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00:14:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-06 00:14:16", "status_changed": "2023-10-06 00:14:16", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "email": "varun.s.wadia@gmail.com", "id": "Wadia-Varun-Spenta", "name": { "family": "Wadia", "given": "Varun Spenta" }, "orcid": "0009-0009-5401-5367", "show_email": "YES" } ] }, "title": "How We Imagine: Insights from Single Neuron Recordings in the Human Brain", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Imagination; Object recognition; Human Electrophysiology; Inferotemporal cortex", "abstract": "As human beings interact with the world, we sample it, build representations of its underlying structure, and subsequently use that knowledge for future reasoning - also called modeling the world. This model is generative, allowing our knowledge of the world to influence our perception and in extreme cases induce perception in the absence of any external stimulus. This phenomenon called mental imagery is a remarkable cognitive ability that allows us to remember previous experiences, imagine new ones, make plans, and solve problems. In the visual domain, our ability to generate visual percepts without external stimulation is the basis of our memory for experiences, as episodic memories are simply a subset of all possible experiences we could imagine. Animal studies have yielded rich insight into bottom-up visual processing, from the first discovery of neurons that respond to complex objects like faces to determining the precise code for general objects in macaque inferotemporal (IT) cortex. However, the neural mechanisms of internally generated top-down processing have been much more elusive. Here we present findings on the mechanisms of visual imagery at single neuron resolution. We approached deciphering visual imagery by first laying out coding principles for object perception and then directly comparing responses during viewing to subsequent imagery of those images. We recorded 384 visually responsive neurons in inferotemporal (IT) cortex of 12 epilepsy patients as they viewed and subsequently imagined carefully parametrized visual objects. We verified that neurons in IT cortex are \u2018axis tuned\u2019, i.e. as in macaques they represent visual objects by encoding specific axes that span a high dimensional object feature space. 218/384 visually responsive neurons (~58%) were axis tuned, and the axis model explained more variance than other models tested. Armed with this code for visual objects we examined neural responses during pure imagery in the same neurons. We demonstrate robust reactivation of individual neurons across the brain (~35% of neurons across the brain and ~50% of neurons in IT cortex) and a recapitulation of viewing stimulus preference during pure visual imagery in IT. By first uncovering the code for visual objects and examining it during imagery, we demonstrate that neurons in IT cortex subserve visual imagery by reinstating visual context. This study marks the first detailed exploration of visual perception and imagery in the human brain.", "date": "2024", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:09272023-165737414", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:09272023-165737414", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Simons Foundation" }, { "agency": "HHMI" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Kathy Johnson", "suggestions": "Restricted to Caltech community only until 4 April 2024.", "deposited_by": "Varun Wadia", "deposited_on": "2023-10-06 00:14:16", "doi": "10.7907/8nw5-1q14", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_bbe" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "email": "dortsao@berkeley.edu", "id": "Tsao-D-Y", "name": { "family": "Tsao", "given": "Doris Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1083-1919", "role": "advisor" }, { "email": "urut@caltech.edu", "id": "Rutishauser-U", "name": { "family": "Rutishauser", "given": "Ueli" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9207-7069", "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "email": "meister4@mac.com", "id": "Meister-M", "name": { "family": "Meister", "given": "Markus" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2136-6506", "role": "chair" }, { "email": "ralph.adolphs@gmail.com", "id": "Adolphs-R", "name": { "family": "Adolphs", "given": "Ralph" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8053-9692", "role": "member" }, { "email": "urut@caltech.edu", "id": "Rutishauser-U", "name": { "family": "Rutishauser", "given": "Ueli" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9207-7069", "role": "member" }, { "email": "dortsao@berkeley.edu", "id": "Tsao-D-Y", "name": { "family": "Tsao", "given": "Doris Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1083-1919", "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "2023-08-04", "gradofc_approval_date": "2023-10-05", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "neurobio" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "2024", "author_list": "Wadia, Varun Spenta", "advisor_list": "Tsao, Doris Y. and Rutishauser, Ueli", "comittee_list": "Meister, Markus; Adolphs, Ralph; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/13743", "eprint_id": 13743, "rev_number": 50, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/108989", "doc_id": 108989, "rev_number": 4, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/333533", "fileid": 333533, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 108989, "filename": "ThesisJanisHesse2020_ver6.docx", "mime_type": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document", "hash": "9c62383e7d53317a39a43866e2088c9a", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 17811757, "mtime": "2020-06-01 20:46:12", "url": "/13743/21/ThesisJanisHesse2020_ver6.docx" } ], "eprint_id": 13743, "pos": 21, "placement": 2, "mime_type": 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"internal", "license": "other", "main": "indexcodes.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/108989" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/108989" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/108989" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 12324, "dir": "disk0/00/01/37/43", "datestamp": "2020-06-09 23:14:11", "lastmod": "2021-11-04 21:22:15", "status_changed": "2020-06-09 23:14:11", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "email": "janishesse@googlemail.com", "id": "Hesse-Janis-Karan", "name": { "family": "Hesse", "given": "Janis Karan" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-0405-8632", "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Neural Construction of Conscious Perception", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Consciousness; perception; face patch; segmentation; border-ownership; macaque; visual cortex; object recognition; binocular rivalry; no-report paradigm; Mooney faces", "abstract": "
Out of a myriad of sensory stimulations, our brain constructs a unified, self-consistent reality that we consciously experience. Little is known about how or where in the brain\u2019s processing stream of physical input a conscious percept emerges into awareness. A remarkable property of conscious perception is that even though external input is often ambiguous, the perceptual interpretation of the world that our brain generates is consistent across multiple layers of representation, e.g., figure-ground segmentation and object identity. We thus set out to study how the interaction between different nodes in the brain generates and propagates new conscious percepts. Since the code of object identity is already well-understood, in particular for faces as reviewed in this thesis, we decided to get a handle on segmentation signals first. It turned out that consistent segmentation signals are hard to find, however, we found functionally defined modules in the brain that contained consistent cells from which figure-ground signals can be decoded. We next investigated whether face cells in object recognition areas actually encode the conscious percept of a face or are just passive filters of visual input. To distill conscious perception from other cognitive processes, such as decision making, introspection, and reporting of the percept, which often accompany new conscious percepts, we developed a no-report binocular rivalry paradigm that relies on an active fixation task rather than report, and therefore eliminates these confounding factors. We found that face patches in inferotemporal cortex indeed encode the conscious percept of a face. Using novel high-yield electrodes, we were able to decode what the animal was consciously perceiving at a given time. Preliminary and future experiments of population recordings from multiple nodes of the cortical hierarchy simultaneously promise to go beyond correlates of consciousness and reveal the mechanisms of how and where conscious percepts are constructed.
", "date": "2020", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:05302020-143859367", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:05302020-143859367", "related_url": { "items": [ { "description": "Article adapted for Chapter III", "type": "doi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1857-16.2016" }, { "description": "Article adapted for Chapter VI", "type": "doi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.047522" } ] }, "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)" }, { "agency": "Simons Foundation" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Melissa Ray", "suggestions": "Restricted to Caltech community until 9 December 2020. // From author: Two papers from the thesis are still in revision (eLife and Nature Reviews Neuroscience).", "deposited_by": "Janis Karan Hesse", "deposited_on": "2020-06-09 23:14:11", "doi": "10.7907/07r8-0845", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_bbe" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "email": "dortsao@caltech.edu", "id": "Tsao-D-Y", "name": { "family": "Tsao", "given": "Doris Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1083-1919", "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "email": "meister@caltech.edu", "id": "Meister-M", "name": { "family": "Meister", "given": "Markus" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2136-6506", "role": "chair" }, { "email": "radophs@caltech.edu", "id": "Adolphs-R", "name": { "family": "Adolphs", "given": "Ralph" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8053-9692", "role": "member" }, { "email": "urut@caltech.edu", "id": "Rutishauser-U", "name": { "family": "Rutishauser", "given": "Ueli" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9207-7069", "role": "member" }, { "email": "dortsao@caltech.edu", "id": "Tsao-D-Y", "name": { "family": "Tsao", "given": "Doris Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1083-1919", "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "2020-05-28", "gradofc_approval_date": "2020-06-09", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "cns" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "2020", "author_list": "Hesse, Janis Karan", "advisor_list": "Tsao, Doris Y.", "comittee_list": "Meister, Markus; Adolphs, Ralph; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/8238", "eprint_id": 8238, "rev_number": 24, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/47977", "doc_id": 47977, "rev_number": 2, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/140032", "fileid": 140032, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 47977, "filename": "Shay Ohayon 15 May 2014.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "2f48bb8ae08aff2c3d1040f67f794aba", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 6754913, "mtime": "2014-05-16 19:23:31", "url": "/8238/1/Shay Ohayon 15 May 2014.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 8238, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": 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Non-human primates, electrophysiology, MRI, fMRI, ", "abstract": "The visual system is a remarkable platform that evolved to solve difficult computational\r\nproblems such as detection, recognition, and classification of objects. Of great interest is the\r\nface-processing network, a sub-system buried deep in the temporal lobe, dedicated for\r\nanalyzing specific type of objects (faces). In this thesis, I focus on the problem of face\r\ndetection by the face-processing network. Insights obtained from years of developing\r\ncomputer-vision algorithms to solve this task have suggested that it may be efficiently and\r\neffectively solved by detection and integration of local contrast features. Does the brain use\r\na similar strategy? To answer this question, I embark on a journey that takes me through the\r\ndevelopment and optimization of dedicated tools for targeting and perturbing deep brain\r\nstructures. Data collected using MR-guided electrophysiology in early face-processing\r\nregions was found to have strong selectivity for contrast features, similar to ones used by\r\nartificial systems. While individual cells were tuned for only a small subset of features, the\r\npopulation as a whole encoded the full spectrum of features that are predictive to the presence\r\nof a face in an image. Together with additional evidence, my results suggest a possible\r\ncomputational mechanism for face detection in early face processing regions. To move from\r\ncorrelation to causation, I focus on adopting an emergent technology for perturbing brain\r\nactivity using light: optogenetics. While this technique has the potential to overcome\r\nproblems associated with the de-facto way of brain stimulation (electrical microstimulation),\r\nmany open questions remain about its applicability and effectiveness for\r\nperturbing the non-human primate (NHP) brain. In a set of experiments, I use viral vectors\r\nto deliver genetically encoded optogenetic constructs to the frontal eye field and faceselective\r\nregions in NHP and examine their effects side-by-side with electrical microstimulation\r\nto assess their effectiveness in perturbing neural activity as well as behavior.\r\nResults suggest that cells are robustly and strongly modulated upon light delivery and that\r\nsuch perturbation can modulate and even initiate motor behavior, thus, paving the way for\r\nfuture explorations that may apply these tools to study connectivity and information flow in\r\nthe face processing network.", "date": "2014", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:05162014-072424521", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:05162014-072424521", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Kathy Johnson", "deposited_by": "Shay Ohayon", "deposited_on": "2014-05-20 16:50:54", "doi": "10.7907/WD1D-W918", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_bbe" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "email": "dortsao@caltech.edu", "id": "Tsao-D-Y", "name": { "family": "Tsao", "given": "Doris Y." }, "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "email": "perona@caltech.edu", "id": "Perona-P", "name": { "family": "Perona", "given": "Pietro" }, "role": "chair" }, { "email": "wuwei@caltech.edu", "id": "Anderson-D-J", "name": { "family": "Anderson", "given": "David J." }, "role": "member" }, { "email": "andersen@vis.caltech.edu", "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "role": "member" }, { "email": "dortsao@caltech.edu", "id": "Tsao-D-Y", "name": { "family": "Tsao", "given": "Doris Y." }, "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "2014-05-15", "gradofc_approval_date": "2014-05-19", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "cns" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Ohayon, Shay S.", "advisor_list": "Tsao, Doris Y.", "comittee_list": "Perona, Pietro; Anderson, David J.; et el." } ]