ from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.", "abstract": "This chapter builds on an earlier contribution [1] which was devoted to the description of intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR) and its manifestations in time-domain experiments. IVR is the process by which energy that is initially localized in a particular vibrational motion of a species redistributes in time such that different vibrational motions of that species gain energy at the expense of the initial motion. The process is at the heart of vibrational state specificity in intramolecular dynamics. If IVR spreads energy over a larger number of vibrations in a time short compared with other intramolecular decay processes, then memory of the initial state is lost for those other processes and with it the possibility of state-specificity. Thus, insofar as vibrational character influences molecular dynamics, the characterization of IVR is essential to the understanding of this dynamics.", "date": "1995", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer Netherlands", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "222-308", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-144726408", "isbn": "978-94-010-4573-5", "book_title": "Jet Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-144726408", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Hollas-J-M", "name": { "family": "Hollas", "given": "J. M." } }, { "id": "Phillips-D", "name": { "family": "Phillips", "given": "D." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-94-011-1314-4_7", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1995", "author_list": "Felker, P. M. and Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v85kp-mpp20", "eprint_id": 70093, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 09:42:02", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:24:02", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Femtochemistry: Concepts and Applications", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "femtochemistry; chemical reaction; molicular level; chemical bond; arrhenious rate equation", "note": "\u00a9 1995 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.", "abstract": "[No abstract]", "date": "1994", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley VCH", "place_of_pub": "New York", "pagerange": "14-128", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-150031319", "isbn": "9783527290628", "book_title": "Femtosecond Chemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-150031319", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Manz-J", "name": { "family": "Manz", "given": "J\u00f6rn" } }, { "id": "W\u00f6ste-L", "name": { "family": "W\u00f6ste", "given": "Ludger" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9783527619436.ch2", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1994", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ddqda-5am85", "eprint_id": 70092, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 09:41:58", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:23:59", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Felker-P-M", "name": { "family": "Felker", "given": "Peter M." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Molecular Structures from Ultrafast Coherence Spectroscopy", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "ultrafast coherance spectroscopy; rotational motion; liquid samples; classical rotation rates; free molecules", "note": "\u00a9 1995 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft.", "abstract": "This handbook's emphasis is on how to apply the technique of femtosecond chemistry, rather than theoretical considerations. It provides both an introduction to the basic concepts of the techniques and a reference work for the expert.", "date": "1994", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley VCH", "place_of_pub": "New York", "pagerange": "193-260", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-150031052", "isbn": "9783527290628", "book_title": "Femtosecond Chemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160831-150031052", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Manz-J", "name": { "family": "Manz", "given": "J\u00f6rn" } }, { "id": "Ludger-W", "name": { "family": "Ludger", "given": "W\u00f6ste" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9783527619436.ch5", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1994", "author_list": "Felker, Peter M. and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mfx6c-2fd27", "eprint_id": 70019, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 00:51:23", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:20:52", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed" } } ] }, "title": "Ahmed Zewail", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1992 Academic Press, Inc.", "abstract": "Ahmed H. Zewail was born in Egypt in 1946, where he received his early formal education at Alexandria University (B.S. 1967 and M.S. 1969). He went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1969 and after earning his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1974, he joined the University of California at Berkeley as an IBM Research Fellow. Shortly afterward (1976), he joined the faculty of the California Institute of Technology. In 1990, he was honored with the first Linus Pauling Professorship of Chemical Physics at Caltech.", "date": "1992", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Academic Press", "place_of_pub": "San Diego, CA", "pagerange": "302-303", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160830-090959385", "isbn": "9780127796208", "book_title": "The Chemical Bond", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160830-090959385", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/B978-0-08-092669-8.50022-9", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1992", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pf7qk-5qj25", "eprint_id": 70106, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 00:51:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:47:57", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed" } }, { "id": "Bernstein-R-B", "name": { "family": "Bernstein", "given": "Richard B." } } ] }, "title": "Real-Time Laser Femtochemistry: Viewing the Transition from Reagents to Products", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1992 Academic Press, Inc.", "abstract": "One of the most fundamental problems in chemistry is understanding how chemical reactions occur: that is, how reagents make their journey to products. Traditionally, chemists start by studying the thermodynamics\nof a reaction, then its rate, and finally postulate its\nmechanism.", "date": "1992", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Academic Press", "place_of_pub": "Boston, MA", "pagerange": "223-279", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160901-083227184", "isbn": "9780127796208", "book_title": "The Chemical Bond", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160901-083227184", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed" } }, { "id": "Bernstein-R-B", "name": { "family": "Bernstein", "given": "Richard B." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/B978-0-08-092669-8.50014-X", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1992", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed and Bernstein, Richard B." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fqtx6-wz753", "eprint_id": 70577, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:36:12", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:47", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Felker-P-M", "name": { "family": "Felker", "given": "Peter M." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Picosecond Time-Resolved Dynamics of Vibrational-Energy Redistribution and Coherence in Beam-Isolated Molecules", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "steady-state spectroscopic studies; picosecond-gated fluorescence; anthracene; anharmonic coupling; rotational constants", "note": "\u00a9 1988 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "[No Abstract]", "date": "1988", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "place_of_pub": "Hoboken, NJ", "pagerange": "265-364", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160926-074128539", "isbn": "9780471627845", "book_title": "Evolution of Size Effects in Chemical Dynamics", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160926-074128539", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Prigogine-I", "name": { "family": "Prigogine", "given": "I." } }, { "id": "Rice-S-A", "name": { "family": "Rice", "given": "S. A." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9780470141199.ch8", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1988", "author_list": "Felker, Peter M. and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cyxdc-9w077", "eprint_id": 106076, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:45:57", "lastmod": "2024-01-15 18:13:39", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Picosecond Chemistry of Collisionless Molecules in Supersonic Beams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Rotational Temperature; Picosecond Laser; Quantum Beat; Polarization Anisotropy; Coherence Effect", "note": "\u00a9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1984. \n\nWe acknowledge support by the National Science Foundation under Grants DMR-8105034 and CHE-8211356. This is Contribution No. 7047 from the Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology.", "abstract": "The dynamics of collisionless intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR), bond breakage, and bond formation in large isolated molecules is currently a very important and challenging problem. A fruitful approach to this problem involves the study, via direct measurements in the time domain, of the decay parameters of energetically excited molecules. Using such an approach one can determine unimolecular rate constants as well as study any quantum mechanical coherence phenomena that may be involved in a decay process. Furthermore, in cold beams these rates and coherence effects can be studied as a function of the energy and character of individual vibrational modes in a molecule. The results of such studies are important to understanding the nature of energy flow within molecules and to assessing the possibility of vibrational mode-selective laser chemistry [1].", "date": "1984", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place_of_pub": "Berlin, Heidelberg", "pagerange": "284-288", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20201014-153714267", "isbn": "9783642823800", "book_title": "Ultrafast Phenomena IV", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201014-153714267", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "DMR-8105034" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CHE-8211356" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "7047", "name": "Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Auston-D-H", "name": { "family": "Auston", "given": "David H." } }, { "id": "Eisenthal-K-B", "name": { "family": "Eisenthal", "given": "Kenneth B." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-82378-7_76", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vb0kw-ff983", "eprint_id": 70560, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:33:29", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:39", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Felker-P-M", "name": { "family": "Felker", "given": "Peter M." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Picosecond Photo-Chemistry and Spectroscopy in Supersonic Beams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1984 Springer Netherlands. \n\nThe major part of this article was written when one of us (AHZ) was a guest at Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure; I greatly appreciate the hospitality and efforts of Professor Jean-Claude Lehmann. Also, many thanks are due to Professor Jean Brossel and Dr. Jack Vigu\u00e9 for their help during this time. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (CHE8211356 and DMR8105034).", "abstract": "In this article we describe the development and the applications of the picosecond-jet technique, which utilizes a picosecond laser and a supersonic jet beam of large molecules. The applications include studies of coherence (quantum beats), photodissociation, isomerization, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and partial solvation.", "date": "1984", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "273-291", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-125824561", "isbn": "978-94-009-6429-7", "book_title": "Applications of Picosecond Spectroscopy to Chemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-125824561", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CHE-8211356" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "DMR-8105034" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "6952", "name": "Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Einsenthal", "given": "Kenneth B." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-94-009-6427-3_16", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Felker, Peter M. and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s42wh-b2p77", "eprint_id": 85616, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:03:10", "lastmod": "2024-01-14 19:34:17", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } }, { "id": "Batchelder-J-S", "name": { "family": "Batchelder", "given": "J. S." } } ] }, "title": "Luminescent Solar Concentrators: An Overview", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1983 American Chemical Society. \n\nReceived November 22 1982. Published in print 15 June 1983. \n\nThis work was supported in part by the Department of Energy Solar Energy Research Institute (Subcontract XF-1-1261-1). Parts of this article are based on results published elsewhere with Dr. T. Cole as co-author. It is our pleasure to acknowledge all the stimulating discussions and the collaboration with Dr. Cole. \n\nThe efforts of Stuart Vincent and Dr. A. Gupta on the photodegradation problem are also acknowledged. A.H.Z. (to whom correspondence should be addressed, is an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow and Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Teacher-Scholar. Finally, the thorough and conscientious efforts of the referee are greatly\nappreciated.", "abstract": "The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) offers the possibility of reducing the cost of photovoltaic solar energy conversion through the use of light pipe trapping of luminescence. Three concepts govern the performance of an LSC: light concentration, light pipe trapping of luminescence, and photovoltaic conversion. We present prototype performance data as well as a simple model which predicts the light intensity gain and efficiency from molecular parameters.", "date": "1983-06-15", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "place_of_pub": "Washington, DC", "pagerange": "331-352", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180404-144801830", "isbn": "9780841207769", "book_title": "Polymers in Solar Energy Utilization", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180404-144801830", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Department of Energy (DOE)", "grant_number": "XF-1-1261-1" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1021/bk-1983-0220.ch021", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1983", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H. and Batchelder, J. S." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6h689-vzz84", "eprint_id": 70561, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:39:07", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:11:42", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Energy and Phase Randomization in Large Molecules as Probed by Laser Spectroscopy", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1984 Springer. \n\nAlfred P. Sloan Fellow and Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar. \n\nA major portion of this paper was written while the author was participating in the Winter School on laser spectroscopy at the University of Alexandria, UNARC, Alexandria, Egypt.", "abstract": "In this paper, which is based on the materials presented at the Bielefeld workshop on Molecular Structure and Energy Scrambling, I would like to focus on the problems pertaining to energy and phase randomization in large molecules. Specifically, I would like to discuss the following major problems:\na) electronic dephasing as manifested in the interactions between large-molecules in different electronic states and a bath of dense low-frequency modes.\nb) vibrational dephasing as manifested in the dynamics of localized vibrational energy in real large molecules.\nc) population and phase changes in multi-level systems (optical T1 and T2).", "date": "1983", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "17-34", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-125824871", "isbn": "978-1-4613-3669-3", "book_title": "Energy Storage and Redistribution in Molecules", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-125824871", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Hinze-J", "name": { "family": "Hinze", "given": "Juergen" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4613-3667-9_2", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1983", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m4jp6-02g61", "eprint_id": 70564, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 14:44:21", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:41", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Picosecond Laser Spectroscopy of Molecules in Supersonic Jets: Vibrational Energy Redistribution and Quantum Beats", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. \n\nThis work was supported by grants from NSF. I would like to thank\nProfs. R. Marcus and J. Hopfield for very enlightening discussions.\nWithout the efforts of Bill Lambert, Peter Felker and Jack Syage\nthe story told here would not have been written.", "abstract": "The dynamics of vibrational energy flow in large and isolated molecules following selective laser excitation is very interesting and challenging for many reasons. From a theoretical point of view, one would like to know how the coupling between bond vibrations influences the energy flow, and at what energy threshold does this flow or redistribution of energy from one mode-to-others occur. The energy region in which randomization or \"chaotic behavior\" dominates is important for mode-selective chemistry [1, 2].", "date": "1982", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Plenum Press", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "184-189", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-140006752", "isbn": "978-3-642-87866-4", "book_title": "Picosecond Phenomena III", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-140006752", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Eisenthal-K-B", "name": { "family": "Eisenthal", "given": "K. B." } }, { "id": "Hochstrasser-R-M", "name": { "family": "Hochstrasser", "given": "R. M." } }, { "id": "Kaiser-W", "name": { "family": "Kaiser", "given": "W." } }, { "id": "Laubereau-A", "name": { "family": "Laubereau", "given": "A." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-87864-0_46", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1982", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sm9j9-79k14", "eprint_id": 70565, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 14:19:29", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:43", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } }, { "id": "Smith-D-D", "name": { "family": "Smith", "given": "Duane D." } } ] }, "title": "Exciton Dynamics in Quasi-One-Dimensional Molecular Systems", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1981 Springer. \n\nThis work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMR77-19578, and in part by the Department of Energy.", "abstract": "Quasi-one-dimensional systems offer great challenges to theoreticians as well as experimentalists. Because of the low dimensionality one expects the dynamics of excitation (electron) transfer in these systems to be relatively simple when compared with the dynamics of higher-dimensionality solids. In fact, if one is really optimistic, we may anticipate the use of 1-D physics formulaes, found in most text books, to explain experimental findings. However, the problem is not that simple and indeed it requires much more understanding than that presented in standard textbooks. Two interesting questions are relevant here: First, do 1-D systems exist? Second, if they exist, what determines the dynamics in such prototypical systems?", "date": "1981-08", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "351-362", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-140007020", "isbn": "978-3-642-81594-2", "book_title": "Physics in One Dimension", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-140007020", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "DMR77-19578" }, { "agency": "Department of Energy (DOE)" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bernasconi-J", "name": { "family": "Bernasconi", "given": "Jakob" } }, { "id": "Schneider-Toni", "name": { "family": "Schneider", "given": "Toni" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-81592-8_40", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1981", "author_list": "Zewail, Ahmed H. and Smith, Duane D." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/h0x2v-ctt65", "eprint_id": 70554, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:36:35", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:37", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Batchelder-J-S", "name": { "family": "Batchelder", "given": "J. S." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } }, { "id": "Cole-T", "name": { "family": "Cole", "given": "T." } } ] }, "title": "Luminescent Solar Concentrators", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1980 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. \n\nA. H. Zewail is an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow and a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation teacher scholar. This work was supported in part by a contract from the U. S. Department of Energy/Solar Energy Research Institute, and in part by ARCO Solar, Inc.\n\nPublished - 0248_105.pdf
", "abstract": "A type of solar concentrator for photovoltaics utilizing light pipe trapping of luminescence is described. Total collector efficiencies of 3. 2% have been measured, and efficiencies of 10% appear theoretically possible. The photodegradation lifetime of the dyes presently used is about one year under optimal conditions.", "date": "1980-11-25", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers", "place_of_pub": "Bellingham, WA", "pagerange": "105-108", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-081447240", "isbn": "9780892522774", "book_title": "Role of Electro-Optics in Photovoltaic Energy Conversion", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-081447240", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Department of Energy (DOE)" }, { "agency": "ARCO" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Deb-S-K", "name": { "family": "Deb", "given": "Satyendra K." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1117/12.970592", "primary_object": { "basename": "0248_105.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/h0x2v-ctt65/files/0248_105.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1980", "author_list": "Batchelder, J. S.; Zewail, A. H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d4mnt-ssg17", "eprint_id": 70570, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 12:55:31", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:45", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Robbins-R-J", "name": { "family": "Robbins", "given": "R. J." } }, { "id": "Millar-D-P", "name": { "family": "Millar", "given": "D. P." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Picosecond Torsional Dynamics of DNA", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1980 Springer.\n\nThis work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation\nunder grant CBE79-05683. AHZ is the recipient of an Alfred P. Sloan\nFoundation Fellowship and a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation\nteacher- scholar award. This is Contribution No. 6263 from the Division\nof Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of the California Institute of\nTechnology.", "abstract": "Studies of the structure and conformational dynamics of DNA are central to an understanding of its biological function. Although the long-range segmental motions of the DNA helix have been well characterized by a variety of physical techniques [1], very little is known about the more rapid internal motions in DNA [2\u20134]. Our objective here is to investigate the torsional (twisting) dynamics of DNA using the techniques of picosecond time-dependent fluorescence depolarization, and to compare the results with the predictions of the elastic model presented by BARKLEY and ZIMM [5].", "date": "1980", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer-Verlag", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "331-335", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-140750557", "isbn": "978-3-642-87863-3", "book_title": "Picosecond Phenomena II", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160923-140750557", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CBE79-05683" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "6263", "name": "Caltech Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Shank-C-V", "name": { "family": "Shank", "given": "Charles V." } }, { "id": "Hochstrasser-R-M", "name": { "family": "Hochstrasser", "given": "Robin" } }, { "id": "Kaiser-W", "name": { "family": "Kaiser", "given": "Wolfgang" } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-87861-9_66", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1980", "author_list": "Robbins, R. J.; Millar, D. P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s9mxb-3g724", "eprint_id": 70864, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:54:05", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:54:25", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Burland-D-M", "name": { "family": "Burland", "given": "Donald M." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "title": "Coherent Processes in Molecular Crystals", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1979 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "[No Abstract]", "date": "1979", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "place_of_pub": "Hokoben, NJ", "pagerange": "369-484", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085506520", "isbn": "9780471038849", "book_title": "Advances in Chemical Physics", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085506520", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Prigogine-I", "name": { "family": "Prigogine", "given": "I." } }, { "id": "Rice-S-A", "name": { "family": "Rice", "given": "Stuart A." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9780470142592.ch6", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Burland, Donald M. and Zewail, Ahmed H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qxy7w-nkr74", "eprint_id": 78967, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:54:19", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 14:30:08", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Solar Energy Flow Channels in an LSC", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Submitted - 1978-PPAMRM-Zewail.pdf
", "abstract": "For the past several years we have been studying the luminescent solar concentrator, (LSC), particularly from the standpoint of what effect the various energy transfer mechanisms will have in a multi-dye LSC. The result is an enumeration of the various channels of energy fl.ow, as well as dividends in the forms of techniques for improving the device performance. These results are now in the process of being published or patented, so here we will give only a brief sketch of the pertinent points.", "date": "1979", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Solar Energy Research Institute", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170711-150420274", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170711-150420274", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Department of Energy (DOE)" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "1978-PPAMRM-Zewail.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qxy7w-nkr74/files/1978-PPAMRM-Zewail.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xdqft-e7x50", "eprint_id": 70861, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:07:39", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:54:20", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Jones-K-E", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "K. E." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } }, { "id": "Diestler-D-J", "name": { "family": "Diestler", "given": "D. J." } } ] }, "title": "Molecular Mechanisms for Dephasing: Toward a Unified Treatment of Gases, Solids and Liquids", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1978 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. \n\nThis work was supported in part by a grant from NSF to A. H. Zewail and D. J. Diestler. Acknowledgment is also made to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by ACS, for partial support of this research (AHZ).", "abstract": "In this paper we are concerned with the role of dephasing (optical T_1 and T_2) in various molecular relaxation processes. Specifically, we are asking the following questions: (1) What is the relationship between the lineshape function and the dephasing time? (2) What are the different processes that contribute to the overall dephasing rate? (3) Are the approximations made in describing dephasing in solids and liquids reasonable ? (4) Can we use a unified theoretical approach to describe dephasing in gases, solids, and liquids?", "date": "1978", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer-Verlag", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "258-270", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085505684", "isbn": "978-3-642-67056-5", "book_title": "Advances in Laser Chemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085505684", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-67054-1_24", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1978", "author_list": "Jones, K. E.; Zewail, A. H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/75zk0-s1479", "eprint_id": 70860, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:07:31", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:54:18", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Shah-R-R", "name": { "family": "Shah", "given": "R." } }, { "id": "Millar-D-P", "name": { "family": "Millar", "given": "D." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Probing Dephasing of Molecules and Excitons: Nano and Picosecond Dynamics", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1978 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.", "abstract": "A brief account of some of our recent work at CalTech on the time resolved spectra of gases and solids in the nano and sub-picosecond time regimes was given. First, we discussed the concepts involved in nonlinear optical techniques and their relationships to optical T1 and T2 measured in large (pentacene) and small (iodine) molecules. Second, a description for nanosecond techniques was given. Third, we presented a picosecond reflection technique for probing exciton dynamics and surface states in mole cular crystals. Finally, we mentioned a curious effect which is in analogy with the optical Ramsey fringes. This effect is observed in molecules excited to one-photon states in contrast to previous observations made in two-photon transitions. Since there was necessarily some overlap with the material presented at the conference on Advances in Laser Chemistry organized by one of the authors (A.H.Z.), the reader is referred to [1].", "date": "1978", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer-Verlag", "place_of_pub": "Berlin Heidelberg", "pagerange": "198-198", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085505417", "isbn": "978-3-642-67100-5", "book_title": "Picosecond Phenomena", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085505417", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Shank-C-V", "name": { "family": "Shank", "given": "Charles V." } }, { "id": "Ippen-E-P", "name": { "family": "Ippen", "given": "Erich P." } }, { "id": "Shapiro-S-L", "name": { "family": "Shapiro", "given": "Stanley L." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-67099-2_38", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1978", "author_list": "Shah, R.; Millar, D.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f7vss-79613", "eprint_id": 70862, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:07:47", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:54:22", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Jones-K-E", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "K. E." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Theory of Optical Dephasing in Condensed Phases", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1978 Springer Verlag.", "abstract": "In the last decade, the field of nonlinear laser spectroscopy has yielded a vast amount of new information regarding molecular processes that lead into the destruction of the ensemble coherence. Recently, attention has been given to those processes that take place in large molecules [1,2]. The theory of optical dephasing for molecules undergoing radiationless relaxations, probed by coherent optical spectroscopy, will be presented here in detail. We will not discuss the experimentation used in our laboratory and in others, however. The reader is referred to reference [3] and to the paper of JONES-ZEWAIL-DIESTLER in this book [4].", "date": "1978", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "196-222", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085505944", "isbn": "978-3-642-67056-5", "book_title": "Advances in Laser Chemistry", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085505944", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5810", "name": "Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-67054-1_20", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1978", "author_list": "Jones, K. E. and Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dfz4k-1sh91", "eprint_id": 70582, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:01:21", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:49", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } }, { "id": "Godar-D-E", "name": { "family": "Godar", "given": "D. E." } }, { "id": "Jones-K-E", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "K. E." } }, { "id": "Orlowski-T-E", "name": { "family": "Orlowski", "given": "T. E." } }, { "id": "Shah-R-R", "name": { "family": "Shah", "given": "R. R." } }, { "id": "Nichols-A", "name": { "family": "Nichols", "given": "A." } } ] }, "title": "Coherent Optical Spectroscopy Of Molecules And Molecular Beams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1977 SPIE. \n\nThis work is supported in part by the Research Corporation and the United States Energy Research and Development Administration. Acknowledgment is also made to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the ACS, for partial support of this research. This work is Contribution No. 5676.\n\nPublished - 0113_42.pdf
", "abstract": "This paper presents our recent work on coherent optical spectroscopy of molecules and molecular beams. The theory for these nonlinear optical effects is summarized and related to the measurements in the gas phase and in the condensed phase. Finally, we discuss the importance of these methods, which disentangle the inhomogeneous optical resonances, in understanding nonradiative and optical dephasing processes.", "date": "1977-12-05", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers", "place_of_pub": "Bellingham, WA", "pagerange": "42-56", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160926-083200646", "isbn": "9780892521401", "book_title": "Advances in Laser Spectroscopy I", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160926-083200646", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Research Corporation" }, { "agency": "Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)" }, { "agency": "American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5676", "name": "Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "Ahmed H." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1117/12.955601", "primary_object": { "basename": "0113_42.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dfz4k-1sh91/files/0113_42.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1977", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H.; Godar, D. E.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1qrv7-z8r79", "eprint_id": 78959, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:23:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 14:29:46", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Orlowski-T-E", "name": { "family": "Orlowski", "given": "T. E." } }, { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "A Novel Laser Technique for Observing Optical Coherence in Gases, Molecular Beams, and Solids", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a91977 Industrial and Scientific Conference Management, Inc.", "abstract": "Traditionally, the phenomenon of optical coherence has been observed by detecting coherent transients (i.e., optical nutation, FID, photon echoes) propagating along the laser beam following passage through an absorbing medium. Recently, we have demonstrated that detection of the incoherent (spontaneous) emission from selectively prepared states provides the optical coherence of the ensemble. Our observation of the nutation and the photon echo at right angles to the exciting beam gives directly optical T_1, T_2, and the moment of the laser excited transition. This technique is simple and not susceptible to some of the problems inherent in coherent absorption experiments. Details about this laser technique will be presented. We will also discuss the different dynamical information one obtains about excited states in gases, molecular beams and solids.", "date": "1977", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Industrial and Scientific Conference Management, Inc.", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170711-140216603", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170711-140216603", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1977", "author_list": "Orlowski, T. E. and Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/41rxp-qny56", "eprint_id": 70863, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:22:56", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:54:24", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Coherent Optical Spectroscopy of Molecules Undergoing Resonance Scattering and Radiationless Transitions: The Right-Angle Photon Echo", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. \n\nProfessor Willis Lamb has discussed the contents of this paper with me in great detail. I am very grateful to him and to Professor N. Bloembergen for their interest in this work and for very fruitful and stimulating discussions. \n\nI also wish to thank Professor J. Jortner for the careful reading of the manuscript and for valuable suggestions.", "abstract": "Before lasers were brought to the laboratories of chemists and physicists, molecular relaxations were identified using broad band chaotic light excitation. Knowledge of the radiative decay from the photon counting rate and the quantum yield gives information about one of the most fundamental processes in chemical dynamics; radiationless transitions. From the last two decades much is known about these processes, which simply result in a change of molecular electronic state without absorption or emission of photons. and encompass a wide class of phenomena such as autoionization in atoms, predissociation, molecular electronic relaxation and energy transport in condensed media. What is not known, at least experimentally, can be outlined with the following questions:\n(1)Do radiationless transitions depend on the nature of the exciting photon field?\n(2)What is the exact nature of the state we excite?\n(3)What is the influence of the ensemble optical coherence on the evolution of nonradiative processes?\n(4)Is there a threshold for an \"ergodic\" behavior in large molecules?", "date": "1977", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer-Verlag", "place_of_pub": "Berlin Heidelberg", "pagerange": "268-278", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085506270", "isbn": "978-3-662-13485-6", "book_title": "Laser Spectroscopy III", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-085506270", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5634", "name": "Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Hall-J-L", "name": { "family": "Hall", "given": "John L." } }, { "id": "Carlsten-J-L", "name": { "family": "Carlsten", "given": "John L." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/978-3-540-35968-5_30", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1977", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kxehc-bvz21", "eprint_id": 70584, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:19:35", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:53:51", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zewail-A-H", "name": { "family": "Zewail", "given": "A. H." } } ] }, "title": "Laser Spectroscopy Of Electronic Resonances: An Electro-Optic Technique For Probing Coherent And Incoherent Decay Processes", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1976 International Society for Optical Engineering. \n\nThis work was supported in part by the Sloan Fund. I wish to thank Drs. J. Morris Weinberg and T. Hirschfeld for inviting me to present this work at the 20th Annual Symposium on Optical, Electro-optical, Laser and Photographic Technology (sponsored by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, SPIE) in August of 1976. I should point out that it was the work of T. E. Orlowski and D. R. Dawson of this laboratory which raised the issues discussed in this paper. I would also like to thank Kevin Jones for many hours of stimulating discussions.\n\nPublished - 0082_43.pdf
", "abstract": "A new technique is presented for measuring the incoherent resonance decay (IRD) and the coherent optical ringing of selectively (5 MHz) prepared electronic states. The method utilizes electro-optic switching of a single laser mode that is on or off resonance with respect to the homogeneous molecular packets in the excited ensemble. The technique was applied to a variety of systems (gases at low pressures, gases at relatively high pressures, and solids at low temperatures) to give information about their phase memory (optical T2 processes), radiative and radiationless decay (optical T1 processes), and to measure directly their optical transition moment between the ground state and the prepared electronic state. The theory of coherent and incoherent states is also given.", "date": "1976-12-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "SPIE", "place_of_pub": "Palos Verdes Estates, CA", "pagerange": "43-53", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160926-083201215", "isbn": "9780892521098", "book_title": "Unconventional Spectroscopy", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160926-083201215", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5427", "name": "Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Weinberg-J-M", "name": { "family": "Weinberg", "given": "J. M." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1117/12.954871", "primary_object": { "basename": "0082_43.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kxehc-bvz21/files/0082_43.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1976", "author_list": "Zewail, A. H." } ]