[ { "id": "authors:hmps0-fp706", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hmps0-fp706", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180413-085139833", "type": "conference_item", "title": "Hubbert analysis for coal", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Global coal prodn. based on the phys. multi-cycle Hubbert anal. of historical prodn. data and compared with carbon dioxide emissions in a business-as-usual scenario are utilized in this overview.", "publisher": "Caltech Library", "publication_date": "2018-03" }, { "id": "authors:8p14q-snv03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8p14q-snv03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110309-164427691", "type": "article", "title": "Estimating long-term world coal production with logit and probit transforms", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "An estimate for world coal production in the long run would be helpful for developing policies for alternative energy sources and for climate change. This production has often been estimated from reserves that are calculated from measurements of coal seams. We show that where the estimates based on reserves can be tested in mature coal regions, they have been too high, and that more accurate estimates can be made by curve fits to the production history. These curve fits indicate that total world production, including past and future production, will be 680 Gt. The historical range for these fits made on an annual basis from 1995 to 2009 is 653 Gt to 749 Gt, 14% in percentage terms. The curve fits also indicate that 90% of the total production will have taken place by 2070. This gives the time scale for considering alternatives. This estimate for total production is somewhat less than the current reserves plus cumulative production, 1163 Gt, and very much less than the amount of coal that the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, assumes is available for its scenarios. The maximum cumulative coal production through 2100 in an IPCC scenario is 3500 Gt.", "doi": "10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.012", "issn": "0166-5162", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "International Journal of Coal Geology", "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "85", "issue": "1", "pages": "23-33" }, { "id": "authors:4cfj3-9hj94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4cfj3-9hj94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100608-093900466", "type": "article", "title": "A high-power solid-state RF source driven by a doubly-differential signal", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This letter presents a new solid-state RF source generating kW-level output power at HF band. Four power transistors are driven in a doubly-differential way, operated in a switching mode, and combined together to produce high output power. A multilayered input feed network is carefully designed, such that an accurate doubly-differential signal is provided to the transistors. The output matching and combining circuitry is optimized toward a high efficiency. The implemented RF source produces a CW signal of 1.5 kW at 29 MHz with a drain efficiency of 85%. The measured high efficiency is attributed to the well-balanced and symmetric switching-mode operation of each transistor, which is verified experimentally by a thermal image.", "doi": "10.1002/mop.25230", "issn": "0895-2477", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Microwave and Optical Technology Letters", "publication_date": "2010-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "52", "issue": "7", "pages": "1489-1492" }, { "id": "authors:08knr-8kx41", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "08knr-8kx41", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110401-152013023", "type": "book_section", "title": "Whiskers, hyperhemispheres, and a honeymoon", "book_title": "IRMMW-THz 2010 : 35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "I plan to make a few historical comments on early research in antennas for submillimeter waves, as the area was known in the 1970's. The initial focus was on understanding the limits of the tungsten whiskers that were then used as antennas. However, as integrated-circuit technology improved, it became clear that planar antennas on semiconductor substrates were needed. However, these antennas interact strongly with substrate modes. One way to eliminate the substrate modes is to put a lens on the back of the substrate and to couple power in through the lens. These substrate-lens coupled antennas are widely used today in laboratory instruments and radio astronomy. Another approach to suppressing the substrate modes is through a periodic antenna structure. This is the basis for the grid amplifier, which combines the outputs of large numbers of transistors in free space. This allows much more transmitter power than was previously possible from solid-state devices. The Wavestream Corporation was founded to develop this technology. The company's best-selling product is a 50-W amplifier for 30-GHz satellite uplinks. Several thousand amplifiers have been sold to date.", "doi": "10.1109/ICIMW.2010.5612390", "isbn": "978-1-4244-6657-3", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2010", "pages": "1-1" }, { "id": "authors:zcpj0-06e93", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zcpj0-06e93", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090421-112006759", "type": "article", "title": "Near-field direct antenna modulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Babakhani", "given_name": "Aydin", "clpid": "Babakhani-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "NFDAM systems provide a unique solution for transmitting highly secured direction-dependent data and hence preventing eavesdroppers from properly demodulating the signal. A 60-GHz proof-of-concept chip was designed and measured.", "doi": "10.1109/MMM.2008.930674", "issn": "1527-3342", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Microwave Magazine", "publication_date": "2009-02", "series_number": "1", "volume": "10", "issue": "1", "pages": "36-46" }, { "id": "authors:76wk5-85j38", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "76wk5-85j38", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BABieeejssc08", "type": "article", "title": "Transmitter Architectures Based on Near-Field Direct Antenna Modulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Babakhani", "given_name": "Aydin", "clpid": "Babakhani-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "A near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) technique is introduced, where the radiated far-field signal is modulated by time-varying changes in the antenna near-field electromagnetic (EM) boundary conditions. This enables the transmitter to send data in a direction-dependent fashion producing a secure communication link. Near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) can be performed by using either switches or varactors. Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.", "doi": "10.1109/JSSC.2008.2004864", "issn": "0018-9200", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication_date": "2008-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "43", "issue": "12", "pages": "2674-2692" }, { "id": "authors:0d13v-2ny22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0d13v-2ny22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170329-165404478", "type": "book_section", "title": "Global stability analysis and stabilization of power amplifier", "book_title": "2008 Workshop on Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Circuits", "author": [ { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-Sanggeun" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Power amplifiers often exhibit undesired behavior from certain input power value which cannot be predicted with a small-signal stability analysis. Among the commonly observed undesired phenomena are spurious oscillations, frequency divisions, hysteresis or chaos. In this contribution, simulation tools are presented, enabling an in-depth study of the origin and characteristics of these phenomena. The developed global stability analysis and stabilization tools have allowed an efficient suppression of the undesired behavior in a switching-mode power amplifier, with minimum degradation of the amplifier performance, in terms of drain efficiency and output power.", "doi": "10.1109/INMMIC.2008.4745722", "isbn": "978-1-4244-2645-4", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2008-11", "pages": "87-90" }, { "id": "authors:y9qeg-hr254", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y9qeg-hr254", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170329-155930785", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Near-Field Modulation Technique Using Antenna Reflector Switching", "book_title": "2008 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference - Digest of Technical Papers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Babakhani", "given_name": "Aydin", "clpid": "Babakhani-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "This paper presents a near-field reflector switching technique that can generate independently controlled modulated signals for sufficiently different angles of radiation. This technique can be used either to transmit different data in different directions simultaneously, or to generate the correct signal constellation only in the desired direction and scrambled ones for other angles, creating a secure communication link. This approach is also conducive to power-efficient switching PAs, even for wideband non-constant envelope modulation schemes, enabling fast and power-efficient transmitter architectures.", "doi": "10.1109/ISSCC.2008.4523120", "isbn": "978-1-4244-2010-0", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2008-02", "pages": "188-189+605" }, { "id": "authors:6gdwq-e4e35", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6gdwq-e4e35", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:RUTtownhall07", "type": "conference_item", "title": "World fossil-fuel supplies", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "Dave", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "publisher": "Caltech Library", "publication_date": "2007-10-08" }, { "id": "authors:50d8c-p4g50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "50d8c-p4g50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170419-140611625", "type": "book_section", "title": "mm-wave phased arrays in silicon with integrated antennas", "book_title": "2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Babakhani", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Babakhani-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "This work demonstrates W-band integrated dipole antennas and a four channel phased transceiver implemented in IBM 130 nm silicon germanium BiCMOS process. The chip includes the complete receiver, transmitter, signal generation blocks, phase shifters, and on-chip dipole antennas. A hemispherical silicon lens with diameter of about one inch is also used to remove the substrate modes. Measurement results show a maximum antenna gain of about +8 dB.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.2007.4396510", "isbn": "978-1-4244-0877-1", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2007-06", "pages": "4369-4372" }, { "id": "authors:7ptt2-s6596", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7ptt2-s6596", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOieeetmtt06b", "type": "article", "title": "Nonlinear Design Technique for High-Power Switching-Mode Oscillators", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A simple nonlinear technique for the design of high-efficiency and high-power switching-mode oscillators is presented. It combines existing quasi-nonlinear methods and the use of an auxiliary generator (AG) in harmonic balance. The AG enables the oscillator optimization to achieve high output power and dc-to-RF conversion efficiency without affecting the oscillation frequency. It also imposes a sufficient drive on the transistor to enable the switching-mode operation with high efficiency. Using this AG, constant-power and constant-efficiency contour plots are traced in order to determine the optimum element values. The oscillation startup condition and the steady-state stability are analyzed with the pole-zero identification technique. The influence of the gate bias on the output power, efficiency, and stability is also investigated. A class-E oscillator is demonstrated using the proposed technique. The oscillator exhibits 75 W with 67% efficiency at 410 MHz.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2006.882406", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2006-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "54", "issue": "10", "pages": "3630-3640" }, { "id": "authors:9ky5j-11288", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9ky5j-11288", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:CHUieeemwcl06", "type": "article", "title": "W-band waveguide-packaged InP HEMT reflection grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chung", "given_name": "Younkyu", "clpid": "Chung-Y" }, { "family_name": "Cheung", "given_name": "Chun-Tung", "clpid": "Cheung-C-T" }, { "family_name": "DeLisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This letter presents a 79-GHz broadband reflection-type grid amplifier using spatial power combining to combine the power of 64 unit cells. Each unit cell uses a two-stage cascade configuration with InP HEMTs arranged as a differential pair. A broadband orthogonal mode transducer (OMT) separates two orthogonally polarized input and output signals over a 75 to 85GHz range. In conjunction with the OMT, a mode converter with quadruple-ridged apertures was designed to enhance the field uniformity over the active grid. Measurements show 5-dB small signal gain at 79GHz and an 800-MHz 3-dB bandwidth. The amplifier generates an output power of 264mW with little evidence of saturation.", "doi": "10.1109/LMWC.2006.875629", "issn": "1531-1309", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication_date": "2006-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "16", "issue": "6", "pages": "324-326" }, { "id": "authors:nyg6m-75476", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nyg6m-75476", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOieeetmtt06a", "type": "article", "title": "Analysis and elimination of hysteresis and noisy precursors in power amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Power amplifiers (PAs) often exhibit instabilities leading to frequency division by two or oscillations at incommensurate frequencies. This undesired behavior can be detected through a large-signal stability analysis of the solution. However, other commonly observed phenomena are still difficult to predict and eliminate. In this paper, the anomalous behavior observed in a Class-E PA is analyzed in detail. It involves hysteresis in the power-transfer curve, oscillation, and noisy precursors. The precursors are pronounced bumps in the power spectrum due to noise amplification under a small stability margin. The correction of the amplifier performance has required the development of a new technique for the elimination of the hysteresis. Instead of a trial-and-error procedure, this technique, of general application to circuit design, makes use of bifurcation concepts to suppress the hysteresis phenomenon through a single simulation on harmonic-balance software. Another objective has been the investigation of the circuit characteristics that make the noisy precursors observable in practical circuits and a technique has been derived for their elimination from the amplifier output spectrum. All the different techniques have been experimentally validated.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2005.864125", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2006-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "54", "issue": "3", "pages": "1096-1106" }, { "id": "authors:r9b1k-29079", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "r9b1k-29079", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOieeetmtt05", "type": "article", "title": "Global stability analysis and stabilization of a class-E/F amplifier with a distributed active transformer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Power amplifiers (PAs) often exhibit instabilities giving rise to frequency divisions or spurious oscillations. The prediction of these instabilities requires a large-signal stability analysis of the circuit. In this paper, oscillations, hysteresis, and chaotic solutions, experimentally encountered in a high-efficiency class-E/F/sub odd/ PA with four transistors combined using a distributed active transformer, are studied through the use of stability and bifurcation analysis tools. The tools have enabled an in-depth comprehension of the different phenomena, which have been observed in simulation with good agreement with experimental results. The study of the mechanism generating the instability has led to a simplified equivalent circuit from which the optimum stabilization network has been determined. The network enables a global stabilization of the circuit for all the expected operating values of the amplifier bias voltage and input power. This has been achieved with negligible degradation of the amplifier performance in terms of drain efficiency and output power. The stable behavior obtained in simulation has been experimentally confirmed.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2005.856083", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2005-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "53", "issue": "12", "pages": "3712-3722" }, { "id": "authors:ak18r-deq66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ak18r-deq66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WANieeemwcl05", "type": "article", "title": "Bifurcation analysis of stabilization circuits in an L-band LDMOS 60-W power amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Feiyu", "clpid": "Wang-F" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "n this letter, the global stability analysis of an L-band push-pull power amplifier is presented. The analysis is carried out for the amplifier operating in different modes, such as Class AB, Class B, and Class E/F, considering variations in the bias voltages, the input power and the input frequency. After determination of the oscillation mode, three different stabilization techniques are applied and compared: feedback resistors, neutralization capacitors, and odd-mode stabilization resistor. The element values of each stabilization network, ensuring a stable behavior for all the operating conditions, are calculated with a bifurcation-analysis technique. Good agreement is found between measured and simulated results.", "doi": "10.1109/LMWC.2005.856830", "issn": "1531-1309", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication_date": "2005-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "15", "issue": "10", "pages": "712-714" }, { "id": "authors:tjes0-3ar06", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tjes0-3ar06", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeetmtt05", "type": "article", "title": "An optimized design of distributed active transformer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Seungwoo", "clpid": "Kim-S" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Kyungho", "clpid": "Lee-K" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Jongwoo", "clpid": "Lee-J" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Bumman", "clpid": "Kim-B" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A novel structure distributed active transformer (DAT), which significantly reduces the coupling from the DAT to the feed line is demonstrated. A grounded guard line is implemented to isolate the feed line from the magnetic field of the DAT. The measured result of the DAT on a GaAs substrate shows a 10.5-dB reduction in the coupling. To reduce DAT loss, an air-bridge connected double primary DAT structure is implemented. The DAT at 2 GHz shows a 0.7-dB loss reduction in comparison to the conventional DAT. The improved DAT performance is related to the reduced metal resistance and closer coupling between the primary and secondary loops without any increase in the DAT area.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2004.839940", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "53", "issue": "1", "pages": "380-388" }, { "id": "authors:jdhz8-dk883", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jdhz8-dk883", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOims05", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 2.7-kW, 29-MHz class-E/F/sub odd/ amplifier with a distributed active transformer", "book_title": "IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A Class-E/Fodd high power amplifier (PA) using the distributed active transformer (DAT) is demonstrated at 29MHz. The DAT combines the output power from four VDMOS push-pull pairs. The zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition is investigated and modified for the Class-E/Fodd amplifier with a non-ideal output transformer. All lumped elements including the DAT and the transistor package are modeled and optimized to achieve the ZVS condition and the high drain efficiency. The PA exhibits 2.7kW output power with 79% drain efficiency and 18dB gain at 29MHz.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1517115", "isbn": "0780388461", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "2005", "pages": "1927-1930" }, { "id": "authors:4eex9-0x376", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4eex9-0x376", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170517-174608017", "type": "book_section", "title": "Indoor wireless channel modeling from 2.4 to 24 GHz using a combined E/H-Plane 2D ray tracing method", "book_title": "IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lu", "given_name": "Dai", "clpid": "Lu-Dai" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Future wireless systems are moving to high frequencies for additional bandwidth and frequency reuse. This makes it very important to have accurate and time-efficient models for system planning. We have previously published measurement results for an indoor channel investigation from 2.4 GHz to 24 GHz. We now propose a new combined E/H-plane 2D ray tracing method. This method includes 2D ray-tracing calculations from both horizontal and vertical sections (E/H-planes). The method predicts loss accurately for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths at five frequency bands from 2.4 GHz to 24 GHz. In addition, it predicts the delay spread for line-of-sight paths well, but fails for non-line-of-sight paths.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.2004.1330135", "isbn": "0-7803-8302-8", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2004-06", "pages": "3641-3644" }, { "id": "authors:qvewz-vdk64", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qvewz-vdk64", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110919-093354835", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Single Chip Two-stage W-band Grid Amplifier", "book_title": "2004 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheung", "given_name": "Chun-Tung", "clpid": "Cheung-Chun-Tung" }, { "family_name": "DeLisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "DeLisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Tsai", "given_name": "Roger", "clpid": "Tsai-Roger" }, { "family_name": "Kagiwada", "given_name": "Reynold", "clpid": "Kagiwada-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Denniston", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Denniston-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The first monolithic grid amplifier using a cascade differential-pair amplifier unit cell has been designed and measured. The grid is packaged using reflection architecture with waveguide input and output. The measured gain at 82 GHz is 5.5 dB. The measured output power is 110 mW with 2.5 dB residual gain. The size of the amplifier module is 20 mm\u00d710 mm\u00d710 mm.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.2004.1335805", "isbn": "0-7803-8331-1", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "2004-06", "pages": "79-82" }, { "id": "authors:4bh31-r4a82", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4bh31-r4a82", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111028-154015154", "type": "monograph", "title": "Current Status of the High-Efficiency L-band Transmit/Receive Module Development for SAR Systems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Edelstein", "given_name": "Wendy N.", "clpid": "Edelstein-W-N" }, { "family_name": "Andricos", "given_name": "Constantine", "clpid": "Andricos-C" }, { "family_name": "Madsen", "given_name": "Soren", "clpid": "Madsen-S" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Feiyu", "clpid": "Wang-F" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Large, lightweight, high power, L-band phased-arrays\nare required to enable future NASA synthetic aperture\nradar (SAR) missions. The transmit/receive (T/R) module is a\nkey component in SAR antennas and the T/R module efficiency\nhas direct implications on the power dissipation and power\ngeneration requirements of the system. Significant\nimprovements in the efficiency of the T/R module will make\nSAR missions more feasible and affordable. The efforts\ndescribed in this paper are part of a three-year on-going task sponsored by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office\n(ESTO) under the Advanced Component Technology (ACT)\nprogram. We will describe the current status and recent results of a novel T/R module technology to achieve ultra-high efficiencies. The T/R module performance goal is to achieve an overall module efficiency greater than 70% with a minimum of 30-Watts output power at L-band frequencies.", "publisher": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "publication_date": "2003-06-23" }, { "id": "authors:ew4mh-9x724", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ew4mh-9x724", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KEEieeetmtt03", "type": "article", "title": "The Class-E/F Family of ZVS Switching Amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A new family of switching amplifiers, each member having some of the features of both class E and inverse F, is introduced. These class-E/F amplifiers have class-E features such as incorporation of the transistor parasitic capacitance into the circuit, exact truly switching time-domain solutions, and allowance for zero-voltage-switching operation. Additionally, some number of harmonics may be tuned in the fashion of inverse class F in order to achieve more desirable voltage and current waveforms for improved performance. Operational waveforms for several implementations are presented, and efficiency estimates are compared to class-E.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2003.812564", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2003-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "51", "issue": "6", "pages": "1677-1690" }, { "id": "authors:dyf8n-sr140", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dyf8n-sr140", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:AOKrfic03", "type": "book_section", "title": "A fully-integrated 1.8-V, 2.8-W, 1.9-GHz, CMOS power amplifier", "book_title": "IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC 2003) Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "I.", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Kee-S" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Quach", "given_name": "Tina" } ], "abstract": "This paper demonstrated the first 2-stage, 2.8W, 1.8V, 1.9GHz fully-integrated DAT power amplifier with 50\u03a9 input and output matching using 0.18\u03bcm CMOS transistors. It has a small-signal gain of 27dB. The amplifier provides 2.8W of power into a 50\u03a9 load with a PAE of 50%.", "isbn": "0-7803-7694-3", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2003-06", "pages": "199-202" }, { "id": "authors:yytw9-ht766", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yytw9-ht766", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111025-145556596", "type": "book_section", "title": "V-band Transmission and Reflection Grid Amplifier Packaged in Waveguide", "book_title": "2003 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheung", "given_name": "Chun-Tung", "clpid": "Cheung-C-T" }, { "family_name": "Tsai", "given_name": "Roger", "clpid": "Tsai-R" }, { "family_name": "Kagiwada", "given_name": "Reynold", "clpid": "Kagiwada-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Thal", "given_name": "H.", "clpid": "Thal-H" }, { "family_name": "Eitner", "given_name": "Paul", "clpid": "Eitner-P" } ], "abstract": "We designed and demonstrated two monolithic V-band grid amplifiers packaged in waveguides. We measured a 2 dB small-signal system gain for both transmission and reflection amplifiers. This is the first monolithic grid amplifier packaged and measured in a waveguide in the V-band.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.2003.1210519", "isbn": "0-7803-7695-1", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "2003-06", "pages": "1863-1866" }, { "id": "authors:nw9kw-sv361", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nw9kw-sv361", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111010-092308420", "type": "book_section", "title": "High-efficiency L-band transmit/receive module for synthetic aperture radar", "book_title": "Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Radar Conference", "author": [ { "family_name": "Edelstein", "given_name": "Wendy N.", "clpid": "Edelstein-W-N" }, { "family_name": "Andricos", "given_name": "Constantine", "clpid": "Andricos-C" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Feiyu", "clpid": "Wang-F" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Space-based radar places significant demands on the spacecraft resources (mass, power, data rate) and is therefore very expensive to implement. These systems typically require active phased-array antennas with hundreds or thousands of transmit/receive (T/R) modules distributed on the array. High-efficiency is a vitally important figure of merit for the radar T/R module because it reduces the power consumption and therefore makes best possible use of the limited power available. High efficiency also improves the thermal design and reliability. In this paper, we describe the design and preliminary results of a novel L-band (1250 MHz) T/R module technology to achieve ultra-high efficiencies. We will show that a dramatic improvement in overall T/R module efficiency is possible using high-efficiency class-E/F amplifiers. The T/R module performance goals are to achieve an overall module efficiency greater than 70% with a minimum of 30-W output power at L-band frequencies.", "doi": "10.1109/NRC.2003.1203408", "isbn": "0-7803-7920-9", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2003", "pages": "238-243" }, { "id": "authors:46vzc-84e09", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "46vzc-84e09", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111102-110312140", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Waveguide Mode-Converter Feed for a 5-W, 34-GHz Grid Amplifier", "book_title": "2002 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheung", "given_name": "Chun-Tung", "clpid": "Cheung-C-T" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Nagy", "given_name": "Gabor", "clpid": "Nagy-G" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Hamilton", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Hamilton-R" }, { "family_name": "Chiang", "given_name": "Norman", "clpid": "Chiang-N" }, { "family_name": "Taylor", "given_name": "Aurea", "clpid": "Taylor-A" } ], "abstract": "We have demonstrated a compact waveguide mode converter that excites a combination of TE_(10) and TE_(30) modes for feeding a grid amplifier. The length of the mode converter is only 13mm. The effective transmitter power (ETP) at 34GHz is 5W, with a gain of 5.5dB and a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 21%. The supply voltage is 3V, with a bias current of 5.6A. These results are comparable to those reported earlier for the same grid-amplifier design measured in free space. A spurious oscillation with a broad radiation pattern was observed at 33.6GHz with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 23mW. This oscillation was suppressed when the grid was operating at high power levels, and disappeared entirely at output powers above 4.5W.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.2002.1012145", "isbn": "0-7803-7239-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J", "publication_date": "2002-06", "pages": "1523-1526" }, { "id": "authors:p19ey-r0q33", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "p19ey-r0q33", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191209-154748050", "type": "article", "title": "A 24-GHz Patch Array with a Power Amplifier/Low-Noise Amplifier MMIC", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lu", "given_name": "Dai", "clpid": "Lu-Dai" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kovacevic", "given_name": "Milan", "clpid": "Kovacevic-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jon", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" } ], "abstract": "This paper presents an active patch array designed at 24 GHz. It can be used as a front-end component for a phased array. A series resonant array structure is chosen which is compact and easy excite. With 5 elements, the array proved a 12-dB antenna gain. A power amplifier and a low noise amplifier are designed on a single GaAs chip (PALNA). Bias switch is used in the PALNA, which greatly reduces the switch loss in a transceiver and increases the efficiency. 20-dB small signal gain is achieved in both power amplifier and low noise amplifier. The active patch array is built by the combination of the patch array and PALNA. The measured active gain of this antenna is 35-dB for the PA mode and 31-dB for the LNA mode. This active patch array can obtain an EIRP of 34 dBm with a total radiated power of 22dBm and a maximum PAE of 32%. To check the noise performance, we applied sources at both normal temperature and 77K (liquid nitrogen) and extracted the noise figure (3.5 dB) of the active antenna by the Y factor method. The results proved that the active antenna is working efficiently as both a transmitting and receiving antenna.", "doi": "10.1023/a:1015706318317", "issn": "0195-9271", "publisher": "Springer", "publication": "International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "publication_date": "2002-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "23", "issue": "5", "pages": "693-704" }, { "id": "authors:rtpz5-41f87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rtpz5-41f87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:AOKieeejssc02", "type": "article", "title": "Fully integrated CMOS power amplifier design using the distributed active-transformer architecture", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "A novel on-chip impedance matching and power-combining method, the distributed active transformer is presented. It combines several low-voltage push-pull amplifiers efficiently with their outputs in series to produce a larger output power while maintaining a 50-\u03a9 match. It also uses virtual ac grounds and magnetic couplings extensively to eliminate the need for any off-chip component, such as tuned bonding wires or external inductors. Furthermore, it desensitizes the operation of the amplifier to the inductance of bonding wires making the design more reproducible. To demonstrate the feasibility of this concept, a 2.4-GHz 2-W 2-V truly fully integrated power amplifier with 50-\u03a9 input and output matching has been fabricated using 0.35-\u03bcm CMOS transistors. It achieves a power added efficiency (PAE) of 41 % at this power level. It can also produce 450 mW using a 1-V supply. Harmonic suppression is 64 dBc or better. This new topology makes possible a truly fully integrated watt-level gigahertz range low-voltage CMOS power amplifier for the first time.", "doi": "10.1109/4.987090", "issn": "0018-9200", "publisher": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication_date": "2002-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "37", "issue": "3", "pages": "371-383" }, { "id": "authors:9b0pp-sp920", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9b0pp-sp920", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:AOKieeemtt02", "type": "article", "title": "Distributed active transformer - a new power-combining andimpedance-transformation technique", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "In this paper, we compare the performance of the newly introduced distributed active transformer (DAT) structure to that of conventional on-chip impedance-transformations methods. Their fundamental power-efficiency limitations in the design of high-power fully integrated amplifiers in standard silicon process technologies are analyzed. The DAT is demonstrated to be an efficient impedance-transformation and power-combining method, which combines several low-voltage push-pull amplifiers in series by magnetic coupling. To demonstrate the validity of the new concept, a 2.4-GHz 1.9-W 2-V fully integrated power-amplifier achieving a power-added efficiency of 41% with 50-\u03a9 input and output matching has been fabricated using 0.35-\u03bcm CMOS transistors", "doi": "10.1109/22.981284", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2002-01-01", "series_number": "1, pt.", "volume": "50", "issue": "1, pt.", "pages": "316-331" }, { "id": "authors:m5yxt-bq245", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m5yxt-bq245", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:AOKcicc01", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 2.4-GHz, 2.2-W, 2-V fully-integrated CMOS circular-geometry active-transformer power amplifier", "book_title": "IEEE Conference on Custom Integrated Circuits (CICC 2001), San Diego, CA, 6-9 May 2001", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "A 2.4-GHz, 2.2-W, 2-V fully integrated circular geometry power amplifier with 50 \u03a9 input and output matching is fabricated using 2.5V, 0.35 pm CMOS transistors. It can also produce 450mW using a 1V supply. Harmonic suppression is 64dB or better. An on-chip circular-geometry active-transformer is used to combine several push-pull low-voltage amplifiers efficiently to produce a larger output power while maintaining a 50 \u03a9 match. This new on-chip power combining and impedance matching method uses virtual ac grounds and magnetic couplings extensively to eliminate the need for any off-chip component such as wirebonds. It also desensitizes the operation of the amplifier to the inductance of bonding wires and makes the design more reproducible. This new topology makes possible a fully-integrated 2.2W, 2.4GHz, low voltage CMOS power amplifier for the first time.", "doi": "10.1109/CICC.2001.929723", "isbn": "0-7803-6591-7", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2001-05", "pages": "57-60" }, { "id": "authors:5y1w0-hrc43", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5y1w0-hrc43", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HARieeemm00", "type": "article", "title": "Spatial power combining for high-power transmitters", "author": [ { "family_name": "Harvey", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Harvey-J" }, { "family_name": "Brown", "given_name": "E. R.", "clpid": "Brown-E-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "R. A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" } ], "abstract": "This article surveys recent progress in the development of high-power microwave and millimeter-wave solid-state sources using spatial power-combining techniques. Several promising topologies are discussed, and four technology demonstrations are presented that have emerged from recent research in academia and industry. We also include a brief discussion of potential applications and systems insertion issues.", "doi": "10.1109/6668.893246", "issn": "1527-3342", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave Magazine", "publication": "IEEE Microwave Magazine", "publication_date": "2000-12-01", "series_number": "4", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "pages": "48-59" }, { "id": "authors:yg60s-n8w31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yg60s-n8w31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ZIRieeetmtt99", "type": "article", "title": "An LDMOS VHF class-E power amplifier using a high-Q novel variable inductor", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zirath", "given_name": "Herbert", "clpid": "Zirath-H" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "In this paper, an lateral diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor-based very high-frequency class-E power amplifier has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Simulations were verified by amplifier measurements and a record-high class-E output power was obtained at 144 MHz, which is in excellent agreement with simulations. The key of the results is the use of efficient device models, simulation tools, and the invention of a novel high-Q inductor for the output series resonance network. The latter allows for low losses in the output network and, simultaneously, a wide tuning range for maximum output power or maximum efficiency optimization.", "doi": "10.1109/22.809003", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1999-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "47", "issue": "12", "pages": "2534-2538" }, { "id": "authors:92zc5-vw747", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "92zc5-vw747", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170523-165719002", "type": "article", "title": "Guest Editor's overview", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.1999.808955", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1999-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "47", "issue": "12", "pages": "2176-2176" }, { "id": "authors:9eebf-9hp41", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9eebf-9hp41", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111206-100414956", "type": "article", "title": "An application of a constrained adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter for advanced control of surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous drives", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mari\u0107", "given_name": "Dragan S.", "clpid": "Mari\u0107-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Hiti", "given_name": "Silva", "clpid": "Hiti-S" }, { "family_name": "Stancu", "given_name": "Constantin C.", "clpid": "Stancu-C-C" }, { "family_name": "Nagashima", "given_name": "James M.", "clpid": "Nagashima-J-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A constrained adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter provides minimal phase delay and complete attenuation of the notch frequency. The allpass sections of the filter are realized as structurally lossless bounded real functions, with a minimum number of delay elements and multipliers. The filter structure admits orthogonal tuning of the notch frequency and notch bandwidth. An improved control scheme for surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous (SMPMS) drives ensures stable high-performance operation in the Bur weakening region, utilizing the over-modulation and six-step modes of the space vector modulation (SVM). An automatic transition into the flux weakening region is achieved by controlling the reference voltage magnitude. The fifth and seventh stator current harmonics of the fundamental frequency, generated in the over-modulation and six-step modes, propagate through the current control loops, resulting in the sixth harmonic in the reference voltage for the flux weakening loop and deteriorating drive performance. To properly filter the sixth harmonic over the extended speed range of the drive, the constrained adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter is employed.", "doi": "10.1109/81.809560", "issn": "1057-7122", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications", "publication_date": "1999-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "46", "issue": "12", "pages": "1513-1516" }, { "id": "authors:ceg4c-kdn47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ceg4c-kdn47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120110-085705786", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Novel Dielectric Loaded Antenna for Wireless Applications", "book_title": "1999 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheung", "given_name": "Chun-Tung", "clpid": "Cheung-C-T" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A new modified gamma-matched dielectric-loaded antenna suitable for terrestrial cellular applications is presented. A lumped-element equivalent circuit model is developed based on the electrical contribution of different elements of the antenna. Measured, simulated and equivalent circuit model predicted return losses are compared to test the validity of our equivalent circuit model.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1999.789068", "isbn": "0-7803-5639-x", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "1999-07", "pages": "38-41" }, { "id": "authors:9fv81-fr747", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9fv81-fr747", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:RUTieeetmtt99", "type": "article", "title": "Failures in power-combining arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Nai-Shuo", "clpid": "Cheng-Nai-Shuo" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "Robert A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" } ], "abstract": "We derive a simple formula for the change in output when a device fails in a power-combining structure with identical matched devices. The loss is written in terms of the scattering coefficient of the failed device and reflection coefficient of an input port in the combining network. We apply this formula to several power combiners, including arrays in free space and enclosed waveguide structures. Our simulations indicate the output power degrades gracefully as devices fail, which is in agreement with previously published results.", "doi": "10.1109/22.775439", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1999-07", "series_number": "7, pt", "volume": "47", "issue": "7, pt", "pages": "1077-1082" }, { "id": "authors:jds6p-7zj60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jds6p-7zj60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120110-151214532", "type": "book_section", "title": "Two Flux Weakening Schemes for Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Drives - Design and Transient Response Considerations", "book_title": "1999 Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE '99)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mari\u0107", "given_name": "Dragan S.", "clpid": "Mari\u0107-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Hiti", "given_name": "Silva", "clpid": "Hiti-S" }, { "family_name": "Stancu", "given_name": "Constantin C.", "clpid": "Stancu-C-C" }, { "family_name": "Nagashima", "given_name": "James M.", "clpid": "Nagashima-J-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Two recently published flux weakening schemes for surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous (SMPMS) drives have offered estimable advantages over previous solutions. The first scheme uses values of the voltage reference to generate an adequate flux weakening component of the stator current, whereas the second method detects an increase of the tracking error in torque-producing current component and uses the error signal for the flux weakening control. The viability of the algorithms has been demonstrated and the schemes have been compared and analyzed in steady state operation. The transient behavior is very important for electric vehicles and other high-performance applications. Here, we analyze the transient response characteristics of both schemes when a sudden change in the torque reference is received. The paper also describes an approach to practical regulator design and parameter selection for the flux weakening control section.", "doi": "10.1109/ISIE.1999.798693", "isbn": "0-7803-5662-4", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "New York, NY", "publication_date": "1999-07", "pages": "673-678" }, { "id": "authors:p9w6g-6eb60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "p9w6g-6eb60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111208-135509401", "type": "book_section", "title": "Robust flux weakening scheme for surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous drives employing an adaptive lattice-structure filter", "book_title": "APEC '99: Fourteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mari\u0107", "given_name": "Dragan S.", "clpid": "Mari\u0107-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Hiti", "given_name": "Silva", "clpid": "Hiti-S" }, { "family_name": "Stancu", "given_name": "Constantin C.", "clpid": "Stancu-C-C" }, { "family_name": "Nagashima", "given_name": "James M.", "clpid": "Nagashima-J-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "An advanced control structure for surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous (SMPMS) drives provides a stable, high performance operation in the flux weakening region, utilizing the over-modulation and six-step modes of the space vector modulation (SVM). An automatic transition into flux weakening is achieved by controlling the reference voltage magnitude. The fifth and seventh stator current harmonics of the fundamental frequency, generated in the over-modulation and six-step modes, propagate through the current control loops, resulting in the sixth harmonic in the reference voltage and deteriorating drive performance. To filter the sixth harmonic, an adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter is employed, providing minimal phase delay and complete attenuation of the sixth harmonic.", "doi": "10.1109/APEC.1999.749647", "isbn": "0-7803-5160-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1999-03", "pages": "271-276" }, { "id": "authors:d9rer-ca054", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d9rer-ca054", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PREims99", "type": "book_section", "title": "Modelling of quasi-optical arrays", "book_title": "1999 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Anaheim, CA, 13-19 June 1999", "author": [ { "family_name": "Preventza", "given_name": "Polly", "clpid": "Preventza-P" }, { "family_name": "Dickman", "given_name": "Blythe", "clpid": "Dickman-B" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Matloubian", "given_name": "Mehran" }, { "family_name": "Ponti", "given_name": "Elmira" } ], "abstract": "A model for analyzing quasi-optical grid amplifiers based on a finite-element electromagnetic simulator is presented. This model is deduced from the simulation of the whole unit cell and takes into account mutual coupling effects. By using this model, the gain of a 10\u00d710 grid amplifier has been accurately predicted. To further test the validity of the model three passive structures with different loads have been fabricated and tested using a new focused-beam network analyzer that we developed.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1999.779825", "isbn": "0-7803-5135-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1999", "pages": "563-566" }, { "id": "authors:92abv-8ek81", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "92abv-8ek81", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LUBieeetmtt98", "type": "article", "title": "Micromechanical tuning elements in a 620-GHz monolithic integrated circuit", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "While monolithic integrated-circuit technology promises a practical means for realizing reliable reproducible planar millimeter and submillimeter-wave circuits, conventional planar circuits do not allow for critical post-fabrication optimization of performance. A 620-GHz quasi-optical monolithic detector circuit is used here to demonstrate the performance of two integrated micromechanical planar tuning elements. This is the first reported demonstration of integrated micromechanical tuning at submillimeter wavelengths. The tuning elements, called sliding planar backshorts (SPBs), are used to adjust the electrical length of planar transmission-line tuning stubs to vary the power delivered between a substrate-lens coupled planar antenna and a thin-film bismuth detector over a range of nearly 15 dB. The circuit performance agrees with theoretical calculations and microwave measurements of a -0.06-dB reflection coefficient made for a scale model of the integrated tuners. The demonstrated tuning range for the SPB tuners indicates that they can be valuable for characterizing components in developmental circuits and for optimizing the in-use performance of various millimeter and submillimeter-wave integrated circuits.", "doi": "10.1109/22.739288", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "46", "issue": "12", "pages": "2098-2103" }, { "id": "authors:qr3na-n2208", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qr3na-n2208", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LUBjms98", "type": "article", "title": "Microfabrication of linear translator tuning elements in submillimeter-wave integrated circuits", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Yu-Chong", "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X", "clpid": "Tai-Yu-Chong" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A micromechanical planar tuning element has been developed and demonstrated in a fully monolithic 620-GHz integrated circuit. It allows for the mechanical variation of the electrical length of a coplanar transmission line tuner and is called a sliding planar backshort (SPB). It consists of a movable patterned rectangular metal plate confined by polyimide flanges along two of its edges to allow guided linear translation along the length of a dielectric-coated coplanar transmission line. Its fabrication involves an application of sacrificial-layer and molding techniques to materials and processes which are compatible with the fabrication of a wide range of submillimeter-wave integrated circuits. This is the first reported micromechanically adjustable tuning element demonstrated at submillimeter wavelengths.", "doi": "10.1109/84.735348", "issn": "1057-7157", "publisher": "Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems", "publication": "Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems", "publication_date": "1998-12", "series_number": "4", "volume": "7", "issue": "4", "pages": "404-410" }, { "id": "authors:fwvw2-jxc96", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fwvw2-jxc96", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MOUieeetmtt98a", "type": "article", "title": "Properties of periodic arrays of symmetric complementary structuresand their application to grid amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Deschamps' theorem for n-terminal complementary structures is reviewed. An extension to Deschamps' theorem for a class of three-terminal bounded structures with one axis of symmetry is presented. It is shown that, for these structures, a simple relationship between the impedances of the odd mode of the original structure and the admittances of the even mode of the complementary structure exists, and that these modes are orthogonal. Using this, a self-complementary grid amplifier is designed and the measured results are presented.", "doi": "10.1109/22.734518", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-11-01", "series_number": "11, pt", "volume": "46", "issue": "11, pt", "pages": "1956-1963" }, { "id": "authors:f3ks5-p1d23", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f3ks5-p1d23", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LISieeetmtt98", "type": "article", "title": "Element efficiency and noise in grid arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The element efficiency of a phased array is the ratio of the radiated-to-available power of a single element, when only that element is excited. We relate this element efficiency to the output noise power generated by a quasi-optical grid amplifier array. Both electromagnetic and thermodynamic derivations are presented. These ideas are used to predict the total noise power and noise radiation pattern of grid arrays. The results are also extended to show that the output noise temperature of the entire array will be the same as the output noise temperature of a single element.", "doi": "10.1109/22.734517", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-11-01", "series_number": "11, pt", "volume": "46", "issue": "11, pt", "pages": "1949-1955" }, { "id": "authors:8kswa-74r84", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8kswa-74r84", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MOUieeetmtt98b", "type": "article", "title": "A terahertz grid frequency doubler", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Wanke", "given_name": "Michael C.", "clpid": "Wanke-M-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yongjun", "clpid": "Li-Y" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Allen", "given_name": "S. James", "clpid": "Allen-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Crowe", "given_name": "Thomas W.", "clpid": "Crowe-T-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a 144-element terahertz quasi-optical grid frequency doubler. The grid is a planar structure with bow-tie antennas as a unit cell, each loaded with a planar Schottky diode. The maximum output power measured for this grid is 24 mW at 1 THz for 3.1-\u03bcs 500-GHz input pulses with a peak input power of 47 W. An efficiency of 0.17% for an input power of 6.3 W and output power of 10.8 mW is measured. To date, this is the largest recorded output power for a multiplier at terahertz frequencies. Input and output tuning curves are presented and an output pattern is measured and compared to theory.", "doi": "10.1109/22.734524", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-11-01", "series_number": "11, pt", "volume": "46", "issue": "11, pt", "pages": "1976-1981" }, { "id": "authors:1by6w-w1s90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1by6w-w1s90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120130-105259103", "type": "monograph", "title": "Self-Complementary Structures and Their Application in Grid Amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "An extension to Deschamps's theorem for a class of 3-terminal bounded structures with one axis of symmetry is presented. For these structures, a simple relationship between the impedance matrix of the odd mode excitation of the original structure and the admittance matrix of the even mode excitation of its complement exists. Using this, a self-complementary grid amplifier is designed and the measured results are presented.", "publisher": "NASA/JPL", "publication_date": "1998-06-21" }, { "id": "authors:1d0zj-jkq75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1d0zj-jkq75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LIUieeemtt98", "type": "article", "title": "Stability of grid amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a stability model for quasi-optical grid amplifiers. This model is useful for predicting and suppressing the common-mode oscillations that often occur in amplifier grids. Three stabilization techniques will be discussed. The first technique uses a capacitor to stabilize the grid. The second approach employs resistance to suppress the oscillations. The final technique stabilizes the grid by reducing the on-chip common-mode resistance, allowing greatly increased amplifier efficiencies. Experimental evidence will be presented to confirm the validity of our stability model.", "doi": "10.1109/22.681199", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "46", "issue": "6", "pages": "769-774" }, { "id": "authors:5c5wy-5h592", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5c5wy-5h592", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111215-114116150", "type": "book_section", "title": "A low-cost class-E power amplifier with sine-wave drive", "book_title": "1998 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Davis", "given_name": "John F.", "clpid": "Davis-J-F" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a 400 W class-E amplifier for industrial applications. The transistor is the International Rectifier IRFP450LC power MOSFET. The amplifier operates at 13.56 MHz and uses a drive level of 12 W to attain a drain efficiency of 86% and an overall efficiency of 84%. All harmonics are more than 40 dB below the carrier.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1998.705188", "isbn": "0-7803-4471-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1998-06", "pages": "1113-1116" }, { "id": "authors:2adz3-ftv57", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2adz3-ftv57", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120112-113455937", "type": "book_section", "title": "Submillimeter-wave sideband generation using a planar diode array", "book_title": "1998 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kurtz", "given_name": "David S.", "clpid": "Kurtz-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Hesler", "given_name": "Jeffrey L.", "clpid": "Hesler-J-L" }, { "family_name": "Haclker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Haclker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Crowe", "given_name": "Thomas W.", "clpid": "Crowe-T-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" } ], "abstract": "A 36 element array of planar Schottky diodes is used to mix the output of a CO_2 pumped far infrared laser with a 1-20 GHz microwave source to generate tunable sidebands at 1.6 THz. The double sideband power was measured by heterodyne detection with a 1T23 corner cube Schottky diode for a calculated output power of 5.9 \u03bcW with a 28 dB conversion loss.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1998.700868", "isbn": "0-7803-4471-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1998-06", "pages": "1903-1906" }, { "id": "authors:gswwx-jw761", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gswwx-jw761", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120130-093057834", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Terahertz Grid Frequency Doubler", "book_title": "1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Wanke", "given_name": "Michael C.", "clpid": "Wanke-M-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yongjun", "clpid": "Li-Y" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Hegmann", "given_name": "Frank A.", "clpid": "Hegmann-F-A" }, { "family_name": "Allen", "given_name": "S. James", "clpid": "Allen-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Crowe", "given_name": "Thomas W.", "clpid": "Crowe-T-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a 144-element terahertz quasi-optical grid frequency doubler. The grid is a planar structure with bow-tie antennas as a unit cell each loaded with a planar Schottky diode. The grid has an output power of 5.5 mW at 1 THz for 3.1-\u03bcs, 500-GHz input pulses with a peak power of 36 W. This is the largest recorded output power for a multiplier at terahertz frequencies.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602883", "isbn": "0-7803-3814-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "1997-06", "pages": "683-686" }, { "id": "authors:6mycz-xbx30", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6mycz-xbx30", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PREims97", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 43-GHz AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMT grid oscillator", "book_title": "1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Denver, CO, 8-13 June 1997", "author": [ { "family_name": "Preventza", "given_name": "Polly", "clpid": "Preventza-P" }, { "family_name": "Matloubian", "given_name": "Mehran", "clpid": "Matloubian-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Koepf", "given_name": "Gerhard A." }, { "family_name": "Huebner", "given_name": "Don" }, { "family_name": "Donovan", "given_name": "Joseph J." } ], "abstract": "A 36-element hybrid grid oscillator has been fabricated. The active devices are InP-based High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT's). The grid oscillates at 43 GHz with an effective radiated power of 200 mW. Measurements show the E and H-plane radiation patterns have side lobes 10 dB below the main beam. These results are a significant improvement over a previous millimeter-wave grid oscillator, which had a divided beam because of substrate modes", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602983", "isbn": "0-7803-3814-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1997", "pages": "1057-1060" }, { "id": "authors:vbryd-k4818", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vbryd-k4818", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LISieeetmtt96", "type": "article", "title": "Modeling and performance of a 100-element pHEMT grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Duncan", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Duncan-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Der-Wei", "clpid": "Tu-D-W" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-element hybrid grid amplifier has been fabricated, The active devices in the grid are custom-made pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) differential-pair chips. We present a model for gain analysis and compare measurements with theory. The grid includes stabilizing resistors in the gate. Measurements show the grid has a peak gain of 10 db when tuned for 10 GHz and a gain of 12 dB when tuned for 9 GHz. The maximum 3-dB bandwidth is 15% at 9 GHz. The minimum noise figure is 3 dB. The maximum saturated output power is 3.7 W, with a peak power-added efficiency of 12%. These results area significant improvement over previous grid amplifiers based on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's).", "doi": "10.1109/22.556440", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1996-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "44", "issue": "12", "pages": "2136-2144" }, { "id": "authors:t70fh-tfc73", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t70fh-tfc73", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120208-113853373", "type": "book_section", "title": "Monolithic 40-GHz 670-m W HBT Grid Amplifier", "book_title": "1996 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-Cheh-Ming" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "Wu Jing", "clpid": "Ho-Wu-Jing" }, { "family_name": "Higgins", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Higgins-J-A" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 36-element monolithic grid amplifier has been fabricated. The active elements are pairs of heterojunction-bipolar-transistors. Measurements show a peak gain of 5 dB at 40 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.8 GHz (4.5%). Here we also report comparisons of patterns and tuning curves between the measurements and theory. The grid includes base stabilizing capacitors which result in a highly stable grid. The maximum saturated output power is 670 mW at 40 GHz with a peak power-added efficiency of 4%. This is the first report of power measurements on the monolithic quasi-optical amplifier.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1996.511227", "isbn": "0-7803-3246-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "1996-06", "pages": "1123-1126" }, { "id": "authors:fbcg5-a3463", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fbcg5-a3463", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120208-111422792", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 44-60 GHz Monolithic pHEMT Grid Amplifier", "book_title": "1996 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Duncan", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Duncan-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Der-Wei", "clpid": "Tu-D-W" }, { "family_name": "Weinreb", "given_name": "Sander", "orcid": "0000-0002-9353-6204", "clpid": "Weinreb-S" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a 36-element monolithic millimeter-wave grid amplifier. The grid operates in the U-band, using pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistors (pHEMTs) as the active devices. The grid has a peak gain of 6.5 dB at 44 GHz. The grid can be tuned to operate from 44 GHz to 60 GHz by changing the positions of external polarizers and tuning slabs. At 60 GHz, the grid has a peak gain of 2.5 dB. Gain and tuning curves are consistent with theoretical predictions.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1996.511228", "isbn": "0-7803-3247-4", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "1996-06", "pages": "1127-1130" }, { "id": "authors:ys2w2-z7s26", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ys2w2-z7s26", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120223-093719809", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter-Wave Diffraction by a Photo-Induced Plasma Grating", "author": [ { "family_name": "Manasson", "given_name": "V. A.", "clpid": "Manasson-V-A" }, { "family_name": "Sadovnik", "given_name": "L. S.", "clpid": "Sadvnik-L-S" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Optical gratings are used extensively for beamsteering in the visible and IR range of the spectrum. Change in the dielectric permittivity of a semiconductor medium resulting from the excitation of a nonequilibrium electron-hole plasma makes it possible to extend this technique to MMW frequencies. A photo-induced plasma grating (PIPG) can be easily rewritten by changing the illumination pattern. So this technique can be used in optically controllable MMW antennas. Initial experimental work studied the diffraction of MMW propagating along a dielectric waveguide containing a PIPG. This paper reports on the diffraction of MMW propagating in free space, steered by the PIPG.", "doi": "10.1109/22.414579", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1995-09", "series_number": "9", "volume": "43", "issue": "9", "pages": "2288-2290" }, { "id": "authors:dr87a-3p186", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dr87a-3p186", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120216-111855906", "type": "book_section", "title": "40 GHz Monolithic Grid Amplifier", "book_title": "1995 53rd Annual Device Research Conference digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 36-element monolithic grid amplifier has been fabricated. The peak gain is 4 dB at 40 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 800 MHz. We discuss the design and measurements for the monolithic grid amplifier. The grid includes base stabilizing capacitors which result in a highly stable grid. This is the first report of a successful monolithic grid amplifier.", "doi": "10.1109/DRC.1995.496285", "isbn": "0-7803-2788-8", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1995-06", "pages": "92-93" }, { "id": "authors:nzjbq-res66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nzjbq-res66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120217-102843662", "type": "book_section", "title": "Gain and Stability Models for HBT Grid Amplifiers", "book_title": "1995 Digest IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "DeLisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 16-element heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) grid amplifier has been fabricated with a peak gain of 11 dB at 9.9 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 350 MHz. We report a gain analysis model for the grid and give a comparison of the measurement and theory. The measured patterns show the evidence of a common-mode oscillation. A stability model for the common-mode oscillation is developed. Based on the stability model, a lumped capacitor gives suitable phase shift of the circular function, thus stabilizing the grid. A second 18-element grid was fabricated, using this theory, with improved stability.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1995.530256", "isbn": "0-7803-2719-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1995-06", "pages": "1292-1295" }, { "id": "authors:767t9-12605", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "767t9-12605", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120217-100159654", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 100-Element MODFET Grid Amplifier", "book_title": "1995 Digest IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "DeLisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" } ], "abstract": "A 100-element quasi-optical amplifier is presented. The active devices are custom-fabricated modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs). Common-mode oscillations were suppressed using resistors in the input gate leads. The grid has 9 dB of gain at 10.1 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth is 1.2 GHz. We present a model for the gain of the grid versus frequency and compare measurement with theory.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1995.530259", "isbn": "0-7803-2719-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1995-06", "pages": "1304-1307" }, { "id": "authors:kk81m-s2853", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kk81m-s2853", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BAEmtts95", "type": "book_section", "title": "Metal mesh couplers using evanescent waves at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths", "book_title": "IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1995. Orlando, FL, 16-20 May 1995", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Jongsuck", "clpid": "Bae-Jongsuck" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-Jung-Chih" }, { "family_name": "Mizuno", "given_name": "Koji", "clpid": "Mizuno-Koji" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A metal mesh evanescent wave coupler which makes use of coupling of evanescent waves between a metal mesh and a tuning dielectric plate, has been developed as a quasioptical component for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The coupling coefficient of the capacitive evanescent wave coupler can be changed more than 70 % by moving the silicon plate only 60 \u03bcm at around 53 GHz. The transmission properties of the evanescent wave couplers depending on the mesh period and the silicon plate thickness have been studied.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1995.405935", "isbn": "0-7803-2581-8", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1995-05", "pages": "597-600" }, { "id": "authors:n84w9-6yf85", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n84w9-6yf85", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120306-141427864", "type": "book_section", "title": "Grid-Oscillator Beam-Steering Array", "book_title": "1994 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Shijie", "clpid": "Li-S" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Recently Liao and York (see IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.41, no.10, p.1810, 1993) showed that beam-steering can be achieved by detuning the end elements of a coupled-oscillator array. The advantage of this approach is that no phase shifters are required. Liao and York used a single line array of patch antennas. Here we report the results for a pair of 1\u00d74 HEMT line-grid oscillators at 11 GHz. This array can scan from -6.5\u00b0 to +5\u00b0 by changing the bias", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1994.407927", "isbn": "0-7803-2009-3", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1994-06", "pages": "868-871" }, { "id": "authors:1cdf5-rbk34", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1cdf5-rbk34", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120306-124144454", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 10-Watt X-Band Grid Oscillator", "book_title": "1994 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Shi-Jie", "clpid": "Li-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-transistor MESFET grid oscillator has been fabricated that generates an effective radiated power of 660 W at 9.8 GHz and has a directivity of 18.0 dB. This corresponds to a total radiated power of 10.3 W, or 103 mW per device. This is the largest recorded output power for a grid oscillator. The grid drain-source bias voltage is 7.4 V and the total drain current for the grid is 6.0 A, resulting in an overall dc-to-rf efficiency of 23%. The pattern of the SSB noise-to-carrier ratio was measured and found to be essentially independent of the radiation angle. The average SSB noise level was -87 dBc/Hz at an offset of 150 kHz from the carrier. An average improvement in the SSB noise-to-carrier ratio of 5 dB was measured for a 100-transistor grid compared to a 16-transistor grid", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1994.335230", "isbn": "0-7803-1778-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1994-05", "pages": "23-27" }, { "id": "authors:2xt2w-5qg30", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2xt2w-5qg30", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BAEims94", "type": "book_section", "title": "Metal mesh couplers using optical tunneling effect at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths", "book_title": "IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1994. San Diego, CA.", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Jongsuck", "clpid": "Bae-Jongsuck" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-Jung-Chih" }, { "family_name": "Mizuno", "given_name": "Koji", "clpid": "Mizuno-Koji" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A new metal mesh coupler that makes use of a tunneling effect of evanescent waves between a metal mesh and a dielectric plate, has been proposed as a quasi-optical component for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Theoretical calculation and experimental measurement performed from 40 GHz to 60 GHz show that the transmittance of the coupler can be changed more than 50 % for the variation of a spacing less than 0.18 mm between a capacitive mesh and a silicon plate at around 57 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1994.335238", "isbn": "0-7803-1778-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1994-05", "pages": "787-790" }, { "id": "authors:qrrbg-zg978", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qrrbg-zg978", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190828-081037610", "type": "book_section", "title": "Millimeter wave performance of a sliding planar backshort", "book_title": "International Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Applications 1994", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Afsar", "given_name": "Mohammed N.", "clpid": "Afsar-M-N" } ], "abstract": "A mechanically adjustable planar tuning element, for millimeter and submillimeter wave planar integrated circuits, has been developed and successfully demonstrated at 100 GHz. It functions analogously to a non-contacting waveguide backshort, with |s_(11)| \u2243 -0.3 db, yet can be fabricated with the simplicity of a planar circuit and scaled for use throughout the millimeter and submillimeter wave spectrum.", "doi": "10.1117/12.2303301", "isbn": "9780819415158", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1994-01", "pages": "Art. No. 22507W" }, { "id": "authors:f4hbj-taw85", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f4hbj-taw85", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190829-131532117", "type": "book_section", "title": "Microswitch beam-steering grid", "book_title": "International Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Applications 1994", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-Jung-Chih" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Afsar", "given_name": "Mohammed N.", "clpid": "Afsar-M-N" } ], "abstract": "We propose new microswitch beam-steering grids to operate at 90 GHz and 240 GHz. The microswitch beam-steering grid has potential advantages over mechanical-scanning devices or active beam-steering reflectors based on diode grids such as lower loss and simple control circuits. Simulations predict that a 4-bit controlled 10-layer microswitch beam-steering grid can have phase-shift resolution of 22.5\u00b0 with a loss of 1.6 dB and a maximum phase error of 5\u00b0 at 240 GHz.", "doi": "10.1117/12.2303298", "isbn": "9780819415585", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1994", "pages": "537-538" }, { "id": "authors:dtysy-0zz17", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dtysy-0zz17", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LUBieeemgwl93", "type": "article", "title": "A 100 GHz coplanar strip circuit tuned with a sliding planar backshort", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A means of mechanically altering the electrical length of a planar transmission line would greatly enhance the use of integrated circuit technology at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Such a mechanically adjustable planar RF tuning element, successfully demonstrated at 100 GHz, is described here. It consists of a thin metallic sheet, with appropriately sized and spaced holes, which slides along on top of a dielectric-coated coplanar-strip transmission line. Multiple RF reflections caused by this structure add constructively, resulting in a movable RF short circuit, with |s11|\u226bAPX=/-0.3 dB, which can be used to vary the electrical length of a planar tuning stub. The sliding short is used here to produce a 2-dB improvement in the response of a diode detector. This tuning element can be integrated with planar circuits to compensate for the effect of parasitic reactance inherent in various devices including semiconductor diodes and superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions.", "doi": "10.1109/75.251396", "issn": "1051-8207", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication_date": "1993-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "3", "issue": "12", "pages": "441-443" }, { "id": "authors:xgqsv-jcx51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xgqsv-jcx51", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeetmtt93a", "type": "article", "title": "A 6.5 GHz-11.5 GHz source using a grid amplifier with a twist reflector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors have constructed and tested an oscillator using a grid amplifier with external feedback from a twist reflector. The twist reflector serves two functions; it changes the output polarization to match the input, and its position sets the feedback phase. This permits a wider tuning range than has been possible with previous grid oscillators. The source could be continuously tuned from 8.2 GHz to 11.0 GHz by moving the twist reflector. By moving the polarizer and mirror in the twist reflector independently, a 1.8-to-1 frequency range from 6.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz was achieved. The peak effective radiated power was 6.3 W at 9.9 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/22.247922", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1993-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "41", "issue": "10", "pages": "1772-1774" }, { "id": "authors:weq55-1z890", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "weq55-1z890", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeetmtt93b", "type": "article", "title": "A 100-element HBT grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Shi-Jie", "clpid": "Li-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Gagnon", "given_name": "David R.", "clpid": "Gagnon-D-R" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-element 10-GHz grid amplifier has been developed. The active devices in the grid are chips with heterojunction-bipolar-transistor (HBT) differential pairs. The metal grid pattern was empirically designed to provide effective coupling between the HBTs and free space. Two independent measurements, one with focusing lenses and the other without, were used to characterize the grid. In each case, the peak gain was 10 dB at 10 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1 GHz. The input and output return losses were better than 15 dB at 10 GHz. The maximum output power was 450 mW, and the minimum noise figure was 7 dB. By varying the bias, a signal could be amplitude modulated with a modulation index as large as 0.65. Tests show that the grid was quite tolerant of failures-the output power dropped by only 1 dB when 10% of the inputs were detuned. The grid amplifier is a multimode device that amplifies beams of different shapes and angles. Beams with incidence angles up to 30\u00b0 were amplified with less than a 3-dB drop in gain.", "doi": "10.1109/22.247921", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1993-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "41", "issue": "10", "pages": "1762-1771" }, { "id": "authors:70rgm-w5226", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "70rgm-w5226", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120308-110618061", "type": "book_section", "title": "Performance and applications of a 100-element HBT grid amplifier", "book_title": "1993 Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC '93)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Shi-Jie", "clpid": "Li-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Gagnon", "given_name": "David R.", "clpid": "Gagnon-D-R" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" } ], "abstract": "A 100-element 10-GHz grid amplifier has been developed. The active devices in the grid are chips with heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) differential pairs that include a resistive network to provide self-bias to the base. The planar metal grid structure was empirically designed to provide effective coupling between the HBTs and free space. The peak gain of the grid was 10 dB at 10 GHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 1 GHz. The input and output matches are better than 15 dB at 10 GHz. The maximum output power is 450 mW, and the minimum noise figure is 7 dB. Tests show that the grid is quite tolerant of failures-the output power dropped by only 1 dB when the 10% of the inputs were detuned. The device amplifies beams with incidence angles up to 30\u00b0 with less than a 3-dB drop in power. By providing external feedback with a twist reflector, the grid amplifier can be used as a broadband tunable source. This source could be tuned from 6.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz with a peak effective radiated power (ERP) of 6.3 W at 9.9 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/APMC.1993.468469", "isbn": "0-7803-1352-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "1993-10", "pages": "38-41" }, { "id": "authors:4629z-7n629", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4629z-7n629", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEDieeete93", "type": "article", "title": "Wave computations for microwave education", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The analysis of even simple microwave circuits can involve complicated calculations. It is argued that students repeatedly forced through this exercise are left exhausted and never develop understanding and insight into the principles of high-frequency circuit design. The use of computer-aided design software eliminates the network analysis burden, but it is a precarious solution: students easily become dependent on software and never develop analytical skills. A simple wave computational approach to microwave network analysis is discussed. The method is derived from Mason's theory of signal flow graphs and is based on wave variables and scattering parameters. The approach is easily understood and applied as either an analytical tool, or within a microwave CAD analysis engine. PC software using this computational technique is described and its educational applications are discussed.", "doi": "10.1109/13.204831", "issn": "0018-9359", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Education", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Education", "publication_date": "1993-02-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "36", "issue": "1", "pages": "127-131" }, { "id": "authors:jvjbg-z9k28", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jvjbg-z9k28", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KONapl92", "type": "article", "title": "Picosecond electrical spectroscopy using monolithic GaAs circuits", "author": [ { "family_name": "Konishi", "given_name": "Y.", "clpid": "Konishi-Y" }, { "family_name": "Kamegawa", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Kamegawa-M" }, { "family_name": "Case", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Case-M" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Yu-R" }, { "family_name": "Rodwell", "given_name": "M. J. W.", "clpid": "Rodwell-M-J-W" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "R. A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This article describes an experimental apparatus for free-space mm-wave transmission measurements (spectroscopy). GaAs nonlinear transmission lines and sampling circuits are used as picosecond pulse generators and detectors, with planar monolithic bowtie antennas with associated substrate lenses used as the radiating and receiving elements. The received pulse is 270 mV amplitude and 2.4 ps rise time. Through Fourier transformation of the received pulse, 30\u2013250 GHz measurements are demonstrated with <=0.3 dB (rms) accuracy.", "doi": "10.1063/1.108051", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1992-12-07", "series_number": "23", "volume": "61", "issue": "23", "pages": "2829-2831" }, { "id": "authors:w2bb2-vfb94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w2bb2-vfb94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEDieeemtt92", "type": "article", "title": "Wave techniques for noise modeling and measurement", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The noise wave approach is applied to analysis, modeling, and measurement applications. Methods are presented for the calculation of component and network noise wave correlation matrices. Embedding calculations, relations to two-port figures-of-merit, and transformations to traditional representations are discussed. Simple expressions are derived for MESFET and HEMT noise wave parameters based on a linear equivalent circuit. A noise wave measurement technique is presented and experimentally compared with the conventional method.", "doi": "10.1109/22.168757", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1992-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "40", "issue": "11", "pages": "2004-2012" }, { "id": "authors:wr614-wd856", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wr614-wd856", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEIieeetmtt92", "type": "article", "title": "Planar MESFET grid oscillators using gate feedback", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M, II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A method for quasi-optically combining the output power of MESFETs in which drain and source leads couple directly to the radiated field is introduced. The design consists of a planar grid of devices placed in a Fabry-Perot cavity. Capacitive feedback is provided to the gate, allowing oscillation at much higher frequencies than previous grids. The oscillation frequency is dependent on the device characteristics, the resonator cavity, and the symmetries of the grid. A transmission-line model for the grid is discussed and used to design two oscillator arrays. A 16-element grid has produced 335 mW of power at 11.6 GHz with a DC-to-RF conversion efficiency of 20%. This design was scaled to produce a 36-element grid oscillator with output power of 235 mW at 17 GHz. These results represent a significant improvement in the performance of planar grid oscillators. The planar configuration of the grid is very convenient for monolithic integration and is easily scalable to millimeter-wave frequencies.", "doi": "10.1109/22.168756", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1992-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "40", "issue": "11", "pages": "1997-2003" }, { "id": "authors:wrzjh-j6q36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wrzjh-j6q36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEIprocieee92", "type": "article", "title": "Transistor oscillator and amplifier grids", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Popvi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Although quasi-optical techniques are applicable to a large variety of solid-state devices, special attention is given to transistors, which are attractive because they can be used as either amplifiers or oscillators. Experimental results for MESFET bar-grid and planar grid oscillators are presented. A MESFET grid amplifier that receives only vertically polarized waves at the input and radiates horizontally polarized waves at the output is discussed. These planar grids can be scaled for operation at millimeter- and submillimeter-wave frequencies. By using modern IC fabrication technology, planar grid oscillators and amplifiers containing thousands of devices can be built, thereby realizing an efficient means for large-scale power combining.", "doi": "10.1109/5.175256", "issn": "0018-9219", "publisher": "Proceedings of the IEEE", "publication": "Proceedings of the IEEE", "publication_date": "1992-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "80", "issue": "11", "pages": "1800-1809" }, { "id": "authors:vnj9y-g0w31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vnj9y-g0w31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeeted92", "type": "article", "title": "A 10-GHz quasi-optical grid amplifier using integrated HBTdifferential pairs", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonkil", "clpid": "Kim-Moonkil" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "E. A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "W. J.", "clpid": "Ho-Wu-Jing" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "J. B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "R. Peter", "clpid": "Smith-R-P" } ], "abstract": "The authors report the fabrication and testing of a 10-GHz grid amplifier utilizing 16 GaAs chips each containing an HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) differential pair plus integral bias/feedback resistors. The AlGaAs-GaAs HBT material was grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The amplifier exhibits a peak gain of 12 dB at 9.9 GHz, with a 3 dB bandwidth which extends from 9.55 and 10.3 GHz. The peak gain and bandwidth are sensitive to polarizer position, indicating that the polarizers provide good matching to free space. Output power is linear with input power, indicating that the grid operates as an amplifier rather than as an injection-locked oscillator. Gain saturation can be observed at low DC bias and high-input RF levels.", "doi": "10.1109/16.163537", "issn": "0018-9383", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices", "publication_date": "1992-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "39", "issue": "11", "pages": "2667-2668" }, { "id": "authors:f48ss-r8n15", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f48ss-r8n15", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120329-104354710", "type": "book_section", "title": "A monolithic 35 GHz HBT quasi-optical grid oscillator", "book_title": "14th Annual IEEE GaAs IC Symposium: 1992 Technical Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "E. A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-Moonil" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "R. M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Deakin", "given_name": "D. S.", "clpid": "Deakin-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "W. J.", "clpid": "Ho-Wu-Jing" }, { "family_name": "Higgins", "given_name": "J. A.", "clpid": "Higgins-J-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors report on the fabrication and testing of a monolithic 35-GHz grid oscillator. The frequency of operation was 34.6-GHz at 13 dBm estimated ERP (equivalent radiated power). The device consists of an array of 6 by 6 HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) unit cells. The chip dimensions were 6 mm by 7 mm. Oscillators of this kind utilize the free-space propagation characteristics of electromagnetic beams to synchronize the operation of many spatially separated devices. Grid devices use optical techniques to provide electrical functions such as feedback and power combining. The frequency of operation is determined by the dimension of the unit cell and by the distance from the reflecting (feedback) back mirror. Higher frequencies require smaller unit cells, thus opening the possibility of very compact high-power millimeter-wave sources.", "doi": "10.1109/GAAS.1992.247279", "isbn": "0-7803-0773-9", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1992-10", "pages": "305-308" }, { "id": "authors:2j85n-60c18", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2j85n-60c18", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120322-112313208", "type": "book_section", "title": "Probe modeling for millimeter-wave integrated-circuit horn antennas", "book_title": "1992 Digest IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Yong" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-Jung-Chih" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Integrated-circuit probe-excited horn-antenna arrays etched in silicon\nare well developed. They are a very promising class of antenna arrays for\nmilli-meter and submillimeter applications. Further development of this technology\ninvolves integrating mixers and amplifiers into the antenna arrays. In\nan effort to develop an antenna-mixer array based on the existing technology,\nvarious antenna probes inside the pyramidal horns have been examined on scaled\nmodel-horns at the microwave frequencies. In this paper, modeling results and\ndesign principles of these antenna probes have been presented, which include the\nresonant impedance, the operating frequency, and the bandwidth of the horn antennas.\nThese measurement results provide a guideline in designing probes for\nmillimeter/submillimeter-wave integrated-circuit horn-antenna-mixer arrays.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1992.221438", "isbn": "0-7803-0730-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1992-07", "pages": "2159-2162" }, { "id": "authors:kstyp-9y342", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kstyp-9y342", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120329-095607685", "type": "book_section", "title": "A millimeter-wave slot-V antenna", "book_title": "1992 Digest IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A V-shaped slot antenna built on a dielectric substrate is presented. The antenna is a nonresonant, traveling-wave design, with a predicted impedance in the range from 50 \u03a9 to 80 \u03a9. Calculations indicate that this antenna should have a gain of 15 dB with 3 dB beamwidths of 10\u00b0 in the H plane and 64\u00b0 in the E plane. Pattern measurements at 90 GHz support the theory. It should be possible to equalize the two beamwidths with a cylindrical lens. The broad bandwidth and high gain characteristics make the slot- V a good candidate for picosecond optoelectronic measurements. Fabrication is simple, and it should be possible to make this antenna at wavelengths as short as 10 \u03bcm with conventional photolithography.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1992.221703", "isbn": "0-7803-0730-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1992-07", "pages": "1894-1897" }, { "id": "authors:8dvh0-07c66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8dvh0-07c66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120315-145041263", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 10 GHz Quasi-Optical Grid Amplifier Using Integrated HBT Differential Pairs", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-Moonil" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "E. A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "W. J.", "clpid": "Ho-Wu-Jing" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "J. B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "R. Peter", "clpid": "Smith-R-P" } ], "abstract": "We report the fabrication and testing of a 10 GHz grid amplifier utilizing sixteen GaAs chips each\ncontaining an HBT differential pair plus integral bias/feedback resistors. The overall amplifier consists of\na 4x4 array of unit cells on an RT Duroid\u2122 board having a relative permittivity of 2.2. Each unit cell\nconsists of an emitter-coupled differential pair at the center, an input antenna which extends horizontally\nin both directions from the two base leads, an output antenna which extends vertically in both directions\nfrom the two collector leads, and high inductance bias lines. In operation, the active grid array is placed\nbetween a pair of crossed polarizers. The horizontally polarized input wave passes through the input\npolarizer and couples to the input leads. An amplified current then flows on the vertical leads, which\nradiate a vertically polarized amplified signal through the output polarizer. The polarizers serve dual\nfunctions, providing both input-output isolation as well as independent impedance matching for the input\nand output ports. The grid thus functions essentially as a free-space beam amplifier. Calculations indicate\nthat output powers of several watts per square centimeter of grid area should be attainable with optimized\nstructures.", "doi": "10.1109/DRC.1992.671900", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1992-06" }, { "id": "authors:5d0wz-15086", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5d0wz-15086", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170918-142442947", "type": "book_section", "title": "Quasi-optical solid-state microwave sources", "book_title": "Intense Microwave and Particle Beams III", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-Moonil" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Brandt", "given_name": "Howard E.", "clpid": "Brandt-H-E" } ], "abstract": "Quasi-optical power-combining offers the most promising method for extracting large amounts of power from solid-state devices in the microwave and millimeter-wave range. This technique can be applied to a variety of devices. The difficulties associated with traditional waveguides power-combiners such as skin-effect losses are eliminated because the signals are combined in free-space. The solid-state devices are embedded in a two-dimensional grid configuration and placed in a Fabry-Perot cavity. In this respect, the quasi-optical power-combiner is analogous to a laser oscillator in which the active medium of the laser is replaced with an array of active devices. The grid presents a reflection coefficient to an incident plane wave which is larger than unity and the resonator provides feedback to couple the devices together. The two-dimensional structure of the grid is amenable to modern photolithographic processing and potentially allows thousands of devices to be integrated monolithically.", "doi": "10.1117/12.137137", "isbn": "0-8194-0775-5", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1992-04-01", "pages": "377-378" }, { "id": "authors:fge1e-8tp47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fge1e-8tp47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HACieeetmtt92", "type": "article", "title": "A 100-element planar Schottky diode grid mixer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors present a Schottky diode grid mixer suitable for mixing or detecting quasi-optical signals. The mixer is a planar bow-tie grid structure periodically loaded with diodes. A simple transmission line model is used to predict the reflection coefficient of the grid to a normally incident plane wave. The grid mixer power handling and dynamic range scales as the number of devices in the grid. A 10-GHz 100-element grid mixer has shown an improvement in dynamic range of 16.3 to 19.8 dB over an equivalent single-diode mixer. The conversion loss and noise figure of the grid are equal to those of a conventional mixer. The quasi-optical coupling of the input signals makes the grid mixer suitable for millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave applications by eliminating waveguide sidewall losses and machining difficulties. The planar property of the grid potentially allows thousands of devices to be integrated monolithically.", "doi": "10.1109/22.121732", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1992-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "40", "issue": "3", "pages": "557-562" }, { "id": "authors:zq1f0-2k797", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zq1f0-2k797", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeemgwl91", "type": "article", "title": "A grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "R. Peter", "clpid": "Smith-R-P" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 50-MESFET grid amplifier is reported that has a gain of 11 dB at 3.3 GHz. The grid isolates the input from the output by using vertical polarization for the input beam and horizontal polarization for the transmitted output beam. The grid unit cell is a two-MESFET differential amplifier. A simple calibration procedure allows the gain to be calculated from a relative power measurement. This grid is a hybrid circuit, but the structure is suitable for fabrication as a monolithic wafer-scale integrated circuit, particularly at millimeter wavelengths.", "doi": "10.1109/75.93899", "issn": "1051-8207", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication_date": "1991-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "1", "issue": "11", "pages": "322-324" }, { "id": "authors:k5f0z-qsc03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "k5f0z-qsc03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120419-081631951", "type": "book_section", "title": "Beam Diffraction by a Planar Grid Structure at 93 GHz", "book_title": "1991 Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The idea of using diode grids for electronic beam steering was introduced by Lam et al [l]. As shown in Figure 1, when an incident beam reflects off the diode grid, the direction of the reflected wave can be controlled by progressively varying the ref1ection phase across the grid. The reflection phase of the diode grid can be controlled by varying the DC bias\non the diodes. Later, a monolithic diode grid was fabricated with l600 varactor diodes, and a relative phase shift of 70\u00b0 at 93 GHz was measured [2]. This work verified the transmission-line theory used to design the grid, but the phase shift was not sufficient to steer the beam, recently, Johansson [3] designed and built a passive planar grating reflector antenna that focused a beam. A rigorous moment-method solution was applied to choose a grating geometry to select the first-order diffracted wave. In this work, using\nthe transmission-line model approach, the goal was to demonstrate that the beam can be steered by building a grid structure without diodes to give a fixed beam shift. In these grids, diodes were replaced by gaps with different sizes to obtain different capacitances needed to steer a beam at 93 GHz. The result show a successful beam shift of 30\u00b0 with a loss of 2.5 dB.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1991.174795", "isbn": "0-7803-0144-7", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1991-06", "pages": "150-153" }, { "id": "authors:sp4dq-z0478", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "sp4dq-z0478", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120419-134544935", "type": "book_section", "title": "An X-Band MESFET Grid Oscillator with Gate Feedback", "book_title": "1991 Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "In this work we present a design for a quasi-optical MESFET power-combining array that utilizes gate feedback. This circuit is different from previous MESFET grids that utilized packaged devices and source feedback to produce an oscillator at 5 GHz. The present configuration allows the drain and source leads to couple directly to the radiated field. Simulations indicate that this configuration can be used to build a high-frequency oscillator, A transmission-line model for the grid is presented and used to design a 25-element grid for operation at 10 GHz. Measurements show that the grid delivers an effective radiated power (ERP) of 2.4 W at 10.9 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1991.174791", "isbn": "0-7803-0144-7", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1991-06", "pages": "134-137" }, { "id": "authors:5n14e-22492", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5n14e-22492", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEDieeemgwl91", "type": "article", "title": "Noise waves and passive linear multiports", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Noise waves are a powerful means for characterizing noise in microwave circuits. A simple derivation is given for the relation between a passive circuit's noise-wave correlation matrix and its scattering matrix. It is shown that this relation, referred to as Bosma's theorem, can be readily derived from the fundamental principle that a passive multiport in thermodynamic equilibrium with reflectionless terminations produces uncorrelated output waves.", "doi": "10.1109/75.89082", "issn": "1051-8207", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication_date": "1991-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "1", "issue": "5", "pages": "117-119" }, { "id": "authors:z6m18-4xa24", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "z6m18-4xa24", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LEEieeetap91", "type": "article", "title": "Thin-film power-density meter for millimeter wavelengths", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Karen A.", "clpid": "Lee-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A quasi-optical power density meter for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths has been developed. The device is a 2-cm^2 thin-film bismuth bolometer deposited on a mylar membrane. The resistance responsivity is 150 \u03a9/W, and the time constant is 1 min. The meter is calibrated at DC. The bolometer is much thinner than a wavelength, and can thus be modeled as a lumped resistance in a transmission-line equivalent circuit. The absorption coefficient is 0.5 for 189-\u03a9/square film. The power-density meter has been used to measure absolute power densities for millimeter-wave antenna efficiency measurements. Absolute power densities of 0.5 mW/cm^2 have been measured to an estimated accuracy of 5%.", "doi": "10.1109/8.76347", "issn": "0018-926X", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication_date": "1991-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "39", "issue": "3", "pages": "425-428" }, { "id": "authors:ry5f2-ypa98", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ry5f2-ypa98", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:POPieeetmtt91", "type": "article", "title": "A 100-MESFET planar grid oscillator", "author": [ { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-MESFET oscillator which gives 21 W of CW effective radiated power (ERP) with a 16-dB directivity and a 20% DC-to-RF conversion efficiency at 5 GHz is presented. The oscillator is a planar grid structure periodically loaded with transistors. The grid radiates and the devices combine quasi-optically and lock to each other. The oscillator can also be quasi-optically injection-locked to an external signal. The planar grid structure is very simple. All of the devices share the same bias, and they can be power and frequency tuned with a mirror behind the grid or dielectric slabs in front of it. An equivalent circuit for an infinite grid predicts the mirror frequency tuning. The planar property of the oscillator offers the possibility of a wafer-scale monolithically integrated source. Thousands of active solid-state devices can potentially be integrated in a high-power source for microwave or millimeter-wave applications.", "doi": "10.1109/22.102960", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1991-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "39", "issue": "2", "pages": "193-200" }, { "id": "authors:97n56-vbx74", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "97n56-vbx74", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HACapsis91", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 100-element Schottky diode grid mixer", "book_title": "Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSIS), 1991", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors present a 100-element planar grid mixer consisting of Schottky beam-lead diodes placed in bow-tie shaped unit cells. Preliminary results show that the reflection coefficient of this grid agrees well with theory. A grid conversion loss of 9.3 dB at 10 GHz has been measured. This grid of Schottky diodes is suitable for use as a quasi-optically coupled mixer. The mixer grid is attractive for millimeter-wave applications because of its low-loss quasi-optical coupling, and because its dynamic range can be increased by a factor of the number of devices in the grid. This is important for SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) receivers where dynamic range is fundamentally limited.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1991.174794", "isbn": "0780301455", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1991", "pages": "146-149" }, { "id": "authors:xphp4-qh037", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xphp4-qh037", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUrsi90", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter and submillimeter wave technology developments for the next generation of fusion devices", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Sjogren", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Sjogren-L" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Popovic", "given_name": "Z.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikel", "given_name": "R. W.", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "There is increasing demand for compact watt-level coherent sources in the millimeter and submillimeter wave region. The approach that we have taken to satisfy this need is to fabricate two-dimensional grids loaded with oscillators, electronic beam steerers, and frequency multipliers for quasioptical coherent spatial combining of the outputs of a large number of low-power devices.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1141658", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1990-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "61", "issue": "10", "pages": "3253-3255" }, { "id": "authors:9s622-32x76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9s622-32x76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REBieeetap90", "type": "article", "title": "Monolithic millimeter-wave two-dimensional horn imaging arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Yong" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A monolithic two-dimensional horn imaging array has been fabricated for millimeter wavelengths. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in an etched pyramidal cavity on a 1-\u03bcm silicon-oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low-frequency connections and processing electronics. The theoretical pattern is calculated by approximating the horn structure by a cascade of rectangular-waveguide sections. The boundary conditions are matched at each of the waveguide sections and at the aperture of the horn. Patterns at 93 and 242 GHz agree well with theory. Horn aperture efficiencies of 44\u00b14%, including mismatch and resistive losses, have been measured. A detailed breakdown of the losses is presented. The coupling efficiency to various f-number imaging systems is investigated, and a coupling efficiency of 24% for an f0.7 imaging system (including spillover, taper, mismatch and resistive losses) has been measured. Possible application areas include imaging arrays for remote sensing, plasma diagnostics, radiometry and superconducting tunnel-junction receivers for radio astronomy.", "doi": "10.1109/8.57001", "issn": "0018-926X", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication_date": "1990-09", "series_number": "9", "volume": "38", "issue": "9", "pages": "1473-1482" }, { "id": "authors:qnsy8-r6z83", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qnsy8-r6z83", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120510-082320592", "type": "book_section", "title": "Quasi-optical power-combining arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya Basta", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "Robert A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" } ], "abstract": "Semiconductor devices have limited power handling capabilities at high frequencies, particularly at millimeter-wave frequencies. A method is presented for overcoming this problem by combining the outputs of several devices quasi-optically in a resonator cavity. This method has been applied to a number of solid-state devices, including Gunn diodes and MESFETs. The devices do not require an external locking signal because they lock to a mode of the resonator cavity. Effective radiated powers of 22 watts for a 4\u00d74 array of Gunn diodes and 25 watts for a 10\u00d710 array of MESFETs have been achieved.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1990.99794", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1990-05" }, { "id": "authors:jbr61-w6h59", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jbr61-w6h59", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120508-133503684", "type": "book_section", "title": "Aperture efficiency of chemically etched horns at 93 GHz", "author": [ { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Karen", "clpid": "Lee-K" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip", "clpid": "Stimson-P" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The aperture efficiency of monolithic two-dimensional horn imaging arrays has been optimized at 93 GHz. The imaging arrays consist of several silicon wafers into which arrays of pyramidal horns are etched chemically. Dipole antennas and detectors are suspended on thin silicon oxynitride membranes on one of the central silicon wafers about halfway down the horns. The devices are 7\u00d77 arrays with a 1 \u03bb opening and a 71\u00b0 flare angle. Antenna impedances have been measured on a low-frequency model. A variety of millimeter-wave dipole antennas and bolometers have been designed and tested. A large-area bismuth thin-film power meter is used to obtain accurate absolute power. The measured aperture efficiency improved from 44% to 72%. The highest system coupling efficiency with a lens was 36% including lens absorption and reflection losses.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1990.115381", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1990-05" }, { "id": "authors:yz3qn-pnh13", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yz3qn-pnh13", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120510-102125873", "type": "book_section", "title": "A 100-Element MESFET Grid Oscillator", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Popvi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A planar grid oscillator which combines the outputs of 100 devices quasi-optically is presented. The planar configuration is attractive because it is compatible with present-day IC fabrication techniques. In addition, the grid's structure leads to a transmission-line model that can readily be applied to the design of larger grids in the future. This approach is particularly attractive for wafer-scale integration at millimeter wavelengths. The grid oscillates near 5 GHz and can be frequency tuned with mirror spacing from 4.8 GHz to 5.2 GHz. The far-field radiation patterns for the grid are shown. From the pattern, the directivity is calculated to be 16 dB. The ERP is measured to be 25 W. The DC input power is 3 W, and the power radiated from the grid is calculated to be 0.625 W. This gives a DC-to-RF efficiency of 20%.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1990.115321", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1990-05" }, { "id": "authors:bsyax-1ke46", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bsyax-1ke46", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:POPieeetmtt90", "type": "article", "title": "Bar-grid oscillators", "author": [ { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya Basta", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Grid oscillators are an attractive way of obtaining high power levels from the solid-state devices, since potentially the output powers of thousands of individual devices can be combined. The active devices do not require an external locking signal, and the power combining is done in free space. Thirty-six transistors were mounted on parallel brass bars, which provide a stable bias and have a low thermal resistance. The output power degraded gradually when the devices failed. The grid gave an effective radiated power of 3 W at 3 GHz. The directivity was 11.3 dB, and the DC-to-RF efficiency was 22%. Modulation capabilities of the grid were demonstrated. An equivalent circuit model for the grid is derived, and comparison with experimental results is shown.", "doi": "10.1109/22.45341", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1990-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "38", "issue": "3", "pages": "225-230" }, { "id": "authors:83899-wzv22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "83899-wzv22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUieeeted89b", "type": "article", "title": "Array concepts for solid-state and vacuum microelectronics millimeter-wave generation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "Ruey J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "C. J.", "clpid": "Jou-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Nim-M" }, { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "W. W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Popvi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors have proposed that the increasing demand for contact watt-level coherent sources in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave region can be satisfied by fabricating two-dimensional grids loaded with oscillators and multipliers for quasi-optical coherent spatial combining of the outputs of large numbers of low-power devices. This was first demonstrated through the successful fabrication of monolithic arrays with 2000 Schottky diodes. Watt-level power outputs were obtained in doubling to 66 GHz. In addition, a simple transmission-line model was verified with a quasi-optical reflectometer that measured the array impedance. This multiplier array work is being extended to novel tripler configurations using blocking barrier devices. The technique has also been extended to oscillator configurations where the grid structure is loaded with negative-resistance devices. This was first demonstrated using Gunn devices. More recently, a 25-element MESFET grid oscillating at 10 GHz exhibited power combining and self-locking. Currently, this approach is being extended to a 100-element monolithic array of Gunn diodes. This same approach should be applicable to planar vacuum electron devices such as the submillimeter-wave BWO (backward wave oscillator) and vacuum FET.", "doi": "10.1109/16.43767", "issn": "0018-9383", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices", "publication_date": "1989-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "36", "issue": "11", "pages": "2645-2650" }, { "id": "authors:vrqk5-9gj93", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vrqk5-9gj93", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120524-095106887", "type": "book_section", "title": "Quasi-optical watt-level millimeter-wave monolithic solid-state diode-grid frequency multipliers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Sadwick", "given_name": "L. P.", "clpid": "Sadwick-L-P" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Sokolich", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Sokolich-M" }, { "family_name": "Hancock", "given_name": "B.", "clpid": "Hancock-B" } ], "abstract": "A monolithic planar array containing thousands of GaAs Barrier-Intrinsic-N^+ diodes have produced one watt output power at 100 GHz in a tripler configuration. Tripling efficiency of 8.5% has been obtained from approximately 4-mW incident power on each diode, in excellent agreement with the predictions of large-signal nonlinear circuit analysis of frequency multiplication. The device performance is limited by the parameters of the fabricated diodes. Significant improvement is expected with realizable diode parameters and optimized pumping condition.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1989.38907", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1989-06" }, { "id": "authors:jpmxd-byj15", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jpmxd-byj15", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUicwfit89", "type": "book_section", "title": "Highly efficient frequency triplers in the millimeter wave region incorporating a back-to-back configuration of two varactor diodes", "book_title": "International Conference on Millimeter Wave and Far-Infrared Technology, ICMWFT '89, Beijing, 19-23 June 1989", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Sadwick", "given_name": "L. P.", "clpid": "Sadwick-L-P" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Sokolich", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Sokolich-M" } ], "abstract": "This paper reports on the recent development of monolithic frequency tripler array employing a back-to-back configuration of varactor diodes. Even harmonic idler\ncircuits are unnecessary in this design. Furthermore, no external dc bias is required. The arrangement results in highly efficient, easily-fabricated and inexpensive frequency triplers.", "isbn": "0-87942-717-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1989-06", "pages": "100-106" }, { "id": "authors:p8x2q-w7860", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "p8x2q-w7860", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REGieeetbe88", "type": "article", "title": "A long-term in vitro silicon-based microelectrode-neuron connection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Regehr", "given_name": "Wade G.", "clpid": "Regehr-W-G" }, { "family_name": "Pine", "given_name": "Jerome", "clpid": "Pine-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A novel method for long-term recording and simulation applicable to cultured neurons has been developed. Silicon-based microelectrodes have been fabricated using integrated-circuit technology and micromachining. The chronic connection is made by positioning the tip of the `diving-board electrode' into contact with the top of the cell body. The electrode support structure is then glued to the bottom of the culture dish. Two-way electrical connections to Helisoma B19 neurons have been maintained for up to four days. This capability makes it possible to conduct experiments that are not practical using conventional techniques.", "doi": "10.1109/10.8687", "issn": "0018-9294", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering", "publication_date": "1988-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "35", "issue": "12", "pages": "1023-1032" }, { "id": "authors:baneb-t3h44", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "baneb-t3h44", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUiedm88", "type": "book_section", "title": "DC and millimeter-wave performance of watt-level barrier-intrinsic-n+ diode-grid frequency multiplier fabricated on III-V compound semiconductors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Sadwick", "given_name": "P.", "clpid": "Sadwick-P" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann, Jr.", "given_name": "N. C.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This paper reports the fabrication and millimeter-wave performance of a new class of monolithic metal-semiconductor heterostructure devices, the Barrier- Intrinsic-N+ (BIN) diode-grid frequency multipliers, which are fabricated on III-V compound semiconductors. This work also involves the measurement of the DC and low frequency\nelectrical properties of the BIN diode-grid frequency multiplier. In addition, a new analytical model which accurately describes the structure has been developed and is presented for the first time.", "doi": "10.1109/IEDM.1988.32787", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1988-12" }, { "id": "authors:ezep7-tnz63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ezep7-tnz63", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JOUieeetmtt88", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter-Wave Diode-Grid Frequency Doubler", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "Christina F.", "clpid": "Jou-C-F" }, { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "Wayne W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Howard Z.", "clpid": "Chen-H-Z" }, { "family_name": "Stolt", "given_name": "Kjell S.", "clpid": "Stolt-K-S" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Monolithic diode grid were fabricated on 2-cm^2 gallium-arsenide wafers in a proof-of-principle test of a quasi-optical varactor millimeter-wave frequency multiplier array concept. An equivalent circuit model based on a transmission-line analysis of plane wave illumination was applied to predict the array performance. The doubler experiments were performed under far-field illumination conditions. A second-harmonic conversion efficiency of 9.5% and output powers of 0.5 W were achieved at 66 GHz when the diode grid was pumped with a pulsed source at 33 GHz. This grid had 760 Schottky-barrier varactor diodes. The average series resistance was 27 \u03a9, the minimum capacitance was 18 fF at a reverse breakdown voltage of -3 V. The measurements indicate that the diode grid is a feasible device for generating watt-level powers at millimeter frequencies and that substantial improvement is possible by improving the diode breakdown voltage.", "doi": "10.1109/22.8914", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1988-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "36", "issue": "11", "pages": "1507-1514" }, { "id": "authors:wggqj-fwf70", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wggqj-fwf70", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120621-104445262", "type": "article", "title": "Two\u2010dimensional horn imaging arrays (abstract)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "P. A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingan", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingan-D-P" } ], "abstract": "A two\u2010dimensional horn imaging array has been demonstrated at 242 and 93 GHz. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in a pyramidal horn, fabricated by an anisotropic chemical etch technique, on a 1\u2010\u03bcm silicon\u2010oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low\u2010frequency lines and processing electronics. Pattern measurements on a 1.45\u2010\u03bb imaging array agree well with theory, show no sidelobes, and a 3\u2010dB beamwidth of 35\u00b0 and 46\u00b0 for the E and H planes, respectively. Application areas include a superconducting tunnel\u2010junction receiver for radio astronomy and imaging arrays for real\u2010time electron density mapping in fusion plasmas.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1140156", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1988-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "59", "issue": "8", "pages": "1592" }, { "id": "authors:44kpt-w3788", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "44kpt-w3788", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REBrsi88", "type": "article", "title": "Two-dimensional horn imaging arrays (abstract)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "P. A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" } ], "abstract": "A two-dimensional horn imaging array has been demonstrated at 242 and 93 GHz. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in a pyramidal horn, fabricated by an anisotropic chemical etch technique, on a 1-\u00b5m silicon-oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low-frequency lines and processing electronics. Pattern measurements on a 1.45-\u03bb imaging array agree well with theory, show no sidelobes, and a 3-dB beamwidth of 35\u00b0 and 46\u00b0 for the E and H planes, respectively. Application areas include a superconducting tunnel-junction receiver for radio astronomy and imaging arrays for real-time electron density mapping in fusion plasmas. Support for this project was provided by DOE contract DE-FG03-86-ER-53225 (subcontracted from U.C.L.A.).", "doi": "10.1063/1.1140156", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1988-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "59", "issue": "8", "pages": "1592" }, { "id": "authors:c4198-4vj87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "c4198-4vj87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120621-104347985", "type": "book_section", "title": "Diode-Grid Oscillators", "author": [ { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zorana B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Loading a two-dimensional grid with active devices offers a means of combining the power of solid-state devices in the microwave and millimeter-wave range. The grid structure allows a large number of negative resistance devices to be combined. This approach is attractive because the active devices do not need an external locking signal, and the combining is done in free space. The loaded grid is a simple planar structure suitable for monolithic integration. Preliminary measurements on a nine-diode grid at 10 GHz show power-combining and frequency-locking without an external locking signal.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1988.94103", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1988-06" }, { "id": "authors:n1hss-emk68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n1hss-emk68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120607-134255568", "type": "book_section", "title": "An Alternative Approach for Designing Microwave Circuits using a Personal Computer", "author": [ { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "R. A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "R. C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Wedge-S" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A computer-aided design (CAD) program, Puff, for designing microwave integrated circuits is presented. The program runs on an IBM PC, PS/2, or compatible computer, and features a single interactive-graphics screen which displays all aspects of the design. Circuit elements, such as transmission lines, coupled lines, and lumped elements, are selected from a parts list and drawn on the screen using cursor keys. The circuit analysis is then performed directly from the screen drawing. To demonstrate the various features of Puff, predictions for a 10-GHz patch antenna with a stub matching circuit are compared with measurements made with an HP 8510 network analyzer.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1988.93975", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1988-06" }, { "id": "authors:5j7dw-mes89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5j7dw-mes89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LAMieeetmtt88", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter-wave diode-grid phase shifters", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "Wayne W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "Christina F.", "clpid": "Jou-C-F" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Howard Z.", "clpid": "Chen-H-Z" }, { "family_name": "Stoltz", "given_name": "Kjell S.", "clpid": "Stoltz-K-S" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Monolithic diode grids have been fabricated on 2-cm square gallium-arsenide wafers with 1600 Schottky-barrier varactor diodes. Shorted diodes are detected with a liquid-crystal technique, and the bad diodes are removed with an ultrasonic probe. A small-aperture reflectometer that uses wavefront division interference was developed to measure the reflection coefficient of the grids. A Phase shift of 70\u00b0 with a 7-dB loss was obtained at 93 GHz when the bias on the diode grid was changed from -3 V to 1 V. A simple transmission-line grid model, together with the measured low-frequency parameters for the diodes, was shown to predict the measured performance over the entire capacitive bias range of the diodes, as well as over the complete reactive tuning range provided by a reflector behind the grid, and over a wide range of frequencies form 33 GHz to 141 GHz. This shows that the transmission-line model and the measured low-frequency diode parameters can be used to design an electronic beam-steering array and to predict its performance. An electronic beam-steering array made of a pair of grids using state-of-the-art diodes with 5-\u03a9 series resistances would have a loss of 1.4 dB at 90 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/22.3610", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1988-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "36", "issue": "5", "pages": "902-907" }, { "id": "authors:mewyd-pkg86", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mewyd-pkg86", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUims88", "type": "book_section", "title": "Watt-level millimeter-wave monolithic diode-grid frequency multipliers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "C. F.", "clpid": "Jou-C-F" }, { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "W. W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Lieneweg", "given_name": "U.", "clpid": "Lieneweg-U" }, { "family_name": "Streit", "given_name": "D. C.", "clpid": "Streit-D-C" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Maserjian", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Maserjian-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Monolithic planar arrays containing in excess of 1000 Schottky diodes have produced watt level output at 66 GHz in a doubler configuration in excellent agreement with large signal predictions of the frequency multiplication. Current efforts are concentrated on fabricating and developing arrays of novel barrier-intrinsic-N+ (BIN) diode which promise increased performance in tripler and quintupler configurations.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1988.22091", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1988-05" }, { "id": "authors:2ghag-kp578", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2ghag-kp578", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WILieeetim88", "type": "article", "title": "Elf: computer automation and error correction for a microwave network analyzer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Williams", "given_name": "Wyman L.", "clpid": "Williams-W-L" }, { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A microwave measurement system has been developed that combines a personal computer (PC) and an conventional vector network analyzer to yield a full complex-error-corrected automatic network analyzer. The system consists of a Hewlett-Packard HP 8410C network analyzer, an HP 8350B sweep oscillator, and an IBM PC. A program called Elf runs on the PC, performing calibration and measurement algorithms and providing a flexible, menu-oriented user interface. The system, when calibrated, achieves a worst-case measurement error vector of magnitude \u2264 0.02 for transmission and reflection coefficient measurements over the 2-12.4-GHz frequency range and has a measurement speed of three frequency points/s. Elf provides an inexpensive method for upgrading the HP 8410 to achieve the high accuracy of an automatic network analyzer.", "doi": "10.1109/19.2672", "issn": "0018-9456", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement", "publication_date": "1988-03-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "pages": "95-100" }, { "id": "authors:c8d8z-r7533", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "c8d8z-r7533", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-070557013", "type": "book_section", "title": "Two-dimensional horn imaging arrays", "book_title": "1987 Twelth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Yong" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" } ], "abstract": "A two-dimensional horn imaging array has been demonstrated at 242 GHz. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in a pyramidal horn on a 1-\u03bcm silicon-oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low-frequency lines and processing electronics. Pattern measurements agree well with theory, and show no sidelobes and 3-dB beamwidth of 35\u00b0 and 46\u00b0 for the E and H planes respectively. Possible application areas include superconducting tunnel-junction receivers for radio astronomy and imaging arrays for plasma diagnostics and radiometry.", "doi": "10.1109/irmm.1987.9126997", "isbn": "9781728120393", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1987-12", "pages": "224-225" }, { "id": "authors:qkgkq-jep11", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qkgkq-jep11", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120626-153452574", "type": "book_section", "title": "Puff, an Interactive Microwave Computer Aided Design Program for Personal Computers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Compton-Richard-C" }, { "family_name": "Williams", "given_name": "Wyman L.", "clpid": "Williams-Wyman-L" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We will demonstrate a CAD program designed for the lay out\nand analysis of microstrip circuits. The program runs on the\nIBM PC or AT. Circuit elements are selected from a parts list\nand drawn on the screen using the cursor keys. The analysis\nmay then be performed, directly from the screen drawing. Puff\nhas been used by microwave students in classes at the California\nInstitute of Technology and the University of California at Los\nAngeles.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1987.1132508", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1987-06-09" }, { "id": "authors:yf0b9-v0n13", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yf0b9-v0n13", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170713-133132670", "type": "book_section", "title": "A class for computer-aided design and measurement of microstrip circuits", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Williams", "given_name": "Wyman", "clpid": "Williams-W-L" }, { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zorana", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" } ], "abstract": "We are developing an innovative microwave-integrated-circuits class at Caltech that uses personal computers to design and analyze microstrip circuits, and to make the artwork and measurements. We have written an interactive microwave computer-aided-design program, Puff, that is quite fast at laying out and analyzing microstrip circuits. The students fabricate a different circuit each week and test them on a network analyzer controlled by a personal computer. The fabrication and measurement process is streamlined so that it all can be done in a single three-hour lab period.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1987.1150017", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1987-06" }, { "id": "authors:rk7my-cpg87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rk7my-cpg87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170713-134454470", "type": "book_section", "title": "Submillimeter-wave antennas on thin membranes", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Regehr", "given_name": "Wade G.", "clpid": "Regehr-W-G" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Savage", "given_name": "Richard L.", "clpid": "Savage-R-L" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" } ], "abstract": "Submillimeter-wave antennas with bismuth microbolometer detectors have been fabricated on 1-\u03bcm thick silicon-oxynitride membranes. This approach results in better patterns than previous lens-coupled integrated circuit antennas, and eliminates the dielectric loss associated with the substrate lens. Measurements on a wideband log-periodic antenna at 700 GHz, 380 GHz and 167 GHz, and on a 700 GHz log-periodic imaging array, show no sidelobee and a 3-dB beamwidth between 40\u00b0 and 50\u00b0. Also, the effective area can be increased by 5 dB by the use of a back-shorting mirror. Possible application areas are superconducting tunnel junction receivers for radio astronomy and imaging arrays for plasma diagnostics.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1987.1149833", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1987-06" }, { "id": "authors:85723-6zk07", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "85723-6zk07", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170718-170710700", "type": "book_section", "title": "Diode-grids for millimeter-wave phase-shifters and frequency doublers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "Wayne W.", "clpid": "Lam-Wayne-W" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Howard", "clpid": "Chen-Howard" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "Christina F.", "clpid": "Jou-C-F" }, { "family_name": "Luchmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luchmann-N-C-Jr" } ], "abstract": "Diode-grids have been fabricated on 2-cm square monolithic gallium-arsenide wafers with 1600 Schottky varactor-diodes. A computer-controlled reflectometer that uses a wave-front division interference technique was developed to measure the reflection coefficient of the diode-grids. A 70\u00b0 phase shift with a 6-dB loss was obtained at 93 GHz when the bias on the diode-grid was changed from -3V to +1V. A second harmonic conversion efficiency of 16% and an output power of 0.5 W was obtained at 66 GHz when the diode-grid was pumped with a pulsed magnetron at 33 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1987.1149933", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1987-06" }, { "id": "authors:rh8vw-24s80", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rh8vw-24s80", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-072713037", "type": "book_section", "title": "Microlenses for a fly's eye imaging array", "book_title": "1985 Tenth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The potential use of microlenses for imaging at millimeter-wave frequencies is investigated by analyzing the focussing properties of dielectric spheres. Our calculations show that the spheres of dielectric constant 12, with a quarter-wave matching layer, exhibit good focussing properties down to a radius of about one free-space wavelength.", "doi": "10.1109/IRMM.1985.9126637", "isbn": "978-1-5386-0872-2", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1985-12", "pages": "193-194" }, { "id": "authors:n0gey-wpg21", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n0gey-wpg21", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-083231458", "type": "book_section", "title": "Progress in quasi-optical transistor power amplifiers", "book_title": "1985 Tenth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Williams", "given_name": "Wyman L.", "clpid": "Williams-W-L" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Progress in the construction of a millimeter-wave power amplifier using an array of field-effect transistors and a novel quasi-optical power combining technique is reported. Experimental results from microwave models of the circuits are presented.", "doi": "10.1109/IRMM.1985.9126564", "isbn": "978-1-5386-0872-2", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1985-12", "pages": "50-51" }, { "id": "authors:pywp9-hxn77", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "pywp9-hxn77", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-071919080", "type": "book_section", "title": "Developments in two dimensional arrays", "book_title": "1985 Tenth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "R. C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "G. M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A two dimensional array of individual millimeter wave antennas with detectors will be described. The array is placed on a substrate lens [1] in the focal plane of a primary lens to form an imaging system (Fig. 1.). Calculations which predict ideal efficiencies of over 90% will be presented. Fabrication of the array and preliminary measurements will also be discussed.", "doi": "10.1109/IRMM.1985.9126681", "isbn": "978-1-5386-0872-2", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1985-12", "pages": "277-278" }, { "id": "authors:hqbgy-wm696", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hqbgy-wm696", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:COMieeetmtt85", "type": "article", "title": "Approximation Techniques for Planar Periodic Structures", "author": [ { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The rigorous calculation of electromagnetic properties of periodic meshes using moment methods requires considerable algebraic work and computer resources. In this paper, a number of easy to use approximation techniques for analyzing thin structures with square, rectangular, and circular holes are presented. Formulas for the effective impedante of these meshes are described which can easily take into account oblique incidence and the presence of a dielectric substrate. In addition, techniques for analyzing more complex-shaped apertures such as a cross are discussed. These methods are more accurate than existing approximation techniques and can be applied to a wide range of situations that could not be handled before.", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1985-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "33", "issue": "10", "pages": "1083-1088" }, { "id": "authors:d9sy4-c7920", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d9sy4-c7920", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170719-173215378", "type": "article", "title": "Substrate-lens coupled antennas for millimeter and submillimeter waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Antennas at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths present formidable challenges. One approach is to scale up lower-frequency microwave systems of hollow-metal waveguides and horns. The problem with this is that as the frequency goes up, the waveguides get smaller, and the fabrication becomes difficult \nand expensive. Another way is to follow the lead of low-frequency integrated circuits and develop monolithic integrated circuits. This is attractive because there is the possibility of integrating thin-film metal antennas, solid-state devices, and low- frequency processing circuits, all on the same chip. Moreover, a large \nnumber of devices can be made together simultaneously to \nform an array or imaging system. This means we should develop antennas that work on the common integrated-circuit substrates: quartz, silicon, and gallium arsenide.", "doi": "10.1109/MAP.1985.27816", "issn": "2168-0329", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter", "publication_date": "1985-08", "series_number": "4", "volume": "27", "issue": "4", "pages": "4-8" }, { "id": "authors:1zcz2-4ma03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1zcz2-4ma03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:YOUrsi85b", "type": "article", "title": "Far-infrared imaging of tokamak plasma", "author": [ { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "P. E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Taylor", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Taylor-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "D. P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 20-channel interferometer has been developed which utilizes a linear, one-dimensional microbolometer array to obtain single-shot density profiles from the UCLA Microtor tokamak plasma. The interferometer has been used to study time-dependent phenomena in the plasma density profile. Observations of the sawtooth instability clearly show the growth of the m=0 mode from a localized oscillation (r=1 cm) on axis to an oscillation of the entire plasma. Also, measurements during the initial startup phase of the discharge show evidence of hollow density profiles. In addition, a simultaneous measurement of the poloidal magnetic field has been developed which provides 20 channels of polarimetry. Interferometry and polarimetry both use the same imaging system and the spatial resolution of both measurements has been tested using plastic and crystal-quartz test objects. The signal-to-noise ratio for the polarimeter has also proved adequate for the expected Faraday rotation angle (alphamax=7\u00b0, Ip=70 kA, n=5\u00d710^13 cm^\u22123).", "doi": "10.1063/1.1138036", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1985-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "56", "issue": "5", "pages": "903-904" }, { "id": "authors:vakdk-sq176", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vakdk-sq176", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:YOUrsi85a", "type": "article", "title": "Multichannel far-infrared phase imaging for fusion plasmas", "author": [ { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "P. E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "D. P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "P. P.", "clpid": "Tong-P-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" } ], "abstract": "A 20-channel far-infrared imaging interferometer system has been used to obtain single-shot density profiles in the UCLA Microtor tokamak. This system differs from conventional multichannel interferometers in that the phase distribution produced by the plasma is imaged onto a single, monolithic, integrated microbolometer linear detector array and provides significantly more channels than previous far-infrared interferometers. The system has been demonstrated to provide diffraction-limited phase images of dielectric targets.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1138431", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1985-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "56", "issue": "1", "pages": "81-89" }, { "id": "authors:a74xd-hne74", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "a74xd-hne74", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120709-094015201", "type": "book_section", "title": "Polarization-Sensitive Imaging Arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter P.", "clpid": "Tong-Peter-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Peebles", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Peebles-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" } ], "abstract": "Two different monolithic imaging arrays have been developed that image polarization as well as intensity at near-millimeter wavelengths. One array is a row of linearly polarized bow-tie antennas that lean alternately left and right. This array has measured the polarization with a precision of 7 arc-minutes, and has demonstrated diffraction-limited resolution of a 20\u00b0 step change in polarization. The other array is a row of circularly polarized equiangular spiral antennas, alternately spiraling clockwise and counterclockwise, that respond to left-handed and right-handed circular polarization.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1984.1131855", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1984-06" }, { "id": "authors:3p3wa-25r10", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3p3wa-25r10", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:TONieeetmtt84", "type": "article", "title": "Imaging Polarimeter Arrays for Near-Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter T.", "clpid": "Tong-P-T" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Peebles", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Peebles-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "An integrated-circuit antenna array has been developed that images both polarization and intensity. The array consists of a row of antennas that lean alternately left and right, creating two interlaced sub-arrays that respond to different polarizations. The arrays and the bismuth bolometer detectors are made by a photoresist shadowing technique that requires only one photolithographic mask. The array has measured polarization at a wavelength of 800 \u00b5m with an absolute accuracy of 0.8\u00b0 and a relative precision of 7 arc min. and has demonstrated nearly diffraction-Iimited resolutiort of a 20\u00b0 step in polarization.", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1984-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "32", "issue": "5", "pages": "507-512" }, { "id": "authors:wmze9-4hk35", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wmze9-4hk35", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl84", "type": "article", "title": "Air-bridge microbolometer for far-infrared detection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A new microbolometer for far-infrared detection has been fabricated that allows an increase in sensitivity of a factor of 4 over the best previously reported bolometer. By suspending the detector in the air above its substrate a reduction in the thermal conductance out of the device by a factor of 5 has been achieved. At a modulation frequency of 100 kHz this microbolometer has an electrical noise equivalent power of 2.8\u00d710^\u221211 W(Hz)^\u22121/2. A thermal model is also presented that accurately fits the response of the detector.", "doi": "10.1063/1.94718", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1984-01-15", "series_number": "2", "volume": "44", "issue": "2", "pages": "153-155" }, { "id": "authors:0xdfg-bhb78", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0xdfg-bhb78", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-080419245", "type": "book_section", "title": "Advances in microbolometers", "book_title": "1983 Eighth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "D. P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "Wayne W.", "clpid": "Lam-Wayne-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The bismuth microbolometer is a simple, easily made detector suitable for use throughout the far-infrared. A novel photoresist fabrication procedure has made it possible to obtain an electrical NEP of 2.8\u00d710\u207b\u00b9\u00b9 W (Hz)^(\u22121/2) at 100kHz for an airbridge bolometer. By using a polyimide plastic as an insulator, conventional substrate-supported devices with an NEP of 3.2\u00d710\u207b\u00b9\u00b9 W(Hz)^(\u22121/2) have also been made.", "doi": "10.1109/irmm.1983.9126431", "isbn": "9781728120386", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1983-12", "pages": "1-3" }, { "id": "authors:ssrd1-xsb11", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ssrd1-xsb11", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-073756032", "type": "book_section", "title": "Simultaneous FIR interferometry/polarimetry in the UCLA Microtor plasma", "book_title": "1983 Eighth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "P. E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Peebles", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Peebles-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Taylor", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Taylor-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Nelkirk", "given_name": "D. P.", "clpid": "Nelkirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "P. P.", "clpid": "Tong-P-P" } ], "abstract": "Faraday rotation and electron line density spatial profiles ahve been measured simultaneously on the Microtor tokamak using the phase modulation scheme originally proposed by Dodel and Kunz [1]. Presently, a single channel system is spatially scanned across the complete plasma profile at 1 cm intervals. The extension of this technique to a 20 channel interferometer/polarimeter system using micro-bolometer imaging arrays is briefly described together with an assessment of the importance of such a system on fusion plasmas.", "doi": "10.1109/irmm.1983.9126372", "isbn": "9781728120386", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1983-12", "pages": "1-2" }, { "id": "authors:4cfem-dse68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4cfem-dse68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-075144586", "type": "book_section", "title": "Interferometric fir phase imaging of a tokamak plasma", "book_title": "1983 Eighth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "P. E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Peebles", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Peebles-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "P. P.", "clpid": "Tong-P-P" } ], "abstract": "Multichannel phase imaging of dielectric objects has been demonstrated in the laboratory using a microbolometer detector array and 400 GHz carcinotron radiation cource. The application of this imaging system to perform single shot measurements of electron density profiles in a tokamak plasma is described. The primary advantages are increased spatial resolution together with a much simpler optical system.", "doi": "10.1109/irmm.1983.9126401", "isbn": "9781728120386", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1983-12", "pages": "1-2" }, { "id": "authors:7w07a-a8d06", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7w07a-a8d06", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201104-082347220", "type": "book_section", "title": "Monolithic Schottky diode imaging arrays at 94 GHz", "book_title": "1983 Eighth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rav-Noy", "given_name": "Zeev", "clpid": "Rav-Noy-Z" }, { "family_name": "Zah", "given_name": "Chung-en", "clpid": "Zah-Chung-en" }, { "family_name": "Shreter", "given_name": "Uri", "clpid": "Shreter-U" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Tai-Chi", "clpid": "Wang-Tai-Chi" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" }, { "family_name": "Kuech", "given_name": "Thomas F.", "clpid": "Kuech-T-F" } ], "abstract": "Monolithic GaAs Schottky diode imaging arrays have been demonstrated at 69 and 94 GHz. In the 94 GHz experiments, the diodes are fabricated by a self-aligning technique on semi-insulating GaAs and are isolated by a combination of a mesa-etch process and proton-bombardment. The series resistance is 20 \u03c9 and the estimated capacitance is 15\u201320 fF. The antennas are planar bow-ties, and power is coupled in through a quartz lens placed on the back of the GaAs substrate. The wafer is lapped to 90 \u03bcm thick to eliminate losses to substrate modes. The measured system responsivity is 330 V/W. The 69 GHz diodes are made by a non-self-aligned process, and a silicon substrate lens is used.", "doi": "10.1109/irmm.1983.9126481", "isbn": "9781728120386", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1983-12", "pages": "1-2" }, { "id": "authors:mza6r-pd721", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mza6r-pd721", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ALEieeetmtt83", "type": "article", "title": "Substrate Optimization for Integrated Circuit Antennas", "author": [ { "family_name": "Alexopoulos", "given_name": "Nicolaos G.", "clpid": "Alexopoulos-N-G" }, { "family_name": "Katehi", "given_name": "Pisti B.", "clpid": "Katehi-P-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The reciprocity theorem and integral equation techniques are employed to determine the properties of integrated-circuit antennas. The effect of surface waves is considered for dipole and slot elements on substrates. The radiation and bandwidth of microstrip dipoles are optimized in terms of substrate thickness and permittivity.", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1983-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "83", "issue": "7", "pages": "550-557" }, { "id": "authors:m2hnw-tf994", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m2hnw-tf994", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120626-130003437", "type": "book_section", "title": "Surface-Wave Losses of Coplanar Transmission Lines", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Coplanar transmission lines lose energy to surface waves when the propagation constant of the surface-wave mode exceeds that of the transmission line. This happens when the substrate thickness is an appreciable fraction of a wavelength. The losses should become important in integrated circuits at near-millimeter wavelengths because it is hard to make the substrate thickness small compared to a wavelength. In this paper we have developed a theory based on reciprocity for predicting these losses. We also utilized the quasi-static approximation method to derive expressions for propagation constants and line impedances. Experimental measurements were made for the surface-wave losses in the two strip line, the two slot line and the three wire line, and the results obtained were consistent with the theory.", "doi": "10.1109/MWSYM.1983.1130827", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1983-06" }, { "id": "authors:e94r9-9ap76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "e94r9-9ap76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170727-174338028", "type": "article", "title": "Tracking antenna arrays for near-millimeter waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter P.", "clpid": "Tong-Peter-P" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Psaltis", "given_name": "Demetri", "clpid": "Psaltis-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Wagner", "given_name": "Kelvin", "clpid": "Wagner-K-H" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" } ], "abstract": "A two-dimensional monolithic array has been developed that gives the elevation and azimuth of point source targets. The array is an arrangement of rows and columns of antennas and bismuth bolometer detectors on a fused quartz substrate. Energy is focused onto the array through a lens placed on the back side of the substrate. At 1.38 mm with a 50 mm diameter objective lens, the array has demonstrated a positioning accuracy of 26 arcmin. In a differential mode this precision improves to 9 arcsec, limited by the mechanics of the rotating stage. This tracking could be automated to a fast two-step procedure where a source is first located to the nearest row and column, and then precisely located by scanning. With signal processing the array should be able to track multiple sources.", "doi": "10.1109/TAP.1983.1143076", "issn": "0096-1973", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication_date": "1983-05", "series_number": "3", "volume": "31", "issue": "3", "pages": "512-515" }, { "id": "authors:2v649-nmb55", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2v649-nmb55", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl82c", "type": "article", "title": "Self-heated thermocouples for far-infrared detection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A novel self-heated Bi-Sb thermocouple for far-infrared detection has been developed. The detector is suitable for integration with monolithic antennas and imaging arrays. The device is fabricated in a single photolithography masking step using a photoresist-bridge technique. This bridge technique has also been used to make microbolometers with lower 1/f noise than those made by two conventional masking steps. The thermocouples have a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 7\u00d710^\u221210 W/(\u221aHz) and a 3-dB frequency response of 150 kHz.", "doi": "10.1063/1.93554", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1982-09-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "41", "issue": "5", "pages": "400-402" }, { "id": "authors:he7ry-j8x30", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "he7ry-j8x30", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl82b", "type": "article", "title": "Imaging antenna array at 119 \u00b5m", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter P.", "clpid": "Tong-Peter-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Park", "given_name": "Hyeon", "clpid": "Park-Hyeon" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" } ], "abstract": "A focal-plane imaging antenna array has been demonstrated at 119 \u00b5m. The array is a line of evaporated silver bow-tie antennas with bismuth microbolometer detectors on a silicon substrate. Radiation is coupled into the array by a lens placed on the back of the substrate. The bolometers are thermally isolated from the silicon substrate with a half-micron layer of polyimide. The array performance is demonstrated by coherent imaging of a series of holes at half the diffraction-limited cut-off frequency.", "doi": "10.1063/1.93525", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1982-08-15", "series_number": "4", "volume": "41", "issue": "4", "pages": "329-331" }, { "id": "authors:623nz-jaa28", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "623nz-jaa28", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ALEims82", "type": "book_section", "title": "Substrate optimization for integrated circuit antennas", "author": [ { "family_name": "Alexopoulos", "given_name": "N. G.", "clpid": "Alexopoulos-N-G" }, { "family_name": "Katehi", "given_name": "P. B.", "clpid": "Katehi-P-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Imaging systems in microwaves, millimeter and submillimeter wave applications employ printed circuit antenna elements. The effect of substrate properties is analyzed in this paper by both reciprocity theorem as well as integral equation approach for infinitesimally short as well as finite length dipole and slot elements. Radiation efficiency and substrate surface wave guidance is studied for practical substrate materials as GaAs, Silicon, Quartz and Duroid.", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1982-06-01" }, { "id": "authors:gn4b2-15g22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gn4b2-15g22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl82a", "type": "article", "title": "Far-infrared imaging antenna arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Muha", "given_name": "Michael S.", "clpid": "Muha-M-S" }, { "family_name": "Park", "given_name": "Hyeon", "clpid": "Park-Hyeon" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Chang-Xuan", "clpid": "Yu-Chang-Xuan" } ], "abstract": "A far-infrared imaging antenna array has been demonstrated for the first time. The array is a line of evaporated silver bow-tie antennas on a fused-quartz substrate with bismuth-microbolometer detectors. The measured optical transfer function shows that the system is diffraction limited. This imaging array should find direct application in fusion plasma diagnostics. If the microbolometers can be replaced by more sensitive diode detectors, the array should also find application in radiometry and radar.", "doi": "10.1063/1.93053", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1982-02-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "40", "issue": "3", "pages": "203-205" }, { "id": "authors:paed8-pj353", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "paed8-pj353", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210129-120019389", "type": "book_section", "title": "Imaging Antenna Arrays", "book_title": "1981 International Conference on Submillimeter Waves and Their Applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-Dean-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Muha", "given_name": "Michael S.", "clpid": "Muha-Michael-S" }, { "family_name": "Park", "given_name": "Hyeon", "clpid": "Park-Hyeon" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Chang-Xuan", "clpid": "Yu-Chang-Xuan" } ], "abstract": "A far-infrared imaging antenna array has been demonstrated for the first time. The array is a line of evaporated silver bow-tie antennas on a fused-quartz substrate with bismuth-micro-bolometer detectors. The measured optical transfer function shows that the system is diffraction-limited. This imaging array should find direct application in fusion plasma diagnostics. If the microbolometers can be replaced by more sensitive diode detectors, the array should also find application in radiometry and radar.", "doi": "10.1109/icswa.1981.9335190", "isbn": "9781509031856", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1981-12", "pages": "Art. No. Th-4" }, { "id": "authors:6fw2h-fdw76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6fw2h-fdw76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170801-173314534", "type": "article", "title": "Planar multimode detector arrays for infrared and millimeter-wave applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" } ], "abstract": "A new type of detector array is described. By means of a suitably designed metallic network, many detector elements (each individually small compared to wavelength) are assembled into an impedance-matched termination for radiation incident normally on the plane of the device. Residual reactance is tuned out by means of a movable backshort. An array of 400 bismuth-film microbolometers with a total area of 1 cm^2 has been tested at 215 GHz. A coupling efficiency of approximately 60 percent was observed. The detector has a D^* of 4 x 10^8 cm \u00b7 Hz^(1/2)/W at room temperature with response time on the order of 2 x 10^-7 s. Similar arrays of Schottky and SIS diodes can probably be constructed.", "doi": "10.1109/JQE.1981.1071097", "issn": "0018-9197", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics", "publication_date": "1981-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "17", "issue": "3", "pages": "407-414" }, { "id": "authors:tw30h-1th97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tw30h-1th97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWAapl79b", "type": "article", "title": "Microbolometers for infrared detection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwang", "given_name": "Tien-Li", "clpid": "Hwang-T-L" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We describe a novel room-temperature detector for the wavelength range 10\u20131000 \u00b5m. This detector consists of a thin bismuth bolometer film with dimensions much smaller than a wavelength. The small size of the detector results in reduced NEP and faster response. A video NEP of 1.6\u00d710\u201310 W/Hz1/2 is obtained at 119 \u00b5m, remaining within a factor of 10 of this value for modulation frequencies up to 25 MHz. When used as a mixer, the device is predicted to have an NEP of 3.5\u00d710\u201318 W/Hz. It is easily fabricated with conventional planar processing techniques and can be replicated in arrays. The device is expected to be most useful when the radiation to be detected is spatially coherent.", "doi": "10.1063/1.90669", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1979-06-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "34", "issue": "11", "pages": "773-776" }, { "id": "authors:37t90-vec49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "37t90-vec49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWAapl79a", "type": "article", "title": "Planar sandwich antennas for submillimeter applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwang", "given_name": "Tien-Li", "clpid": "Hwang-T-L" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" } ], "abstract": "A planar receiving antenna with a predictable pattern at submillimeter wavelength is demonstrated experimentally for the first time. It is single lobed and efficient, with a gain of approximately 8 dB at a wavelength of 119 \u00b5m.", "doi": "10.1063/1.90574", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1979-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "34", "issue": "1", "pages": "9-11" } ]