[ { "id": "authors:4atvf-w2521", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4atvf-w2521", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110207-104520857", "type": "article", "title": "Structure and dynamics of the Martian lower and middle atmosphere as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder: Seasonal variations in zonal mean temperature, dust, and water ice aerosols", "author": [ { "family_name": "McCleese", "given_name": "D. J.", "clpid": "McCleese-D-J" }, { "family_name": "Heavens", "given_name": "N. G.", "clpid": "Heavens-N-G" }, { "family_name": "Schofield", "given_name": "J. T.", "clpid": "Schofield-J-T" }, { "family_name": "Abdou", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Abdou-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Bandfield", "given_name": "J. L.", "clpid": "Bandfield-J-L" }, { "family_name": "Calcutt", "given_name": "S. B.", "clpid": "Calcutt-S-B" }, { "family_name": "Irwin", "given_name": "P. G. J.", "clpid": "Irwin-P-G-J" }, { "family_name": "Kass", "given_name": "D. M.", "clpid": "Kass-D-M" }, { "family_name": "Kleinb\u00f6hl", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Kleinb\u00f6hl-A" }, { "family_name": "Lewis", "given_name": "S. R.", "clpid": "Lewis-S-R" }, { "family_name": "Paige", "given_name": "D. A.", "clpid": "Paige-D-A" }, { "family_name": "Read", "given_name": "P. L.", "clpid": "Read-P-L" }, { "family_name": "Richardson", "given_name": "M. I.", "clpid": "Richardson-M-I" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "J. H.", "clpid": "Shirley-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Taylor", "given_name": "F. W.", "clpid": "Taylor-F-W" }, { "family_name": "Teanby", "given_name": "N.", "clpid": "Teanby-N-A" }, { "family_name": "Zurek", "given_name": "R. W.", "clpid": "Zurek-R-W" } ], "abstract": "The first Martian year and a half of observations by the Mars Climate Sounder aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has revealed new details of the thermal structure and distributions of dust and water ice in the atmosphere. The Martian atmosphere is shown in the observations by the Mars Climate Sounder to vary seasonally between two modes: a symmetrical equinoctial structure with middle atmosphere polar warming and a solstitial structure with an intense middle atmosphere polar warming overlying a deep winter polar vortex. The dust distribution, in particular, is more complex than appreciated before the advent of these high (~5 km) vertical resolution observations, which extend from near the surface to above 80 km and yield 13 dayside and 13 nightside pole-to-pole cross sections each day. Among the new features noted is a persistent maximum in dust mass mixing ratio at 15\u201325 km above the surface (at least on the nightside) during northern spring and summer. The water ice distribution is very sensitive to the diurnal and seasonal variation of temperature and is a good tracer of the vertically propagating tide.", "doi": "10.1029/2010JE003677", "issn": "0148-0227", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research E", "publication_date": "2010-12", "volume": "115", "pages": "Art. No. E12016" }, { "id": "authors:axgvf-pr451", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "axgvf-pr451", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100817-075854532", "type": "article", "title": "Convective instability in the martian middle atmosphere", "author": [ { "family_name": "Heavens", "given_name": "N. G.", "clpid": "Heavens-N-G" }, { "family_name": "Richardson", "given_name": "M. I.", "clpid": "Richardson-M-I" }, { "family_name": "Lawson", "given_name": "W. G.", "clpid": "Lawson-W-G" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "C.", "clpid": "Lee-C" }, { "family_name": "McCleese", "given_name": "D. J.", "clpid": "McCleese-D-J" }, { "family_name": "Kass", "given_name": "D. M.", "clpid": "Kass-D-M" }, { "family_name": "Kleinb\u00f6hl", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Kleinb\u00f6hl-A" }, { "family_name": "Schofield", "given_name": "J. T.", "clpid": "Schofield-J-T" }, { "family_name": "Abdou", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Abdou-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "J. H.", "clpid": "Shirley-J-H" } ], "abstract": "Dry convective instabilities in Mars's middle atmosphere are detected and mapped using temperature retrievals from Mars Climate Sounder observations spanning 1.5 martian years. The instabilities are moderately frequent in the winter extratropics. The frequency and strength of middle atmospheric convective instability in the northern extratropics is significantly higher in MY 28 than in MY 29. This may have coupled with changes to the northern hemisphere mid-latitude and tropical middle atmospheric temperatures and contributed to the development of the 2007 global dust storm. We interpret these instabilities to be the result of gravity waves saturating within regions of low stability created by the thermal tides. Gravity wave saturation in the winter extratropics has been proposed to provide the momentum lacking in general circulation models to produce the strong dynamically-maintained temperature maximum at 1\u20132 Pa over the winter pole, so these observations could be a partial control on modeling experiments.", "doi": "10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.023", "issn": "0019-1035", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Icarus", "publication_date": "2010-08", "series_number": "2", "volume": "208", "issue": "2", "pages": "574-589" }, { "id": "authors:xxmqx-mmb83", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xxmqx-mmb83", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20091110-101401583", "type": "article", "title": "Mars Climate Sounder limb profile retrieval of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and dust and water ice opacity", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kleinb\u00f6hl", "given_name": "Armin", "clpid": "Kleinb\u00f6hl-A" }, { "family_name": "Schofield", "given_name": "John T.", "clpid": "Schofield-J-T" }, { "family_name": "Kass", "given_name": "David M.", "clpid": "Kass-D-M" }, { "family_name": "Abdou", "given_name": "Wedad A.", "clpid": "Abdou-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Backus", "given_name": "Charles R.", "clpid": "Backus-C-R" }, { "family_name": "Sen", "given_name": "Bhaswar", "clpid": "Sen-B" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Shirley-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Lawson", "given_name": "W. Gregory", "clpid": "Lawson-W-G" }, { "family_name": "Richardson", "given_name": "Mark I.", "clpid": "Richardson-M-I" }, { "family_name": "Taylor", "given_name": "Fredric W.", "clpid": "Taylor-F-W" }, { "family_name": "Teanby", "given_name": "Nicholas A.", "clpid": "Teanby-N-A" }, { "family_name": "McCleese", "given_name": "Daniel J.", "clpid": "McCleese-D-J" } ], "abstract": "The Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is the latest of a series of investigations devoted to improving the understanding of current Martian climate. MCS is a nine-channel passive midinfrared and far-infrared filter radiometer designed to measure thermal emission in limb and on-planet geometries from which vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, dust, and condensates can be retrieved. Here we describe the algorithm that is used to retrieve atmospheric profiles from MCS limb measurements for delivery to the Planetary Data System. The algorithm is based on a modified Chahine method and uses a fast radiative transfer scheme based on the Curtis-Godson approximation. It retrieves pressure and vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, dust opacity, and water ice opacity. Water vapor retrievals involve a different approach and will be reported separately. Pressure can be retrieved to a precision of 1\u20132% and is used to establish the vertical coordinate. Temperature profiles are retrieved over a range from 5\u201310 to 80\u201390 km altitude with a typical altitude resolution of 4\u20136 km and a precision between 0.5 and 2 K over most of this altitude range. Dust and water ice opacity profiles also achieve vertical resolutions of about 5 km and typically have precisions of 10^(\u22124)\u201310^(\u22125) km^(\u22121) at 463 cm^(\u22121) and 843 cm^(\u22121), respectively. Examples of temperature profiles as well as dust and water ice opacity profiles from the first year of the MCS mission are presented, and atmospheric features observed during periods employing different MCS operational modes are described. An intercomparison with historical temperature measurements from the Mars Global Surveyor mission shows good agreement.", "doi": "10.1029/2009JE003358", "issn": "0148-0227", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research E", "publication_date": "2009-10-21", "volume": "114", "pages": "Art. No. E10006" } ]