[ { "id": "authors:52ggd-w7e78", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "52ggd-w7e78", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181213-143632330", "type": "book_section", "title": "Design considerations for a novel phase-contrast adaptive-optic wavefront sensor", "book_title": "Adaptive Optics Systems and Technology II", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bloemhof", "given_name": "E. E.", "clpid": "Bloemhof-E-E" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Tyson", "given_name": "Robert K.", "clpid": "Tyson-R-K" }, { "family_name": "Bonaccini", "given_name": "Domenico", "clpid": "Bonaccini-D" }, { "family_name": "Roggeman", "given_name": "Michael C.", "clpid": "Roggeman-M-C" } ], "abstract": "The wavefront sensor (WFS) is perhaps the most critical adaptive-optic subsystem, particularly for astronomical applications with natural guide stars, where current WFS sensitivity limitations seriously restrict sky coverage. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of a WFS based on a phase-contrast principle of the sort employed by Zernike for microscopy. Such a WFS would be implemented by inserting a focal-plane filter with a (pi) /2 phase-shifting central spot having a transverse size of the order of the diffraction limit. The result would be an image of the pupil in which intensity is directly proportional to the seeing- and aberration-induced phase variations over the pupil. In comparison, the signals produced by the two most common current WFS schemes, Shack-Hartmann and curvature sensing, are proportional to the phase slope and to the second derivative, respectively. The phase-contrast approach might derive some advantages stemming from its more natural match to the control eigenvectors of the electrostrictive deformable mirrors that are expected to predominate in high-order adaptive optics systems, in the same way that curvature sensors are currently well matched to bimorph mirrors. It may thus yield substantial performance improvements with simpler hardware and lighter computational loads. We examine this and other possible advantages of the phase-contrast WFS, and investigate some of the practical design issues involved in its implementation.", "doi": "10.1117/12.454812", "isbn": "9780819442086", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "2002-02-04", "pages": "363-370" }, { "id": "authors:wfb8m-s9y94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wfb8m-s9y94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200311-161942740", "type": "book_section", "title": "Wavefront sensing of atmospheric phase distortions at the Palomar 200-in. telescope and implications for adaptive optics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bloemhof", "given_name": "E. E.", "clpid": "Bloemhof-E-E" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Ewald", "given_name": "S. P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-1567-9154", "clpid": "Ewald-S-P" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Bissonnette", "given_name": "Luc R.", "clpid": "Bissonnette-L-R" }, { "family_name": "Dainty", "given_name": "Christopher", "clpid": "Dainty-C" } ], "abstract": "Major efforts in astronomical instrumentation are now being made to apply the techniques of adaptive optics to the correction of phase distortions induced by the turbulent atmosphere and by quasi-static aberrations in telescopes themselves. Despite decades of study, the problem of atmospheric turbulence is still only partially understood. We have obtained video-rate (30 Hz) imaging of stellar clusters and of single-star phase distortions over the pupil of the 200\" Hale telescope on Palomar Mountain. These data show complex temporal and spatial behavior, with multiple components arising at a number of scale heights in the atmosphere; we hope to quantify this behavior to ensure the feasibility of adaptive optics at the Observatory. We have implemented different wavefront sensing techniques to measure aperture phase in wavefronts from single stars, including the classical Foucault test, which measures the local gradient of phase, and the recently-devised curvature sensing technique, which measures the second derivative of pupil phase and has formed the real-time wavefront sensor for some very productive astronomical adaptive optics. Our data, though not fast enough to capture all details of atmospheric phase fluctuations, provide important information regarding the capabilities that must be met by the adaptive optics system now being built for the 200\" telescope by a team at the Jet Propulsion Lab. We describe our data acquisition techniques, initial results from efforts to characterize the properties of the turbulent atmosphere at Palomar Mountain, and future plans to extract additional quantitative parameters of use for adaptive optics performance predictions.", "doi": "10.1117/12.283893", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "publication_date": "1997-09-23" }, { "id": "authors:4xxmp-pe243", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4xxmp-pe243", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150114-141320896", "type": "book_section", "title": "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Draco Dwarf Spheroidal", "book_title": "The Nature of Elliptical Galaxies", "author": [ { "family_name": "Grillmair", "given_name": "Carl J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4072-169X", "clpid": "Grillmair-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Mould", "given_name": "Jeremy R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3820-1740", "clpid": "Mould-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Worthey", "given_name": "Guy", "clpid": "Worthey-G" }, { "family_name": "Holtzman", "given_name": "Jon A.", "clpid": "Holtzman-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Trauger", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Trauger-J" }, { "family_name": "Ballester", "given_name": "G. E.", "clpid": "Ballester-G-E" }, { "family_name": "Burrows", "given_name": "C.", "clpid": "Burrows-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Clarke", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Clarke-J" }, { "family_name": "Crisp", "given_name": "D.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4573-9998", "clpid": "Crisp-D" }, { "family_name": "Gallagher", "given_name": "John S., III", "orcid": "0000-0001-8608-0408", "clpid": "Gallagher-J-S-III" }, { "family_name": "Griffiths", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Griffiths-R-E" }, { "family_name": "Hester", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Hester-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Hoessel", "given_name": "J. G.", "clpid": "Hoessel-J-G" }, { "family_name": "Krist", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Krist-J" }, { "family_name": "Scowen", "given_name": "P.", "clpid": "Scowen-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Stapelfeldt", "given_name": "K.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2805-7338", "clpid": "Stapelfeldt-K-R" }, { "family_name": "Watson", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Watson-A" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Arnaboldi", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Arnaboldi-M" }, { "family_name": "da Costa", "given_name": "G. S.", "clpid": "da-Costa-G-S" }, { "family_name": "Saha", "given_name": "P.", "clpid": "Saha-P" } ], "abstract": "The color-magnitude (CM) diagram of the Draco dwarf spheroidal was first\nstudied by Baade & Swope (1961). In addition to finding a general similarity\nto the CM-diagrams of metal-poor globular clusters, they also detected the\nanomalous Cepheids and broad giant branch which are characteristic of dwarf\nspheroidals. The best ground-based CCD CM diagrams of the Draco dwarf\nspheroidal to date have been presented by Stetson, Vandenberg, & McClure\n(1985) and Carney & Seitzer (1986, hereafter CS86). Here we describe the first\nresults of an HST program to investigate the stellar population of this galaxy.", "isbn": "1-886733-36-8", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "place_of_publication": "San Francisco, CA", "publication_date": "1997", "pages": "306-307" }, { "id": "authors:yffc2-m1y39", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yffc2-m1y39", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150213-095346940", "type": "book_section", "title": "Science with the Second Wide Field and Planetary Camera", "book_title": "Science with the Hubble Space Telescope", "author": [ { "family_name": "Trauger", "given_name": "John", "clpid": "Trauger-J-T" }, { "family_name": "Burrows", "given_name": "Chris", "clpid": "Burrows-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Clarke", "given_name": "John", "clpid": "Clarke-J-T" }, { "family_name": "Crisp", "given_name": "Dave", "orcid": "0000-0002-4573-9998", "clpid": "Crisp-D" }, { "family_name": "Gallagher", "given_name": "Jay", "clpid": "Gallagher-J-S" }, { "family_name": "Griffiths", "given_name": "Richard", "clpid": "Griffiths-R-E" }, { "family_name": "Hester", "given_name": "Jeff", "clpid": "Hester-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Hoessel", "given_name": "John", "clpid": "Hoessel-J-G" }, { "family_name": "Holtzman", "given_name": "Jon", "clpid": "Holtzman-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Mould", "given_name": "Jeremy", "orcid": "0000-0003-3820-1740", "clpid": "Mould-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "Jim", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Benvenuti", "given_name": "Piero", "clpid": "Benvenuti-P" }, { "family_name": "Schreier", "given_name": "Ethan J.", "clpid": "Schreier-E-J" } ], "abstract": "With the commencement of Cycle 4 observations, the General Observer community will have access to the second Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC-2), a replacement for the original WFPC instrument. WFPC-2, a wide-field photometric camera which covers the spectrum from 1200 to 10000 Angstroms, will be installed in the Hubble radial bay during the currently manifested December 1992 Shuttle servicing mission. Besides optical correction for the aberrated Hubble primary mirror, the WFPC-2 incorporates\nevolutionary improvements in photometric imaging capabilities. The CCD sensors, signal chain electronics,\nfilter set, FUV performance, internal calibrations, and operational efficiency have all been improved through\nnew technologies and lessons learned from WFPC operations and Hubble experience since launch. Here we provide an overview of the new instrument, beginning with the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the original WFPC now in service.", "isbn": "9783923524471", "publisher": "Garching bei M\u00fcnchen", "place_of_publication": "Sardinia, Italy", "publication_date": "1992", "pages": "509-516" }, { "id": "authors:gpkzq-tya78", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gpkzq-tya78", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141126-105710198", "type": "book_section", "title": "Reduction of PG:1115+080 Images", "author": [ { "family_name": "Groth", "given_name": "E. J.", "clpid": "Groth-E-J" }, { "family_name": "Kristian", "given_name": "Jerome A.", "clpid": "Kristian-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Ewald", "given_name": "S. P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-1567-9154", "clpid": "Ewald-S-P" }, { "family_name": "Hester", "given_name": "J. Jeff", "clpid": "Hester-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Holtzman", "given_name": "Jon A.", "clpid": "Holtzman-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Lauer", "given_name": "Tod R.", "clpid": "Lauer-T-R" }, { "family_name": "Light", "given_name": "Robert M.", "clpid": "Light-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Shaya", "given_name": "Edward J.", "clpid": "Shaya-E-J" }, { "family_name": "Baum", "given_name": "William A.", "clpid": "Baum-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Campbell", "given_name": "Bel", "clpid": "Campbell-B" }, { "family_name": "Code", "given_name": "Arthur", "clpid": "Code-A" }, { "family_name": "Currie", "given_name": "Douglas G.", "clpid": "Currie-D-G" }, { "family_name": "Danielson", "given_name": "G. Edward", "clpid": "Danielson-G-E" }, { "family_name": "Faber", "given_name": "S. M.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4996-214X", "clpid": "Faber-S-M" }, { "family_name": "Hoessel", "given_name": "John G.", "clpid": "Hoessel-J-G" }, { "family_name": "Hunter", "given_name": "Deidre", "clpid": "Hunter-D" }, { "family_name": "Kelsall", "given_name": "T.", "clpid": "Kelsall-T" }, { "family_name": "Lynds", "given_name": "Roger", "clpid": "Lynds-R" }, { "family_name": "Mackie", "given_name": "Glen", "clpid": "Mackie-G" }, { "family_name": "Monet", "given_name": "David G.", "clpid": "Monet-D-G" }, { "family_name": "O'Neill", "given_name": "Earl J., Jr.", "clpid": "O'Neill-E-J-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Schneider", "given_name": "Donald P.", "clpid": "Schneider-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Seidelmann", "given_name": "P. Kenneth", "clpid": "Seidelmann-P-K" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "Brad", "clpid": "Smith-Brad" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "James A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Kinney", "given_name": "A. L.", "clpid": "Kinney-A-L" }, { "family_name": "Blades", "given_name": "J. C.", "clpid": "Blades-J-C" } ], "abstract": "The data are three exposures in PC6 through F785LP obtained on March 3, 1991. The exposure times are 120, 400, and 400 seconds. The data are reduced with the \"standard\" WFPC reduction scheme: A-to-D correction, DC bias subtraction, AC bias subtraction, dark current subtraction, preflash subtraction, and flat field normalization, using the best available calibration data. The exposures are combined into a weighted average normalized to 400 seconds exposure time, so one DN (data number) is about 17.25 electrons. At this step, cosmic rays are removed by intercomparison of the three images.", "publisher": "Baltimore, Md. Space Telescope Science Institute", "publication_date": "1991-05" }, { "id": "authors:b58ea-ygw30", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b58ea-ygw30", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141201-071047917", "type": "book_section", "title": "Inner Coma Imaging of Comet Levy (1990c) with the Hubble Space Telescope", "book_title": "Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weaver", "given_name": "H. A.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0951-7762", "clpid": "Weaver-H-A" }, { "family_name": "A'Hearn", "given_name": "M. F.", "clpid": "A'Hearn-M-F" }, { "family_name": "Feldman", "given_name": "P. D.", "clpid": "Feldman-P-D" }, { "family_name": "Arpigny", "given_name": "C.", "clpid": "Arpigny-D" }, { "family_name": "Baum", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Baum-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Brandt", "given_name": "J. C.", "clpid": "Brandt-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Light", "given_name": "R. M.", "clpid": "Light-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" } ], "abstract": "Observations of comet Levy (1990c) were carried out with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) on UT 27 Sep 1990. At that time, both the heliocentric and geocentric distances were ~1 AU. The comet was imaged with the Wide Field Camera (WFC) through both red and blue filters, which were selected to isolate continuum emission peaking sharply at the nucleus. Each WFC pixel is 0.\"1 on a side, corresponding to 78 km at the comet. The longest exposures (4 sec) through the red filter had sufficient signal to noise that image deconvolution could be used to recover virtually the full spatial resolution of HST.", "isbn": "0942862074", "publisher": "Lunar and Planetary Institute", "place_of_publication": "Houston, TX", "publication_date": "1991", "pages": "232-232" }, { "id": "authors:54012-1kw21", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "54012-1kw21", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161019-101722396", "type": "book_section", "title": "New advancements in charge-coupled device technology: sub-electron noise and 4096x4096 pixel CCDs", "book_title": "Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Janesick", "given_name": "James R.", "clpid": "Janesick-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Elliott", "given_name": "Tom S.", "clpid": "Elliott-T-S" }, { "family_name": "Dingiziam", "given_name": "Arsham", "clpid": "Dingiziam-A" }, { "family_name": "Bredthauer", "given_name": "Richard A.", "clpid": "Bredthauer-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Chandler", "given_name": "Charles E.", "clpid": "Chandler-C-E" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "James A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Gunn", "given_name": "James E.", "clpid": "Gunn-J-E" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Blouke", "given_name": "Morley M.", "clpid": "Blouke-M-M" } ], "abstract": "This paper reports on two new advancements in CCD technology. The first area of development has produced a special purpose CCD designed for ultra low-signal level imaging and spectroscopy applications that require sub-electron read noise floors. A nondestructive output circuit operating near its 1/f noise regime is clocked in a special manner to read a single pixel multiple times. Off-chip electronics average the multiple values, reducing the random noise by the square-root of the number of samples taken. Noise floors below 0.5 electrons rms are reported. The second development involves the design and performance of a high resolution imager of 4096 x 4096 pixels, the largest CCD manufactured in terms of pixel count. The device utilizes a 7.5-micron pixel fabricated with three-level poly-silicon to achieve high yield.", "doi": "10.1117/12.19452", "isbn": "0-8194-0289-3", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1990-07-01", "pages": "223-237" }, { "id": "authors:2fzfm-nq273", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2fzfm-nq273", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161019-121958778", "type": "book_section", "title": "Quadrant-CCD star tracker", "book_title": "Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Clampin", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Clampin-M-C" }, { "family_name": "Durrance", "given_name": "S. T.", "clpid": "Durrance-S-T" }, { "family_name": "Barkhouser", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Barkhouser-R-H" }, { "family_name": "Golimowski", "given_name": "D. A.", "clpid": "Golimowski-D-A" }, { "family_name": "Wald", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Wald-A" }, { "family_name": "Fastie", "given_name": "W. G.", "clpid": "Fastie-W-G" }, { "family_name": "Heidtmann", "given_name": "D. L.", "clpid": "Heidtmann-D-L" }, { "family_name": "Blouke", "given_name": "M. M.", "clpid": "Blouke-M-M" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Janesick", "given_name": "J. R.", "clpid": "Janesick-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Gunn", "given_name": "J. E.", "clpid": "Gunn-J-E" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Blouke", "given_name": "Morley M.", "clpid": "Blouke-M-M" } ], "abstract": "We discuss the characteristics of a Quadrant-CCD developed by Tektronix for pointing and tracking applications. The device is discussed in the context of its application to the Johns Hopkins University adaptive optics program, where it is being used for the correction of stellar image motion resulting from atmospheric turbulence. The transfer function of the device is discussed and results are presented which demonstrate the Quadrant-CCDs capability to provide offset signals to control a rapid guiding mirror in\nthe Johns Hopkins instrument.", "doi": "10.1117/12.19436", "isbn": "0-8194-0289-3", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1990-07-01", "pages": "217-222" }, { "id": "authors:cbghm-z9888", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cbghm-z9888", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180628-144729737", "type": "book_section", "title": "Sub-electron noise charge-coupled devices", "book_title": "Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chandler", "given_name": "Charles E.", "clpid": "Chandler-C-E" }, { "family_name": "Bredthauer", "given_name": "Richard A.", "clpid": "Bredthauer-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Janesick", "given_name": "James R.", "clpid": "Janesick-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "James A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Gunn", "given_name": "James E.", "clpid": "Gunn-J-E" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Blouke", "given_name": "Morley M.", "clpid": "Blouke-M-M" } ], "abstract": "A charge coupled device designed for celestial spectroscopy has achieved readout noise as low as 0.6 electrons rms. A nondestructive output circuit was operated in a special manner to read a single pixel multiple times. Off-chip electronics averaged the multiple values, reducing the random noise by the square root of the number of readouts. Charge capacity was measured to be 500,000 electrons. The device format is 1600 pixels horizontal by 64 pixels vertical. Pixel size is 28 microns square. Two output circuits are located at opposite ends of the 1600 bit CCD register. The device was thinned and operated backside illuminated at -110 degrees C. Output circuit design, layout, and operation are described. Presented data includes the photon transfer curve, noise histograms, and bar-target images down to 3 electrons signal. The test electronics are described, and future improvements are discussed.", "doi": "10.1117/12.19457", "isbn": "0819402893", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1990-07-01", "pages": "238-251" }, { "id": "authors:qyc1h-0qv62", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qyc1h-0qv62", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200317-155151693", "type": "book_section", "title": "New advancements in charge-coupled device technology: subelectron noise and 4096 x 4096 pixel CCDs", "book_title": "Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Janesick", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Janesick-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Elliott", "given_name": "Tom", "clpid": "Elliott-T-S" }, { "family_name": "Dingiziam", "given_name": "Arsham", "clpid": "Dingiziam-A" }, { "family_name": "Bredthauer", "given_name": "Richard", "clpid": "Bredthauer-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Chandler", "given_name": "Charles", "clpid": "Chandler-C-E" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Gunn", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Gunn-J-E" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Blouke", "given_name": "Morley M.", "clpid": "Blouke-M-M" } ], "abstract": "This paper reports on two new advancements in CCD technology. The first area of development has produced a special purpose CCD designed for ultra low-signal level imaging and spectroscopy applications that require sub-electron read noise floors. A nondestructive output circuit operating near its 1/f noise regime is clocked in a special manner to read a single pixel multiple times. Off-chip electronics average the multiple values, reducing the random noise by the square-root of the number of samples taken. Noise floors below 0.5 electrons rms are reported. The second development involves the design and performance of a high resolution imager of 4096 x 4096 pixels, the largest CCD manufactured in terms of pixel count. The device utilizes a 7.5-micron pixel fabricated with three-level poly-silicon to achieve high yield.", "doi": "10.1117/12.19452", "isbn": "9780819402899", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1990-07-01", "pages": "223-237" }, { "id": "authors:2d650-j0t97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2d650-j0t97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141125-094111675", "type": "book_section", "title": "New advancements in charge-coupled device technology - sub-electron noise and 4096\u00d74096 pixel CCDs", "book_title": "CCDs in Astronomy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Janesick", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Janesick-J" }, { "family_name": "Elliott", "given_name": "Tom", "clpid": "Elliott-T" }, { "family_name": "Dingizian", "given_name": "Arsham", "clpid": "Dingizian-A" }, { "family_name": "Bredthauer", "given_name": "Richard", "clpid": "Bredthauer-R" }, { "family_name": "Chandler", "given_name": "Charles", "clpid": "Chandler-C" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Gunn", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Gunn-J-E" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Jacoby", "given_name": "George H.", "clpid": "Jacoby-G-H" } ], "abstract": "This paper reports on two new advancements in CCD technology. The first area of development has produced a special purpose ceo designed for ultra low-signal level imaging and spectroscopy applications that require sub-electron read noise floors. A nondestructive output circuit operating near its 1/f noise regime is clocked in a\nspecial manner to read a single pixel multiple times.\nOff-chip electronics average the multiple values, reducing the random noise by the square-root of the number of samples taken. Noise floors below 0.5 electrons rms are reported. The second development involves the design and performance of a high resolution imager of 4096x4096 pixels, the largest ceo manufactured in terms of pixel count. The device utilizes a 7.5-micron pixel fabricated\nwith three-level poly silicon to achieve high yield.", "isbn": "0-937707-25-2", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of tje Pacific", "place_of_publication": "San Francisco, CA", "publication_date": "1990", "pages": "18-39" }, { "id": "authors:syyah-6an77", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "syyah-6an77", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141125-101910826", "type": "book_section", "title": "High speed quadrant CCDs for adaptive optics", "book_title": "CCDs in Astronomy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Clampin", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Clampin-Mark-C" }, { "family_name": "Durrance", "given_name": "S. T.", "clpid": "Durrance-S-T" }, { "family_name": "Golimowski", "given_name": "D. A.", "clpid": "Golimowski-David-A" }, { "family_name": "Barkhouser", "given_name": "R,", "clpid": "Barkhouser-R-H" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Heidtmann", "given_name": "D. L.", "clpid": "Heidtmann-D-L" }, { "family_name": "Blouke", "given_name": "M. M.", "clpid": "Blouke-Morley-M" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Jacoby", "given_name": "George H.", "clpid": "Jacoby-G-H" } ], "abstract": "The Johns Hopkins University is developing an adaptive optics coronagraph for the study of circumstellar material at high resolution. The first generation instrument corrects for image motion, i.e., wavefront tilt, using an image motion sensor coupled to a high speed tip/tilt mirror. The image motion sensor is built around a quadrant CCD which detects offsets from the null position. The performance of this device and present results demonstrating its operation in the laboratory are discussed.", "isbn": "0-937707-25-2", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "place_of_publication": "San Francisco, CA", "publication_date": "1990", "pages": "367-373" }, { "id": "authors:8807z-tgp57", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8807z-tgp57", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200318-075552996", "type": "book_section", "title": "Care, Feeding, And Use Of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Imagers At Palomar Observatory", "book_title": "Solid-State Imagers for Astronomy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gunn", "given_name": "James E.", "clpid": "Gunn-J-E" }, { "family_name": "Westphal", "given_name": "James A.", "clpid": "Westphal-J-A" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Geary", "given_name": "John C.", "clpid": "Geary-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Latham", "given_name": "David W.", "clpid": "Latham-D-W" } ], "abstract": "Both TI and RCA CCDs have been applied to two-dimensional photometry and spectroscopy at Palomar. The optical, mechanical, and electronic properties of these chips are described along with a discussion of drive, processing, and recording techniques. A focal conversion optical system, the \"Prime Focus Universal Extra-galactic Instrument\" (PFUEI) is used to more optimally match the Hale 5 meter plate scale. Calibration and data analysis are discussed with illustrations of results.", "doi": "10.1117/12.965831", "isbn": "9780892523238", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1981-06", "pages": "16-23" } ]