<h1>Varshavsky, Alexander</h1>
<h2>Article from <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu">CaltechAUTHORS</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2024) <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7sxh5-9ty59">N-degron pathways</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Vol. 121; No. 39; e2408697121; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2408697121">10.1073/pnas.2408697121</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander and Lewis, Kim, el al. (2023) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230530-441768000.69">Deletions of DNA in cancer and their possible uses for therapy</a>; Bioessays; Vol. 45; No. 7; e2300051; PMCID PMC11102808; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202300051">10.1002/bies.202300051</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander and Finley, Daniel, el al. (2023) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230518-332288000.5">Dieter Wolf (1941–2023): a life dedicated to understanding protein quality control and the ubiquitin‐proteasome system</a>; EMBO Journal; Vol. 42; No. 11; Art. No. e114222; <a href="https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2023114222">10.15252/embj.2023114222</a></li>
<li>Kim, Bong Heon and Kim, Min Kyung, el al. (2022) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220726-998191000">Crystal structure of the Ate1 arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase and arginylation of N-degron substrates</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 119; No. 31; Art. No. e2209597119; PMCID PMC9351520; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2209597119">10.1073/pnas.2209597119</a></li>
<li>Chen, Shun-Jia and Kim, Leehyeon, el al. (2021) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211019-154957670">Aminopeptidases trim Xaa-Pro proteins, initiating their degradation by the Pro/N-degron pathway</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 118; No. 43; Art. No. e2115430118; PMCID PMC8639330; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115430118">10.1073/pnas.2115430118</a></li>
<li>Vu, Tri T. M. and Mitchell, Dylan C., el al. (2020) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201124-103211964">The Arg/N-degron pathway targets transcription factors and regulates specific genes</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 117; No. 49; 31094-31104; PMCID PMC7733807; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020124117">10.1073/pnas.2020124117</a></li>
<li>Vu, Tri T. M. and Varshavsky, Alexander (2020) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200721-100007126">The ATF3 Transcription Factor Is a Short-Lived Substrate of the Arg/N-Degron Pathway</a>; Biochemistry; Vol. 59; No. 30; 2796-2812; PMCID PMC7669821; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00514">10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00514</a></li>
<li>Dong, Cheng and Chen, Shun-Jia, el al. (2020) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200609-091521870">Recognition of nonproline N-terminal residues by the Pro/N-degron pathway</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 117; No. 25; 14158-14167; PMCID PMC7322002; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007085117">10.1073/pnas.2007085117</a></li>
<li>Oh, Jang-Hyun and Hyun, Ju-Yeon, el al. (2020) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200505-133829988">Five enzymes of the Arg/N-degron pathway form a targeting complex: The concept of superchanneling</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 117; No. 20; 10778-10788; PMCID PMC7245096; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003043117">10.1073/pnas.2003043117</a></li>
<li>Chen, Shun-Jia and Melnykov, Artem, el al. (2020) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200103-103302869">Evolution of Substrates and Components of the Pro/N-Degron Pathway</a>; Biochemistry; Vol. 59; No. 4; 582-593; PMCID PMC7286083; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00953">10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00953</a></li>
<li>Melnykov, Artem and Chen, Shun-Jia, el al. (2019) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190725-112336927">Gid10 as an alternative N-recognin of the Pro/N-degron pathway</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 116; No. 32; 15914-15923; PMCID PMC6689949; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908304116">10.1073/pnas.1908304116</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2019) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190513-150129586">On the cause of sleep: Protein fragments, the concept of sentinels, and links to epilepsy</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 116; No. 22; 10773-10782; PMCID PMC6561186; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904709116">10.1073/pnas.1904709116</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2019) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190108-090142944">N-degron and C-degron pathways of protein degradation</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 116; No. 2; 358-366; PMCID PMC6329975; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816596116">10.1073/pnas.1816596116</a></li>
<li>Kim, Jeong-Mok and Seok, Ok-Hee, el al. (2018) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181108-125308990">Formyl-methionine as an N-degron of a eukaryotic N-end rule pathway</a>; Science; Vol. 362; No. 6418; Art. No. eaat0174; PMCID PMC6551516; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat0174">10.1126/science.aat0174</a></li>
<li>Dougan, David A. and Varshavsky, Alexander (2018) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180416-140609766">Understanding the Pro/N-end rule pathway</a>; Nature Chemical Biology; Vol. 14; No. 5; 415-416; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-018-0045-0">10.1038/s41589-018-0045-0</a></li>
<li>Oh, Jang-Hyun and Chen, Shun-Jia, el al. (2017) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171113-111614515">A reference-based protein degradation assay without global translation inhibitors</a>; Journal of Biological Chemistry; Vol. 292; No. 52; 21457-21465; PMCID PMC5766948; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.814236">10.1074/jbc.M117.814236</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2017) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170628-083941867">The Ubiquitin System, Autophagy, and Regulated Protein Degradation</a>; Annual Review of Biochemistry; Vol. 86; 123-128; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044859">10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044859</a></li>
<li>Oh, Jang-Hyun and Hyun, Ju-Yeon, el al. (2017) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170518-073119611">Control of Hsp90 chaperone and its clients by N-terminal acetylation and the N-end rule pathway</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 114; No. 22; E4370-E4379; PMCID PMC5465900; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705898114">10.1073/pnas.1705898114</a></li>
<li>Chen, Shun-Jia and Wu, Xia, el al. (2017) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170130-100756755">An N-end rule pathway that recognizes proline and destroys gluconeogenic enzymes</a>; Science; Vol. 355; No. 6323; Art. No. eaal3655; PMCID PMC5457285; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal3655">10.1126/science.aal3655</a></li>
<li>Wadas, Brandon and Piatkov, Konstantin, el al. (2016) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160815-140416336">Analyzing N-terminal Arginylation Through the Use of Peptide Arrays and Degradation Assays</a>; Journal of Biological Chemistry; Vol. 291; No. 40; Art. No. 20976; PMCID PMC5076509; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.747956">10.1074/jbc.M116.747956</a></li>
<li>Wadas, Brandon and Borjigin, Jimo, el al. (2016) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160706-082440341">Degradation of Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase, a Circadian Regulator, by the N-end Rule Pathway</a>; Journal of Biological Chemistry; Vol. 291; No. 33; 17178-17196; PMCID PMC5016120; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.734640">10.1074/jbc.M116.734640</a></li>
<li>Liu, Yu-Jiao and Liu, Chao, el al. (2016) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160218-082640962">Degradation of the Separase-cleaved Rec8, a Meiotic Cohesin Subunit, by the N-end Rule Pathway</a>; Journal of Biological Chemistry; Vol. 291; No. 14; 7426-7438; PMCID PMC4817174; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.714964">10.1074/jbc.M116.714964</a></li>
<li>Piatkov, Konstantin and Vu, Tri, el al. (2015) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160509-130856265">Formyl-methionine as a degradation signal at the N-termini of bacterial proteins</a>; Microbial Cell; Vol. 2; No. 10; 376-393; PMCID PMC4745127; <a href="https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2015.10.231">10.15698/mic2015.10.231</a></li>
<li>Park, Sang-Eun and Kim, Jeong-Mok, el al. (2015) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150316-112138335">Control of mammalian G protein signaling by N-terminal acetylation and the N-end rule pathway</a>; Science; Vol. 347; No. 6227; 1249-1252; PMCID PMC4748709; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3844">10.1126/science.aaa3844</a></li>
<li>Brower, Christopher S. and Rosen, Connor E., el al. (2014) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141105-093127516">Liat1, an arginyltransferase-binding protein whose evolution among primates involved changes in the numbers of its 10-residue repeats</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 111; No. 46; E4936-E4945; PMCID PMC4246273; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419587111">10.1073/pnas.1419587111</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2014) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140613-125640695">Discovery of the Biology of the Ubiquitin System</a>; JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association; Vol. 311; No. 19; 1969-1970; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.5549">10.1001/jama.2014.5549</a></li>
<li>Piatkov, Konstantin I. and Oh, Jang-Hyun, el al. (2014) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140225-100028331">Calpain-generated natural protein fragments as short-lived substrates of the N-end rule pathway</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 111; No. 9; E817-E826; PMCID PMC3948289; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401639111">10.1073/pnas.1401639111</a></li>
<li>Kim, Heon-Ki and Kim, Ryu-Ryun, el al. (2014) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140102-103647381">The N-Terminal Methionine of Cellular Proteins as a Degradation Signal</a>; Cell; Vol. 156; No. 1; 158-169; PMCID PMC3988316; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.031">10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.031</a></li>
<li>Piatkov, Konstantin and Graciet, Emmanuelle, el al. (2013) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130813-094316614">Ubiquitin Reference Technique and Its Use in Ubiquitin-Lacking Prokaryotes</a>; PLoS ONE; Vol. 8; No. 6; Art. No. e67952; PMCID PMC3692480; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067952">10.1371/journal.pone.0067952</a></li>
<li>Shemorry, Anna and Hwang, Cheol-Sang, el al. (2013) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130716-134300224">Control of Protein Quality and Stoichiometries by N-Terminal
Acetylation and the N-End Rule Pathway</a>; Molecular Cell; Vol. 50; No. 4; 540-551; PMCID PMC3665649; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.03.018">10.1016/j.molcel.2013.03.018</a></li>
<li>Brower, Christopher S. and Piatkov, Konstantin I., el al. (2013) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130530-133709518">Neurodegeneration-Associated Protein Fragments as Short-Lived Substrates of the N-End Rule Pathway</a>; Molecular Cell; Vol. 50; No. 2; 161-171; PMCID PMC3640747; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.009">10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.009</a></li>
<li>Piatkov, Konstantin I. and Colnaghi, Luca, el al. (2012) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130211-154805502">The Auto-Generated Fragment of the Usp1 Deubiquitylase Is a Physiological Substrate of the N-End Rule Pathway</a>; Molecular Cell; Vol. 48; No. 6; 926-933; PMCID PMC3889152; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.012">10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.012</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2012) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120831-090649691">Augmented generation of protein fragments during wakefulness as the molecular cause of sleep: A hypothesis</a>; Protein Science; Vol. 21; No. 11; PMCID PMC3527701; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2148">10.1002/pro.2148</a></li>
<li>Piatkov, Konstantin I. and Brower, Christopher S., el al. (2012) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120817-134304319">The N-end rule pathway counteracts cell death by destroying proapoptotic protein fragments</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 109; No. 27; E1839-E1847; PMCID PMC3390858; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207786109">10.1073/pnas.1207786109</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2012) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120614-103921398">The Ubiquitin System, an Immense Realm</a>; Annual Review of Biochemistry; Vol. 81; 167-176; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-051910-094049">10.1146/annurev-biochem-051910-094049</a></li>
<li>Hwang, Cheol-Sang and Sukalo, Maja, el al. (2011) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111025-084945445">Ubiquitin Ligases of the N-End Rule Pathway: Assessment of Mutations in UBR1 That Cause the Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome</a>; PLoS ONE; Vol. 6; No. 9; Art.No. e24925; PMCID PMC3172311; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024925">10.1371/journal.pone.0024925</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2011) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110819-091924451">The N-end rule pathway and regulation by proteolysis</a>; Protein Science; Vol. 20; No. 8; 1298-1345; PMCID PMC3189519; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.666">10.1002/pro.666</a></li>
<li>Hwang, Cheol-Sang and Shemorry, Anna, el al. (2010) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101220-134450477">The N-end rule pathway is mediated by a complex of the RING-type Ubr1 and HECT-type Ufd4 ubiquitin ligases</a>; Nature Cell Biology; Vol. 12; No. 12; 1177-1185; PMCID PMC3003441; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2121">10.1038/ncb2121</a></li>
<li>Brower, Christopher S. and Veiga, Lucia, el al. (2010) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100615-141115251">Mouse Dfa Is a Repressor of TATA-box Promoters and Interacts with the Abt1 Activator of Basal Transcription</a>; Journal of Biological Chemistry; Vol. 285; No. 22; 17218-17234; PMCID PMC2878062; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.118638">10.1074/jbc.M110.118638</a></li>
<li>Hwang, Cheol-Sang and Shemorry, Anna, el al. (2010) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100301-145500742">N-Terminal Acetylation of Cellular Proteins Creates Specific Degradation Signals</a>; Science; Vol. 327; No. 5968; 973-977; PMCID PMC4259118; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183147">10.1126/science.1183147</a></li>
<li>Brower, Christopher S. and Varshavsky, Alexander (2009) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100127-092828613">Ablation of Arginylation in the Mouse N-End Rule Pathway: Loss of Fat, Higher Metabolic Rate, Damaged Spermatogenesis, and Neurological Perturbations</a>; PLoS ONE; Vol. 4; No. 11; Art. No. e7757; PMCID PMC2773024; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007757">10.1371/journal.pone.0007757</a></li>
<li>Graciet, Emmanuelle and Walter, Franziska, el al. (2009) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090828-231031940">The N-end rule pathway controls multiple functions during Arabidopsis shoot and leaf development</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 106; No. 32; 13618-13623; PMCID PMC2726413; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906404106">10.1073/pnas.0906404106</a></li>
<li>Wang, Haiqing and Piatkov, Konstantin I., el al. (2009) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090828-112810807">Glutamine-Specific N-Terminal Amidase, a Component of the N-End Rule Pathway</a>; Molecular Cell; Vol. 34; No. 6; 686-695; PMCID PMC2749074; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.032">10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.032</a></li>
<li>Hwang, Cheol-Sang and Shemorry, Anna, el al. (2009) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090827-155821961">Two proteolytic pathways regulate DNA repair by cotargeting the Mgt1 alkylguanine transferase</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 106; No. 7; 2142-2147; PMCID PMC2650122; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812316106">10.1073/pnas.0812316106</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2008) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:VARjbc08">Discovery of cellular regulation by protein degradation</a>; Journal of Biological Chemistry; Vol. 283; No. 50; 34469-34489; PMCID PMC3259866; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.X800009200">10.1074/jbc.X800009200</a></li>
<li>Hwang, Cheol-Sang and Varshavsky, Alexander (2008) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWApnas08">Regulation of peptide import through phosphorylation of Ubr1, the ubiquitin ligase of the N-end rule pathway</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 105; No. 49; 19188-19193; PMCID PMC2614737; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808891105">10.1073/pnas.0808891105</a></li>
<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2008) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:VARnsmb08">The N-end rule at atomic resolution</a>; Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology; Vol. 15; No. 12; 1238-1240; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1208-1238">10.1038/nsmb1208-1238</a></li>
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<li>Connor, Rebecca E. and Piatkov, Konstantin, el al. (2008) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150112-114337627">Enzymatic N-terminal Addition of Noncanonical Amino Acids to Peptides and Proteins</a>; ChemBioChem; Vol. 9; No. 3; 366-369; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200700605">10.1002/cbic.200700605</a></li>
<li>Hu, Rong-Gui and Wang, Haiqing, el al. (2008) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HURpnas08">The N-end rule pathway is a sensor of heme</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 105; No. 1; 76-81; PMCID PMC2224235; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710568105">10.1073/pnas.0710568105</a></li>
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<li>Varshavsky, Alexander (2007) <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:VARpnas07">Targeting the absence: Homozygous DNA deletions as immutable signposts for cancer therapy</a>; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; Vol. 104; No. 38; 14935-14940; PMCID PMC1986591; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706546104">10.1073/pnas.0706546104</a></li>
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