[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xy2gg-m6192", "eprint_id": 65577, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:20:25", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:08:42", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Hans Ertel and International Science: The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Fluid dynamics; Oceanography; Meteorology; Geophysics; Hans Ertel", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Wilfried Schr\u00f6der/Science Edition/Arbk Geschichte Geophysik.\n\n
Published - Wyllie_2004p20.pdf
", "abstract": "When I was invited to prepare a paper for this volume honoring Hans Ertel, my immediate\nreply was that I had retired, my laboratory was closed down, and I had no new data or unpublished\nideas to report. The Editor, Wilfried Schroder, generously suggested that in a volume honoring the\nwork of a scientist dealing with problems of global scale, it would be appropriate for me to present a\nstatement about the activities of the seven Associations comprising the International Union of\nGeodesy and Geophysics. Hans Enel's research spanned several fields, as indicated by his titles of\nProfessor of Geophysics. Theoretical Mechanics and Meteorology, and Director of the Institute of\nPhysical Hydrography. The research ranged from interactions between the ocean and atmosphere to\nthose between the stratosphere and troposphere. His theoretical work on fluid dynamics has wide\napplications, and he published in addition on geodesy, inhomogeneous magnetic fields, theory of earth\ncurrents, weather forecasting, coastal problems, geomorphology arid seiches. His responsibilities as\nVice-President or Director of Academies and Institutes during the 1950s involved international\ncooperation and exchange of ideas with scientists all over the world. He was an editor of several\ngeophysical and meteorological journals (German language), and has stimulated many international\nconferences in physics and geophysics. He played a significant role in development of IUGG's\nInternational Geophysical Year (1957-58), and later worked on the program of the International\nHydrological Decade. The 50th Anniversary of the International Geophysical Year will be celebrated\nvery soon. The present interdisciplinary character of geophysical sciences was emphasized in my\nPresidential Address at the Opening Ceremony of the XXIl General Assembly of IUGG in\nBirmingham. July 1999, the text of which is reproduced below. From what I have learned of Hans\nErtel and his research I feel confident that, if still living, this \"seminal figure in the development of\nmodem meteorology and geophysics\" (quotation from W. Schroder) would have fitted comfortably\ninto the 1999 General Assembly Program, with honor.", "date": "2004", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Science Edition", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160322-091809357", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160322-091809357", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Schr\u00f6der-W", "name": { "family": "Schr\u00f6der", "given": "Wilfried" } } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_2004p20.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xy2gg-m6192/files/Wyllie_2004p20.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7fzqb-6f096", "eprint_id": 64436, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:56:52", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:40:39", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "The century before the millennium: selected advances in petrology", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2003 Geological Society of India.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "2003", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Geological Society of India", "place_of_pub": "Bangalore", "pagerange": "1-19", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160211-155821500", "isbn": "81-85867-55-0", "book_title": "Milestones in Petrology and Future Perspectives", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160211-155821500", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Mohan-A", "name": { "family": "Mohan", "given": "Anand" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qzrsa-9vy90", "eprint_id": 63579, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:24:44", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:31:44", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Hot little crucibles are pressured to reveal and calibrate igneous processes", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1999 The Geological Society. \n\nI thank Barry Dawson and the Conference Organizers for the invitation to lecture, and the Earth Sciences section of the US National Science Foundation for Grants EAR-921886 and EAR-950577 and for supporting research in my laboratory on granitic rocks, carbonatites, and kimberlites through many years; and John Gittins for locating the reference source for H.H. Read's famous statement about 'basic behinds.'", "abstract": "The fires of Hutton's (1726\u20131797) Plutonists could not be quenched by the oceans of Werner's (1750\u20131817) Neptunists. Hall (1761\u20131832) was convinced that Hutton's theory could be proved by experiments, but he deferred to the fears of his older colleague that failed experiments might discredit the theory (which needed no further proof), and completed the experiments only after Hutton's death. Hutton censured those who 'judge of the great operations of the mineral kingdom, from having kindled a fire, and looked into the bottom of a little crucible'. Hall believed that 'the imitation of the natural process is an object which may be pursued with rational expectation of success'. Following many discussions between Hutton and Hall, three topics were pursued in Hall's experiments: 1790, the magmatic origin of granites, younger than schists; 1798, whinstones/dolerites are as magmatic as known lavas; 1805, powdered calcite is transformed to marble and melted by the effects of compression (and water) in modifying the action of heat. The latter involved the first high-pressure, high-temperature apparatus and earned Hall the title 'Father of Experimental Petrology'. Subsequent development of these topics is outlined, with reference to debates about primary basalts, granitization, and carbonatites.", "date": "1999", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Geological Society of London", "place_of_pub": "London", "pagerange": "37-57", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160112-092915803", "isbn": "9781862390263", "book_title": "James Hutton \u2014 Present and Future", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160112-092915803", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-921886" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-950577" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Craig-G-Y", "name": { "family": "Craig", "given": "G. Y." } }, { "id": "Hull-J-H", "name": { "family": "Hull", "given": "J. H." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.150.01.03", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/75f3m-xaz49", "eprint_id": 64727, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:24:57", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:37:42", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } }, { "id": "Lee-W-J", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "W.-J." } } ] }, "title": "Kimberlites, Carbonatites, Peridotites and Silicate-carbonate \n Liquid Immiscibility Explained in Parts of the System CaO-(Na_2O+K_2O)-(MgO+FeO)-(SiO_2+Al_2O_3)-CO_2", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "kimberlite, melilitite, carbonatite, peridotite, liquid immiscibility", "note": "\u00a9 1999 Red Roof Design.\n\nWe thank J. Dalton for a preprint of Dalton and Presnall (1998b) and helpful discussions. This research was supported by the Earth Science section of the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant EAR-9218806. This is contribution 8573 of the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology.", "abstract": "New experimental data between 1.0 and 2.7 GPa in the system\nCaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2 and in selected joins through the more\ncomplex system CaO-(Na_2O+K_2O)-(MgO+FeO)-(SiO_2+Al_2O_3)-CO_2\nhave advanced understanding of: (1) the possible relationships\namong lherzolite and wehrlite, carbonate-rich liquids, and\nkimberlite and melilitite liquids, and (2) the effect of alkalis in\npromoting silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility. Experiments\nindicate that immiscible carbonatite magmas contain no more\nthan 80 % CaCO_3; silicate-derived liquids with 90-99 % CaCO_3\ncannot be found in phase diagrams; conclusion - the calcite\nocelli in mantle xenoliths must represent rounded crystals and\nnot quenched immiscible liquids.\n\nNear-solidus magmas generated in carbonated peridotites\nare carbonatitic. The dolomitic liquid composition (magnesiocarbonatite)\ndetermined in model systems (lherzolite, harzburgite)\nfor depths greater than ~70 km (confirmed by analyses in whole-rock\nexperiments) remains dolomitic to at least 7 GPa, even\nwhen subsolidus carbonate has changed to magnesite. At depths\nshallower than ~70 km, only wehrlite can be carbonated and\nyield carbonatite magmas. Wid1 decreasing pressure from ~70 km\nto ~35 km, the near-solidus liquid coexisting with wehrlite-CO_2\nchanges from ~60 % CaCO_3(CC)-30 % MgCO_3(MC)-10 %\nCaMgSi_2O_6(Di) to ~73 % CC-9 % MC-18 % Di. If magnesiocarbonatite\nliquid rising above the ~70 km level metasomatizes\nlherzolite to form protective wehrlite, and if the liquid continues\nto rise and react with wehrlite, it becomes calciocarbonatite (with\n10- 15 % silicate) after rising through perhaps 15-20 km.\n\nThe carbonatite magmas generated from CO_2-bearing peridotites\nare the low-temperature part of a continuum of small-volume\npartial melts which follow long, vapor-absent liquidus\npaths toward the volatile-free peridotite assemblages. We have\nmapped fields of liquid compositions on vapor-absent paths from\nparent CO_2-bearing lherzolites and harzburgites at depths greater\nthan 70 km, and for wehrlite at depths from 70 km to 35 km.\nMelilitites (lower Mg/Ca) overlap the high-temperature, low-pressure\npart of the wehrlite field, not lherzolites. Average\nkimberlites (higher Mg/Ca) are in the high-temperature pai1 of\nthe harzburgite host field to at least 100 km depth, but clustered\naround the lherzolite host field by 200 km depth.", "date": "1999", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Red Roof Design", "place_of_pub": "Cape Town, South Africa", "pagerange": "923-932", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160224-091901377", "isbn": "0799218650", "book_title": "Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160224-091901377", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9218806" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "8573", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Gurney-J-J", "name": { "family": "Gurney", "given": "J. J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J. and Lee, W.-J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sq226-ydm53", "eprint_id": 66165, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:27:24", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:47:32", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } }, { "id": "Wolf-M-B", "name": { "family": "Wolf", "given": "M. B." } }, { "id": "van-der-Laan-S-R", "name": { "family": "van der Laan", "given": "S. R." } } ] }, "title": "Conditions for formation of tonalites and trondhjemites: magmatic sources and products", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1997 Oxford University Press.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1997", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place_of_pub": "Oxford", "pagerange": "256-266", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-102406420", "isbn": "9780198540564", "book_title": "Greenstone Belts", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-102406420", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "De Wit-M-J", "name": { "family": "De Wit", "given": "Maarten J." } }, { "id": "Ashwal-L-D", "name": { "family": "Ashwal", "given": "Lewis D." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J.; Wolf, M. B.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/n8yfn-vjw95", "eprint_id": 66042, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:45:21", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:04:52", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Carbonate and Carbonate-Rich Liquids in the Earth's Interior, and Critical Fluids in Diamond Inclusions", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1996 National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Science section of the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant EAR 92-18806.", "abstract": "The near-solidus liquid composition for peridotite-CO_2-H_2O deeper than ~65 km is dolomitic carbonatite; a coexisting vapor phase, if present, is hydrous. Carbonates, CO_2 and H_2O have been\nfound in fluid inclusions in fibrous diamonds, with compositions corresponding to these two components, and to mixtures between them. Interpretations involving mixing or partial melting do\nnot satisfy phase relationships. A possible explanation involves a critical endpoint on the mantle solidus, which permits diamonds growing within a relatively small mantle volume to trap fluids with\ncompositions ranging from carbonatite liquid to dense hydrous vapor, defined by the depth-T position.", "date": "1996", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials", "place_of_pub": "Tsukuba, Japan", "pagerange": "69-74", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160411-084132822", "isbn": "4944122012", "book_title": "Advanced materials '96: new trends in high pressure research", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160411-084132822", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 92-18806" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Akaishi-M", "name": { "family": "Akaishi", "given": "M." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vs2a4-pr939", "eprint_id": 63568, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:44:59", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:31:43", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Nichols-Geoffrey-T", "name": { "family": "Nichols", "given": "Geoffrey T." } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } }, { "id": "Stern-Charles-R", "name": { "family": "Stern", "given": "Charles R." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Melting of Pelagic Sediment, Constraints Relevant to Subduction", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1996 American Geophysical Union. \n\nWe thank Dr. Emiliani, University of Miami, for the Red Clay used in our experiments. We thank James Myers, Terry Plank and Tracy Rushmer for helpful reviews. This work has been funded by the National Science Foundation, grant EAR-9303967. Publication 59 in the Key Center for GEMOC.", "abstract": "The experimental melting relations of pelagic red clay with water indicate a low temperature\nsolidus, close to 650\u00b0C. This is significant as the red clay water solidus is lower than the solidus\nof gabbro with water, to depths of at least 140 km. Such a solidi configuration allows for\nmelting of sediments, whilst gabbroic crust dehydrates, in moderate-temperature steady-state\nsubduction regimes. This new experimental evidence lends support to (1) the sediment melting-\ngabbro dehydration hypothesis, recently proposed on independent geochemical criteria, and (2)\nmay place relatively narrow limits on temperatures of the upper slab-mantle boundary, over a\nconsiderable depth interval, an apropos constraint for thermal modelling of steady-state\nsubduction regimes.", "date": "1996", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "place_of_pub": "Washington, D.C.", "pagerange": "293-298", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160112-083930900", "isbn": "9780875900780", "book_title": "Subduction Top to Bottom", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160112-083930900", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9303967" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bebout-G-E", "name": { "family": "Bebout", "given": "Gray E." } }, { "id": "Scholl-D-W", "name": { "family": "Scholl", "given": "David W." } }, { "id": "Kirby-S-H", "name": { "family": "Kirby", "given": "Stephen H." } }, { "id": "Platt-J-P", "name": { "family": "Platt", "given": "John P." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/GM096p0293", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Nichols, Geoffrey T.; Wyllie, Peter J.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6vqqj-hjr70", "eprint_id": 65230, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:45:14", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:43:40", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } }, { "id": "Jones-A-P", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "A. P." } }, { "id": "Deng-J", "name": { "family": "Deng", "given": "J." } } ] }, "title": "Rare earth elements in carbonate-rich melts from mantle to crust", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1996 Chapman & Hall. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Science section of the US National Science Foundation, grant EAR 9218806. Numerous colleagues in the 'carbonatite community' are thanked for their contributions to an enjoyable series of discussions over the past few years. APJ would like to thank, in particular, John Gittins, Mike LeBas and Alan Woolley for their help with earlier versions of this work.", "abstract": "The rare earth elements (REE) are widely distributed as trace elements in\nmantle rocks and mantle-derived magmas, and in crustal rocks. There is a\nhuge literature on their geochemistry, but much less has been written about\nhow they become concentrated from trace concentrations in the mantle\nto high percentages in ore deposits. Carbonatite is one host rock for\nREE deposits, and this review is concerned with the behaviour of REE in\ncarbonate-rich melts in environments ranging from the Earth's mantle\nto shallow level magmatic carbonatite intrusions and hydro-carbo-thermal\nveins.\n\nA high percentage of the trace REE elements in the upper mantle may be\nstored in a small percentage of discrete titanate minerals (Haggerty, 1983;\nJones, 1989), and most would dissolve in carbonate-rich melts gene rated in\nthe mantle at depths greater than about 70 km; abundances would remain at\nthe trace element levels, however. The immiscible separation of carbonate-rich\nmagma from silicate magma is expected to cause enrichment in REE\n(Wendlandt and Harrison, 1979), but the experiments of Hamilton, Bedson\nand Esson (1989) did not reveal the kind of enrichment required to explain\nthe REE in many carbonatites. In the Mountain Pass carbonatite, bastnasite\nconstitutes up to 15 vol.% of the ore body (Olson et al., 1954; Heinrich,\n1966, p. 357). Furthermore, experiments on silicate-carbonate liquid\nimmiscibility indicate that although immiscibility is likely to occur within the\ncrust, it appears to be improbable in the lower lithosphere. The high concentrations\nof REE are probably caused by fractional crystallization of\na carbonatite magma already somewhat enriched in REE, and we have\nconducted experiments to test this proposal.\n\nWe are approaching the problem in two ways. The first is to build from\nsimple to more complex phase diagrams, in order to establish precisely the\nbehaviour of the rare earth elements in carbonate-rich melts, as a guide for interpretation of the more complex systems and of the rocks themselves. We\npresent here the results for the simplest model of a rare earth-carbonatite\nmagma, the composition join CaCO_3-Ca(OH)_2-La(OH)_3 through the\nsystem CaO-La_2O_3-CO_2-H_2O (Jones and Wyllie, 1986), followed by joins\nto synthetic hydroxylbastn\u00e4site (Deng and Wyllie, in preparation). These\nexperiments outline conditions under which bastnasite and calcite can be\ncoprecipitated from melts at moderate temperatures; this provides a simple\nanalogue for the primary formation of RE-carbonatite from a magma.\nThe second approach is to melt complex mixtures approximating the composition\nof the ore body at Mountain Pass, to follow paths of crystallization\nand to locate the parageneses and conditions for the precipitation of bastnasite. The system studied includes baryte and fluorite. Preliminary results\nhave been published (Jones and Wyllie, 1983; Wyllie and Jones, 1985).\nThese experiments show that with fractional crystallization, residual melts\nwill contain high concentrations of REE (18 wt% La(OH)_3).\n\nThis experimental review outlines likely conditions for the formation of\nprimary RE minerals from carbonatite magmas. Carbonatites are amongst\nthe lowest temperature terrestrial magmas known. If crystallized at shallow\ndepths in the upper crust, primary bastnasite group minerals could form\nat temperatures as low as ~ 550\u00b0C. Subsolidus changes, which may occur\nfrequently in natural systems, are not considered here. However, some\nexamples of possible carbothermal or hydrothermal replacement reactions\nare given by Gier\u00e9 in Chapter 5.", "date": "1996", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Chapman & Hall", "place_of_pub": "London", "pagerange": "77-103", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160309-080145804", "isbn": "0412610302", "book_title": "Rare Earth minerals: chemistry, origin and ore deposits", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160309-080145804", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 9218806" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Jones-A-P", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "Adrian P." } }, { "id": "Wall-F", "name": { "family": "Wall", "given": "Frances" } }, { "id": "Williams-C-T", "name": { "family": "Williams", "given": "C. Terry" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J.; Jones, A. P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5896q-tdc13", "eprint_id": 65844, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:12:24", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:47:03", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "High pressure ultrametamorphism: reaching the solidus boundary", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1995 Inst. f\u00fcr Geologie.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1995", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Inst. f\u00fcr Geologie", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160401-102057699", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160401-102057699", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Schreyer-W", "name": { "family": "Schreyer", "given": "Werner" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1995", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hdyry-hf717", "eprint_id": 64370, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:12:20", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 20:53:11", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Where's the petrology in \"Earth Sciences and Society\"", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1995 A. A. Balkema.", "abstract": "\"The first, by Peter Wyllie, is entitled 'Where's the Petrology in Earth Sciences and Society', and reviews the involvement of igneous and metamorphic petrology in the Whole Earth system approach advocated in the first US national disciplinary survey of Earth Sciences, Solid-Earth Sciences and Society, published by the US National Academy of Sciences Press in 1993.\"", "date": "1995", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "A. A. Balkema", "place_of_pub": "Rotterdam", "pagerange": "3-15", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160210-083712755", "isbn": "9789054102755", "book_title": "Magmatism in relation to diverse tectonic settings", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160210-083712755", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Srivastava-R-K", "name": { "family": "Srivastava", "given": "Rajesh K." } }, { "id": "Chandra-R", "name": { "family": "Chandra", "given": "R." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1995", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hnw3m-t6p61", "eprint_id": 64955, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 09:10:11", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:43:01", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } }, { "id": "Wolf-M-B", "name": { "family": "Wolf", "given": "Michael B." } } ] }, "title": "Amphibolite dehydration-melting: sorting out the solidus", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1993 The Geological Society. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Science section of the US National Science Foundation, grant EAR 89-04375.", "abstract": "Amphibolite melts under vapour-absent conditions by dehydration-melting,\nduring which H_2O released from hornblende is transferred directly into H_2O-undersaturated\nsilicate liquid. Five independent 1991 studies on amphibolite dehydration-melting differ\nfrom each other and from earlier conceptual treatments. Five solidi between 7 and 10 kb\nvary from 975\u00b0C to 740\u00b0C. Two solidi above 10 kb are near-vertical, near 975\u00b0C and 850\u00b0C.\nSome differences are due to different amphibolite compositions and mineralogy. We use\nthe results of earlier experiments involving garnet, supported by our own new results, to\nconstruct a closed-system phase diagram for a simple, fully-hydra ted amphibolite (hornblende+\nplagioclase) showing the solidus and the melting interval for ( hornblende+ garnet\n+ other minerals+ liquid). The amphibolite vapour-absent solidus is defined by the beginnings\nof two multivariant reactions: (1) a near-vertical curve (large positive d P/dT) where\nthe formation of augite dominates; and (2) a near-horizontal curve a t higher pressures where\nthe formation of garnet dominates. The solidus curve bends back (estimated near 900\u00b0C,\n9 kb) with slope changing to low positive dP/dT. The new phase diagram expands the field\nfor liquid generation with garnet-amphibolite residues to much lower temperatures and\npressures than the other recent experimental results, increasing the range from which small\namounts of hydrous granitoid melts may be segregated by compaction. The reversed, near-horizontal\nslope of the solidus near 10 kb has interesting petrological consequences.", "date": "1993", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Geological Society", "place_of_pub": "London", "pagerange": "405-416", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-092821295", "isbn": "9780585281353", "book_title": "Magmatic processes and plate tectonics", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-092821295", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 89-04375" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Prichard-H-M", "name": { "family": "Prichard", "given": "H. M." } }, { "id": "Alabaster-T", "name": { "family": "Alabaster", "given": "T." } }, { "id": "Harris-N-B-W", "name": { "family": "Harris", "given": "N. B. W." } }, { "id": "Neary-C-R", "name": { "family": "Neary", "given": "C. R." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.20", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1993", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J. and Wolf, Michael B." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wq6mh-h8v04", "eprint_id": 65252, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:37:57", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 14:27:40", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Petrology: Earth Materials Science", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1992 Cambridge University Press.", "abstract": "Petrology is the science of rocks. Geologists map\nrocks in the field, and bring selected .samples back to\nthe laboratory for detailed petrographic analysis,\nmineralogical study and chemical analysis. On the\nbasis of these studies, existing hypotheses for the origin\nof the rocks are tested, or new hypotheses are erected.\nFrom examination of the rocks in field and laboratory,\ngeologists then attempt to deduce their histories.\nExperimental petrology involves further laboratory\nexperiments which reproduce the conditions within the\nEarth during the generation and evolution of a rock or\nrock suite. This involves subjecting minerals and\nrocks, or their synthetic equivalents, to high pressures\nand temperatures under varied but precisely controlled\nconditions. Determination of the reactions which\noccur under the known conditions in the laboratory\nprovides calibrations for the processes involved in\nformation of the rocks in nature, defining the actual\nconditions, and facilitating selection among competing\nhypotheses of origin. Furthermore, exploration of\nreactions under various conditions within the laboratory\nmay reveal processes operating within the Earth\nwhich were previously unsuspected\n\nExperimental petrology had its beginnings in adventurous\nexperiments on minerals and rocks using\nfurnaces or cannon barrels. It became a force in Earth\nsciences starting in the early 1900s with the systematic\ndetermination of high-temperature phase equilibria\ninvolving the crystallisation of synthetic silicate\nliquids, which included representatives of the common\nrock-forming minerals. These investigations brought\nthe rigour of thermodynamics to the processes of\npartial melting of rocks and the crystallisation of\nmagmas, and elucidated many problems in igneous\npetrology. Only in the 1950s did phase equilibrium\nexperiments with simultaneously maintained high temperatures\nand pressures become routine. At first the\nexperiments reproduced conditions only within the\ncontinental crust, then during the 1960s the experimental\nrange was extended to high-pressure conditions\nwithin the mantle, equivalent to about 100 km\ndepth. During the 1980s one type of large-volume\napparatus reproduced conditions down to 650 km in\nthe Earth, and a miniature device has reproduced\nconditions corresponding to 2000 km depth, not far\nshort of the mantle-core boundary of the Earth. The\nequipment mentioned above is static, with samples\nbeing held at constant pressure and temperature as\nreactions occur in the samples. A dynamic experimental\napproach reproduces conditions to the centre of the\nEarth; a sample is shattered by the passage of a shock\nwave, and its properties under extremely high pressures\nare measured during the last nanoseconds before\nits destruction.", "date": "1992", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place_of_pub": "Cambridge", "pagerange": "67-87", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160310-082817757", "isbn": "9780521370202", "book_title": "Understanding the Earth", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160310-082817757", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Brown-G", "name": { "family": "Brown", "given": "Geoff" } }, { "id": "Hawkesworth-C", "name": { "family": "Hawkesworth", "given": "Chris" } }, { "id": "Wilson-C", "name": { "family": "Wilson", "given": "Chris" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1992", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cam0r-ssh45", "eprint_id": 65247, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:03:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 14:27:22", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Does Ocean Water Reach Mantle Plume Sources? If So What Are The Consequences?", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1991 California Institute of Technology.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1991p1.pdf
", "abstract": "Plume basalts contain H_2O and CO_2, with possible sources: (1) the\nprimordial Earth, (2) subducted lithosphere in deep mantle storage, or (3) the\nlithosphere. The depth at which volatile components dissolve in melt in a rising\nplume has consequences for trace element distributions.\n\nThe subduction of volatile components from the hydrosphere is a distinctive\nfeature of convergent plate boundaries. These components are contained in the\nsediments and altered basalt and gabbro and serpentinites of the oceanic crust,\nand in hydrated peridotite of the subducted lithosphere or overlying mantle\nwedge. Large volumes of volatile components are removed by underplating of\nsediments at the accretionary prism, and by diagenetic and low grade metamorphic\nreactions. Rocks of blueschist or greenschist facies are carried deeper, and\nthey experience a series of progressive metamorphic reactions, with facies\ninverted because of the thermal structure.", "date": "1991-04", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160309-142953218", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160309-142953218", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1991p1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cam0r-ssh45/files/Wyllie_1991p1.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1991", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y341m-2km57", "eprint_id": 64907, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 07:53:21", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:58:20", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Magmatic consequences of volatile fluxes from the mantle", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1991 Cambridge University Press. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences section of the U.S. National Science Foundation, Grants EAR84-16583 and EAR85-06857. California Institute of Technology Contribution Number 4525.", "abstract": "The 1959 translation of Korzhinskii's book Physicochemical Basis of the Analysis of the\nParagenesis of Minerals introduced me to the concept of inert and perfectly mobile\ncomponents in open systems. At that time, O.F. Tuttle and I were studying phase\nrelationships in the systems CaO-CO_2-H_2O and MgO-CO_2-H_2O (Wyllie & Tuttle,\n1960, Walter et al., 1962, Wyllie, 1962), with the volatile components contained\nsecurely inside closed gold capsules and therefore thermodynamically inert. The results\nwere to be applied to carbonatites, igneous rocks through which there is no doubt that\nvolatile components have flowed influentially. In Korzhinskii's book I discovered how\nto represent the volatile components CO_2 and H_2O in chemical potential diagrams,\napplicable to both closed and open systems. The method was also applied to many\nother systems, including granitic rocks with mineralogy controlled by the chemical\npotentials of sodium and potassium. Korzhinskii's work has provided the basis for\nquantitative treatment of metasomatism.\nMetasomatic processes, originally studied in connection with crustal rocks, are now\nbelieved to be important in the mantle, as well. There is evidence that peridotite nodules\nbrought to the surface in kimberlites or alkali basalts were metasomatized within the\nmantle before being transported by their igneous hosts (e.g. Boettcher & O'Neill, 1980,\nDawson, 1980, pp. 183- 5; Harte, 1983), and mantle metasomatism is commonly\nassumed to explain the observation that many basaltic magmas have trace element and\nisotope geochemistry that is difficult to explain in terms of partial melting of upper\nmantle rocks with compositions considered to be normal (Walker, 1983). Extension of\nphase equilibrium studies involving volatile components to mantle pressures (e.g.\nCaO- MgO-SiO_2-CO_2-H_2O; Wyllie & Huang, 1976, Eggler, 1978, Ell is & Wyllie,\n1980) have provided applications to the petrogenesis of kimberlites, probably the most\nvolatile-charged magmas rising from the mantle.\nWhen Dawson (1980) reviewed hypotheses for the origin of kimberlites he concluded\nthat experimental evidence supported their generation by the partial melting of\nphlogopite-carbonate-garnet lherzolite. By this time I had concluded (Wyllie, 1980)\nthat the existence of such-rocks in the kimberlite source regions was unlikely, unless\ntemperatures were extraordinarily low, and I was impressed by the evidence that the\nmantle oxygen fugacity may be too low for the formation or survival of such rocks in\nthe base of the lithosphere. This led me to formulate a model involving the migration\nfrom the deep mantle of reduced vapors with major components C-H-O, which\ngenerated kimberlite melts in the asthenosphere, with the melts subsequently being\nerupted from the deep lithosphere. This contribution outlines the possible effects of\nintermittent fluxes of reduced volatile components from the mantle, into and through\nthe lithosphere. Similar themes have been developed by Perchuk (1976), Bailey (1985)\nand Green et al. (1987), although Bailey (1985) assigned a major role to oxidized CO_2.", "date": "1991", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "477-503", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160301-112028280", "isbn": "052139077X", "book_title": "Progress in metamorphic and magmatic petrology: a memorial volume in honor of D.S. Korzhinskiy", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160301-112028280", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR85-06857" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "4525", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Perchuk-L-L", "name": { "family": "Perchuk", "given": "Leonid L\u02b9vovich" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1991", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/khm07-j5g73", "eprint_id": 66172, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 07:10:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:13:44", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "van-der-Laan-S-R", "name": { "family": "van der Laan", "given": "Sieger R." } }, { "id": "Johnston-A-D", "name": { "family": "Johnston", "given": "A. Dana" } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Phase equilibria constraints on Archean crustal genesis from crystallization experiments on trondhjemite with water at 10-17 kbar", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1990 Lunar and Planetary Institute.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1990p1268.pdf
", "abstract": "The formation of continental crust during the Archean and early Proterozoic occurred through\na different mechanisms than the currently active processes of calc-alkaline volcanism in orogenic\nregions. In view that most crustal growth models imply that by the end of the Archean a continental\nmass equivalent to 75% or more of the current crust had evolved, it seems highly relevant to study\nearly crustal genesis.", "date": "1990-03", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Lunar and Planetary Institute", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-123058047", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-123058047", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1990p1268.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/khm07-j5g73/files/Wyllie_1990p1268.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1990", "author_list": "van der Laan, Sieger R.; Johnston, A. Dana; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/20rwy-vf363", "eprint_id": 66174, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 07:10:22", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:13:46", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "White-B-S", "name": { "family": "White", "given": "Bradford S." } }, { "id": "van-der-Laan-S-R", "name": { "family": "van der Laan", "given": "Sieger" } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "The early siliceous component of planetary crusts: experimental petrology of the tonalite-trondhjemite rock series", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1990 Lunar and Planetary Institute.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1990p1329.pdf
", "abstract": "There are two approaches to understanding the processes that lead to the formation of\nplanetary crusts. The first is to determine the geology and geochemistry of rocks in the field and\ntry to develop a consistent petrogenetic scheme to account for their occurrence. This approach\nhas been extensively pursued on Moon and Earth, and remotely so on Mars. Another method is\nto establish the phase relationships of these rocks and their possible sources under various\nconditions of pressure, temperature, volatile content, etc., and apply the results to a petrogenetic\nmodel that is also consistent with isotope and trace-element geochemistry. This technique has\nbeen applied to the relationship between planetary mantles and basalts, and the formation of\nandesites and more siliceous rocks in subduction zones. Observations of rocks from Archean\nterranes on Earth reveal that the most prominent types are komatiites, tholeiites, tonalites and\ntrondhjemites (grey gneisses), potassic granites (pink gneisses), and rare syenites. Early\nmagmatic activity was dominated by the production of basalts which were subsequently\nfollowed, and intruded by, large volumes of the tonalite-trondhjemite series magmas.\nApproximately 80% of nine Archean cratons are composed of rocks that are chemically of\ntonalite-trondhjemite affinity (1).", "date": "1990-03", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Lunar and Planetary Institute", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-123456065", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-123456065", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1990p1329.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/20rwy-vf363/files/Wyllie_1990p1329.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1990", "author_list": "White, Bradford S.; van der Laan, Sieger; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qc4zg-37490", "eprint_id": 64904, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 07:02:31", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:58:11", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Steps toward understanding the Earth's dynamic interior", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Basalt; geoid; isotope geochemistry; mantle convection; plate tectonics; seismic tomography", "note": "\u00a9 1990 Indian Academy of Sciences. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences section of the US National Science Foundation, Grant EAR87-19792.", "abstract": "During the two decades following the plate tectonic revolution, cartoons of mantle\nconvection have become more refined and based on data from geochemistry and geophysics\nrather than on imagination. Successive Reports from the US National Academy of Sciences\nhave given progressively greater prominence to the study of mantle convection. It was one\nof 8 topics selected as high priority studies in the 1983 report on \"Opportunities for Research\nin Geological Sciences\". It was a central topic in 1987 and 1988 Reports on \"Earth Materials\nResearch\" and \"Mission to Planet Earth''. With recent advances in isotope and trace element\ngeochemistry, seismic tomography, geoid studies, and computer models of convection and\nfluid mechanics, we may be on the verge of obtaining a three-dimensional picture of the flow\npattern in the Earth's mantle. The internal dynamic history of the Earth exerts a major\ncontrol on most aspects of geology. Interactions between the dynamic mantle, the lithosphere\nand the ocean-atmosphere-biota system are important for understanding even short-term\nglobal changes. Continuation of multiple approaches to mantle dynamics must continue to\nyield fundamental results.", "date": "1990", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Indian Academy of Sciences", "place_of_pub": "Bangalore", "pagerange": "239-248", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160301-105341528", "isbn": "0195625811", "book_title": "From mantle to meteorites: a garland of perspectives", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160301-105341528", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR87-19792" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Gopalan-K", "name": { "family": "Gopalan", "given": "K." } }, { "id": "Gaur-V-K", "name": { "family": "Gaur", "given": "V. K." } }, { "id": "Somayajulu-B-L-K", "name": { "family": "Somayajulu", "given": "B. L. K." } }, { "id": "Macdougall-J-D", "name": { "family": "Macdougall", "given": "J. D." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1990", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/van0h-sqy30", "eprint_id": 85734, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:13:29", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 18:43:51", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Solidus Curves, Mantle Plumes, and Magma Generation Beneath Hawaii", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Magma generation beneath Hawaii; Magma sources, trace elements, isotopes and metasomatism; Mantle convection and magma sources; Solidus curves and mantle plumes; Upper mantle, geotherm and peridotite solidus", "note": "\u00a9 1989 by the American Geophysical Union.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1989-01-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "place_of_pub": "Washington, DC", "pagerange": "4171-4181", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180410-145431342", "isbn": "9781118782064", "book_title": "How Volcanoes Work", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180410-145431342", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9781118782064.ch5", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1989", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/09g3p-8kc94", "eprint_id": 64748, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:10:23", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:50:24", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Origin of Carbonatites: Evidence from Phase Equilibrium Studies", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1989 Unwin Hyman. \n\nI thank the many graduate students and research associates through many years whose collaboration and contributions are evident from the bibliography. This research was supported by the Earth Sciences section of the US National Science Foundation, Grant EAR 84-16583. Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences Contribution 4545.", "abstract": "An integrated model is developed for the generation of crustal carbonatites from\ndeep-mantle carbon, some probably derived through subduction. After generation of\nsilicate melts in the asthenosphere, the melts are then processed in the lithosphere\nassociated with rifting, and parental nephelinitic melts from about 75 km depth then\nyield the carbon in the form of carbonatite at depths between 75 km and the surface.\nExperimental phase equilibrium data are reviewed covering:\n(a) melting temperature for Ca-Mg carbonates to 30 Kb (100 km depth) and the\neffect of H_2O and alkalis in lowering liquidus temperatures down to those\nappropriate for the precipitation of calcite and dolomite in magmatic carbonatites;\n(b) conditions for the precipitation with calcite of accessory minerals pyrochlore,\napatite, sulphide, bastnaesite, barite, and fluorite;\n(c) the relationships between silicate and carbonatite melts, with respect to crystal\nfractionation, the syntexis hypotheses, and silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility;\n(d) the effect of CO_2 in generating Ca-Na carbonatite melts from peridotite and\nother rocks at temperatures lower than normal rock melting temperatures;\n(e) the effect of CO_2 in the generation of Ca-Mg carbonatite melts from peridotite\nat depths greater than 75 km;\n(f) the generation of kimberlite-like magmas in the asthenosphere and lower\nlithosphere;\n(g) the uprise of those magmas with thinning of the lithosphere beneath a rift, and\nthe formation of magma chambers at about 75 km depth;\n(h) the eruption of parental nephelinitic or melilititic magmas from this level; and\n(i) the formation of carbonatites by fractionation or immiscibility from these\nparents, at 75 km, or within the crust.\nThe real prospect that primary carbonatites could be erupted from the mantle\njustifies a search for them, but the high ratio of silicate: carbonatite in most alkalic\ncomplexes argues against this origin.", "date": "1989", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Unwin Hyman", "place_of_pub": "London", "pagerange": "500-545", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160224-152118970", "isbn": "0044450680", "book_title": "Carbonatites: genesis and evolution", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160224-152118970", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 84-16583" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "4545", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bell-K", "name": { "family": "Bell", "given": "Keith" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1989", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hx05c-vtk52", "eprint_id": 91382, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:10:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 22:27:53", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Stern-C-R", "name": { "family": "Stern", "given": "Charles R." } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Phase Relationships of I-Type Granite With H_2O to 35 Kilobars: The Dinkey Lakes Biotite-Granite From the Sierra Nevada Batholith", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1989 American Geophysical Union.", "abstract": "Introduction\n\nThe Dinkey Lakes Biotite\u2010Granite\n\nExperimental Procedures\n\nExperimental Results\n\nDiscussion\n\nReferences", "date": "1989", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "place_of_pub": "Washington, DC", "pagerange": "10412-10422", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20181130-131438563", "isbn": "9781118782057", "book_title": "Granites and Rhyolites", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181130-131438563", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/9781118782057.ch17", "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1989", "author_list": "Stern, Charles R. and Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/c6m84-5mb45", "eprint_id": 64734, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:10:16", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:41:47", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "The genesis of kimberlites and some low-SiO_2, high-alkali magmas", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "carbonatite, craton, kimberlite, lithosphere thinning, metasomatism, nephelinite, oxygen\nfugacity, peridotite-CO_2-H_2O , rift valley", "note": "\u00a9 1989 by Geological Society of Australia Inc. Published by Blackwell Scientific Publications. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences section of the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant EAR84-16583.", "abstract": "There are four levels within the upper mantle where critical changes occur in the physical processes that\ncontrol the chemistry and migration of these magmas. The first two (2) and (3), are the depths where the\nsolidus for peridotite-C-H-O is intersected by the geotherm, limiting the depth interval within which the\nmagmas can be generated. The third critical level, (1), is the depth of the asthenosphere-lithosphere\nboundary, where the mantle flow regime changes from convective (ductile) to static (brinle). The fourth\ncritical level, (4), is the narrow depth interval within which the solidus for peridotite-CO_2-H_2O changes\nslope, and becomes subhorizontal, with low dP/dT. The depth of level (4) differs according to different\nexperimental investigators. Levels (2), (3) and (4) are different for lherzolites and harzburgites. The\ndepths of levels (2), (3) and (1) vary as a function of geotherm and local thermal history, and levels (2) and\n(3) vary as a function of oxygen fugacity. Consider a mantle plume diverging laterally at the base of the\nlithosphere. Sparse volatile components (C-H-O-S-K) entrained in the plume will generate melt at level\n(2), near 275 km. As the plume diverges laterally below depth (1), 200 km, the melt becomes concentrated\nin the lithosphere. This is followed by thinning of the lithosphere. The evolution of vapour from\nlateral magma chambers promotes the propagation of cracks through the lithosphere, and the\neruption of kimberlite magmas. Magmas in the heated lithosphere above the plume may percolate\nupwards or promote the uprise of diapirs, and intersect the solidus at level (4) in the range of 100-75 km.\nVapours will be evolved causing metasomatism in the overlying mantle, and causing intermittent crack\npropagation releasing magmas through the lithosphere. A variety of alkalic magma compositions may be\ngenerated at level (4), depending sensitively upon conditions.", "date": "1989", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Blackwell Scientific", "place_of_pub": "Cambridge, MA", "pagerange": "603-615", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160224-110304848", "isbn": "0867930330", "book_title": "Kimberlites and related rocks", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160224-110304848", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR84-16583" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Ross-J", "name": { "family": "Ross", "given": "Jim" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1989", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/96vj0-t1b51", "eprint_id": 65258, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:07:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 14:27:54", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Metasomatism and fluid generation in mantle xenoliths", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1987 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. \n\nThis research was supported by the National Science Foundation, Earth Sciences Section, grants EAR83-11758 and EAR84-16583.", "abstract": "The concept of metasomatism was developed in\nthe study of crustal rocks, to describe a process\nof alteration that involves enrichment by new\nsubstances brought in from the outside by fluids,\ncommonly considered to be dilute aqueous solutions\nor vapours rather than silicate magmas.\nThere is abundant evidence in mantle rocks\nbrought to the surface that chemical changes have\nbeen caused by influx or passage of fluids, and\nmost investigators have referred to metasomatic\nfluids without distinction between aqueous\nvapours and silicate melts. Liquid and vapour are\ndistinct phases with different compositions and\nproperties, that can coexist. A liquid may\ncrystallise and exsolve a separate vapour phase,\nand vapour passing through a rock may cross a\nsolidus boundary causing partial melting. Every\nreaction involving both phases has important\ngeochemical effects. For understanding of metasomatism\nin the upper mantle, it is essential to\nestablish the conditions for the existence of, and\nthe interactions between melts, vapours, and their\nhost rocks. The position of the solidus for peridotite-\nH_2O-CO_2, relative to the position of and the\nchanges in the geotherm, is critical in such\ndeliberations; the uncertainties about its position\nare reviewed. In the depth interval between the\ntwo points of intersection of solidus and\ngeotherm, volatile constituents are dissolved in\nmelts, and metasomatism by vapours cannot\noccur. Magmas rising to the asthenosphere-lithosphere\nboundary, or to a ledge on the solidus\nnear 80 km, can release vapours for metasomatic\nreactions. CO_2-rich vapours cannot exist below a\ndepth of about 80 km. The solidus for harzburgite\nis at higher temperature than that for lherzolite.\nTherefore, vapours exsolved by magmas near the\nasthenosphere-lithosphere boundary may cause\npartial melting in lithosphere lherzolite, and\nmagnesite metasomatism in adjacent harzburgite.\nCarbonates in mantle nodules will dissociate en\nroute to the surface. The cratonic lower\nlithosphere has been metasomatised intermittently\nby small magmatic intrusions, and by influx of\naqueous vapours.", "date": "1987", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "place_of_pub": "Chichester", "pagerange": "609-621", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160310-105150031", "isbn": "0471912093", "book_title": "Mantle Xenoliths", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160310-105150031", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 83-11758" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 84-16583" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Nixon-P-H", "name": { "family": "Nixon", "given": "Peter H." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1987", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xsz4r-3n204", "eprint_id": 64673, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:07:09", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:41:16", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Transfer of subcratonic carbon into kimberlites and rare earth carbonatites", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1987 Geochemical Society. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences section of the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant EAR84-16583. I thank R.J. Floran of Union Oil Research for his encouragement and the Union Oil Company of California Foundation for a tangible contribution to the program.", "abstract": "Carbon and volatile components involved in the genesis of kimberlites and carbonatites\nrise from a mantle reservoir below the asthenosphere. Vapors include the components C-H-O-S-K,\nin molecular form dependent on the oxygen fugacity, a parameter that varies as a function of depth\nin ways not yet fully understood. Kimberlites are generated where upward percolating reduced volatile\ncomponents cross the solidus for peridotite-C-H-O. The depleted, refractory base of the lithosphere,\n200-150 km deep, is a collecting site for kimberlite magma at temperatures above its solidus; this\nlayer has been intermittently invaded by small bodies of carbonated kimberlite, through billions of\nyears; most of these aborted and gave off vapors enriching the lower lithosphere by metasomatism,\nbut some reached the surface, through vapor-enhanced crack propagation. Nephelinites and associated\ncarbonatites require upward movement of solid mantle as a plume. Thinning of the lithosphere above\na mantle plume, beneath a rift, results in magma trapped in the asthenosphere-lithosphere boundary\nlayer rising with the isotherms, without crossing the solidus until the magma reaches the depth\ninterval 90-65 km, where the solidus for peridotite-CO_2-H_2O becomes subhorizontal, with low dP/dT, pressure independent, and forming a ledge or phase equilibrium barrier. At this level, magma\nchambers form, and crystallization is accompanied by evolution of vapors, enhancing crack propagation\nand the eruption of nephelinitic magmas that differentiate to carbonatites. The release of vapors at\nthis level generates another metasomatic layer, al depths known to contain metasomatic RE-titanates.\nThese metasomes may be the source of the REE in carbonatites. Liquidus studies in the system\nCaCO_3-Ca(OH)_2-La(OH)_3 at 1 kbar demonstrate that residual carbonatite magmas may contain\nmore than 20 weight percent La(OH)_3 , as long as the REE were not removed at earlier stages of\ndifferentiation by other minerals.", "date": "1987", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Geochemical Society", "place_of_pub": "University Park, PA", "pagerange": "107-119", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-094852191", "isbn": "0941809005", "book_title": "Magmatic processes : physicochemical principles: a volume in honor of Hatten S. Yoder, Jr.", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-094852191", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR84-16583" }, { "agency": "Union Oil Company of California Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Mysen-B-O", "name": { "family": "Mysen", "given": "B. O." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1987", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/c4h4m-t0003", "eprint_id": 66044, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 04:40:05", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:47:30", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "A Petrologic Viewpoint", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1986 Lunar and Planetary Institute.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1986p41.pdf
", "abstract": "Instead of attempting to summarize what you all heard during\nthe past two days, I will build on some of the topics and issues\ndiscussed to outline an approach to understanding the\nprogressive development of continental crust in the Archean\ngreenstone belts.", "date": "1986-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Lunar and Planetary Institute", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160411-092743646", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160411-092743646", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "DeWit-M-J", "name": { "family": "DeWit", "given": "M. J." } }, { "id": "Ashwal-L-D", "name": { "family": "Ashwal", "given": "Lewis D." } } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1986p41.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/c4h4m-t0003/files/Wyllie_1986p41.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1986", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hhrw9-qgc12", "eprint_id": 63456, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 04:37:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 23:50:15", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Fanelli-M-F", "name": { "family": "Fanelli", "given": "M. F." } }, { "id": "Cava-N", "name": { "family": "Cava", "given": "N." } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Calcite and Dolomite without Portlandite at a new Eutectic in CaO-MgO-CO_2-H2_O with Applications to Carbonatites", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1986 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation, NSF Grants EAR 76-20410 and EAR 81-08599.", "abstract": "Br\u00f6ggers (1921) idea of a carbonatite magma was not widely accepted.\nShand (1947, p. 326) concluded that \"a carbonate magma\u2026would be a very\nstrange thing indeed\". The existence of carbonatite magmas appeared\nless strange when Wyllie and Tuttle (1960) discovered that melts in the\nsystem CaO-CO_2-H_2O precipitate calcite down to temperatures below 650\u00b0C\nat very low pressures. The low-temperature synthetic carbonatite magmas\nare near a eutectic between calcite and portlandite in the system\nCaCO_3-Ca(OH)_2. A magmatic origin for most carbonatites was favored by\nthe field evidence summarized in books by Heinrich (1966) and Tuttle\nand Gittins (1966), although the overprint of the deuteric stage and\nhydrothermal or carbothermal activity may obscure the interpretation.", "date": "1986", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160107-145521255", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160107-145521255", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20410" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 81-08599" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1986", "author_list": "Fanelli, M. F.; Cava, N.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pgq4v-5cd24", "eprint_id": 64671, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 04:12:40", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:35:32", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } }, { "id": "Jones-A-P", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "Adrian P." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Data Bearing on the Origin of Carbonatites, with Particular Reference to the Mountain Pass Rare Earth Deposit", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1985 The Metallurgical Society of AIME. \n\nWe thank A. N. Mariano, and R. J. Floran of Union Oil Research for their encouragement. This research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation, Grant EAR-8311758.", "abstract": "Carbonatites associated with alkalic igneous complexes are derivative\nmagmas, not primary melts from the mantle. Experimental phase equilibrium\nstudies have demonstrated that there are differentiation paths from high\ntemperature silicate melts to low temperature carbonatite melts, and that for\nmore alkali-rich melts segregation by liquid immiscibility may occur. Recent\nexperiments in CaO-MgO-CO_2-H_2O show conditions for the coprecipitation of\ncalcite, dolomite and periclase from melts at 650\u00b0C (with Fe present, magnetite\nwould substitute for periclase). Addition of P_2O_5 and CaS has demonstrated\nlimited solubility of P and reduced S in carbonatite magmas, and defined the\nconditions for coprecipitation of apatite and calcite. Addition of La(OH)_3 shows\nthat the light rare earth elements (REE) are highly soluble in carbonatite\nmagmas. A synthetic mixture (E) was selected to approximate the composition\nand components of the (REE)-rich carbonatite at Mountain Pass, California. The\nMountain Pass rock is variable, but dominated by calcite (40-75%), barite (15-50%)\nand bastnaesite (5-15%). E is estimated to be fairly close to the eutectic in the\nsystem CaCO_3-Ca(OH)_2-BaSO_4-CaF_2. The join E-La(OH)_3 was studied at 1 kbar.\nThe liquidus has a minimum at 18% La(OH)_3, 625\u00b0C; the solidus is at 543\u00b0C ;\nbastnaesite, (RE)FCO_3, and other fluocarbonates are approximated by their\nhydroxy equivalents. The solidus is about 35\u00b0C below the upper stability limit of\nbastnaesite. This is a strong indication that bastnaesite could crystallize with\ncalcite and barite, from a similar melt with suitable proportions of CO_2, H_2O, and\nF, which supports an igneous origin for this mineral in the ore body of the Sulphide\nQueen Carbonatite at Mountain Pass. The experiments may reveal processes\nobscured by post-magmatic events in the ore-body.", "date": "1985", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Metallurgical Society", "place_of_pub": "Warrendale, PA", "pagerange": "935-949", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-084522158", "isbn": "0895204878", "book_title": "Applied Mineralogy", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-084522158", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-8311758" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Park-W-C", "name": { "family": "Park", "given": "Won C." } }, { "id": "Hausen-D-M", "name": { "family": "Hausen", "given": "Donald M." } }, { "id": "Hagni-R-D", "name": { "family": "Hagni", "given": "Richard D." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1985", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J. and Jones, Adrian P." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g05m0-nt994", "eprint_id": 65975, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:45:00", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:47:26", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Huang-Wuu-Liang", "name": { "family": "Huang", "given": "Wuu-Liang" } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Carbonation reactions for mantle lherzolite and harzburgite", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1984 VNU Science Press. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation, EAR-8311758. We thank R.C. Newton for consultations, and E. Woermann for discussions.", "abstract": "The synthetic system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2\ncontains assemblages corresponding to lherzolite\nand harzburgite: forsterite(Fo)+\northopyroxene(Opx)+clinopyroxene (Cpx) and\nFo+enstatite(En). Fully carbonated, these are\ntransformed into siliceous limestones:\ndolomite(Do)+magnesite(Mc)+quartz/coesite(Qz)\nand MC+Qz, respectively, which can coexist\nwith free CO_2. Partly carbonated, they form\ndolomite-lherzolite (Do+Fo+Opx+Cpx) and\nmagnesite-harzburgite (MC+Fo+En) which cannot\ncoexist with CO_2, but can coexist with\n(H_2O+CO_2), buffered to high H_2O/CO_2. Review\nof experimental and theoretical data for\ndecarbonation reactions and pyroxene-carbonate\nexchange reactions in CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2 shows\none invariant point Q_1 for Opx+Cpx+Do+Mc+\nQz+CO_2 near 1090\u00b0C and 34 kb; and another Q_2\nfor Cc+Do+Cpx+Opx+Fo+CO_2 between the 7 kb and\n13 kb, 800\u00b0C and 950\u00b0C. Dolomites in the\nhigh-pressure lherzolite reaction (6):\nDo/Cc+Opx= Fo+Cpx+CO_2 contain more than 70%\nCaCO_3, at 1200\u00b0C and 27 kb; below the crest of\nthe calcite-dolomite solvus, the reaction for\ncarbonate-lherzolite is represented by (6A) with magnesian calcite down to Q_2, and by (6B)\nwith near-stoichiometric dolomite below Q_2.\nWithin limited depth intervals in the upper\nmantle with H_2O present, solid magnesite-harzburgite\ncan coexist with partially\nmelted lherzolite. Eruption of kimberlite\ncould transport xenoliths of lherzolite and\nmagnesite-harzburgite, with subsequent\ndisruptive dissociation of magnesite and\ndispersal of the low-calcium garnet characteristic\nof depleted harzburgites from the\ndeep roots of cratons. This result is\nconsistent with the explanation of Boyd and\nGurney for the correlation of such garnets\nwith diamond-bearing kimberlites.", "date": "1984", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "VNU Science Press", "place_of_pub": "Utrecht, The Netherlands", "pagerange": "455-473", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-154807836", "isbn": "9067640093", "book_title": "Petrology: Igneous and metamorphic rocks", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-154807836", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-8311758" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bogdanov-N-A", "name": { "family": "Bogdanov", "given": "Nikita Alekseevich" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Huang, Wuu-Liang and Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y4hy9-fs566", "eprint_id": 65973, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:44:24", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:47:23", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Conditions for melting and metasomatism in the Earth's mantle", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1984 VNU Science Press. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation, Grants EAR-8311758 and EAR-8341623.", "abstract": "If we know the compositions of mantle rocks\nat various depths, and the geotherm in\ndifferent tectonic environments, then the\nconditions for melting are defined by\nexperimentally determined solidus curves. The\nterm \"metasomatism\" in crustal processes is\ndefined as reaction by solution or vapors, not\nby melts or magmas, and the same definition\nshould apply to mantle processes (reaction\nwith magmas is \"hybridization\"). H_2O, CO_2, or\nboth are made available for metasomatic\nreactions at deep dissociation fronts, or by\nsolidification of volatile-charged magmas.\nRegions eligible for metasomatism are limited\nby solidus curves above which the melts\ndissolve volatile components. Beneath the\nlithosphere, there can be no metasomatism\nbetween about 120 and 260 km, because melting\nintervenes. Solidification of kimberlitic\nmagmas at the base of continent al lithosphere\nis a source of metasomatic fluids. Mantle\nmetasomatism is expected in several regions\nabove subducted oceanic lithosphere,\ninterspersed with magmatic events. Major\ndifferentiation of the earth is accomplished\nby melting, but meta somatism may cause\nsignificant redistribution of some elements.", "date": "1984", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "VNU Science Press", "place_of_pub": "Utrecht, The Netherlands", "pagerange": "581-604", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-152621343", "isbn": "9067640093", "book_title": "Petrology: Igneous and metamorphic rocks", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-152621343", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-8311758" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-8341623" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bogdanov-N-A", "name": { "family": "Bogdanov", "given": "Nikita Alekseevich" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mzb8s-9qd09", "eprint_id": 65974, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:44:32", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:47:25", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sekine-Toshimori", "name": { "family": "Sekine", "given": "Toshimori" } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Hybridization of magmas above subducted oceanic crust", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1984 VNU Science Press. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation, Grants EAR 82-06178 and EAR 83-41623.", "abstract": "Hydrous siliceous melts rising from subducted\noceanic crust may experience hybridization\nwith overlying peridotite. Products of\nhybridization have been explored in the\nsynthetic system KAlSiO_4-MgO-SiO_2-H_2O. The\nphase diagrams were used to interpret phase\nrelationships determined at 30 kbar for\nmixtures of granite, peridotite, and H_2O.\nResults indicate that solution of peridotite\nin hydrous, H_2O-undersaturated granitic liquid\nat 900\u00b0C, 30 kbar, causes only small changes\nin liquid composition, and precipitation of\nphlogopite-garnet-websterite. Additional\nexperiments, set up with H_2O-undersaturated\ngranite liquid in contact with solid\nperidotite at 30 kbar, 850-1050\u00b0C, produced\nhybrid reaction zones containing orthopyroxene\nand clinopyroxene in all runs, and one or more\nof garnet, phlogopite, and quartz in some\nruns. The hybridization process in subduction\nzones could produce discrete rock bodies\ndominated by pyroxenite (without olivine);\nthere is a prospect that potassium could\nbecome concentrated into phlogopite-rich\nrocks. The heterogeneouss rock layer produced above subducted crust provides aqueous fluids expelled during hybridization, which rise to generate in overlying mantle the H_2O-under-saturated basic magnesian magma which is the probable parent of the calc-alkalic rock series erupted at the volcanic front.", "date": "1984", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "VNU Science Press", "place_of_pub": "Utrecht, The Netherlands", "pagerange": "561-579", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-153522310", "isbn": "9067640093", "book_title": "Petrology: Igneous and metamorphic rocks", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-153522310", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 82-06178" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 83-41623" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bogdanov-N-A", "name": { "family": "Bogdanov", "given": "Nikita Alekseevich" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Sekine, Toshimori and Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/82f2m-1zv19", "eprint_id": 64600, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:20:55", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:32:19", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental and thermal constraints on the deep-seated parentage of some granitoid magmas in subduction zones", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1983 Shiva Publishing Limited. \n\nI thank all of my colleagues who helped gather the data that made this review possible and National Science Foundation for grant EAR 8108626.", "abstract": "Regional metamorphism, migmatites and granites certainly owe their\norigin to influx of heat from the mantle. There is evidence that heat may\nbe accompanied by material. This review is concerned with the deep\nsource rocks, the fluid products, and the processes which contribute to\nthe addition of material from the mantle into the crust, specifically at\nconvergent plate boundaries where regional metamorphism and\nmagmatic processes reach their most spectacular development in the\nformation of batholiths, calderas, andesites and rhyolite ash eruptions.", "date": "1983", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Shiva", "place_of_pub": "Nantwich", "pagerange": "37-51", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160219-080023614", "isbn": "0906812267", "book_title": "Migmatites, Melting and Metamorphism: Proceedings of the Geochemical Group of the Mineralogical Society", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160219-080023614", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 8108626" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Atherton-M-P", "name": { "family": "Atherton", "given": "M. P." } }, { "id": "Gribble-C-D", "name": { "family": "Gribble", "given": "C. D." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1983", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xarq2-jfn43", "eprint_id": 64598, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:20:47", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:32:10", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental studies on biotite- and muscovite-granites and some crustal magmatic sources", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1983 Shiva Publishing Limited. \n\nI thank all of my colleagues who helped gather the data that made this review possible and National Science Foundation for grant EAR 8108626.", "abstract": "High-grade metamorphism is certainly associated with melting and the\nformation of migmatites, and migmatization may culminate in the\nproduction of discrete bodies of granite. I am impressed, however, by the\nevidence that most granitic intrusions represent a single, frozen stage in a\ncomplex sequence of events with origin in the mantle, rather than in the\ncrust. Recent trace element and isotope studies of many granites confirm\nthat these were derived from source materials in both mantle and crust\n(Atherton and Tarney, 1979). Heat and magmas from the mantle\ngenerate more magma by partial fusion of crustal rocks. The magmas\nrise through the crust, in ways controlled by the regional tectonics. They\nmay become stalled to form batholiths, they may blister upwards into\nplutonic stocks, and they may burst through to the surface in volcanic\neruptions. They exsolve hot, enriched, aqueous solutions during the late\nstages of solidification, and they impel meteoric water into enormous\nsubterranean circulation s. The solutions cause chemical changes in both\nintrusive and country rocks.", "date": "1983", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Shiva", "place_of_pub": "Nantwich", "pagerange": "12-26", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160219-074905083", "isbn": "0906812267", "book_title": "Migmatites, Melting and Metamorphism: Proceedings of the Geochemical Group of the Mineralogical Society", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160219-074905083", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 8108626" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Atherton-M-P", "name": { "family": "Atherton", "given": "M. P." } }, { "id": "Gribble-C-D", "name": { "family": "Gribble", "given": "C. D." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1983", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a6bd5-63v50", "eprint_id": 33394, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:33:08", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 19:49:55", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } }, { "id": "Donaldson-C-H", "name": { "family": "Donaldson", "given": "Colin H." } }, { "id": "Irving-A-J", "name": { "family": "Irving", "given": "Anthony J." } }, { "id": "Kesson-S-E", "name": { "family": "Kesson", "given": "Susan E." } }, { "id": "Merrill-R-B", "name": { "family": "Merrill", "given": "Russell B." } }, { "id": "Presnall-D-C", "name": { "family": "Presnall", "given": "Dean C." } }, { "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-8008-8804" }, { "id": "Usselman-T-M", "name": { "family": "Usselman", "given": "Thomas M." } }, { "id": "Walker-D", "name": { "family": "Walker", "given": "David" } } ] }, "title": "Experimental petrology of basalts and their source rocks", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1981 Pergamon Press. \n\nWe thank M. J. O'Hara and D. H. Green, associate members of this team. M. J. O'Hara was initially a team member, participating in discussions at the first workshop in 1976. D. H. Green provided some background information early in the program, and provided unpublished material including data for Figs. 3.3.20-21. Most of the material for this chapter was gathered by December 1978, although some references were updated during subsequent revisions. \n\nTeam members wish to acknowledge general support from other sources as follows: D. C. Presnall, NSF Grants EAR 74-22571 A01 and EAR 78-22766; E. M. Stolper and D. Walker, NASA Grant NGL-22-007-247, NSF Grants EAR 79-06321 and EAR 79-23977 (J. F. Hays, Principal Investigator); D. Walker, NSF Grant OCE 79-09699; P. J. Wyllie, NSF Grants EAR 76-20410 and EAR 76-20413; R. Merrill, NASA Contracts NSR 09-051-001 and NASW 3389.\n\nPublished - BasalticVolcanism_Ch3.pdf
", "abstract": "This volume is concerned with the basaltic effluent\nfrom planetary interiors, and this chapter is concerned\nwith the extent to which experimental petrology of\nbasalts can inform us about the composition and mineralogy\nof the source material within the interiors of\nplanets. If the compositions of sources can be deduced\nusing the experimental petrology of basalts, or in any\nother way (Chapter 4), then the relationship between\nsource rock and basaltic magma can be investigated by\ncomplementary experiments using the proposed source\nmaterial. Basaltic volcanism appears to be a characteristic\nfeature of most investigated planetary surfaces (Chapters\n2 and 5), with basalts being produced either when\ninternal temperatures become high enough to cause\npartial melting of the planetary rock, or when impacts\nby other bodies raise the temperature high enough to\ncause partial or complete melting of near-surface rocks.\nThe main variables to be considered in these processes\nare the pressure and equivalent depth, the temperature,\nand the composition and mineralogy of the planetary\ninterior and near-surface rocks.\nOf these three variables, the value of pressure as a\nfunction of depth is the best known. A given pressure is\nachieved at depths that vary considerably from one\nplanetary body to another as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.1.\nTemperature is a variable that changes as a function\nof time, and as a function of process (Chapter 9).\nConvective movements within a planet, for example,\ninfluence both the rate of heat transport to the surface,\n0\nand the development of regional variations in temperature\ndistribution versus depth. The temperature produced\nby meteoritic or planetesimal bombardment\ndepends upon the mass, velocity, and frequency of\nimpacting bodies. Variations reviewed in Chapter 9\nindicate the extent of our uncertainty about the temperatures\nof planetary interiors, even for our own planet.\nFigure 3.1.2 shows three geotherms that have been\nproposed for a convecting mantle within the present\nEarth (Solomon, 1976). The geotherms drawn for the\nlithosphere (shallower than about 100 km) are passed\nthrough the zones plotted by Solomon ( 1976) for values\nestimated from study of peridotite nodules from the\nmantle; these geotherms are similar to those calculated\nfor conduction models (e.g., Clark and Ringwood,\n1964). Temperatures in a region of upwelling, beneath\nocean ridges for example, are higher than temperatures\nbeneath normal ocean plates. The temperatures shown\nbeneath shield and ocean plates become identical at 200\nkm depth (contrast Jordan, 1975).\nThe third variable, the composition and mineralogy\nof basalt source regions, is what we seek to determine\nfrom experimental petrology of erupted basalts.\nFor the Earth, however, we already have a fairly well-defined\nmodel for the structure and petrology of the\nmantle, based on cosmochemistry, geophysics, and\npetrology (Chapter 4). The composition corresponds to\nthat of a peridotite dominated at low pressures by olivine\nand two pyroxene minerals. Figure 3.1.2 outlines the\nmain phase relationships for this material up to pressures of 250 kb, corresponding to a depth of 700 km\nwithin the Earth. For other planetary bodies dominated\nby the components of olivine and pyroxenes, the phase\nrelationships would be similar, but the specific depth\nscales would differ (Fig. 3.1.1 ).\nBasaltic magmas are generated within the melting\ninterval (crystals + liquid), when the temperature\nbecomes high enough to cross the solidus. According\nto the terrestrial geotherms given in Fig. 3.1.2, melting\ndoes not occur at all beneath shield and ocean plates,\nand therefore some special circumstance is required\nto increase the temperature locally to account for the\noceanic volcanoes and the continental flood basalts. It\nis generally assumed that upward convection of mantle\nmaterial raises the temperature at relatively shallow\nlevels, as indicated by the geotherm associated with\nmantle upwelling beneath ocean ridges in Fig. 3.1.2. In\nthis tectonic environment, a geotherm crosses the solidus\nat depths of 70 \u00b1 40 km (sections 3.3.7 and 3.3.8).\nEach planetary body has characteristics that dis- ,\ntinguish it from the others, even if it should turn out that\nmost of them have similar major element compositions.\nThe different pressure-depth relationships suggest that\ntemperature distribution curves are likely to intersect\nsolidus curves at different pressures on the different\nbodies. The phase relationships shown in Fig. 3.1.2\nmay be changed by variations in Fe, Mg, Ca, and Al\nproportions, and changed radically by the addition of\nvolatile components (sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3). For parts\nof the Earth's interior containing traces of CO_2 and\nH_2O, there is a wide interval of incipient melting below\nthe solidus plotted in Fig. 3.1.2. For the Moon, in\ncontrast, the concentration of volatile components\nappears to be negligible. The oxygen fugacity of lunar\nrocks is much lower than that of terrestrial rocks. Mars\nmay be enriched in Fe and S compared with Earth and\nMoon (McGetchin and Smyth, 1978). The occurrence\nof partial melting and volcanism depends upon the\nmaintenance of sufficiently high temperatures and thus\nupon the body's thermal history (Chapter 9). Parent\nbodies of basaltic achondrite meteorites are believed to\nhave solidified at an early stage in the development of\nthe solar system, and active volcanism on the Moon\nceased relatively early in its history. Mars appears to\nhave ceased evolving, and the Earth continues with\nactive volcanism caused to a large extent by the mass\nmovement associated with plate tectonics. Therefore, in\nconsidering the basaltic volcanism of each planetary\nbody, we have different characteristics, and different\nground rules for interpretation. The spectacular eruptions\non Io were not anticipated according to preexisting\nground rules. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the\nmethods used to determine whether a particular basalt\nis likely to contain direct information about its source\nregion by application of the methods of experimental\npetrology. In addition, the experimental work on terrestrial,\nlunar, and meteoritic basalts, as well as likely\nsource materials, will be reviewed to show the extent to\nwhich the link between the basalts and their source\nregions has been established, and to show the extent to\nwhich additional processes are responsible for the\nchemistry observed in the basalts. We will conclude that\nexperimental petrology does provide an internally consistent\nframework for understanding basalts as the melting\nproducts of ultrabasic mantle assemblages, and that\nlaboratory experiments can be used for the exercise of\ngoing back from basalt chemistry to source region constitution,\nprovided that certain conditions are satisfied.", "date": "1981", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Pergamon Press", "place_of_pub": "New York", "pagerange": "493-630", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120821-094423772", "isbn": "0080280862", "book_title": "Basaltic volcanism on the terrestrial planets", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120821-094423772", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 74-22571 A01" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 78-22766" }, { "agency": "NASA", "grant_number": "NGL-22-007-247" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 79-06321" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 79-23977" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "OCE 79-09699" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20410" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20413" }, { "agency": "NASA", "grant_number": "NSR 09-051-001" }, { "agency": "NASA", "grant_number": "NASW 3389" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "BasalticVolcanism_Ch3.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a6bd5-63v50/files/BasalticVolcanism_Ch3.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1981", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J.; Donaldson, Colin H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6371e-wqd10", "eprint_id": 65189, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:33:51", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:43:32", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Magma Sources in Cordilleran Settings", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1981 Arizona Geological Society. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section of the National Science Foundation, NSF Grant EAR 76-20413.", "abstract": "The three distinct magma sources in tectonic\nregions of convergent plate boundaries with associated\ncordillera are: (1) subducted oceanic crust\nof basalt (modified by sea-water) and serpentinite,\nwith an uncertain quantity of sediments, (2) mantle\nperidotite, and (3) continental crust (heterogeneous,\ndominantly tonalitic gneiss). The compositions\nof melts derived from each of these sources by partial\nmelting at various depths can be determined.\nThe effects of fractionation during uprise on the\nliquid compositions can also be estimated if the\nphase relationships are known from magma source to\nemplacement or eruption site. Experimental data\nprovide constraints for testing petrological and\ngeophysical models. The degree of constraint and\npower of discrimination among competing hypotheses\nare increased by consideration of geochemical data\nin conjunction with experimental data. Our knowledge\nof the geophysics and thermal structure\nremains uncertain. Physical aspects, such as the\nbehavior of partially molten rocks, control magma\ncompositions. Dehydration of subducted oceanic\ncrust provides aqueous fluids for metasomatism or\npartial melting of oceanic crust or overlying\nmantle. For warm crust, major melting of amphibolite\nmay yield progenitors of andesite magmas.\nOtherwise, partial melting of oceanic crust yields\nhydrous siliceous magmas that leak into mantle and\nreact with it. Partial melting of mantle peridotite\nmodified by fluids or magmas yields H_2O-under saturated basic magma. Phlogopite-peridotite produced\nby reaction with magma could yield alkalic magmas\nwhen transported to deeper levels. Andesitic magmas\ncan be generated from mantle peridotite only under\nrestricted conditions probably not attained in\ncordilleran settings. The normal product of partial\nmelting of the continental crust is H_2O-undersaturated rhyolitic melt. Andesitic magmas could be\nproduced from continental crust only by extreme\nheating. Underplating by basalts gives the prospect\nof such heating, and also for the mixing of basalt\nand rhyolite magmas. The batholiths and eruptive\nrocks of cordillera are products of complex, multi-stage\nprocesses.", "date": "1981", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Arizona Geological Society", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-101533576", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-101533576", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20413" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Dickinson-W-R", "name": { "family": "Dickinson", "given": "William R." } }, { "id": "Payne-W-D", "name": { "family": "Payne", "given": "William D." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1981", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zpda4-d6643", "eprint_id": 65860, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:13:15", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:52:23", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Influence of volatile components on upper mantle processes", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1980 U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1980", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160401-150526905", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160401-150526905", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Berzina-A-I", "name": { "family": "Berzina", "given": "A. I." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1980", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4fxrn-0km65", "eprint_id": 65968, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:55:31", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:00:39", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Ellis-D-E", "name": { "family": "Ellis", "given": "David E." } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "A model of phase relations in the system MgO-SiO_2-H_2O-CO_2 and prediction of the compositions of liquids coexisting with forsterite and enstatite", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1979 American Geophysical Union. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant EAR 76-20410.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1979p313.pdf
", "abstract": "A comprehensive model has been\ndeveloped for the system MgO-SiO_2-H_2O-CO_2 on the\nbasis of experimental studies, Schreinemaker's\nrules, and thermodynamic data. The assemblage\nforsterite plus enstatite is predicted to melt\nin the presence of vapor of any H_2O/CO_2 ratio at\nlow pressures, in the presence of vapor whose\nH_2O/CO_2 ratio is buffered by the presence of\nmagnesite at intermediate pressures, and at a\nvapor-absent eutectic with brucite and magnetite\nat high pressures. The composition of the\nliquid at the solidus for a bulk composition of\nforsterite plus enstatite plus a small amount of\nvolatiles with a 3/1 H_2O/CO_2 ratio changes from\nenstatite-quartz normative at 20 kbar, to periclase-\nforsterite normative at 50 kbar, to\nforsterite-enstatite normative at 90 kbar and\ngreater pressures. Forsterite cannot coexist\nwith H_2O-CO_2 vapor at pressures greater than\n90 kbar. Thus all melting in the earth's\nmantle at higher pressures must be vapor-absent.", "date": "1979", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-131055238", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160406-131055238", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20410" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Boyd-F-R", "name": { "family": "Boyd", "given": "F. R." } }, { "id": "Meyer-H-O-A", "name": { "family": "Meyer", "given": "Henry O. A." } } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1979p313.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4fxrn-0km65/files/Wyllie_1979p313.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Ellis, David E. and Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5f37w-vm484", "eprint_id": 65183, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:55:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 23:15:46", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Kimberlite Magmas from the System Peridotite-CO_2-H_2O", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1979 American Geophysical Union. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section, National Science Foundation Grant EAR 76-20410.", "abstract": "Phlogopite-dolomite-peridotite is\nthe most promising source rock for kimberlites\nand related magmas. At pressures above about\n30 kb, very little CO_2 (low CO_2/H_2O in vapor) is\nrequired to produce dolomite in mantle peridotite.\nIf oxygen fugacity is too low, however, CO_2 and\ncarbonate are reduced to carbon, and dolomite is\nunable to exert its distinctive influence on\nmagma compositions. The oxygen fugacity at\nvarious depths in the mantle is a critical\nfactor. Rare diamonds and even rarer carbonates\noccur in peridotite nodules from kimberlite, and\nCO_2 is brought to the surface in mantle-derived\nminerals and lavas. Phase relationships in\nperidotite-CO_2-H_2O provide a first step for\nevaluation of the behavior of components C-H-O\nat depth. Experimental and theoretical data\nfrom various sources have been combined for\nanalysis of the near-solidus phase relationships\nin peridotite-CO_2-H_2O. The divariant solidus\nsurface is traversed by a series of univariant\nlines where the vapor phase is buffered by\namphibole, dolomite (magnesite at higher press\nures), phlogopite, or combinations of these.\nThe lines limit the range of vapor-phase compositions that can coexist with peridotite at\nvarious pressures. The buffering capacity of\ndolomite is far greater than that of the hydrous\nminerals. The buffered curves for partly carbonated peridotite, with and without phlogopite,\nextend to lower temperatures and higher pressures\nfrom an invariant point near 26 kb and\n1200\u00b0C. Near this line there is a temperature maximum (a ridge) on the solidus surface,\nseparating the low-pressure surface, where CO_2/H_2O in vapor is higher than in liquid, from the\nhigh-pressure surface, where CO_2/H_2O in vapor is\nlower than in liquid. Enrichment of the high-pressure\nliquids in CO_2 is associated with the\ngeneration of dolomite and low- SiO_2 liquids.\nBecause of this maximum on the solidus, near-solidus\nmagmas rising along an adiabat would\nevolve volatile components in the depth interval\n100-80 km, which could contribute to the explosive eruption of kimberlites. The subcontinental\nupper mantle is probably heterogeneous with\nrespect to incompatible elements, because local\nmelting due to sparsely distributed CO_2 and H_2O\n(dolomite and phlogopite) is followed by magmatic\nflushes, as the melt migrates upwards.", "date": "1979", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-092317207", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-092317207", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20410" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Boyd-F-R", "name": { "family": "Boyd", "given": "F. R." } }, { "id": "Meyer-H-O-A", "name": { "family": "Meyer", "given": "Henry O. A." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b2qy8-8zm35", "eprint_id": 64326, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:55:18", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 20:50:31", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Petrogenesis and the Physics of the Earth", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1979 Princeton University Press. \n\nThanks are due to the National Science Foundation for Grants EAR 76-20410 and EAR 76-20413, which covered manuscript preparation costs and supported research contributions to this chapter, and also for its general support of the Materials Research Laboratory, University of Chicago.", "abstract": "It is in many ways desirable to establish the connection of igneous activity\nwith ascertained facts regarding the nature of the earth as a whole and if\npossible with the early history and the ultimate origin of the earth. Any\nsystem of petrogeny must, of course, be reconcilable with geophysical facts,\nin so far as these are facts, but ii is a different matter to suppose that petrology\nmust be based upon some chosen system of cosmogony. From the very nature\nof its subject-matter cosmogony must be ever less capable than petrology of\nreaching demonstrable conclusions. This is, perhaps, true of geophysics also,\nbut in less degree. A brief survey of the data and of some present-day conclusions\nin geophysical matters may be desirable, together with some suggestion\nas to their connection with the advocated system of petrogenesis\n(Bowen, 1928, p. 303).\nThis statement was Bowen's opening paragraph for Chapter 17, written\nwith his customary style and clarity. Many parts of the chapter remain\nvalid today, but knowledge of the physics of the earth has increased enormously\nsince 1928. A brief survey ... of some present-day conclusions in\ngeophysical matters was desirable fifty years ago. Today, a survey is essential,\nbecause geophysics has become a starting point for many aspects\nof petrogenesis. Similarly, geophysicists need the data of petrology for\ncharacterization of the earth materials whose properties they measure.\nCosmogony, invigorated by the space program, has now become a\nfruitful source of geochemical data with relevance to petrogenesis, and\nthe intensive study of the rock samples returned from the Moon has provided many insights into magmatic processes. New apparatus for\nlaboratory measurements ranging from the physical properties of minerals,\nrocks, and melts to the phase equilibrium relationships of minerals and\nrocks at high pressures has added much useful data for the interpretation\nof geophysical measurements and magmatic processes. The theoretical\napproaches of thermodynamics and geophysical fluid dynamics have been\napplied successfully to the earth's interior.\nThe theories of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics, defining large-scale\ntectonic environments on a global scale, and involving the movement\nof large assemblages of rock across and within the earth in horizontal and\nvertical directions, have added dynamism to petrology since the mid-1960s.\nAs a result of movements from physical processes, pressure and temperature\nchange, and rocks undergo phase transitions, which include melting,\nthe first stage of magmatism.\nPetrogenesis and the physics of the earth are now simply two overlapping\nparts of the interdisciplinary earth sciences.", "date": "1979", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Princeton University Press", "place_of_pub": "Princeton, NJ", "pagerange": "483-520", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160209-092621096", "isbn": "9780691082233", "book_title": "The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks: Fiftieth Anniversary Perspectives", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160209-092621096", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20410" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 76-20413" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Yoder-H-S-Jr", "name": { "family": "Yoder", "given": "H. S., Jr." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nhk0d-st750", "eprint_id": 65560, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:38:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:07:45", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Silicate-carbonate systems with bearing on the origin and crystallization of carbonatites", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Carbonatites", "note": "\u00a9 1978 Brasil Departamento Nacional da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral.\n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences\nSection, National Science Foundation NSF Grant EAR 74-00157 RES. We have also benefited from support of the\nMaterials Research Laboratory by the National Science\nFoundation. \n\nIncludes discussion after conference presentation.\n\nAbstract available in both Spanish and English.\n\nPublished - Wylie_carbonatites.pdf
", "abstract": "Experimental approaches attempt to determine the routes by which crustal carbonatite magmas can be derived from C02-bearing peridotite at high pressures. The intimate association of kimberlite and carbonatite on a small scale illustrates links in the processes. Carbonation of peridotite by C02 can cause the generation of near-solidus carbonatitic liquid from mantle peridotite at depths greater than about 85 km, the depth depending on the geotherm.\n\nFor lithosphere peridotite with C02 and H20 and composition suitable for the stabilization of phlogopite, the vapor phase composition is buffered by reactions involving carbonate and phlogopite. The vapor-phase composition at the solidus controls the near-solidus liquid composition in the asthenosphere , but if carbonate persists to the solidus, the liquid is probably carbonatitic, with Ca/Mg > 1, and enriched in alkalis. For high H20/C02 ratios the upper asthenosphere liquid could be a silicate magma, but an immiscible alkali-rich carbonatitic liquid may separate from it.\n\nExperimental evidence at crustal pressures supports the concept of nepheline-normative alkaline magmas immiscible with Ca-Na carbonatite magmas, both coexisting with fluids capable of fenitizing the country rocks. Other evidence demonstrates that fractional crystallization of a carbonated alkaline peridotite parent magma from the mantle can produce sequences of mineral assemblages very similar to those developed in alkaline complexes with carbonatites. Accessory minerals such as apatite and sulfide have limited solubility in synthetic carbonatite liquids, and therefore, they are likely to be co-precipitated with calcite through wide temperature intervals in carbonatite magmas. The very low viscosity of carbonate-rich liquids promotes fractionation and the segregation of minerals in carbonatites. Mineral textures in some carbonatites are duplicated in experimental runs quenched from fields for the coexistence of crystals + liquid. The phase equilibrium data are consistent with magmatic origin and history for carbonatites, although there is no doubt that for may carbonatites the clarity of the evidence has been at least partly obscured by metasomatism and recrystallization caused by deformation.", "date": "1978", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Minist\u00e9rio das Minas e Energia, Departamento Nacional da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160321-151315427", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160321-151315427", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 74-00157 RES" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wylie_carbonatites.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nhk0d-st750/files/Wylie_carbonatites.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1978", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pjmb2-nz357", "eprint_id": 65144, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:19:09", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 23:13:45", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "From crucible through subduction to batholiths", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1977 Springer-Verlag. \n\nThe experimental data reviewed here was gathered by many research students and associates cited in the text. This research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section, National Science Foundation NSF Grant DS 73-00191 AO1. We have also benefitted from support of the Materials Research Laboratory by the National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "There are many lines of evidence to be evaluated in considering\nthe identity and origin of primary magmas; conclusions reached\ncannot be valid unless they satisfy the constraints imposed by phase\nequilibrium experiments. Interpretation of laboratory phase equilibrium\nexperiments is not always unambiguous. Experiments in small crucibles\nin the presence of water under pressure satisfied many petrologists that\nbatholithic granites involved partial fusion of crustal rocks during the\nculmination of regional metamorphjsm. Then, the concept of subducted\noceanic lithosphere provided a relatively high-silica source material for\nmagma generation at mantle depths, and dehydration of the sinking slab\nprovided water to lower the melting temperature of overlying mantle\nperidotite. Batholiths may include material derived from magmas whose\ngenesis was initiated in all three environments. Phase equilibrium data\nare available to explore the melting products of subducted micaceous\nsediments and calcareous oozes trapped within basalt. Limestones or\nsiliceous limestones could escape complete dissociation or melting to\nconsiderable depths, possibly for long-term storage in the mantle. Phase\nrelationships in the system basalt-andesite-rhyolite-H_2O through the\npressure interval from depths where metamorphosed basaltic ocean\ncrust melts, to the near-surface levels where batholiths are emplaced and\nandesites are erupted, is fundamental for understanding this magmatic\nsystem. On balance, the phase equilibrium data do not favor the concept\nof primary granite or tonalite from mantle or subducted crust. Primary\nwater-undersaturated granite magma is a normal product of partial\nfusion of the crust, but temperatures of normal regional metamorphism are too low to generate tonalite liquids. The water content of large\nbatholithic bodies is probably less than 1.5%. Uprise and crystallization\nproduces water-saturated liquids in the upper regions and margins of\nmagma chambers, for satellite intrusions or eruption. Gravity drives\nmagma and energy upward from subducted oceanic crust, and the final,\nuppermost expression of the process is represented by the batholiths and\nattendant volcanoes.", "date": "1977", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Springer", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "389-433", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160307-143838895", "isbn": "978-3-642-86576-3", "book_title": "Energetics of geological processes: Hans Ramberg on his 60th birthday", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160307-143838895", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "DS 73-00191 AO1" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Saxena-S-K", "name": { "family": "Saxena", "given": "Surendra K." } }, { "id": "Bhattacharji-S", "name": { "family": "Bhattacharji", "given": "Somdev" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1977", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hhvz1-mnr96", "eprint_id": 64675, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:01:37", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:35:45", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Studies on the Influence of CO_2 and H_2O in the Upper Mantle", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1977 Academic Press, Inc. \n\nThis research was supported by the Earth Sciences Section, National Science Foundation NSF Grant EAR 74-00157 RES. I have also benefited from support of the Materials Research Laboratory by the National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "The system CaO-MgO-SiO_2 includes the minerals olivine (Fo),\northopyroxene (Opx), and clinopyroxene (Cpx). In the presence of\nexcess CO_2, with increasing pressure peridotite undergoes a series\nof carbonation reactions. At 1100\u00b0C, model mantle assemblage\nFo + Opx + Cpx + CO_2 is progressively transformed into Fo + Opx +\nCd (calcic dolomite) + CO_2, and then Opx + Cd + Cm (magnesite\nsolid solution) + CO_2 near 20 kbar; and into Cm + Cd + Qz + CO_2\njust above 30 kbar. For realistic mantle conditions, with only\ntrace amounts of CO_2, the starting assemblage at 1100\u00b0C is\nchanged to Fo + Opx + Cpx + Cd near 20 kbar, and this changes to\nFo + Opx + Cpx + Cm near 45 kbar. Each of the univariant carbonation\nreaction boundaries between these assemblages terminates\nat an invariant point at which carbonate and silicates melt together\nwith CO_2 (1250\u00b0-1450\u00b0C with pressures increasing from\nabout 25 kbar to 55 kbar), producing a carbonate - rich liquid. In\nthe system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2-H_2O, the carbonation reactions and\nmelting reactions occur at lower temperatures as H_2O content\nincreases. In the presence of CO_2-H_2O fluids, the carbonate-bearing\nperidotite acts as a buffer, controlling the CO_2/H_2O\nratio as a function of pressure and temperature. This in turn\ncontrols the composition of the liquid at temperatures just above\nthe solidus as a function of depth. Along normal geotherms in\nthe mantle, CO_2 is distributed between calcic dolomite and CO_2-H_2O fluid, with carbonate, CO_2 and H_2O dissolving in liquid at\nthe top of the seismic low-velocity zone. Amphibole and phlogopite\nmay become stable in peridotite containing H_2O, Al_2O_3, and\nK_2O. The compositions of near-solidus mantle magmas at various\ndepths are strongly influenced by the presence or absence of\ncarbonate, amphibole, and phlogopite in the peridotite. There is\nnow enough experimental data from various laboratories to permit\nan estimate of the maximum areas of stability of carbonate,\namphibole and phlogopite on the peridotite-CO_2-H _2O solidus. For\nhigh CO_2/H_2O ratios the interstitial liquid at the top of the\nlow-velocity zone is carbonatitic, becoming more silicic (but\nSiO_2-undersaturated) with increasing depth. Upward migration of\nthis liquid could conceivably lead to the local generation of\ncarbonate-rich peridotites within the lower lithosphere.", "date": "1976", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Academic Press", "place_of_pub": "New York", "pagerange": "77-106", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-103217156", "isbn": "0124687504", "book_title": "High-Pressure research: applications in geophysics", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-103217156", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR 74-00157" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Manghnani-M-H", "name": { "family": "Manghnani", "given": "M. H." } }, { "id": "Akimoto-Shun\u02bcichi", "name": { "family": "Akimoto", "given": "Shun\u02bcichi" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1976", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d6am3-c0n19", "eprint_id": 66167, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:57:23", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:13:28", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Limestone assimilation", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1974 John Wiley & Sons.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1974", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "place_of_pub": "Chichester", "pagerange": "459-474", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-104403665", "isbn": "9780471813835", "book_title": "The Alkaline Rocks", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160414-104403665", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "S\u00f8rensen-H", "name": { "family": "S\u00f8rensen", "given": "H." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1974", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s83z7-2aa13", "eprint_id": 65769, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:57:21", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:46:40", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Plate tectonics, sea-floor spreading, and continental drift: an introduction", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1974 American Association of Petroleum Geologists. \n\nManuscript received, August 7, 1972. (This manuscript was submitted originally to The Geological Society of America on December 16, 1971.)\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1974p5.pdf
", "abstract": "The present ruling theory of geotectonics commonly\nknown as the \"new global tectonics\"-- includes\nthe concepts of plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, continental drift, and polar wondering. Recent seismic activity \ndefines the positions and relative movements of rigid lithosphere\nplates. The geomagnetic time scale for polarity\nreversals seems to be calibrated to about 4 m.y. ago, and\nextrapolated to about 80 m.y. ago by correlation of oceanic\nmagnetic anomalies with reversals and seafloor spreading.\nSeafloor spreading and the magnetic anomalies thus indicate\nthe directions and roles of movements of lithosphere\nplates during the last 80 m.y. The continents drift with the\nlithosphere plates, and independent paleomagnetic evidence\npermits location of the relative positions of the\ncontinents and the poles to 500 m.y. ago, or more. The\ntheory, which explains phenomena previously unexplainable,\nis supported by a mass of persuasive evidence. There\nis no doubt that the theory is a success, but it has been\nso successful that it has become a ruling theory, and subservience\nto a ruling theory never has served science well.\nThere are data which do not seem to fit the theory. We\nshould strive to keep open minds and to search for alternate\nsolutions to fit all of the data. The record is clear:\ntoday's history was yesterday's model. Dare we conclude\nthat at last we know the answers?", "date": "1974", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Association of Petroleum Geologists", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160330-134552426", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160330-134552426", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Kahle-C-F", "name": { "family": "Kahle", "given": "Charles F." } } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1974p5.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s83z7-2aa13/files/Wyllie_1974p5.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1974", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/eh7p5-vxw87", "eprint_id": 65137, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:57:00", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:43:15", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "A Discussion of Water in the Crust", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1971 American Geophysical Union.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1971p257.pdf
", "abstract": "This comment was stimulated by the suggestion\nthat a geochemist discuss the possibility\nthat water is present in the crust. This material\nis relevant to the papers of T. Madden\nand W. F. Brace.", "date": "1971", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "place_of_pub": "Washington, DC", "pagerange": "257-260", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160307-140950163", "isbn": "0875900143", "book_title": "The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160307-140950163", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Heacock-J-G", "name": { "family": "Heacock", "given": "John G." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/GM014p0257", "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1971p257.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/eh7p5-vxw87/files/Wyllie_1971p257.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1971", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y35tb-c8p12", "eprint_id": 64371, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:56:37", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:40:33", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Limits for Melting in the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1971 American Geophysical Union. \n\nI thank I. B. Lambert and J. K. Robertson for their contributions to unpublished material included in this article. The research has been supported by National Science Foundation grants GA-15718 and GA-10459. Apparatus and supplies were provided by Advanced Research Projects Agency grant SD-89.", "abstract": "The conditions for melting in the crust and upper mantle are governed by the mineralogy\n(determined by bulk composition, depth, and temperature), the water content, the physical\nstate of the water (available in pore fluid or bound in crystals), P_e_H_2O, and the temperature distribution.\nThe average composition of the crust is andesitic and its mineralogy is dominated by\nfeldspars and quartz. Melting curves in the presence of excess water at pressures ranging to more\nthan 10 kb (40-km depth) have now been determined for individual feldspars, for most feldspar-quartz\ncombinations, and for many major rock types. In the presence of an aqueous vapor phase,\nthe granitic components of many crustal rocks combine to produce water saturated liquid of\ngranite composition. Starting assemblages for melting in rock-water systems consist of minerals\nwith interstitial vapor, hydrous and anhydrous minerals with no vapor, or anhydrous minerals\nwith no vapor. Models for magma generation must consider whether the liquids produced are\nwater saturated or water deficient under the conditions of melting. From estimates of temperatures\nin the crust it becomes apparent that no granitic liquids can be produced at a depth shallower than\n20 km. Results from water-excess experiments and interpolated water deficient conditions indicate\nthat the normal product of partial fusion of many crustal rocks is a water undersaturated granite\nliquid in a crystal mush which persists through a wide temperature range. It is not likely that\nliquids of intermediate composition are generated directly, because temperatures are too high,\nbut crystal-liquid assemblages of intermediate bulk composition may move to higher levels in\nthe crust by diapiric rise. The generation of basaltic magmas in a dry mantle requires unusually\nhigh temperatures. Thus, most basal tic magmas must be produced under conditions where the\nlocal temperature greatly exceeds that of the average geothermal gradient. However, the presence\nof trace amounts of water in the mantle does permit incipient melting of eclogite or peridotite\nwith a normal geothermal gradient. The depth interval within which such melting occurs in rock-water\nsystems coincides with the seismic low-velocity zone; this fact may explain the presence of\nthe zone as a continuous layer in the earth's mantle. Crustal melting, localized in orogenic belts,\nis not likely to produce continuous layers. However, removal of pore fluids from deep seated\ncontinental basement rocks by repeated melting may have produced regions with laterally extensive\nuniform properties, despite their variegated compositions.", "date": "1971", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "place_of_pub": "Washington, DC", "pagerange": "279-301", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160210-085511771", "isbn": "0875900143", "book_title": "The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160210-085511771", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-15718" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-10459" }, { "agency": "Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)", "grant_number": "SD-89" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Heacock-J-G", "name": { "family": "Heacock", "given": "John G." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1971", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b0mt8-gqh59", "eprint_id": 64329, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:56:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 20:50:35", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Smith-J-V", "name": { "family": "Smith", "given": "J. V." } }, { "id": "Anderson-A-T", "name": { "family": "Anderson", "given": "A. T." } }, { "id": "Newton-R-C", "name": { "family": "Newton", "given": "R. C." } }, { "id": "Olsen-E-J", "name": { "family": "Olsen", "given": "E. J." } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } }, { "id": "Crewe-A-V", "name": { "family": "Crewe", "given": "A. V." } }, { "id": "Isaacson-M-S", "name": { "family": "Isaacson", "given": "M. S." } }, { "id": "Johnson-D", "name": { "family": "Johnson", "given": "D." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6311-8629" } ] }, "title": "Petrologic history of the moon inferred from petrography, mineralogy, and petrogenesis of Apollo 11 rocks", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1970 Pergamon Press. \n\nReceived 3 February 1970; accepted in revised form 4 March 1970. \n\nWe thank P. B. MOORE and J. R. GOLDSMITH for scientific assistance, G. R. ZECHMAN and O. DRAUGHN for electron microprobe super vision and specimen preparation, Mrs. J. V. SMITH for bibliographic and editorial work, Mrs. I. BALTUSKA and Mrs. J. RJEFFEL for secretarial help, A. T. DEVITT for administration, R. BANOVICH for graphic arts, W. F. SCHMIDT for technical help, and J. R. ROBERTSON for photographic assistance. Financial assistance from NASA grant NAS 9-8086 was supplemented by NSF grants G-1658, GA-4420, GA-15718, and GA-1656, an Advanced Research Projects Agency grant, a grant-in-aid from Union Carbide Corporation, a Hertz Foundation fellowship and general funds of the University of Chicago. We particularly thank D. ANDERSON and J. WARNER of NASA for helpful cooperation in supply of specimens, and the LSPET team for their excellent basic description carried out under exceptionally difficult circumstances. We gratefully acknowledge the advice of C. FRONDEL and A. A. LEVINSON.", "abstract": "The mineralogy and petrology of the Apollo 11 rocks are consistent with impact melting\nof ilmenite and pyroxene crystals plus liquid derived from fractional crystallization of basaltic magama.\nThe complementary plagioclase accumulate should exist in the highlands. The ferrobasaltic magma is\nderived from a differentiated hot moon of modified chondritic composition. The one-sided distribution\nof large irregular seas is explained by tidal attraction of the last fraction of liquid to the\nnear side of the moon and release of liquid by meteorite impact.\nThe vesicular ferrobasalt lavas contain ilmenite, clinopyroxene and plagioclase and have textures\nsimilar to some terrestrial basalts. Delayed appearance of plagioclase indicates an unusual source of\nthe magma. The iron-enrichment of the coarser microgabbros is extreme at the end of crystallization\nresulting in a new iron metasilicate, pyroxferroite.\nThe oxygen fugacity at 1050\u00b0C of these rocks indicated by the composition of opaque oxides and\ntroilite-iron intergrowths is 10^(-14)-10^(-16) compared to 10^(- 11) for terrestrial basalts and about 10^(16) \nfor ordinary chondrites. Absence of hydrous minerals indicates loss of volatiles at some stage in\nthe moon's history.\nThe breccias and soil have the same mineralogy modified by shock. Plagioclase vitrophyres are\nprobably melted cumulates and may derive from the highlands. Lithification of the breccia results\nprincipally from welding of debris discharged from a hot gas cloud created by meteorite impact.\nSmall glass spheres have surface features consistent with a fiery rain of boiling silicate liquid rounded\nby surface tension and later impacted by high-velocity micrometeorites.\nMelting experiments of synthetic material of mean Apollo 11 rock composition revealed low\nliquidus temperature, delayed appearance of plagioclase and narrow crystal-liquid interval. These\nsupport the concept of advanced fractional crystallization of a basaltic liquid under reducing conditions leading to high iron enrichment. Flotation of plagioclase and sin king of ilmenite and pyroxene\nshould occur in the liquid basalt.\nWe propose that meteorite impact blasted away a plagioclase-rich crust, melting a mixture of\nfractionated basalt liquid and ilmenite plus pyroxene crystals. The new liquid formed the Sea of\nTranquillity and yielded the near-surface lava flows represented by the ferrobasalts and microgabbros.\nThis new liquid could yield plagioclase only after the extra ilmenite and pyroxene had\ncrystallized.\nWe propose that the original basalt liquid was derived by fractional crystallization of a molten\nmoon of modified chondritic composition yielding a metallic core surrounded by pressure-stable\nMg-rich o li vine and pyroxene. The fractionated liquid became Fe-rich resulting in an inverse density\nstratification. Primitive ultra basic crust should occur in the highlands, along with dominant plagio clase-\nrich cumulates. The temperature-time relations of the model are discussed qualitatively. Key factors are early\nremoval of radioactive material from the center by fractional crystallization and possible enhancement\nof radiative heat transfer in volatile-free silicates. The moon rocks should be more refractory\nand rigid because of the low volatile content.", "date": "1970-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Pergamon Press", "place_of_pub": "New York, NY", "pagerange": "897-925", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160209-101343274", "isbn": "0080163920", "book_title": "Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160209-101343274", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NASA", "grant_number": "NAS 9-8086" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "G-1658" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-4420" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-15718" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-1656" }, { "agency": "Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)" }, { "agency": "Union Carbide Corporation" }, { "agency": "Fannie and John Hertz Foundation" }, { "agency": "University of Chicago" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Levinson-A-A", "name": { "family": "Levinson", "given": "A. A." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Smith, J. V.; Anderson, A. T.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/z3pg4-6g219", "eprint_id": 65177, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:57:03", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 23:15:24", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Analysis and interpretation of lunar samples", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1970 Industrial Research, Inc.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1970", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Industrial Research", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-081329843", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-081329843", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Danilov-V-J", "name": { "family": "Danilov", "given": "Victor J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/n7891-pgg31", "eprint_id": 65178, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:57:09", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:43:26", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Ultramafic Rocks and the Upper Mantle", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1970 Mineralogical Society of America. \n\nI thank the National Science Foundation for their support of my research on kimberlites and other ultramafic rocks with Grant GA-1289.", "abstract": "Cosmic abundances of elements and meteorite analogies indicate an ultrabasic mantle. Detailed review of ultramafic\nrocks in their varied associations suggests that representative mantle sample are included among oceanic and orogenic peridotites,\nand nodules in basalts and kimberlites. Extrapolation from rocks to mantle must be made with caution; their\npetrogenesis is complex and the mantle is heterogeneous. Twenty-seven estimates of mantle composition based on meteorite\nmodels, ultramafic rocks, and hypothetical peridotites are tabulated and compared with basalts in chemical variation\ndiagrams. The three groups are separated by their alkali contents and stages of fractionation. Mantle estimates based on\nultramafic rocks are low in alkalis to provide common basaltic magmas by simple subtraction, but they can yield high-pressure\npicritic liquids capable of fractionating during uprise to produce low-pressure basaltic types at the surface. Trace-element\ncontents of ultramafic rocks and the upper mantle are not well determined. Models for the upper mantle are\nbased on mineral facies determined experimentally for appropriate compositions, temperatures and pressures. Review of\nexperimental data for the system peridotite-gabbro-water, correlated with geophysical data, suggests that the upper mantle\nis composed of peridotite with layers and pods of eclogite and residual or precipitated dunite and peridotite; with increasing\ndepth, feldspathic peridotite (rarely occurring) is transformed to spinel peridotite and this to garnet-peridotite,\nat 50-75 kms depth. Garnet peridotite perists down to the Transition Zone at 350-400 kms, where pyroxene is dissolved\nby garnet, and olivine is transformed to a spinel-like phase. Eclogite is abundant from 80 to 150 kms depth. The low\nvelocity zone begins at 75-100 kms where hornblende becomes unstable, producing traces of interstitial hydrous magma\nof andesitic composition within eclogite; within a peridotite mantle, interstitial hydrous magma may be alkalic (potassic).", "date": "1970", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-082332796", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160308-082332796", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-1289" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Morgan-B-A", "name": { "family": "Morgan", "given": "Benjamin A." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xtm7q-2jc54", "eprint_id": 64328, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-23 23:56:20", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:40:20", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "The ultramafic belts", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1969 American Geophysical Union. \n\nThis review developed from research supported by National Science Foundation under Grant GA-1289.\n\nPublished - Wyllie_1969p480.pdf
", "abstract": "One petrological approach to upper mantle studies is to determine which ultramafic\nrocks represent mantle material. Ultramafic\nrocks occur in a variety of field and petrographic\nassociations: in recent reviews, Wyllie\n[1967b, 1968] outlined eleven petrographic associations,\nsome with subdivisions. In this summary,\nit is convenient to consider these in four\nlarger groups: (1) layered, stratiform, and\nother intrusions involving gabbro or diabase,\ntogether with accumulations or concentrations\nof mafic minerals; (2) the alkalic rocks, including\nkimberlites, mica peridotites, members of ring\ncomplexes, and ultrabasic Java flows; (3) the\nseveral serpentinite-peridotite associations often\nclassified together as alpine-type intrusions;\n(4) serpentinites and peridotites of the oceanic\nregions.", "date": "1969", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160209-095010261", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160209-095010261", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GA-1289" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Hart-P-J", "name": { "family": "Hart", "given": "Pembroke J." } } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/GM013p0480", "primary_object": { "basename": "Wyllie_1969p480.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xtm7q-2jc54/files/Wyllie_1969p480.pdf" }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1969", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1bs17-6kf09", "eprint_id": 63870, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:15:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:14:47", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Franz-G-W", "name": { "family": "Franz", "given": "G. W." } }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Studies in the System CaO-MgO-SiO_2-H_2O", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1967 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "The field evidence that many carbonatites\nare intrusive and possibly magmatic\nwas incompatible with available experimental\ndata until Wyllie and Tuttle (1960)\ndemonstrated that liquids in the system\nCaO-CO_2-H2_O precipitate calcite at temperatures\ndown to 640\u00b0C through a wide\npressure range. The problem of the origin\nof carbonatites has since been examined\nby studying the phase relationships in systems\ncontaining the \"synthetic carbonatite\nmagma\" and silicate minerals occurring in\nrocks associated with carbonatites. The increasing\nawareness in recent years of possible\ngenetic connections between carbonatites\nand kimberlites (von Eckermann,\n1948, 1958; Saether, 1957; Dawson, 1964;\nGarson, 1962; Davidson, 1964; Wyllie,\n1967) led to the selection of forsterite as a\nsuitable additional mineral component,\ngiving the five-component system CaO-MgO-\nSiO_2-CO_2-H_2O. Sections through this\nsystem have been investigated by Franz\n(1965).", "date": "1967", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-085229253", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-085229253", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences", "value": "Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1967", "author_list": "Franz, G. W. and Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ekw7m-jsy21", "eprint_id": 63871, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:15:37", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:14:51", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Mafic and Ultramafic Nodules - Introduction", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1967 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "The great interest in the small nodules\nfound in alkalic lavas and kimberlite diatremes\nlies in the hope that they will provide\ninformation about the composition and\nmineralogy of the earth's mantle. They\nhave already been discussed by several\ncontributors, including O'Hara, Chapter\n5-IV; Dawson, 8-II and 8-V; Davidson,\n8-III; Watson, 8-IV; Upton, 9-II; and von\nEckermann, 9-IV. The nodules have been\ninterpreted as representative of primary\nmantle material; as residual mantle material\nafter extraction of basalt; as xenoliths\npicked up within the earth's crust; as cumulates\nfrom primary basaltic magma formed\nas bottom cumulates in temporary reservoirs,\nor formed marginally during upward\nflow.", "date": "1967", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-090100110", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-090100110", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences", "value": "Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1967", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x5xk0-90292", "eprint_id": 63872, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:15:49", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:14:55", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Petrogenesis of Ultramafic and Ultrabasic Rocks - Review", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1967 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "The introductions to each of the preceding\nchapters (Sections I) have reviewed the conclusions reached, and provided\nsome cross references to other chapters.\nThis final contribution reviews in general\nand historical terms some of the problems of the petrogenesis of ultramafic and ultrabasic\nrocks. The greater part of the review\ndeals with the petrogenesis of the alpine-type\nultramafic rocks, because these have\nserved as a focus of controversy for many\nyears. The variety of ultramafic rock associations\nin different tectonic environments,\nand of the processes involved in\ntheir formation, have been emphasized\nthroughout the book. Both are important\nin considering petrogenesis. Although interpretation\nof processes may require extensive\nstudy, rock associations are more\neasily distinguished; but the distinctions\nhave not always been made. Hess (1955,\np. 394) drew attention to this with the following\nstatement: \"Gross errors have probably\nresulted from applying conclusions\ndrawn from facts related to mica peridotites\nto alpine peridotites and vice versa.\nIf mica peridotite had been called humpty-dumptyite,\nthese probably would not have\narisen.\"", "date": "1967", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-090626312", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-090626312", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences", "value": "Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1967", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q89th-6dj41", "eprint_id": 63869, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:15:15", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:14:43", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Ultramafic and Ultrabasic Rocks", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1967 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "This chapter outlines the petrography of\nultramafic and ultrabasic rocks, and presents\na preliminary classification of the\npetrological associations in which they\noccur. Many of the associations, but not all\nof them, are described in detail in the following\nchapters. Within the classification\nthere is a guide to the chapters dealing\nwith the various associations, and for those\nassociations inadequately covered in this\nvolume reference is made to one or more\nreview papers. This is followed by O'Hara's\naccount of the mineral facies of ultrabasic\nrocks.", "date": "1967", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-084657548", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-084657548", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences", "value": "Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1967", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/apvg3-bcs30", "eprint_id": 63883, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:16:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:16:03", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Ultramafic and related rocks - Preface", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1967 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "abstract": "This book was planned for advanced students, research workers, teachers in\npetrology, and enthusiastic undergraduates. It should also be of interest to\nsolid-earth geophysicists because the International Upper Mantle project has\nfocused attention on the implications of ultramafic rock studies for interpretations\nof upper mantle composition and mineralogy. The book is offered as a\nsupplement to the standard textbooks on petrology, even the most detailed of\nwhich can devote only a few pages to the origin of any specific group of rocks.\nSeveral specialized volumes which perform a similar function for granites,\ncarbonatites, basalts, and layered intrusions have been published recently,\nand these books fill a need that becomes more acute as the volume of research\nliterature increases.", "date": "1967", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-101041952", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-101041952", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences", "value": "Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1967", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/27ewm-sem12", "eprint_id": 63867, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:12:49", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:14:37", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental Studies of Carbonatite Problems: The Origin and Differentiation of Carbonatite Magmas", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1966 Interscience Publishers.", "abstract": "The experimental data reported by Wyllie and Tuttle (1960a, b) confirm that melts\nwith a variety of compositions can precipitate calcite through a wide pressure\nrange and through a wide temperature interval, and that these melts persist down\nto temperatures of the order of 600\u00b0C, which agrees reasonably well with temperatures\ninferred for the emplacement of natural carbonatites. This is regarded as\nverification for the magmatic origin of carbonatites where the field relationships\nare consistent with magmatic origin. However, neither the experimental data\nnor the field and petrographic studies provide reliable estimates of the compositions\nof natural carbonatite magmas at the time of intrusion. This is clear from\nthe variety of hypotheses to be found in the geological literature as well as in the\nearlier chapters of this book. The composition and nature of a carbonatite\nmagma depends upon the processes involved in its formation. In this chapter\nare described the results of experiments designed to elucidate the petrogenic relationships\namong carbonatite magmas and the alkaline igneous rocks associated\nwith carbonatites in the field, and to test various hypotheses of origin which have\nbeen proposed on the basis of petrological studies and inferences. In addition to\nresults related to these central objectives, the phase relationships in some of the\nsystems studied illustrate several ways in which the crystallization of carbonatite\nmagmas could proceed, and they indicate that some of the observed sequences of\nemplacement of carbonatites could be explained by differentiation processes\noccurring within a crystallizing carbonatite magma.\nMost of the material in this chapter represents a progress report of an extended\nprogramme at the Pennsylvania State University which has been supported by the\nNational Science Foundation since 1961 (Grant No. NSF-G-19588). This\nsupport is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due also to the Department of\nScientific and Industrial Research for its support of the work in systems containing\nP_2O_5 which was conducted at Leeds University between 1959 and 1962. The\nchapter covers research completed by September 1963.", "date": "1966", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Interscience Publishers", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-082335750", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160122-082335750", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "G-19588" }, { "agency": "Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (UK)" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences", "value": "Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Tuttle-O-F", "name": { "family": "Tuttle", "given": "O. F." } }, { "id": "Gittins-J", "name": { "family": "Gittins", "given": "J." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1966", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qad7e-e1442", "eprint_id": 64966, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:13:02", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 22:01:27", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "High pressure techniques", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1966 Interscience Publishers, a division of John Wiley & Sons.", "abstract": "Of vital significance for an understanding of the origin and evolution\nof the earth is investigation of the physical properties and stability\nrelationships of minerals and rocks at high pressures and temperatures, and of the more volatile components such as water and carbon\ndioxide which affect the behavior of the minerals and rocks under\nthese conditions. Geophysical techniques, particularly the methods\nof seismology, provide information about the properties of the\nmaterial within the earth, and high-pressure studies of materials of\nknown composition are important supplements to the seismological\nstudies. Geological and petrological studies of rocks now exposed\nat the surface of the earth lead to the formulation of hypotheses\nfor the origin and history of these rocks and deductions about the\ncomposition of the material at depth from which some of the rocks\nare derived. These hypotheses can be tested by reproducing the\nestimated conditions of formation within the laboratory. The important\nprocesses occurring in the outer part of the earth usually\ninvolve heterogeneous equilibria. Within the earth's mantle, solid-solid\nphase transitions may account for seismic and density discontinuities\nwhose existence has been deduced from geophysical\nobservations. The formation of magmas within the mantle involves\nsolid-liquid and perhaps solid- liquid- vapor reactions. Solid- liquid-vapor,\nsolid-solid and solid-vapor reactions are involved in the\nigneous and metamorphic processes which proceed within the\nearth's crust. The deformation, folding and faulting of rocks is a\nmechanical process, but interstitial gases or solutions may have a\nprofound effect.\nMany reviews of high-pressure research and of the applications\nof high-pressure studies to the earth sciences have been published,\nand these are outlined in the next section. In view of the plethora\nof reviews already available, one might justifiably question the\nutility of one more. As the Editor, S. K. Runcorn, remarked in the\npreface to the first volume in this series, it is hoped that the chapter\nmay be of value to those who wish to embark on research using\nunfamiliar techniques, and to those who, having read and possibly\napplied the results of high-pressure studies, wish to inform themselves\nmore fully about the methods used. The available reviews are usually\nconcerned mainly with one aspect of the field, with 'very high\npressures', for example references 26, 105, 16 and 106, or with\n'hydrothermal' systems at moderate pressures, or with physical\nproperties of rocks and minerals, or with a limited range of\napplications. I recently published a review which attempted to\ncover the whole range of experimental results now available for\napplication to the earth sciences, but I am not aware of a review\nin which the whole range of high-pressure techniques has been\nconsidered in detail (reference 95 provides an outline for 1956).\nThis chapter brings together items which have been published previously in a variety of outlets. The justification for this is that\nthe geophysicist and geologist are interested in the processes occurring\nwithin the earth from the highest of pressures and temperatures to\nthe low values encountered at or near to the surface of the earth.\nThe aim of the chapter is to sample the growing volume of literature,\nand to present it in a complete but condensed form for the general\nreader who has not the time to seek the information in the more\nspecialized publications.", "date": "1966", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Interscience Publishers", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-132635550", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-132635550", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Runcorn-S-K", "name": { "family": "Runcorn", "given": "S. K." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1966", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g4a20-56711", "eprint_id": 64965, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:08:41", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 22:01:23", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Applications of High Pressure Studies to the Earth Sciences", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1963 Academic Press. \n\nMineral Industries Experiment Station Contribution No. 62-20. \n\nI wish to acknowledge gratefully the time, attention, and assistance provided by many colleagues in the College of Mineral Industries, The Pennsylvania State University, and elsewhere, in connection with\nvarious parts of this chapter. Specific thanks are due to: H. S. Yoder\nfor providing Fig. 21 before its publication; D. L. Hamilton for providing unpublished data used in Section IV, J; F. Dachille for providing diagrams and critical comments for Section V, A; O. F.\nTuttle and W. C. Luth for providing unpublished data used in Section\nVI, B; I. S. E. Carmichael and W. S. Mackenzie for providing the\nunpublished manuscript discussed in Section VI, C; R. F. Fudali for\nproviding the unpublished manuscript discussed in Section VI, C;\nR. H. Jahns for providing Fig. 39, previously unpublished, and for\ncritical comments on Section VI, D.", "abstract": "The earth is a giant high pressure laboratory, so it is inevitable that\nin any book dealing with high pressure chemistry and physics attention\nshould eventually be focused upon the earth. From the surface of the\nearth to its centre, the pressure increases from 1 bar to 3 640 kb, and the\ntemperature increases simultaneously. This chapter is concerned only\nwith the outer part of the earth, to a depth of approximately 1 000 km,\ncomprising the crust and the upper mantle. The preceding chapters\nhave been concerned largely with the effects of high pressures on\nhomogeneous systems consisting of solids, of liquids, or of gases, but the\nimportant processes occurring in the outer part of the earth usually\ninvolve heterogeneous equilibria. \u00b7within the earth's mantle, solid-solid\nphase changes may account for seismic and density discontinuities.\nMany magmas are believed to originate in the mantle, and their\ndevelopment involves solid-liquid, and perhaps solid-liquid-vapour\nreactions. Within the earth's crust, solid-liquid-vapour, solid-solid, and\nsolid-vapour equilibria are involved in igneous and metamorphic\nprocesses. The deformation and folding of rocks during orogeny is a\nmechanical process, but interstitial gases or solutions may have a\nprofound effect.", "date": "1963", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Academic Press", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-131536948", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-131536948", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Bradley-R-S", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "R. S." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1963", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tk48t-xgm79", "eprint_id": 65803, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:08:57", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:46:46", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Effects of the changes in slope occurring on liquidus and solidus paths in the system diopside-anorthite-albite", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1963 Mineralogical Society of America. \n\nContribution No. 61-27 from the College of Mineral Industries. \n\nThe writer wishes to thank H. I. Drever, P. G. Harris, R. Johnston, W. Q. Kennedy, W. S. Mackenzie, P. L. Roeder and O. F. Tuttle, for kindly reviewing drafts of the manuscript. Their suggestions have led to many improvements in the paper. Parts of this study are being supported by the National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "Liquidus and solidus paths in the system diopside-anorthitc-albite exhibit changes in slope. When plagioclase crystallizes\nalone from a ternary liquid both paths arc steeper than in the system anorthite-albite, but when plagioclasc is joined\nby diopside both paths become much less step than in the binary system. This fact, together with other evidence, suggests\nthat the liquidus profile of an igneous rock series may be characterized by three shelves (where small temperature changes\ncause much fusion or crystallization, and large compositional changes) separated by steep slopes (where large temperature\nchanges cause little crystallization or fusion, and small compositional changes). The shelves extend across picritic compositions\n(upper), basic and intermediate compositions (middle), and acid compositions (lower). The changes in slope may help\nlo account for the relative proportions of various igneous rocks in different petrographical associations. The origin of primary\nbasaltic and intermediate magmas, and the rarity of intermediate rocks in basic-acid igneous associations are discussed.\nMarginal zoning, oscillatory zoning, and the development of two generations of crystals (with continuous cooling)\nare discussed in terms of changes in slope of solidus paths.", "date": "1963", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-105203874", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-105203874", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Fisher-D-J", "name": { "family": "Fisher", "given": "D. Jerome" } }, { "id": "Frueh-A-J", "name": { "family": "Frueh", "given": "Alfred J." } }, { "id": "Hurlbut-C-S", "name": { "family": "Hurlbut", "given": "C. S." } }, { "id": "Tilley-C-E", "name": { "family": "Tilley", "given": "C. E." } }, { "id": "Heinrich-E-Wm", "name": { "family": "Heinrich", "given": "E. Wm." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1963", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jsnr0-1an24", "eprint_id": 65767, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:06:43", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:46:38", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } }, { "id": "Tuttle-O-F", "name": { "family": "Tuttle", "given": "O. F." } } ] }, "title": "Experimental verification for the magmatic origin of carbonatites", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1960 Det Berlinske Bogtrykkeri. \n\nManuscript received August 11th, 1959. \n\nThis work has been supported by the National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "Many petrologists believe carbonatites were emplaced as liquid magmas, but others maintain that this is\nunlikely because the melting temperature of calcite is much higher than the low temperature of emplacement\nindicated by field relations. Low temperature liquids have been discovered in the system CaO-CO_2-H_2O At 1000 bars pressure a liquid of composition 68CaO, 19CO_2, 13H_2O (weight per \ncent) coexists with calcite, portlandite, and lime at 683\u00b0C, and a liquid 65CaO, 19CO_2, 16H_2O coexists with calcite, portlandite, and vapor (almost pure water) at 675\u00b0C. In the pressure range from 27 \nto 4000 bars the minimum liquidus temperature varies between 685\u00b0C and 640\u00b0C. Addition of MgO\nto the ternary system lowers the minimum liquidus temperature at 1000 bars from 675\u00b0C to 625\u00b0 C. The\nliquids have low viscosity as indicated by the rapid attainment of equilibrium and the observation that \ncrystal settling takes place in 15-minute experiments. It is thus probable that differentiation occurs in multi-component magmas by separation of the successive liquid fractions produced by crystallization\nof calcite, dolomite, and siderite.\nThe experimental discovery that simplified carbonatite liquids exist at moderate temperatures\nthrough a wide pressure range leaves little reason to doubt a magmatic origin for carbonatites.", "date": "1960", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Det Berlinske Bogtrykkeri", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160330-132635490", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160330-132635490", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Oftedahl-C", "name": { "family": "Oftedahl", "given": "Christopher" } }, { "id": "Hjelmquist-S", "name": { "family": "Hjelmquist", "given": "S." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1960", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J. and Tuttle, O. F." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1yn8s-cq743", "eprint_id": 65771, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:06:56", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:46:42", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } }, { "id": "Tuttle-O-F", "name": { "family": "Tuttle", "given": "O. F." } } ] }, "title": "Melting in the Earth's Crust", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1960 Det Berlinske Bogtrykkeri. \n\nManuscript received August 11th, 1959. \n\nThis work has been supported by the National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "Investigation of the effect of volatile materials on the melting temperatures of rocks suggests that partial\nmelting occurs readily within the earth's crust. Granites and shales begin to melt at 660\u00b0C in the\npresence of water vapor at 4000 bars pressure. If the water contains 4 weight per cent hydrogen fluoride,\nthe melting temperature of granite is lowered to 590\u00b0C. At 1000 bars the minimum liquidus temperature\nin the system Ca0-CO_2-H_2O is 675\u00b0C; at 4000 bars the liquidus minimum is 640\u00b0C. Addition\nof MgO lowers the melting temperature at 1000 bars to 625\u00b0 C.\n\nA value of 30\u00b0 C/km. is reasonable for geothermal gradient in geosynclines and if this remains constant\nwith increasing depth, a temperature of 620\u00b0C is attained at 20 km. (about 5000 bars pressure).\nThe compositions of many geosynclinal rocks may be represented in terms of granite, shale, and carbonates,\nand the above experimental results indicate that such rocks will be partially melted at 20\nkms. depth provided volatiles are present. The extent of melting will depend upon bulk composition\nand especially upon the proportion of available volatiles. Partial melting therefore plays an important\nrole in the metamorphism and deformation of rocks in orogcnic zones.", "date": "1960", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Det Berlinske Bogtrykkeri", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160330-143640183", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160330-143640183", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Kvale-A", "name": { "family": "Kvale", "given": "A." } }, { "id": "Metzger-A-E", "name": { "family": "Metzger", "given": "A." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1960", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J. and Tuttle, O. F." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kapqq-f9q48", "eprint_id": 64963, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:05:33", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:43:04", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "P. J." } } ] }, "title": "Geomorphology", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1958 Penguin Books.", "abstract": "[no abstract]", "date": "1958", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Penguin Books", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-112759281", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160302-112759281", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Hamilton-R-A", "name": { "family": "Hamilton", "given": "Richard A." } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1958", "author_list": "Wyllie, P. J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dzs4a-57b53", "eprint_id": 65799, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:05:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:48:41", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Final geological journeys", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1957 Hodder and Stoughton.", "abstract": "After the hammering which we and the dogs had taken while\nwe were trying to travel and do useful work along the edge of the\nice-sheet in March 1953, I decided that rather than return to the\nclimatic battle zone between the ice-sheet and the mountains, we\ncould more profitably spend the first part of the season travelling\nacross Storstr\u00f8mmen to extend our work eastwards through the\ncoastal mountains. I will not dwell on the conditions of Storstr\u00f8mmen,\nbecause this barrier has been adequately described elsewhere.\nFor two reasons we hoped that the crossing might not be too\ndifficult. First, there had been an unusually heavy snowfall in the\nwinter and, secondly, Angus with his dog team was working with\nme so that we could divide our loads between two sledges.", "date": "1957", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Hodder and Stoughton", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-102634534", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-102634534", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Simpson-C-J-W", "name": { "family": "Simpson", "given": "Cortlandt James Woore" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1957", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pw074-w7888", "eprint_id": 65800, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:05:28", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:48:46", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "Rocks and Muskoxen", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1957 Hodder and Stoughton.", "abstract": "Our first journey started well, for we were given a lift across\nthe lake by boat, but after the ride we had to walk. Walking with\na heavy pack is unpleasant at the best of times, and the sun was\nstill hot enough to make the five-mile trek across the glaring sands\nof the \"dustbowl\"-as we called Skovdalen-extremely unpleasant.\nMy companion and assistant this autumn was George Fletcher, one\nof the \"new boys\", whose first arctic journey this was to be. His\nintroduction to Greenland travel was a march across a desert; but\nthe ice came soon enough, and on the second day we walked\nfifteen miles up Admiralty Gletscher to the Trefork S\u00f8 depot.\nHere we pitched a permanent tent, our base for daily excursions\nto the various cliffs and outcrops which I wished to examine. We\nconsolidated our results of the first year in reasonable conditions;\nand, after completing a fair amount of work, returned slowly\ntowards base visiting selected outcrops on the way.", "date": "1957", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Hodder and Stoughton", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-102806889", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-102806889", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Simpson-C-J-W", "name": { "family": "Simpson", "given": "Cortlandt James Woore" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1957", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2cyyn-fr157", "eprint_id": 65798, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:05:03", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:48:36", "type": "book_section", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." } } ] }, "title": "The geologists' spring journeys", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1957 Hodder and Stoughton.", "abstract": "A fortnight after the sun had reappeared above the horizon we\nwere ready to start on our spring journey. AU our clothes had\nbeen patched and mended, the Nansen sledge had been overhauled\nand for each dog there was a new harness and a new trace. In order\nto complete the work planned we expected to be away from Base\nfor over three months. Dronning Louise Land was virtually unexplored\nand there had been much speculation by geologists about\nwhat might be found there. It represented the missing link between\nstructures which had already been examined in regions to the north\nand to the south. The whole area would have to be geologically\nsurveyed and mapped, and this would entail a lot of travelling.\nDoug Peacock, the senior geologist, and myself were to travel with\none sledge and a team of nine dogs-our servants and companions.\nYou can imagine that when two men go off from Base for weeks\non end, the dogs must inevitably become their friends, and since\nthe dogs form an integral part of our story I will introduce them\nto you before we leave Base.", "date": "1957", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Hodder and Stoughton", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-102340810", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160331-102340810", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Simpson-C-J-W", "name": { "family": "Simpson", "given": "Cortlandt James Woore" } } ] }, "resource_type": "book_section", "pub_year": "1957", "author_list": "Wyllie, Peter J." } ]