[ { "id": "authors:nvajk-a1v90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nvajk-a1v90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140312-155039602", "type": "article", "title": "Seasonal Contributions to the Climatic Variations Recorded in Tree Ring Deuterium/Hydrogen Data", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" } ], "abstract": "Tree ring \u03b4D records do not always reflect variations in the average annual \u03b4D values of local precipitation, but may instead record changes in the \u03b4D values of seasonal components of precipitation. The \u03b4D values measured for tree ring sequences from the three trees in this study are correlated with variations in summer climatic conditions at each of the sites. The D/H ratios in an aspen from Fairbanks, Alaska, correlate with summer temperatures in Fairbanks. An aspen which grew near Anchorage, Alaska, and a pine located near Seeley Lake, British Columbia, contain \u03b4D records which correlate with the amount of summer precipitation at their respective sites. The \u03b4D variations of the two Alaskan aspens are correlated for the five 5-year sample intervals which they have in common. It is emphasized that a correlation between tree ring \u03b4D variations and a local seasonal climatic parameter for a given tree does not imply that all trees in that area will exhibit similar correlations. The site and growth conditions of individual trees will probably determine what climatic signal is contained in the D/H records of each.", "doi": "10.1029/JD090iD02p03747", "issn": "0148-0227", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research D", "publication_date": "1985-04-20", "series_number": "D2", "volume": "90", "issue": "D2", "pages": "3747-3752" }, { "id": "authors:fvaw7-ckp34", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fvaw7-ckp34", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140311-104756809", "type": "article", "title": "Climatic significance of the hydrogen isotope ratios in tree cellulose", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" } ], "abstract": "A distinct relationship exists between the \u03b4D values of cellulose carbon bound hydrogen in trees and average annual temperature for a variety of trees from a wide range over North America. The slope of the \u03b4D/T relationship is 5.8\u2030\u00b0C^(\u22121). Samples of annual precipitation covering much the same geographical range as the trees exhibit a comparable temperature coefficient of 5.6\u2030\u00b0C^(\u22121). Such growth-site conditions as poor drainage and/or low relative humidity seem to perturb the spatial \u03b4D/T relationship. However, our data indicate that suitable tree growth sites are more the rule than the exception.", "doi": "10.1038/297636a0", "issn": "0028-0836", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature", "publication_date": "1982-06-24", "series_number": "5868", "volume": "297", "issue": "5868", "pages": "636-639" }, { "id": "authors:ggybk-v1c06", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ggybk-v1c06", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20131016-103251274", "type": "article", "title": "A reexamination of cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen \u03b4D measurements and some factors affecting plant-water D/H relationships", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" } ], "abstract": "The method of Epstein et al. (1976) for analysis of D/H ratios of cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen has been modified. This modified \"renitration\" method yields \u03b4D values which are in agreement with those obtained by the sodium chlorite delignification method. Comparison of results obtained by the renitration method with the published results of Epstein et al. (1976) indicate some differences in the \u03b4D values of individual samples. However, the overall plant-water \u03b4D relationship determined by Epstein et al., is not greatly changed upon redetermination by the renitration method. Additional data from a variety of plants representing a wide geographical range reveal that relative humidity is an important variable in determining the \u03b4D value of cellulose C-H hydrogen on this inter-regional scale. The role of relative humidity can be reasonably explained by a leaf water model that assumes an isotopic steady-state during transpiration. These results reaffirm the conclusion of Epstein et al., that the \u03b4D variations of the source water are the dominant control of the \u03b4D variations of cellulose C-H hydrogen from naturally grown plants. Thus, there is an expectation that these cellulose \u03b4D variations can have climate significance.", "doi": "10.1016/0016-7037(82)90051-5", "issn": "0016-7037", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta", "publication_date": "1982-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "46", "issue": "6", "pages": "955-965" }, { "id": "authors:w940s-r6k88", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w940s-r6k88", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150316-122450790", "type": "article", "title": "Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopic Ratios in Plant Cellulose", "author": [ { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" }, { "family_name": "Thompson", "given_name": "Peter", "clpid": "Thompson-P" }, { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" } ], "abstract": "The variations of the D/H and ^(18)O/^(16)O ratios of nonexchangeable hydrogen and oxygen in plant cellulose reveal systematic differences between terrestrial plant groups. The slope of \u03b4D versus \u03b4^(18)O of cellulose from a variety of aquatic plants is close to 8 (the meteoric water value), while the slope for a number of terrestrial species is greater than or equal to about 24. Two models involving incorporation of CO_2 and H_2O into cellulose precursors are proposed to account for these differences. Effects of evaporative transpiration on the isotopic composition of water in leaves are measured and discussed in the context of these models.", "doi": "10.1126/science.198.4323.1209", "issn": "0036-8075", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science", "publication_date": "1977-12-23", "series_number": "4323", "volume": "198", "issue": "4323", "pages": "1209-1215" }, { "id": "authors:xcrs1-ecx85", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xcrs1-ecx85", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130717-080723638", "type": "article", "title": "Climatic implications of D/H ratios of meteoric water over North America (9500\u201322,000 B.P.) as inferred from ancient wood cellulose C-H hydrogen", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" } ], "abstract": "\u03b4D and \u03b4^(13)C values have been measured for the unexchangeable hydrogen and the total carbon of cellulose extracted from 40 North American ^(14)C-dated trees that range in age from 9500 to 22,000 years B.P.\nMeteoric waters which precipitated over ice-free regions of North America in the interval 14,000\u201322,000 B.P. had more positive \u03b4D values than corresponding modern waters by an average of 19\u2030. Lower ocean temperatures and smaller temperature gradients than exist at present between ocean and ice-free North America are indicated for the late Wisconsin glacial maximum. This is compatible with warmer winters and cooler summers for this glacial period. The \u03b4D value of the North American ice sheet during the Late Wisconsin maximum was approximately \u2212100\u2030 as determined from the inferred \u03b4D values of the waters of proglacial lakes Agassiz and Whittlesey. From this figure the increase in \u03b4^(18)O of the oceans during the glacial maximum can be calculated to have been +0.8\u2030. At the point where they began to move over the ice, air masses supplying moisture to the North American ice sheet contained a little more than 50% of their original moisture content, which is a much greater percentage than exists in air masses supplying the modern Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. This relatively vapor-rich air coupled with lower summer temperatures, which reduced ablation, probably contributed to the maintenance and growth of the ice sheet.\nThe transition from glacial to interglacial conditions on North America was rapid and occurred within a 2000\u20133000-year interval. However, the transition may not have been synchronous over North America.\nA 40-year \u03b4D record in a spruce branch from the Two Creeks (Wisconsin) forest (\u223c11,800 B.P.) shows large variations which suggest an unusual hydrologic environment in the area of the tree.\nCellulose \u03b4^(13)C values range between \u221220.8 and \u221225.9\u2030, but do not correlate with \u03b4D variations for the samples analyzed in this work. Thus, climatic significance of \u03b4^(13)C variations cannot be resolved from these data.", "doi": "10.1016/0012-821X(77)90043-7", "issn": "0012-821X", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "publication_date": "1977-04", "series_number": "3", "volume": "34", "issue": "3", "pages": "333-350" }, { "id": "authors:2rxjw-awh29", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2rxjw-awh29", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130717-081759882", "type": "article", "title": "Climatic implications of the D/H ratio of hydrogen in C-H groups in tree cellulose", "author": [ { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" }, { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" } ], "abstract": "Isotopic climate records in tree rings were obtained by the \u03b4D analyses of the hydrogen in cellulose nitrate extracted from tree rings in a Scots pine from Loch Affric, Scotland, and from a bristlecone pine from the White Mountains, California. This method of analysis measures \u03b4D values of only the isotopically non-exchangeable hydrogen of the cellulose in wood and thus eliminates serious complications in the \u03b4D record caused by the chemical heterogeneity of wood and by the isotopic exchangeability of some of its hydrogen. The average \u03b4D values of the two pines are markedly different, reflecting the contrasting climates of the two areas. The bristlecone \u03b4D record contains a 22-year periodicity perhaps recording a possible 20- to 22-year periodicity of drought conditions in the Great Plains of North America. There is no such significant periodicity in the \u03b4D record of the Scots pine.\nThe long-term \u03b4D trends in the two pines, as represented by 40-year running averages of the \u03b4D data, correlate linearly over the time period 1841\u20131970 A.D., which is the total growth period of the Scots pine. The long-term \u03b4D trend of the Scots pine correlates well with the 1841\u20131970 winter temperatures of Edinburgh, Scotland.\nThe long-term \u03b4D trend of the bristlecone pine, which extends over the time period 970\u20131970 A.D., correlates qualitatively with long-term climatic trends estimated by LaMarche from tree ring width data and by Lamb from many sources of climatic data.\n\u03b4D analyses were also made on early and late woods from the same annual ring. The \u03b4D values of these woods differ to various degrees and the sign of the difference can also vary.", "doi": "10.1016/0012-821X(76)90252-1", "issn": "0012-821X", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "publication_date": "1976-05", "series_number": "2", "volume": "30", "issue": "2", "pages": "252-261" }, { "id": "authors:c4qyg-4hx36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "c4qyg-4hx36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130718-132136015", "type": "article", "title": "The determination of the D/H ratio of non-exchangeable hydrogen in cellulose extracted from aquatic and land plants", "author": [ { "family_name": "Epstein", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Epstein-S" }, { "family_name": "Yapp", "given_name": "Crayton J.", "clpid": "Yapp-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Hall", "given_name": "John H.", "clpid": "Hall-J-H" } ], "abstract": "A method has been developed for the analysis of D/H ratios of non-exchangeable hydrogen in plant cellulose. Plant samples are nitrated at low temperature and pure cellulose nitrate is extracted by acetone dissolution. Tests of this nitrated product have demonstrated that the nitration-extraction procedure eliminates the OH hydrogen and does not alter the D/H ratio of the cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen. Significant differences exist between \u03b4D values of plant total hydrogen and \u03b4D values of cellulose nitrate hydrogen. This difference is due to the effect of chemical heterogeneity of the \u03b4D value of plant material. Plant-extracted cellulose nitrate D/H ratios are systematically related to the D/H ratios of the associated environmental water. The overall relationship is linear with slope of one and intercept of \u221222%. Five aquatic plants which grew at 16\u201317\u00b0C are related isotopically to the water by a linear curve with a slope of 1 and intercept of \u221236%. Three plants which grew at 28\u201329\u00b0C have an intercept of \u221211%. The general dependence of plant cellulose non-exchangeable hydrogen D/H ratios on the D/H ratios of the associated environmental water suggests that variations of the extracted cellulose nitrate \u03b4D values of plants can be used as indicators of climatic change.", "doi": "10.1016/0012-821X(76)90251-X", "issn": "0012-821X", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "publication_date": "1976-05", "series_number": "2", "volume": "30", "issue": "2", "pages": "241-251" } ]