Wise, Mark B.

• Papucci, Michele; Trickle, Tanner; et el. (2022) Radiative semileptonic B̅ decays; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2022; No. 2; Art. No. 43; 10.1007/JHEP02(2022)043
• Murgui, Clara and Wise, Mark B. (2021) Scalar leptoquarks, baryon number violation, and Pati-Salam symmetry; Physical Review D; Vol. 104; No. 3; Art. No. 035017; 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.035017
• Helset, Andreas; Murgui, Clara; et el. (2021) Simple models with both baryon and lepton number violation by two units; Physical Review D; Vol. 104; No. 1; Art. No. 015029; 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.015029
• Bernard, Claude W.; Draper, Terrence; et el. (2020) Chiral perturbation theory and the delta I = 1/2 rule
• Springer, Roxanne; Wise, Mark B.; et el. (2020) Weak radiative B meson decay
• Wise, Mark B. (2020) Observing the de Sitter Space Propagator
• Grinstein, Benjamin; Wise, Mark B.; et el. (2020) Quark model predictions for the electron energy spectrum in seileptonic D and B decays
• Testa, Adriano and Wise, Mark B. (2020) Impact of transforming to conformal Fermi coordinates on quasisingle field non-Gaussianity; Physical Review D; Vol. 102; No. 2; Art. No. 023533; 10.1103/PhysRevD.102.023533
• Meerburg, P. Daniel; Doré, Olivier; et el. (2019) Primordial Non-Gaussianity; 10.48550/arXiv.1903.04409
• Ridgway, Alexander K. and Wise, Mark B. (2019) An Estimate of the Inclusive Branching Ratio to B_c in Ξ_(bbq) Decay; Physics Letters B; Vol. 793; 181-184; 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.04.020
• An, Haipeng; Wise, Mark B.; et el. (2019) De-Sitter Quantum Loops as the origin of Primordial Non-Gaussianities; Physical Review D; Vol. 99; No. 5; Art. No. 056007; 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.056007
• An, Haipeng and Wise, Mark B. (2019) The Direct Coupling of Light Quarks to Heavy Di-quarks; Physics Letters B; Vol. 788; 131-136; 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.11.004
• McAneny, Michael; Ridgway, Alexander K.; et el. (2018) Stochastic Bias from Loops of Massive Particles During Inflation; Physics Letters B; Vol. 785; 332-337; 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.06.026
• An, Haipeng; McAneny, Michael; et el. (2018) Non-Gaussian Enhancements of Galactic Halo Correlations in Quasi-Single Field Inflation; Physical Review D; Vol. 97; No. 12; Art. No. 123528; 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.123528
• Wise, Mark B. and Zhang, Yue (2018) Lepton Flavorful Fifth Force and Depth-dependent Neutrino Matter Interactions; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2018; No. 6; Art. No. 53; 10.1007/JHEP06(2018)053
• An, Haipeng; McAneny, Michael; et el. (2018) Quasi-single field inflation in the non-perturbative regime; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2018; No. 6; Art. No. 105; 10.1007/JHEP06(2018)105
• An, Haipeng; Wise, Mark B.; et el. (2017) Strong CMB Constraint On P-Wave Annihilating Dark Matter; Physics Letters B; Vol. 773; 121-124; 10.1016/j.physletb.2017.08.010
• Ridgway, Alexander K. and Wise, Mark B. (2016) Static spherically symmetric Kerr-Schild metrics and implications for the classical double copy; Physical Review D; Vol. 94; No. 4; Art. No. 044023; 10.1103/PhysRevD.94.044023
• An, Haipeng; Wise, Mark B.; et el. (2016) Effects of Bound States on Dark Matter Annihilation; Physical Review D; Vol. 93; No. 11; Art. No. 115020; 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.115020
• Ishiwata, Koji; Ligeti, Zoltan; et el. (2015) New Vector-Like Fermions and Flavor Physics; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2015; No. 10; Art. No. 027; 10.1007/JHEP10(2015)027
• Wise, Mark B. and Zhang, Yue (2015) Yukawa Bound States of a Large Number of Fermions; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2015; No. 2; Art. No. 023; 10.1007/JHEP02(2015)023
• Wise, Mark B. and Zhang, Yue (2014) Stable Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter; Physical Review D; Vol. 90; No. 5; Art. No. 055030; 10.1103/PhysRevD.90.055030
• Wise, Mark B. and Zhang, Yue (2014) Effective Theory and Simple Completions for Neutrino Interactions; Physical Review D; Vol. 90; No. 5; Art. No. 053005; 10.1103/PhysRevD.90.053005
• Pérez, Pavel Fileviez and Wise, Mark B. (2013) Low-scale quark-lepton unification; Physical Review D; Vol. 88; No. 5; Art. No. 057703; 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.057703
• Ishiwata, Koji and Wise, Mark B. (2013) Phenomenology of heavy vectorlike leptons; Physical Review D; Vol. 88; No. 5; Art. No. 055009; 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.055009
• Arnold, Jonathan M.; Fornal, Bartosz; et el. (2013) Phenomenology of scalar leptoquarks; Physical Review D; Vol. 88; No. 3; Art. No. 035009; 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.035009
• Patel, Hiren H.; Ramsey-Musolf, Michael J.; et el. (2013) Color breaking in the early universe; Physical Review D; Vol. 88; No. 1; Art. No. 015003; 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.015003
• Duerr, Michael; Pérez, Pavel Fileviez; et el. (2013) Gauge Theory for Baryon and Lepton Numbers with Leptoquarks; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 110; No. 23; Art. No. 231801; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.231801
• Pérez, Pavel Fileviez and Wise, Mark B. (2013) Baryon asymmetry and dark matter through the vector-like portal; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2013; No. 5; Art. No. 094; 10.1007/JHEP05(2013)094
• Arnold, Jonathan M.; Fornal, Bartosz; et el. (2013) Simplified models with baryon number violation but no proton decay; Physical Review D; Vol. 87; No. 7; Art. No. 075004; 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.075004
• Ishiwata, Koji and Wise, Mark B. (2011) Higgs properties and fourth generation leptons; Physical Review D; Vol. 84; No. 5; 055025; 10.1103/PhysRevD.84.055025
• Pérez, Pavel Fileviez and Wise, Mark B. (2011) Low energy supersymmetry with baryon and lepton number gauged; Physical Review D; Vol. 84; No. 5; Art. No. 055015; 10.1103/PhysRevD.84.055015
• Pérez, Pavel Fileviez and Wise, Mark B. (2011) Breaking local baryon and lepton number at the TeV scale; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2011; No. 8; Art. No. 068; 10.1007/JHEP08(2011)068
• Fornal, Bartosz and Wise, Mark B. (2011) Standard model with compactified spatial dimensions; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2011; No. 7; Art. No. 086; 10.1007/JHEP07(2011)086
• Ishiwata, Koji and Wise, Mark B. (2011) Fourth generation bound states; Physical Review D; Vol. 83; No. 7; 074015; 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.074015
• Dulaney, Timothy R.; Pérez, Pavel Fileviez; et el. (2011) Dark matter, baryon asymmetry, and spontaneous B and L breaking; Physical Review D; Vol. 83; No. 2; Art. No. 023520; 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.023520
• Arnold, Jonathan M.; Fornal, Bartosz; et el. (2010) Standard model vacua for two-dimensional compactifications; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2010; No. 12; Art. No. 083; 10.1007/JHEP12(2010)083
• Trott, Michael and Wise, Mark B. (2010) On theories of enhanced CP violation in B_(s,d) meson mixing; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2010; No. 11; Art. No. 157; 10.1007/JHEP11(2010)157
• Carroll, Sean M.; Tseng, Chien-Yao; et el. (2010) Translational invariance and the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background; Physical Review D; Vol. 81; No. 8; Art. No. 083501; 10.1103/PhysRevD.81.083501
• Arnold, Jonathan M.; Pospelov, Maxim; et el. (2010) Scalar representations and minimal flavor violation; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2010; No. 1; Art. No. 073; 10.1007/JHEP01(2010)073
• Wise, Mark B. (2010) The Lee-Wick standard model; International Journal of Modern Physics A; Vol. 25; No. 2-3; 587-596; 10.1142/S0217751X10048871
• Bhansali, Vineer; Dorsten, Matthew P.; et el. (2009) Asymmetric monetary policy and the yield curve; Journal of International Money and Finance; Vol. 28; No. 8; 1408-1425; 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2009.09.001
• Tseng, Chien-Yao and Wise, Mark B. (2009) Inflaton two-point correlation in the presence of a cosmic string; Physical Review D; Vol. 80; No. 10; Art. no. 103512; 10.1103/PhysRevD.80.103512
• Pérez, Pavel Fileviez and Wise, Mark B. (2009) On the origin of neutrino masses; Physical Review D; Vol. 80; No. 5; Art. No. 053006; 10.1103/PhysRevD.80.053006
• Grinstein, Benjamín; O’Connell, Donal; et el. (2009) Causality as an emergent macroscopic phenomenon: The Lee-Wick O(N) model; Physical Review D; Vol. 79; No. 10; 105019; 10.1103/PhysRevD.79.105019
• Engel, Kevin T.; Lee, Keith S. M.; et el. (2009) Trispectrum versus bispectrum in single-field inflation; Physical Review D; Vol. 79; No. 10; 103530; 10.1103/PhysRevD.79.103530
• Fornal, Bartosz; Grinstein, Benjamín; et el. (2009) Lee-Wick theories at high temperature; Physics Letters B; Vol. 674; No. 4-5; 330-335; 10.1016/j.physletb.2009.03.036
• Dulaney, Timothy R.; Gresham, Moira I.; et el. (2008) Classical stability of a homogeneous, anisotropic inflating space-time; Physical Review D; Vol. 77; No. 8; Art. No. 083510; 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.083510
• Espinosa, José Ramón; Grinstein, Benjamín; et el. (2008) Neutrino masses in the Lee-Wick standard model; Physical Review D; Vol. 77; No. 8; Art. No. 085002; 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.085002
• Grinstein, Benjamín; O’Connell, Donal; et el. (2008) Massive vector scattering in Lee-Wick gauge theory; Physical Review D; Vol. 77; No. 6; Art. No. 065010; 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.065010
• Grinstein, Benjamín; O’Connell, Donal; et el. (2008) The Lee-Wick standard model; Physical Review D; Vol. 77; No. 2; Art. No. 025012; 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.025012
• Dulaney, Timothy R. and Wise, Mark B. (2008) Flavor changing neutral currents in the Lee–Wick Standard Model; Physics Letters B; Vol. 658; No. 5; 230-235; 10.1016/j.physletb.2007.08.049
• Mantry, Sonny; Trott, Michael; et el. (2008) Higgs decay width in multiscalar doublet models; Physical Review D; Vol. 77; No. 1; Art. No. 013006; 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.013006
• Gresham, Moira I. and Wise, Mark B. (2007) Color octet scalar production at the CERN LHC; Physical Review D; Vol. 76; No. 7; Art. No. 075003; 10.1103/PhysRevD.76.075003
• Ackerman, Lotty; Carroll, Sean M.; et el. (2007) Imprints of a primordial preferred direction on the microwave background; Physical Review D; Vol. 75; No. 8; Art. No. 083502; 10.1103/PhysRevD.75.083502
• O’Connell, Donal; Ramsey-Musolf, Michael J.; et el. (2007) Minimal extension of the standard model scalar sector; Physical Review D; Vol. 75; No. 3; Art. No. 037701; 10.1103/PhysRevD.75.037701
• Manohar, Aneesh V. and Wise, Mark B. (2006) Flavor changing neutral currents, an extended scalar sector, and the Higgs production rate at the CERN Large Hadron Collider; Physical Review D; Vol. 74; No. 3; Art. No. 035009; 10.1103/PhysRevD.74.035009
• Bell, Nicole F.; Cirigliano, V.; et el. (2006) Magnetic Moments of Dirac Neutrinos; ISBN 0-7354-0338-4; 874-876; 10.1063/1.2220408
• Collins, John C.; Manohar, Aneesh V.; et el. (2006) Renormalization of the vector current in QED; Physical Review D; Vol. 73; No. 10; Art. No. 105019; 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.105019
• Graesser, Michael L.; Low, Ian; et el. (2005) Towards a high-energy theory for the Higgs phase of gravity; Physical Review D; Vol. 72; No. 11; Art. No. 115016; 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.115016
• Bell, Nicole F.; Cirigliano, V.; et el. (2005) How Magnetic is the Dirac Neutrino?; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 95; No. 15; Art. No. 151802; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.151802
• Hsu, Stephen D.H.; Jenkins, Alejandro; et el. (2004) Gradient instability for ω < - 1; Physics Letters B; Vol. 597; No. 3-4; 270-274; 10.1016/j.physletb.2004.07.025
• Ramsey-Musolf, M. J. and Wise, Mark B. (2002) Hadronic Light-by-Light Contribution to Muon g - 2 in Chiral Perturbation Theory; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 89; No. 4; Art. No. 041601; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.041601
• Leibovich, Adam K.; Ligeti, Zoltan; et el. (2002) Enhanced subleading structure functions in semileptonic B decay; Physics Letters B; Vol. 539; No. 3-4; 242-248; 10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02097-X
• Wise, Mark B. (2002) Dedication to Nathan Isgur; ISBN 0-7354-0064-4; 1-3; 10.1063/1.1478815
• Wessling, Margaret E. and Wise, Mark B. (2001) The long range gravitational potential energy between strings; Physics Letters B; Vol. 523; No. 3-4; 331-337; 10.1016/S0370-2693(01)01360-0
• Su, Shufang and Wise, Mark B. (2001) Supersymmetric correction to top quark pair production near threshold; Physics Letters B; Vol. 510; No. 1-4; 205-210; 10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00609-8
• Mehen, Thomas and Wise, Mark B. (2001) Generalized *-products, Wilson lines and the solution of the Seiberg-Witten equations; Journal of High Energy Physics; Vol. 2000; No. 12; Art. no. 008; 10.1088/1126-6708/2000/12/008
• Goldberger, Walter D. and Wise, Mark B. (2000) Phenomenology of a stabilized modulus; Physics Letters B; Vol. 475; No. 3-4; 275-279; 10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00099-X
• Goldberger, Walter D. and Wise, Mark B. (1999) Bulk fields in the Randall-Sundrum compactification scenario; Physical Review D; Vol. 60; No. 10; Art. No. 107505; 10.1103/PhysRevD.60.107505
• Leibovich, Adam K.; Ligeti, Zoltan; et el. (1998) Semileptonic B decays to excited charmed mesons; Physical Review D; Vol. 57; No. 1; 308-330; 10.1103/PhysRevD.57.308
• Beneke, M.; Rothstein, I. Z.; et el. (1997) Kinematic enhancement of non-perturbative corrections to quarkonium production; Physics Letters B; Vol. 408; No. 1-4; 373-380; 10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00832-0
• Ligeti, Zoltan and Wise, Mark B. (1996) |Vub| from exclusive B and D decays; Physical Review D; Vol. 53; No. 9; 4937-4945; 10.1103/PhysRevD.53.4937
• Elwood, John K.; Wise, Mark B.; et el. (1996) Final-state interactions and CP violation in KL→π+π- e+e-; Physical Review D; Vol. 53; No. 7; 4078-4081; 10.1103/PhysRevD.53.4078
• Davoudiasl, Hooman and Wise, Mark B. (1996) Chiral perturbation theory for τ→ρπντ, τ→K*πντ, and τ→ωπντ; Physical Review D; Vol. 53; No. 5; 2523-2528; 10.1103/PhysRevD.53.2523
• Savage, Martin J. and Wise, Mark B. (1996) Hyperon masses in nuclear matter; Physical Review D; Vol. 53; No. 1; 349-354; 10.1103/PhysRevD.53.349
• Jenkins, Elizabeth; Manohar, Aneesh V.; et el. (1995) Chiral Perturbation Theory for Vector Mesons; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 75; No. 12; 2272-2275; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.2272
• Jenkins, Elizabeth; Manohar, Aneesh V.; et el. (1993) Baryons containing a heavy quark as solitons; Nuclear Physics B; Vol. 396; No. 1; 27-37; 10.1016/0550-3213(93)90256-O
• Montano, David; Politzer, H. David; et el. (1992) Charged pion condensation in the chiral limit; Nuclear Physics B; Vol. 375; No. 3; 507-526; 10.1016/0550-3213(92)90109-O
• Wise, M. B. (1992) CP Violation; ISBN 9783642847431; 191-210; 10.1007/978-3-642-84741-7_8
• Isgur, Nathan and Wise, Mark B. (1992) Heavy quark symmetry; ISBN 9810208227; 234-285; 10.1142/9789814503587_0004
• Politzer, H. David and Wise, Mark B. (1991) Kaon condensation in nuclear matter; Physics Letters B; Vol. 273; No. 1-2; 156-162; 10.1016/0370-2693(91)90570-G
• Politzer, H. David and Wise, Mark B. (1991) Perturbative corrections to factorization in B decay; Physics Letters B; Vol. 257; No. 3-4; 399-402; 10.1016/0370-2693(91)91914-H
• Savage, Martin J. and Wise, Mark B. (1990) Polarization in K^+ → π^+μ+μ^−; Physics Letters B; Vol. 250; No. 1-2; 151-154; 10.1016/0370-2693(90)91170-G
• Savage, Martin J. and Wise, Mark B. (1990) Spectrum of baryons with two heavy quarks; Physics Letters B; Vol. 248; No. 1-2; 177-180; 10.1016/0370-2693(90)90035-5
• Boyd, Glenn; Gupta, Arun K.; et el. (1990) Effective hamiltonian for the electric dipole moment of the neutron; Physics Letters B; Vol. 241; No. 4; 584-588; 10.1016/0370-2693(90)91874-B
• Savage, Martin J. and Wise, Mark B. (1989) SU(3) predictions for nonleptonic B-meson decays; Physical Review D; Vol. 39; No. 11; 3346-3356; 10.1103/PhysRevD.39.3346
• Preskill, John; Trivedi, Sandip P.; et el. (1989) Wormholes in spacetime and θQCD; Physics Letters B; Vol. 223; No. 1; 26-31; 10.1016/0370-2693(89)90913-1
• Gupta, Arun K. and Wise, Mark B. (1989) Comment on wormhole correlations; Physics Letters B; Vol. 218; No. 1; 21-25; 10.1016/0370-2693(89)90468-1
• Isgur, Nathan; Scora, Daryl; et el. (1989) Semileptonic B and D decays in the quark model; Physical Review D; Vol. 39; No. 3; 799-818; 10.1103/PhysRevD.39.799
• Politzer, H. David and Wise, Mark B. (1988) Effective field theory approach to processes involving both light and heavy fields; Physics Letters B; Vol. 208; No. 3-4; 504-507; 10.1016/0370-2693(88)90656-9
• Politzer, H. David and Wise, Mark B. (1988) Leading logarithms of heavy quark masses in processes with light and heavy quarks; Physics Letters B; Vol. 206; No. 4; 681-684; 10.1016/0370-2693(88)90718-6
• Kamien, Randall D.; Politzer, H. David; et el. (1988) Universality of Random-Matrix Predictions for the Statistics of Energy Levels; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 60; No. 20; 1995-1998; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.1995
• Wise, Mark B. (1988) Non-Gaussian Fluctuations; 10.1007/978-94-009-4015-4_6
• Cline, James M.; Politzer, H. David; et el. (1987) Correlations of peaks of Gaussian random fields; Communications in Mathematical Physics; Vol. 112; No. 2; 217-235; 10.1007/BF01217812
• Grinstein, B.; Politzer, H. David; et el. (1987) Interpretation of large-scale deviations from the Hubble flow; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 314; No. 2; 431-438; 10.1086/165076
• Otto, S.; Politzer, H. David; et el. (1986) The significance of voids; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 304; No. 1; 62-74; 10.1086/164144
• Otto, S.; Politzer, H. David; et el. (1986) Two-Point Correlation for Rich Clusters of Galaxies; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 56; No. 17; 1878-1881; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1878
• Bernard, Claude; Draper, Terrence; et el. (1985) Application of chiral perturbation theory to K→2π decays; Physical Review D; Vol. 32; No. 9; 2343-2347; 10.1103/PhysRevD.32.2343
• Bijnens, Johan; Sonoda, Hidenori; et el. (1984) Validity of Chiral Perturbation Theory for K0-K―0 Mixing; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 53; No. 25; 2367-2370; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2367
• Politzer, H. David and Wise, Mark B. (1984) Relations between spatial correlations of rich clusters of galaxies; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 285; No. 1; L1-L3
• Ginsparg, Paul H.; Glashow, Sheldon L.; et el. (1983) Top-Quark Mass and Bottom-Quark Decay; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 50; No. 19; 1415-1418
• Gilman, Frederick J. and Wise, Mark B. (1983) K0-K(bar)0 mixing in the six-quark model; Physical Review D; Vol. 27; No. 5; 1128-1141; 10.1103/PhysRevD.27.1128
• Claudson, Mark; Glashow, Sheldon L.; et el. (1982) Isospin violation in J / ψ→baryon + antibaryon; Physical Review D; Vol. 25; No. 5; 1345-1347; 10.1103/PhysRevD.25.1345
• Wise, Mark B.; Georgi, Howard; et el. (1981) SU(5) and the Invisible Axion; Physical Review Letters; Vol. 47; No. 6; 402-404; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.47.402
• Wise, Mark B.; Blankenbecler, R.; et el. (1981) Three-body decays of the proton; Physical Review D; Vol. 23; No. 7; 1591-1598; 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1591
• Abbott, L. F. and Wise, M. B. (1980) Effective Hamiltonian for nucleon decay; Physical Review D; Vol. 22; No. 9; 2208-2212; 10.1103/PhysRevD.22.2208
• Gilman, Frederick J. and Wise, Mark B. (1980) K→πe+e- in the six-quark model; Physical Review D; Vol. 21; No. 11; 3150-3164; 10.1103/PhysRevD.21.3150
• Abbott, L. F.; Sikivie, P.; et el. (1980) Constraints on charged-Higgs-boson couplings; Physical Review D; Vol. 21; No. 5; 1393-1403; 10.1103/PhysRevD.21.1393
• Abbott, L. F.; Sikivie, P.; et el. (1980) Cabibbo-suppressed nonleptonic D decays; Physical Review D; Vol. 21; No. 3; 768-771; 10.1103/PhysRevD.21.768
• Gilman, Frederick J. and Wise, Mark B. (1979) Effective Hamiltonian for ΔS=1 weak nonleptonic decays in the six-quark model; Physical Review D; Vol. 20; No. 9; 2392-2407; 10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2392
• Wise, Mark B. and Witten, Edward (1979) Diagrammatic analysis of some contributions to the ΔI = 1/2 rule; Physical Review D; Vol. 20; No. 5; 1216-1220; 10.1103/PhysRevD.20.1216
• Gilman, Frederick J. and Wise, Mark B. (1979) Radiative weak decays of baryons as single-quark transitions; Physical Review D; Vol. 19; No. 3; 976-980; 10.1103/PhysRevD.19.976