[ { "id": "authors:8p14q-snv03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8p14q-snv03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110309-164427691", "type": "article", "title": "Estimating long-term world coal production with logit and probit transforms", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "An estimate for world coal production in the long run would be helpful for developing policies for alternative energy sources and for climate change. This production has often been estimated from reserves that are calculated from measurements of coal seams. We show that where the estimates based on reserves can be tested in mature coal regions, they have been too high, and that more accurate estimates can be made by curve fits to the production history. These curve fits indicate that total world production, including past and future production, will be 680 Gt. The historical range for these fits made on an annual basis from 1995 to 2009 is 653 Gt to 749 Gt, 14% in percentage terms. The curve fits also indicate that 90% of the total production will have taken place by 2070. This gives the time scale for considering alternatives. This estimate for total production is somewhat less than the current reserves plus cumulative production, 1163 Gt, and very much less than the amount of coal that the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, assumes is available for its scenarios. The maximum cumulative coal production through 2100 in an IPCC scenario is 3500 Gt.", "doi": "10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.012", "issn": "0166-5162", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "International Journal of Coal Geology", "publication_date": "2011-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "85", "issue": "1", "pages": "23-33" }, { "id": "authors:4cfj3-9hj94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4cfj3-9hj94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100608-093900466", "type": "article", "title": "A high-power solid-state RF source driven by a doubly-differential signal", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This letter presents a new solid-state RF source generating kW-level output power at HF band. Four power transistors are driven in a doubly-differential way, operated in a switching mode, and combined together to produce high output power. A multilayered input feed network is carefully designed, such that an accurate doubly-differential signal is provided to the transistors. The output matching and combining circuitry is optimized toward a high efficiency. The implemented RF source produces a CW signal of 1.5 kW at 29 MHz with a drain efficiency of 85%. The measured high efficiency is attributed to the well-balanced and symmetric switching-mode operation of each transistor, which is verified experimentally by a thermal image.", "doi": "10.1002/mop.25230", "issn": "0895-2477", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Microwave and Optical Technology Letters", "publication_date": "2010-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "52", "issue": "7", "pages": "1489-1492" }, { "id": "authors:zcpj0-06e93", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zcpj0-06e93", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090421-112006759", "type": "article", "title": "Near-field direct antenna modulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Babakhani", "given_name": "Aydin", "clpid": "Babakhani-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "NFDAM systems provide a unique solution for transmitting highly secured direction-dependent data and hence preventing eavesdroppers from properly demodulating the signal. A 60-GHz proof-of-concept chip was designed and measured.", "doi": "10.1109/MMM.2008.930674", "issn": "1527-3342", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Microwave Magazine", "publication_date": "2009-02", "series_number": "1", "volume": "10", "issue": "1", "pages": "36-46" }, { "id": "authors:76wk5-85j38", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "76wk5-85j38", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BABieeejssc08", "type": "article", "title": "Transmitter Architectures Based on Near-Field Direct Antenna Modulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Babakhani", "given_name": "Aydin", "clpid": "Babakhani-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "A near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) technique is introduced, where the radiated far-field signal is modulated by time-varying changes in the antenna near-field electromagnetic (EM) boundary conditions. This enables the transmitter to send data in a direction-dependent fashion producing a secure communication link. Near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) can be performed by using either switches or varactors. Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.", "doi": "10.1109/JSSC.2008.2004864", "issn": "0018-9200", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication_date": "2008-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "43", "issue": "12", "pages": "2674-2692" }, { "id": "authors:7ptt2-s6596", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7ptt2-s6596", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOieeetmtt06b", "type": "article", "title": "Nonlinear Design Technique for High-Power Switching-Mode Oscillators", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A simple nonlinear technique for the design of high-efficiency and high-power switching-mode oscillators is presented. It combines existing quasi-nonlinear methods and the use of an auxiliary generator (AG) in harmonic balance. The AG enables the oscillator optimization to achieve high output power and dc-to-RF conversion efficiency without affecting the oscillation frequency. It also imposes a sufficient drive on the transistor to enable the switching-mode operation with high efficiency. Using this AG, constant-power and constant-efficiency contour plots are traced in order to determine the optimum element values. The oscillation startup condition and the steady-state stability are analyzed with the pole-zero identification technique. The influence of the gate bias on the output power, efficiency, and stability is also investigated. A class-E oscillator is demonstrated using the proposed technique. The oscillator exhibits 75 W with 67% efficiency at 410 MHz.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2006.882406", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2006-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "54", "issue": "10", "pages": "3630-3640" }, { "id": "authors:9ky5j-11288", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9ky5j-11288", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:CHUieeemwcl06", "type": "article", "title": "W-band waveguide-packaged InP HEMT reflection grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chung", "given_name": "Younkyu", "clpid": "Chung-Y" }, { "family_name": "Cheung", "given_name": "Chun-Tung", "clpid": "Cheung-C-T" }, { "family_name": "DeLisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This letter presents a 79-GHz broadband reflection-type grid amplifier using spatial power combining to combine the power of 64 unit cells. Each unit cell uses a two-stage cascade configuration with InP HEMTs arranged as a differential pair. A broadband orthogonal mode transducer (OMT) separates two orthogonally polarized input and output signals over a 75 to 85GHz range. In conjunction with the OMT, a mode converter with quadruple-ridged apertures was designed to enhance the field uniformity over the active grid. Measurements show 5-dB small signal gain at 79GHz and an 800-MHz 3-dB bandwidth. The amplifier generates an output power of 264mW with little evidence of saturation.", "doi": "10.1109/LMWC.2006.875629", "issn": "1531-1309", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication_date": "2006-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "16", "issue": "6", "pages": "324-326" }, { "id": "authors:nyg6m-75476", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nyg6m-75476", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOieeetmtt06a", "type": "article", "title": "Analysis and elimination of hysteresis and noisy precursors in power amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Power amplifiers (PAs) often exhibit instabilities leading to frequency division by two or oscillations at incommensurate frequencies. This undesired behavior can be detected through a large-signal stability analysis of the solution. However, other commonly observed phenomena are still difficult to predict and eliminate. In this paper, the anomalous behavior observed in a Class-E PA is analyzed in detail. It involves hysteresis in the power-transfer curve, oscillation, and noisy precursors. The precursors are pronounced bumps in the power spectrum due to noise amplification under a small stability margin. The correction of the amplifier performance has required the development of a new technique for the elimination of the hysteresis. Instead of a trial-and-error procedure, this technique, of general application to circuit design, makes use of bifurcation concepts to suppress the hysteresis phenomenon through a single simulation on harmonic-balance software. Another objective has been the investigation of the circuit characteristics that make the noisy precursors observable in practical circuits and a technique has been derived for their elimination from the amplifier output spectrum. All the different techniques have been experimentally validated.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2005.864125", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2006-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "54", "issue": "3", "pages": "1096-1106" }, { "id": "authors:r9b1k-29079", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "r9b1k-29079", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JEOieeetmtt05", "type": "article", "title": "Global stability analysis and stabilization of a class-E/F amplifier with a distributed active transformer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jeon", "given_name": "Sanggeun", "clpid": "Jeon-S" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Power amplifiers (PAs) often exhibit instabilities giving rise to frequency divisions or spurious oscillations. The prediction of these instabilities requires a large-signal stability analysis of the circuit. In this paper, oscillations, hysteresis, and chaotic solutions, experimentally encountered in a high-efficiency class-E/F/sub odd/ PA with four transistors combined using a distributed active transformer, are studied through the use of stability and bifurcation analysis tools. The tools have enabled an in-depth comprehension of the different phenomena, which have been observed in simulation with good agreement with experimental results. The study of the mechanism generating the instability has led to a simplified equivalent circuit from which the optimum stabilization network has been determined. The network enables a global stabilization of the circuit for all the expected operating values of the amplifier bias voltage and input power. This has been achieved with negligible degradation of the amplifier performance in terms of drain efficiency and output power. The stable behavior obtained in simulation has been experimentally confirmed.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2005.856083", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2005-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "53", "issue": "12", "pages": "3712-3722" }, { "id": "authors:ak18r-deq66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ak18r-deq66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WANieeemwcl05", "type": "article", "title": "Bifurcation analysis of stabilization circuits in an L-band LDMOS 60-W power amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Feiyu", "clpid": "Wang-F" }, { "family_name": "Su\u00e1rez", "given_name": "Almudena", "clpid": "Su\u00e1rez-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "n this letter, the global stability analysis of an L-band push-pull power amplifier is presented. The analysis is carried out for the amplifier operating in different modes, such as Class AB, Class B, and Class E/F, considering variations in the bias voltages, the input power and the input frequency. After determination of the oscillation mode, three different stabilization techniques are applied and compared: feedback resistors, neutralization capacitors, and odd-mode stabilization resistor. The element values of each stabilization network, ensuring a stable behavior for all the operating conditions, are calculated with a bifurcation-analysis technique. Good agreement is found between measured and simulated results.", "doi": "10.1109/LMWC.2005.856830", "issn": "1531-1309", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters", "publication_date": "2005-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "15", "issue": "10", "pages": "712-714" }, { "id": "authors:tjes0-3ar06", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tjes0-3ar06", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeetmtt05", "type": "article", "title": "An optimized design of distributed active transformer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Seungwoo", "clpid": "Kim-S" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Kyungho", "clpid": "Lee-K" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Jongwoo", "clpid": "Lee-J" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Bumman", "clpid": "Kim-B" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A novel structure distributed active transformer (DAT), which significantly reduces the coupling from the DAT to the feed line is demonstrated. A grounded guard line is implemented to isolate the feed line from the magnetic field of the DAT. The measured result of the DAT on a GaAs substrate shows a 10.5-dB reduction in the coupling. To reduce DAT loss, an air-bridge connected double primary DAT structure is implemented. The DAT at 2 GHz shows a 0.7-dB loss reduction in comparison to the conventional DAT. The improved DAT performance is related to the reduced metal resistance and closer coupling between the primary and secondary loops without any increase in the DAT area.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2004.839940", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2005-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "53", "issue": "1", "pages": "380-388" }, { "id": "authors:ew4mh-9x724", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ew4mh-9x724", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KEEieeetmtt03", "type": "article", "title": "The Class-E/F Family of ZVS Switching Amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A new family of switching amplifiers, each member having some of the features of both class E and inverse F, is introduced. These class-E/F amplifiers have class-E features such as incorporation of the transistor parasitic capacitance into the circuit, exact truly switching time-domain solutions, and allowance for zero-voltage-switching operation. Additionally, some number of harmonics may be tuned in the fashion of inverse class F in order to achieve more desirable voltage and current waveforms for improved performance. Operational waveforms for several implementations are presented, and efficiency estimates are compared to class-E.", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.2003.812564", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2003-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "51", "issue": "6", "pages": "1677-1690" }, { "id": "authors:p19ey-r0q33", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "p19ey-r0q33", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191209-154748050", "type": "article", "title": "A 24-GHz Patch Array with a Power Amplifier/Low-Noise Amplifier MMIC", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lu", "given_name": "Dai", "clpid": "Lu-Dai" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kovacevic", "given_name": "Milan", "clpid": "Kovacevic-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jon", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" } ], "abstract": "This paper presents an active patch array designed at 24 GHz. It can be used as a front-end component for a phased array. A series resonant array structure is chosen which is compact and easy excite. With 5 elements, the array proved a 12-dB antenna gain. A power amplifier and a low noise amplifier are designed on a single GaAs chip (PALNA). Bias switch is used in the PALNA, which greatly reduces the switch loss in a transceiver and increases the efficiency. 20-dB small signal gain is achieved in both power amplifier and low noise amplifier. The active patch array is built by the combination of the patch array and PALNA. The measured active gain of this antenna is 35-dB for the PA mode and 31-dB for the LNA mode. This active patch array can obtain an EIRP of 34 dBm with a total radiated power of 22dBm and a maximum PAE of 32%. To check the noise performance, we applied sources at both normal temperature and 77K (liquid nitrogen) and extracted the noise figure (3.5 dB) of the active antenna by the Y factor method. The results proved that the active antenna is working efficiently as both a transmitting and receiving antenna.", "doi": "10.1023/a:1015706318317", "issn": "0195-9271", "publisher": "Springer", "publication": "International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "publication_date": "2002-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "23", "issue": "5", "pages": "693-704" }, { "id": "authors:rtpz5-41f87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rtpz5-41f87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:AOKieeejssc02", "type": "article", "title": "Fully integrated CMOS power amplifier design using the distributed active-transformer architecture", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "A novel on-chip impedance matching and power-combining method, the distributed active transformer is presented. It combines several low-voltage push-pull amplifiers efficiently with their outputs in series to produce a larger output power while maintaining a 50-\u03a9 match. It also uses virtual ac grounds and magnetic couplings extensively to eliminate the need for any off-chip component, such as tuned bonding wires or external inductors. Furthermore, it desensitizes the operation of the amplifier to the inductance of bonding wires making the design more reproducible. To demonstrate the feasibility of this concept, a 2.4-GHz 2-W 2-V truly fully integrated power amplifier with 50-\u03a9 input and output matching has been fabricated using 0.35-\u03bcm CMOS transistors. It achieves a power added efficiency (PAE) of 41 % at this power level. It can also produce 450 mW using a 1-V supply. Harmonic suppression is 64 dBc or better. This new topology makes possible a truly fully integrated watt-level gigahertz range low-voltage CMOS power amplifier for the first time.", "doi": "10.1109/4.987090", "issn": "0018-9200", "publisher": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication_date": "2002-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "37", "issue": "3", "pages": "371-383" }, { "id": "authors:9b0pp-sp920", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9b0pp-sp920", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:AOKieeemtt02", "type": "article", "title": "Distributed active transformer - a new power-combining andimpedance-transformation technique", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aoki", "given_name": "Ichiro", "clpid": "Aoki-I" }, { "family_name": "Kee", "given_name": "Scott D.", "clpid": "Kee-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Hajimiri", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-6736-8019", "clpid": "Hajimiri-A" } ], "abstract": "In this paper, we compare the performance of the newly introduced distributed active transformer (DAT) structure to that of conventional on-chip impedance-transformations methods. Their fundamental power-efficiency limitations in the design of high-power fully integrated amplifiers in standard silicon process technologies are analyzed. The DAT is demonstrated to be an efficient impedance-transformation and power-combining method, which combines several low-voltage push-pull amplifiers in series by magnetic coupling. To demonstrate the validity of the new concept, a 2.4-GHz 1.9-W 2-V fully integrated power-amplifier achieving a power-added efficiency of 41% with 50-\u03a9 input and output matching has been fabricated using 0.35-\u03bcm CMOS transistors", "doi": "10.1109/22.981284", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "2002-01-01", "series_number": "1, pt.", "volume": "50", "issue": "1, pt.", "pages": "316-331" }, { "id": "authors:5y1w0-hrc43", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5y1w0-hrc43", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HARieeemm00", "type": "article", "title": "Spatial power combining for high-power transmitters", "author": [ { "family_name": "Harvey", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Harvey-J" }, { "family_name": "Brown", "given_name": "E. R.", "clpid": "Brown-E-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "R. A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" } ], "abstract": "This article surveys recent progress in the development of high-power microwave and millimeter-wave solid-state sources using spatial power-combining techniques. Several promising topologies are discussed, and four technology demonstrations are presented that have emerged from recent research in academia and industry. We also include a brief discussion of potential applications and systems insertion issues.", "doi": "10.1109/6668.893246", "issn": "1527-3342", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave Magazine", "publication": "IEEE Microwave Magazine", "publication_date": "2000-12-01", "series_number": "4", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "pages": "48-59" }, { "id": "authors:yg60s-n8w31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yg60s-n8w31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ZIRieeetmtt99", "type": "article", "title": "An LDMOS VHF class-E power amplifier using a high-Q novel variable inductor", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zirath", "given_name": "Herbert", "clpid": "Zirath-H" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "In this paper, an lateral diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor-based very high-frequency class-E power amplifier has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Simulations were verified by amplifier measurements and a record-high class-E output power was obtained at 144 MHz, which is in excellent agreement with simulations. The key of the results is the use of efficient device models, simulation tools, and the invention of a novel high-Q inductor for the output series resonance network. The latter allows for low losses in the output network and, simultaneously, a wide tuning range for maximum output power or maximum efficiency optimization.", "doi": "10.1109/22.809003", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1999-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "47", "issue": "12", "pages": "2534-2538" }, { "id": "authors:92zc5-vw747", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "92zc5-vw747", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170523-165719002", "type": "article", "title": "Guest Editor's overview", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1109/TMTT.1999.808955", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1999-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "47", "issue": "12", "pages": "2176-2176" }, { "id": "authors:9eebf-9hp41", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9eebf-9hp41", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111206-100414956", "type": "article", "title": "An application of a constrained adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter for advanced control of surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous drives", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mari\u0107", "given_name": "Dragan S.", "clpid": "Mari\u0107-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Hiti", "given_name": "Silva", "clpid": "Hiti-S" }, { "family_name": "Stancu", "given_name": "Constantin C.", "clpid": "Stancu-C-C" }, { "family_name": "Nagashima", "given_name": "James M.", "clpid": "Nagashima-J-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A constrained adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter provides minimal phase delay and complete attenuation of the notch frequency. The allpass sections of the filter are realized as structurally lossless bounded real functions, with a minimum number of delay elements and multipliers. The filter structure admits orthogonal tuning of the notch frequency and notch bandwidth. An improved control scheme for surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous (SMPMS) drives ensures stable high-performance operation in the Bur weakening region, utilizing the over-modulation and six-step modes of the space vector modulation (SVM). An automatic transition into the flux weakening region is achieved by controlling the reference voltage magnitude. The fifth and seventh stator current harmonics of the fundamental frequency, generated in the over-modulation and six-step modes, propagate through the current control loops, resulting in the sixth harmonic in the reference voltage for the flux weakening loop and deteriorating drive performance. To properly filter the sixth harmonic over the extended speed range of the drive, the constrained adaptive lattice-structure allpass-based notch filter is employed.", "doi": "10.1109/81.809560", "issn": "1057-7122", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications", "publication_date": "1999-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "46", "issue": "12", "pages": "1513-1516" }, { "id": "authors:9fv81-fr747", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9fv81-fr747", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:RUTieeetmtt99", "type": "article", "title": "Failures in power-combining arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Nai-Shuo", "clpid": "Cheng-Nai-Shuo" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "Robert A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" } ], "abstract": "We derive a simple formula for the change in output when a device fails in a power-combining structure with identical matched devices. The loss is written in terms of the scattering coefficient of the failed device and reflection coefficient of an input port in the combining network. We apply this formula to several power combiners, including arrays in free space and enclosed waveguide structures. Our simulations indicate the output power degrades gracefully as devices fail, which is in agreement with previously published results.", "doi": "10.1109/22.775439", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1999-07", "series_number": "7, pt", "volume": "47", "issue": "7, pt", "pages": "1077-1082" }, { "id": "authors:92abv-8ek81", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "92abv-8ek81", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LUBieeetmtt98", "type": "article", "title": "Micromechanical tuning elements in a 620-GHz monolithic integrated circuit", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "While monolithic integrated-circuit technology promises a practical means for realizing reliable reproducible planar millimeter and submillimeter-wave circuits, conventional planar circuits do not allow for critical post-fabrication optimization of performance. A 620-GHz quasi-optical monolithic detector circuit is used here to demonstrate the performance of two integrated micromechanical planar tuning elements. This is the first reported demonstration of integrated micromechanical tuning at submillimeter wavelengths. The tuning elements, called sliding planar backshorts (SPBs), are used to adjust the electrical length of planar transmission-line tuning stubs to vary the power delivered between a substrate-lens coupled planar antenna and a thin-film bismuth detector over a range of nearly 15 dB. The circuit performance agrees with theoretical calculations and microwave measurements of a -0.06-dB reflection coefficient made for a scale model of the integrated tuners. The demonstrated tuning range for the SPB tuners indicates that they can be valuable for characterizing components in developmental circuits and for optimizing the in-use performance of various millimeter and submillimeter-wave integrated circuits.", "doi": "10.1109/22.739288", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "46", "issue": "12", "pages": "2098-2103" }, { "id": "authors:qr3na-n2208", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qr3na-n2208", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LUBjms98", "type": "article", "title": "Microfabrication of linear translator tuning elements in submillimeter-wave integrated circuits", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Yu-Chong", "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X", "clpid": "Tai-Yu-Chong" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A micromechanical planar tuning element has been developed and demonstrated in a fully monolithic 620-GHz integrated circuit. It allows for the mechanical variation of the electrical length of a coplanar transmission line tuner and is called a sliding planar backshort (SPB). It consists of a movable patterned rectangular metal plate confined by polyimide flanges along two of its edges to allow guided linear translation along the length of a dielectric-coated coplanar transmission line. Its fabrication involves an application of sacrificial-layer and molding techniques to materials and processes which are compatible with the fabrication of a wide range of submillimeter-wave integrated circuits. This is the first reported micromechanically adjustable tuning element demonstrated at submillimeter wavelengths.", "doi": "10.1109/84.735348", "issn": "1057-7157", "publisher": "Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems", "publication": "Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems", "publication_date": "1998-12", "series_number": "4", "volume": "7", "issue": "4", "pages": "404-410" }, { "id": "authors:8kswa-74r84", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8kswa-74r84", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MOUieeetmtt98b", "type": "article", "title": "A terahertz grid frequency doubler", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Wanke", "given_name": "Michael C.", "clpid": "Wanke-M-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yongjun", "clpid": "Li-Y" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Allen", "given_name": "S. James", "clpid": "Allen-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Crowe", "given_name": "Thomas W.", "clpid": "Crowe-T-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a 144-element terahertz quasi-optical grid frequency doubler. The grid is a planar structure with bow-tie antennas as a unit cell, each loaded with a planar Schottky diode. The maximum output power measured for this grid is 24 mW at 1 THz for 3.1-\u03bcs 500-GHz input pulses with a peak input power of 47 W. An efficiency of 0.17% for an input power of 6.3 W and output power of 10.8 mW is measured. To date, this is the largest recorded output power for a multiplier at terahertz frequencies. Input and output tuning curves are presented and an output pattern is measured and compared to theory.", "doi": "10.1109/22.734524", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-11-01", "series_number": "11, pt", "volume": "46", "issue": "11, pt", "pages": "1976-1981" }, { "id": "authors:f3ks5-p1d23", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f3ks5-p1d23", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LISieeetmtt98", "type": "article", "title": "Element efficiency and noise in grid arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The element efficiency of a phased array is the ratio of the radiated-to-available power of a single element, when only that element is excited. We relate this element efficiency to the output noise power generated by a quasi-optical grid amplifier array. Both electromagnetic and thermodynamic derivations are presented. These ideas are used to predict the total noise power and noise radiation pattern of grid arrays. The results are also extended to show that the output noise temperature of the entire array will be the same as the output noise temperature of a single element.", "doi": "10.1109/22.734517", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-11-01", "series_number": "11, pt", "volume": "46", "issue": "11, pt", "pages": "1949-1955" }, { "id": "authors:fwvw2-jxc96", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fwvw2-jxc96", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MOUieeetmtt98a", "type": "article", "title": "Properties of periodic arrays of symmetric complementary structuresand their application to grid amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Deschamps' theorem for n-terminal complementary structures is reviewed. An extension to Deschamps' theorem for a class of three-terminal bounded structures with one axis of symmetry is presented. It is shown that, for these structures, a simple relationship between the impedances of the odd mode of the original structure and the admittances of the even mode of the complementary structure exists, and that these modes are orthogonal. Using this, a self-complementary grid amplifier is designed and the measured results are presented.", "doi": "10.1109/22.734518", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-11-01", "series_number": "11, pt", "volume": "46", "issue": "11, pt", "pages": "1956-1963" }, { "id": "authors:1d0zj-jkq75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1d0zj-jkq75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LIUieeemtt98", "type": "article", "title": "Stability of grid amplifiers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We present a stability model for quasi-optical grid amplifiers. This model is useful for predicting and suppressing the common-mode oscillations that often occur in amplifier grids. Three stabilization techniques will be discussed. The first technique uses a capacitor to stabilize the grid. The second approach employs resistance to suppress the oscillations. The final technique stabilizes the grid by reducing the on-chip common-mode resistance, allowing greatly increased amplifier efficiencies. Experimental evidence will be presented to confirm the validity of our stability model.", "doi": "10.1109/22.681199", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1998-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "46", "issue": "6", "pages": "769-774" }, { "id": "authors:vbryd-k4818", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vbryd-k4818", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LISieeetmtt96", "type": "article", "title": "Modeling and performance of a 100-element pHEMT grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Duncan", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Duncan-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Der-Wei", "clpid": "Tu-D-W" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cheh-Ming", "clpid": "Liu-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "Alina", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-element hybrid grid amplifier has been fabricated, The active devices in the grid are custom-made pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) differential-pair chips. We present a model for gain analysis and compare measurements with theory. The grid includes stabilizing resistors in the gate. Measurements show the grid has a peak gain of 10 db when tuned for 10 GHz and a gain of 12 dB when tuned for 9 GHz. The maximum 3-dB bandwidth is 15% at 9 GHz. The minimum noise figure is 3 dB. The maximum saturated output power is 3.7 W, with a peak power-added efficiency of 12%. These results area significant improvement over previous grid amplifiers based on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's).", "doi": "10.1109/22.556440", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1996-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "44", "issue": "12", "pages": "2136-2144" }, { "id": "authors:ys2w2-z7s26", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ys2w2-z7s26", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120223-093719809", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter-Wave Diffraction by a Photo-Induced Plasma Grating", "author": [ { "family_name": "Manasson", "given_name": "V. A.", "clpid": "Manasson-V-A" }, { "family_name": "Sadovnik", "given_name": "L. S.", "clpid": "Sadvnik-L-S" }, { "family_name": "Moussessian", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Moussessian-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Optical gratings are used extensively for beamsteering in the visible and IR range of the spectrum. Change in the dielectric permittivity of a semiconductor medium resulting from the excitation of a nonequilibrium electron-hole plasma makes it possible to extend this technique to MMW frequencies. A photo-induced plasma grating (PIPG) can be easily rewritten by changing the illumination pattern. So this technique can be used in optically controllable MMW antennas. Initial experimental work studied the diffraction of MMW propagating along a dielectric waveguide containing a PIPG. This paper reports on the diffraction of MMW propagating in free space, steered by the PIPG.", "doi": "10.1109/22.414579", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1995-09", "series_number": "9", "volume": "43", "issue": "9", "pages": "2288-2290" }, { "id": "authors:dtysy-0zz17", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dtysy-0zz17", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LUBieeemgwl93", "type": "article", "title": "A 100 GHz coplanar strip circuit tuned with a sliding planar backshort", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lubecke", "given_name": "Victor M.", "clpid": "Lubecke-V-M" }, { "family_name": "McGrath", "given_name": "William R.", "clpid": "McGrath-W-R" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A means of mechanically altering the electrical length of a planar transmission line would greatly enhance the use of integrated circuit technology at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Such a mechanically adjustable planar RF tuning element, successfully demonstrated at 100 GHz, is described here. It consists of a thin metallic sheet, with appropriately sized and spaced holes, which slides along on top of a dielectric-coated coplanar-strip transmission line. Multiple RF reflections caused by this structure add constructively, resulting in a movable RF short circuit, with |s11|\u226bAPX=/-0.3 dB, which can be used to vary the electrical length of a planar tuning stub. The sliding short is used here to produce a 2-dB improvement in the response of a diode detector. This tuning element can be integrated with planar circuits to compensate for the effect of parasitic reactance inherent in various devices including semiconductor diodes and superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions.", "doi": "10.1109/75.251396", "issn": "1051-8207", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication_date": "1993-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "3", "issue": "12", "pages": "441-443" }, { "id": "authors:xgqsv-jcx51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xgqsv-jcx51", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeetmtt93a", "type": "article", "title": "A 6.5 GHz-11.5 GHz source using a grid amplifier with a twist reflector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors have constructed and tested an oscillator using a grid amplifier with external feedback from a twist reflector. The twist reflector serves two functions; it changes the output polarization to match the input, and its position sets the feedback phase. This permits a wider tuning range than has been possible with previous grid oscillators. The source could be continuously tuned from 8.2 GHz to 11.0 GHz by moving the twist reflector. By moving the polarizer and mirror in the twist reflector independently, a 1.8-to-1 frequency range from 6.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz was achieved. The peak effective radiated power was 6.3 W at 9.9 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/22.247922", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1993-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "41", "issue": "10", "pages": "1772-1774" }, { "id": "authors:weq55-1z890", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "weq55-1z890", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeetmtt93b", "type": "article", "title": "A 100-element HBT grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "Emilio A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Shi-Jie", "clpid": "Li-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Gagnon", "given_name": "David R.", "clpid": "Gagnon-D-R" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-element 10-GHz grid amplifier has been developed. The active devices in the grid are chips with heterojunction-bipolar-transistor (HBT) differential pairs. The metal grid pattern was empirically designed to provide effective coupling between the HBTs and free space. Two independent measurements, one with focusing lenses and the other without, were used to characterize the grid. In each case, the peak gain was 10 dB at 10 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1 GHz. The input and output return losses were better than 15 dB at 10 GHz. The maximum output power was 450 mW, and the minimum noise figure was 7 dB. By varying the bias, a signal could be amplitude modulated with a modulation index as large as 0.65. Tests show that the grid was quite tolerant of failures-the output power dropped by only 1 dB when 10% of the inputs were detuned. The grid amplifier is a multimode device that amplifies beams of different shapes and angles. Beams with incidence angles up to 30\u00b0 were amplified with less than a 3-dB drop in gain.", "doi": "10.1109/22.247921", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1993-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "41", "issue": "10", "pages": "1762-1771" }, { "id": "authors:4629z-7n629", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4629z-7n629", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEDieeete93", "type": "article", "title": "Wave computations for microwave education", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The analysis of even simple microwave circuits can involve complicated calculations. It is argued that students repeatedly forced through this exercise are left exhausted and never develop understanding and insight into the principles of high-frequency circuit design. The use of computer-aided design software eliminates the network analysis burden, but it is a precarious solution: students easily become dependent on software and never develop analytical skills. A simple wave computational approach to microwave network analysis is discussed. The method is derived from Mason's theory of signal flow graphs and is based on wave variables and scattering parameters. The approach is easily understood and applied as either an analytical tool, or within a microwave CAD analysis engine. PC software using this computational technique is described and its educational applications are discussed.", "doi": "10.1109/13.204831", "issn": "0018-9359", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Education", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Education", "publication_date": "1993-02-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "36", "issue": "1", "pages": "127-131" }, { "id": "authors:jvjbg-z9k28", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jvjbg-z9k28", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KONapl92", "type": "article", "title": "Picosecond electrical spectroscopy using monolithic GaAs circuits", "author": [ { "family_name": "Konishi", "given_name": "Y.", "clpid": "Konishi-Y" }, { "family_name": "Kamegawa", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Kamegawa-M" }, { "family_name": "Case", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Case-M" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Yu-R" }, { "family_name": "Rodwell", "given_name": "M. J. W.", "clpid": "Rodwell-M-J-W" }, { "family_name": "York", "given_name": "R. A.", "clpid": "York-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "This article describes an experimental apparatus for free-space mm-wave transmission measurements (spectroscopy). GaAs nonlinear transmission lines and sampling circuits are used as picosecond pulse generators and detectors, with planar monolithic bowtie antennas with associated substrate lenses used as the radiating and receiving elements. The received pulse is 270 mV amplitude and 2.4 ps rise time. Through Fourier transformation of the received pulse, 30\u2013250 GHz measurements are demonstrated with <=0.3 dB (rms) accuracy.", "doi": "10.1063/1.108051", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1992-12-07", "series_number": "23", "volume": "61", "issue": "23", "pages": "2829-2831" }, { "id": "authors:w2bb2-vfb94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w2bb2-vfb94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEDieeemtt92", "type": "article", "title": "Wave techniques for noise modeling and measurement", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The noise wave approach is applied to analysis, modeling, and measurement applications. Methods are presented for the calculation of component and network noise wave correlation matrices. Embedding calculations, relations to two-port figures-of-merit, and transformations to traditional representations are discussed. Simple expressions are derived for MESFET and HEMT noise wave parameters based on a linear equivalent circuit. A noise wave measurement technique is presented and experimentally compared with the conventional method.", "doi": "10.1109/22.168757", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1992-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "40", "issue": "11", "pages": "2004-2012" }, { "id": "authors:wr614-wd856", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wr614-wd856", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEIieeetmtt92", "type": "article", "title": "Planar MESFET grid oscillators using gate feedback", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M, II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A method for quasi-optically combining the output power of MESFETs in which drain and source leads couple directly to the radiated field is introduced. The design consists of a planar grid of devices placed in a Fabry-Perot cavity. Capacitive feedback is provided to the gate, allowing oscillation at much higher frequencies than previous grids. The oscillation frequency is dependent on the device characteristics, the resonator cavity, and the symmetries of the grid. A transmission-line model for the grid is discussed and used to design two oscillator arrays. A 16-element grid has produced 335 mW of power at 11.6 GHz with a DC-to-RF conversion efficiency of 20%. This design was scaled to produce a 36-element grid oscillator with output power of 235 mW at 17 GHz. These results represent a significant improvement in the performance of planar grid oscillators. The planar configuration of the grid is very convenient for monolithic integration and is easily scalable to millimeter-wave frequencies.", "doi": "10.1109/22.168756", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1992-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "40", "issue": "11", "pages": "1997-2003" }, { "id": "authors:wrzjh-j6q36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wrzjh-j6q36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEIprocieee92", "type": "article", "title": "Transistor oscillator and amplifier grids", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Popvi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Although quasi-optical techniques are applicable to a large variety of solid-state devices, special attention is given to transistors, which are attractive because they can be used as either amplifiers or oscillators. Experimental results for MESFET bar-grid and planar grid oscillators are presented. A MESFET grid amplifier that receives only vertically polarized waves at the input and radiates horizontally polarized waves at the output is discussed. These planar grids can be scaled for operation at millimeter- and submillimeter-wave frequencies. By using modern IC fabrication technology, planar grid oscillators and amplifiers containing thousands of devices can be built, thereby realizing an efficient means for large-scale power combining.", "doi": "10.1109/5.175256", "issn": "0018-9219", "publisher": "Proceedings of the IEEE", "publication": "Proceedings of the IEEE", "publication_date": "1992-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "80", "issue": "11", "pages": "1800-1809" }, { "id": "authors:vnj9y-g0w31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vnj9y-g0w31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeeted92", "type": "article", "title": "A 10-GHz quasi-optical grid amplifier using integrated HBTdifferential pairs", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonkil", "clpid": "Kim-Moonkil" }, { "family_name": "Sovero", "given_name": "E. A.", "clpid": "Sovero-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "W. J.", "clpid": "Ho-Wu-Jing" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "J. B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "R. Peter", "clpid": "Smith-R-P" } ], "abstract": "The authors report the fabrication and testing of a 10-GHz grid amplifier utilizing 16 GaAs chips each containing an HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) differential pair plus integral bias/feedback resistors. The AlGaAs-GaAs HBT material was grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The amplifier exhibits a peak gain of 12 dB at 9.9 GHz, with a 3 dB bandwidth which extends from 9.55 and 10.3 GHz. The peak gain and bandwidth are sensitive to polarizer position, indicating that the polarizers provide good matching to free space. Output power is linear with input power, indicating that the grid operates as an amplifier rather than as an injection-locked oscillator. Gain saturation can be observed at low DC bias and high-input RF levels.", "doi": "10.1109/16.163537", "issn": "0018-9383", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices", "publication_date": "1992-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "39", "issue": "11", "pages": "2667-2668" }, { "id": "authors:fge1e-8tp47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fge1e-8tp47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HACieeetmtt92", "type": "article", "title": "A 100-element planar Schottky diode grid mixer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors present a Schottky diode grid mixer suitable for mixing or detecting quasi-optical signals. The mixer is a planar bow-tie grid structure periodically loaded with diodes. A simple transmission line model is used to predict the reflection coefficient of the grid to a normally incident plane wave. The grid mixer power handling and dynamic range scales as the number of devices in the grid. A 10-GHz 100-element grid mixer has shown an improvement in dynamic range of 16.3 to 19.8 dB over an equivalent single-diode mixer. The conversion loss and noise figure of the grid are equal to those of a conventional mixer. The quasi-optical coupling of the input signals makes the grid mixer suitable for millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave applications by eliminating waveguide sidewall losses and machining difficulties. The planar property of the grid potentially allows thousands of devices to be integrated monolithically.", "doi": "10.1109/22.121732", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1992-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "40", "issue": "3", "pages": "557-562" }, { "id": "authors:zq1f0-2k797", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zq1f0-2k797", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KIMieeemgwl91", "type": "article", "title": "A grid amplifier", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rosenberg", "given_name": "James J.", "clpid": "Rosenberg-J-J" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "R. Peter", "clpid": "Smith-R-P" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Hacker", "given_name": "Jonathan B.", "clpid": "Hacker-J-B" }, { "family_name": "De Lisio", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "De-Lisio-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 50-MESFET grid amplifier is reported that has a gain of 11 dB at 3.3 GHz. The grid isolates the input from the output by using vertical polarization for the input beam and horizontal polarization for the transmitted output beam. The grid unit cell is a two-MESFET differential amplifier. A simple calibration procedure allows the gain to be calculated from a relative power measurement. This grid is a hybrid circuit, but the structure is suitable for fabrication as a monolithic wafer-scale integrated circuit, particularly at millimeter wavelengths.", "doi": "10.1109/75.93899", "issn": "1051-8207", "publisher": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication_date": "1991-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "1", "issue": "11", "pages": "322-324" }, { "id": "authors:5n14e-22492", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5n14e-22492", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WEDieeemgwl91", "type": "article", "title": "Noise waves and passive linear multiports", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wedge", "given_name": "Scott W.", "clpid": "Wedge-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Noise waves are a powerful means for characterizing noise in microwave circuits. A simple derivation is given for the relation between a passive circuit's noise-wave correlation matrix and its scattering matrix. It is shown that this relation, referred to as Bosma's theorem, can be readily derived from the fundamental principle that a passive multiport in thermodynamic equilibrium with reflectionless terminations produces uncorrelated output waves.", "doi": "10.1109/75.89082", "issn": "1051-8207", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters", "publication_date": "1991-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "1", "issue": "5", "pages": "117-119" }, { "id": "authors:z6m18-4xa24", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "z6m18-4xa24", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LEEieeetap91", "type": "article", "title": "Thin-film power-density meter for millimeter wavelengths", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Karen A.", "clpid": "Lee-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Chiao", "given_name": "Jung-Chih", "clpid": "Chiao-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A quasi-optical power density meter for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths has been developed. The device is a 2-cm^2 thin-film bismuth bolometer deposited on a mylar membrane. The resistance responsivity is 150 \u03a9/W, and the time constant is 1 min. The meter is calibrated at DC. The bolometer is much thinner than a wavelength, and can thus be modeled as a lumped resistance in a transmission-line equivalent circuit. The absorption coefficient is 0.5 for 189-\u03a9/square film. The power-density meter has been used to measure absolute power densities for millimeter-wave antenna efficiency measurements. Absolute power densities of 0.5 mW/cm^2 have been measured to an estimated accuracy of 5%.", "doi": "10.1109/8.76347", "issn": "0018-926X", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication_date": "1991-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "39", "issue": "3", "pages": "425-428" }, { "id": "authors:ry5f2-ypa98", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ry5f2-ypa98", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:POPieeetmtt91", "type": "article", "title": "A 100-MESFET planar grid oscillator", "author": [ { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 100-MESFET oscillator which gives 21 W of CW effective radiated power (ERP) with a 16-dB directivity and a 20% DC-to-RF conversion efficiency at 5 GHz is presented. The oscillator is a planar grid structure periodically loaded with transistors. The grid radiates and the devices combine quasi-optically and lock to each other. The oscillator can also be quasi-optically injection-locked to an external signal. The planar grid structure is very simple. All of the devices share the same bias, and they can be power and frequency tuned with a mirror behind the grid or dielectric slabs in front of it. An equivalent circuit for an infinite grid predicts the mirror frequency tuning. The planar property of the oscillator offers the possibility of a wafer-scale monolithically integrated source. Thousands of active solid-state devices can potentially be integrated in a high-power source for microwave or millimeter-wave applications.", "doi": "10.1109/22.102960", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1991-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "39", "issue": "2", "pages": "193-200" }, { "id": "authors:xphp4-qh037", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xphp4-qh037", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUrsi90", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter and submillimeter wave technology developments for the next generation of fusion devices", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Sjogren", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Sjogren-L" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Popovic", "given_name": "Z.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikel", "given_name": "R. W.", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "There is increasing demand for compact watt-level coherent sources in the millimeter and submillimeter wave region. The approach that we have taken to satisfy this need is to fabricate two-dimensional grids loaded with oscillators, electronic beam steerers, and frequency multipliers for quasioptical coherent spatial combining of the outputs of a large number of low-power devices.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1141658", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1990-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "61", "issue": "10", "pages": "3253-3255" }, { "id": "authors:9s622-32x76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9s622-32x76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REBieeetap90", "type": "article", "title": "Monolithic millimeter-wave two-dimensional horn imaging arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Yong" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A monolithic two-dimensional horn imaging array has been fabricated for millimeter wavelengths. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in an etched pyramidal cavity on a 1-\u03bcm silicon-oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low-frequency connections and processing electronics. The theoretical pattern is calculated by approximating the horn structure by a cascade of rectangular-waveguide sections. The boundary conditions are matched at each of the waveguide sections and at the aperture of the horn. Patterns at 93 and 242 GHz agree well with theory. Horn aperture efficiencies of 44\u00b14%, including mismatch and resistive losses, have been measured. A detailed breakdown of the losses is presented. The coupling efficiency to various f-number imaging systems is investigated, and a coupling efficiency of 24% for an f0.7 imaging system (including spillover, taper, mismatch and resistive losses) has been measured. Possible application areas include imaging arrays for remote sensing, plasma diagnostics, radiometry and superconducting tunnel-junction receivers for radio astronomy.", "doi": "10.1109/8.57001", "issn": "0018-926X", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication_date": "1990-09", "series_number": "9", "volume": "38", "issue": "9", "pages": "1473-1482" }, { "id": "authors:bsyax-1ke46", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bsyax-1ke46", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:POPieeetmtt90", "type": "article", "title": "Bar-grid oscillators", "author": [ { "family_name": "Popovi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya Basta", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Weikle", "given_name": "Robert M., II", "clpid": "Weikle-R-M-II" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Moonil", "clpid": "Kim-M" }, { "family_name": "Potter", "given_name": "Kent A.", "clpid": "Potter-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Grid oscillators are an attractive way of obtaining high power levels from the solid-state devices, since potentially the output powers of thousands of individual devices can be combined. The active devices do not require an external locking signal, and the power combining is done in free space. Thirty-six transistors were mounted on parallel brass bars, which provide a stable bias and have a low thermal resistance. The output power degraded gradually when the devices failed. The grid gave an effective radiated power of 3 W at 3 GHz. The directivity was 11.3 dB, and the DC-to-RF efficiency was 22%. Modulation capabilities of the grid were demonstrated. An equivalent circuit model for the grid is derived, and comparison with experimental results is shown.", "doi": "10.1109/22.45341", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1990-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "38", "issue": "3", "pages": "225-230" }, { "id": "authors:83899-wzv22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "83899-wzv22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWUieeeted89b", "type": "article", "title": "Array concepts for solid-state and vacuum microelectronics millimeter-wave generation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwu", "given_name": "Ruey J.", "clpid": "Hwu-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "C. J.", "clpid": "Jou-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Nim-M" }, { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "W. W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Popvi\u0107", "given_name": "Zoya B.", "clpid": "Popovi\u0107-Z-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The authors have proposed that the increasing demand for contact watt-level coherent sources in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave region can be satisfied by fabricating two-dimensional grids loaded with oscillators and multipliers for quasi-optical coherent spatial combining of the outputs of large numbers of low-power devices. This was first demonstrated through the successful fabrication of monolithic arrays with 2000 Schottky diodes. Watt-level power outputs were obtained in doubling to 66 GHz. In addition, a simple transmission-line model was verified with a quasi-optical reflectometer that measured the array impedance. This multiplier array work is being extended to novel tripler configurations using blocking barrier devices. The technique has also been extended to oscillator configurations where the grid structure is loaded with negative-resistance devices. This was first demonstrated using Gunn devices. More recently, a 25-element MESFET grid oscillating at 10 GHz exhibited power combining and self-locking. Currently, this approach is being extended to a 100-element monolithic array of Gunn diodes. This same approach should be applicable to planar vacuum electron devices such as the submillimeter-wave BWO (backward wave oscillator) and vacuum FET.", "doi": "10.1109/16.43767", "issn": "0018-9383", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices", "publication_date": "1989-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "36", "issue": "11", "pages": "2645-2650" }, { "id": "authors:p8x2q-w7860", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "p8x2q-w7860", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REGieeetbe88", "type": "article", "title": "A long-term in vitro silicon-based microelectrode-neuron connection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Regehr", "given_name": "Wade G.", "clpid": "Regehr-W-G" }, { "family_name": "Pine", "given_name": "Jerome", "clpid": "Pine-J" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A novel method for long-term recording and simulation applicable to cultured neurons has been developed. Silicon-based microelectrodes have been fabricated using integrated-circuit technology and micromachining. The chronic connection is made by positioning the tip of the `diving-board electrode' into contact with the top of the cell body. The electrode support structure is then glued to the bottom of the culture dish. Two-way electrical connections to Helisoma B19 neurons have been maintained for up to four days. This capability makes it possible to conduct experiments that are not practical using conventional techniques.", "doi": "10.1109/10.8687", "issn": "0018-9294", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering", "publication_date": "1988-12-01", "series_number": "12", "volume": "35", "issue": "12", "pages": "1023-1032" }, { "id": "authors:ezep7-tnz63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ezep7-tnz63", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:JOUieeetmtt88", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter-Wave Diode-Grid Frequency Doubler", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "Christina F.", "clpid": "Jou-C-F" }, { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "Wayne W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Howard Z.", "clpid": "Chen-H-Z" }, { "family_name": "Stolt", "given_name": "Kjell S.", "clpid": "Stolt-K-S" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Monolithic diode grid were fabricated on 2-cm^2 gallium-arsenide wafers in a proof-of-principle test of a quasi-optical varactor millimeter-wave frequency multiplier array concept. An equivalent circuit model based on a transmission-line analysis of plane wave illumination was applied to predict the array performance. The doubler experiments were performed under far-field illumination conditions. A second-harmonic conversion efficiency of 9.5% and output powers of 0.5 W were achieved at 66 GHz when the diode grid was pumped with a pulsed source at 33 GHz. This grid had 760 Schottky-barrier varactor diodes. The average series resistance was 27 \u03a9, the minimum capacitance was 18 fF at a reverse breakdown voltage of -3 V. The measurements indicate that the diode grid is a feasible device for generating watt-level powers at millimeter frequencies and that substantial improvement is possible by improving the diode breakdown voltage.", "doi": "10.1109/22.8914", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1988-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "36", "issue": "11", "pages": "1507-1514" }, { "id": "authors:44kpt-w3788", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "44kpt-w3788", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REBrsi88", "type": "article", "title": "Two-dimensional horn imaging arrays (abstract)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "P. A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingam", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingam-D-P" } ], "abstract": "A two-dimensional horn imaging array has been demonstrated at 242 and 93 GHz. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in a pyramidal horn, fabricated by an anisotropic chemical etch technique, on a 1-\u00b5m silicon-oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low-frequency lines and processing electronics. Pattern measurements on a 1.45-\u03bb imaging array agree well with theory, show no sidelobes, and a 3-dB beamwidth of 35\u00b0 and 46\u00b0 for the E and H planes, respectively. Application areas include a superconducting tunnel-junction receiver for radio astronomy and imaging arrays for real-time electron density mapping in fusion plasmas. Support for this project was provided by DOE contract DE-FG03-86-ER-53225 (subcontracted from U.C.L.A.).", "doi": "10.1063/1.1140156", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1988-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "59", "issue": "8", "pages": "1592" }, { "id": "authors:wggqj-fwf70", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wggqj-fwf70", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120621-104445262", "type": "article", "title": "Two\u2010dimensional horn imaging arrays (abstract)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rebeiz", "given_name": "Gabriel M.", "clpid": "Rebeiz-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Yong", "clpid": "Guo-Y" }, { "family_name": "Stimson", "given_name": "P. A.", "clpid": "Stimson-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Kasilingan", "given_name": "Dayalan P.", "clpid": "Kasilingan-D-P" } ], "abstract": "A two\u2010dimensional horn imaging array has been demonstrated at 242 and 93 GHz. In this configuration, a dipole is suspended in a pyramidal horn, fabricated by an anisotropic chemical etch technique, on a 1\u2010\u03bcm silicon\u2010oxynitride membrane. This approach leaves room for low\u2010frequency lines and processing electronics. Pattern measurements on a 1.45\u2010\u03bb imaging array agree well with theory, show no sidelobes, and a 3\u2010dB beamwidth of 35\u00b0 and 46\u00b0 for the E and H planes, respectively. Application areas include a superconducting tunnel\u2010junction receiver for radio astronomy and imaging arrays for real\u2010time electron density mapping in fusion plasmas.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1140156", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1988-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "59", "issue": "8", "pages": "1592" }, { "id": "authors:5j7dw-mes89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5j7dw-mes89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LAMieeetmtt88", "type": "article", "title": "Millimeter-wave diode-grid phase shifters", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lam", "given_name": "Wayne W.", "clpid": "Lam-W-W" }, { "family_name": "Jou", "given_name": "Christina F.", "clpid": "Jou-C-F" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Howard Z.", "clpid": "Chen-H-Z" }, { "family_name": "Stoltz", "given_name": "Kjell S.", "clpid": "Stoltz-K-S" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Monolithic diode grids have been fabricated on 2-cm square gallium-arsenide wafers with 1600 Schottky-barrier varactor diodes. Shorted diodes are detected with a liquid-crystal technique, and the bad diodes are removed with an ultrasonic probe. A small-aperture reflectometer that uses wavefront division interference was developed to measure the reflection coefficient of the grids. A Phase shift of 70\u00b0 with a 7-dB loss was obtained at 93 GHz when the bias on the diode grid was changed from -3 V to 1 V. A simple transmission-line grid model, together with the measured low-frequency parameters for the diodes, was shown to predict the measured performance over the entire capacitive bias range of the diodes, as well as over the complete reactive tuning range provided by a reflector behind the grid, and over a wide range of frequencies form 33 GHz to 141 GHz. This shows that the transmission-line model and the measured low-frequency diode parameters can be used to design an electronic beam-steering array and to predict its performance. An electronic beam-steering array made of a pair of grids using state-of-the-art diodes with 5-\u03a9 series resistances would have a loss of 1.4 dB at 90 GHz.", "doi": "10.1109/22.3610", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1988-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "36", "issue": "5", "pages": "902-907" }, { "id": "authors:2ghag-kp578", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2ghag-kp578", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WILieeetim88", "type": "article", "title": "Elf: computer automation and error correction for a microwave network analyzer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Williams", "given_name": "Wyman L.", "clpid": "Williams-W-L" }, { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A microwave measurement system has been developed that combines a personal computer (PC) and an conventional vector network analyzer to yield a full complex-error-corrected automatic network analyzer. The system consists of a Hewlett-Packard HP 8410C network analyzer, an HP 8350B sweep oscillator, and an IBM PC. A program called Elf runs on the PC, performing calibration and measurement algorithms and providing a flexible, menu-oriented user interface. The system, when calibrated, achieves a worst-case measurement error vector of magnitude \u2264 0.02 for transmission and reflection coefficient measurements over the 2-12.4-GHz frequency range and has a measurement speed of three frequency points/s. Elf provides an inexpensive method for upgrading the HP 8410 to achieve the high accuracy of an automatic network analyzer.", "doi": "10.1109/19.2672", "issn": "0018-9456", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement", "publication_date": "1988-03-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "pages": "95-100" }, { "id": "authors:hqbgy-wm696", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hqbgy-wm696", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:COMieeetmtt85", "type": "article", "title": "Approximation Techniques for Planar Periodic Structures", "author": [ { "family_name": "Compton", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Compton-R-C" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The rigorous calculation of electromagnetic properties of periodic meshes using moment methods requires considerable algebraic work and computer resources. In this paper, a number of easy to use approximation techniques for analyzing thin structures with square, rectangular, and circular holes are presented. Formulas for the effective impedante of these meshes are described which can easily take into account oblique incidence and the presence of a dielectric substrate. In addition, techniques for analyzing more complex-shaped apertures such as a cross are discussed. These methods are more accurate than existing approximation techniques and can be applied to a wide range of situations that could not be handled before.", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1985-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "33", "issue": "10", "pages": "1083-1088" }, { "id": "authors:d9sy4-c7920", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d9sy4-c7920", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170719-173215378", "type": "article", "title": "Substrate-lens coupled antennas for millimeter and submillimeter waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "Antennas at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths present formidable challenges. One approach is to scale up lower-frequency microwave systems of hollow-metal waveguides and horns. The problem with this is that as the frequency goes up, the waveguides get smaller, and the fabrication becomes difficult \nand expensive. Another way is to follow the lead of low-frequency integrated circuits and develop monolithic integrated circuits. This is attractive because there is the possibility of integrating thin-film metal antennas, solid-state devices, and low- frequency processing circuits, all on the same chip. Moreover, a large \nnumber of devices can be made together simultaneously to \nform an array or imaging system. This means we should develop antennas that work on the common integrated-circuit substrates: quartz, silicon, and gallium arsenide.", "doi": "10.1109/MAP.1985.27816", "issn": "2168-0329", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter", "publication_date": "1985-08", "series_number": "4", "volume": "27", "issue": "4", "pages": "4-8" }, { "id": "authors:1zcz2-4ma03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1zcz2-4ma03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:YOUrsi85b", "type": "article", "title": "Far-infrared imaging of tokamak plasma", "author": [ { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "P. E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Taylor", "given_name": "R. J.", "clpid": "Taylor-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "D. P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A 20-channel interferometer has been developed which utilizes a linear, one-dimensional microbolometer array to obtain single-shot density profiles from the UCLA Microtor tokamak plasma. The interferometer has been used to study time-dependent phenomena in the plasma density profile. Observations of the sawtooth instability clearly show the growth of the m=0 mode from a localized oscillation (r=1 cm) on axis to an oscillation of the entire plasma. Also, measurements during the initial startup phase of the discharge show evidence of hollow density profiles. In addition, a simultaneous measurement of the poloidal magnetic field has been developed which provides 20 channels of polarimetry. Interferometry and polarimetry both use the same imaging system and the spatial resolution of both measurements has been tested using plastic and crystal-quartz test objects. The signal-to-noise ratio for the polarimeter has also proved adequate for the expected Faraday rotation angle (alphamax=7\u00b0, Ip=70 kA, n=5\u00d710^13 cm^\u22123).", "doi": "10.1063/1.1138036", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1985-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "56", "issue": "5", "pages": "903-904" }, { "id": "authors:vakdk-sq176", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vakdk-sq176", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:YOUrsi85a", "type": "article", "title": "Multichannel far-infrared phase imaging for fusion plasmas", "author": [ { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "P. E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "D. P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "P. P.", "clpid": "Tong-P-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "N. C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" } ], "abstract": "A 20-channel far-infrared imaging interferometer system has been used to obtain single-shot density profiles in the UCLA Microtor tokamak. This system differs from conventional multichannel interferometers in that the phase distribution produced by the plasma is imaged onto a single, monolithic, integrated microbolometer linear detector array and provides significantly more channels than previous far-infrared interferometers. The system has been demonstrated to provide diffraction-limited phase images of dielectric targets.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1138431", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1985-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "56", "issue": "1", "pages": "81-89" }, { "id": "authors:3p3wa-25r10", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3p3wa-25r10", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:TONieeetmtt84", "type": "article", "title": "Imaging Polarimeter Arrays for Near-Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter T.", "clpid": "Tong-P-T" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" }, { "family_name": "Peebles", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Peebles-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Luhmann", "given_name": "Neville C., Jr.", "clpid": "Luhmann-N-C-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "An integrated-circuit antenna array has been developed that images both polarization and intensity. The array consists of a row of antennas that lean alternately left and right, creating two interlaced sub-arrays that respond to different polarizations. The arrays and the bismuth bolometer detectors are made by a photoresist shadowing technique that requires only one photolithographic mask. The array has measured polarization at a wavelength of 800 \u00b5m with an absolute accuracy of 0.8\u00b0 and a relative precision of 7 arc min. and has demonstrated nearly diffraction-Iimited resolutiort of a 20\u00b0 step in polarization.", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1984-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "32", "issue": "5", "pages": "507-512" }, { "id": "authors:wmze9-4hk35", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wmze9-4hk35", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl84", "type": "article", "title": "Air-bridge microbolometer for far-infrared detection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A new microbolometer for far-infrared detection has been fabricated that allows an increase in sensitivity of a factor of 4 over the best previously reported bolometer. By suspending the detector in the air above its substrate a reduction in the thermal conductance out of the device by a factor of 5 has been achieved. At a modulation frequency of 100 kHz this microbolometer has an electrical noise equivalent power of 2.8\u00d710^\u221211 W(Hz)^\u22121/2. A thermal model is also presented that accurately fits the response of the detector.", "doi": "10.1063/1.94718", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1984-01-15", "series_number": "2", "volume": "44", "issue": "2", "pages": "153-155" }, { "id": "authors:mza6r-pd721", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mza6r-pd721", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ALEieeetmtt83", "type": "article", "title": "Substrate Optimization for Integrated Circuit Antennas", "author": [ { "family_name": "Alexopoulos", "given_name": "Nicolaos G.", "clpid": "Alexopoulos-N-G" }, { "family_name": "Katehi", "given_name": "Pisti B.", "clpid": "Katehi-P-B" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "The reciprocity theorem and integral equation techniques are employed to determine the properties of integrated-circuit antennas. The effect of surface waves is considered for dipole and slot elements on substrates. The radiation and bandwidth of microstrip dipoles are optimized in terms of substrate thickness and permittivity.", "issn": "0018-9480", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques", "publication_date": "1983-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "83", "issue": "7", "pages": "550-557" }, { "id": "authors:e94r9-9ap76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "e94r9-9ap76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170727-174338028", "type": "article", "title": "Tracking antenna arrays for near-millimeter waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter P.", "clpid": "Tong-Peter-P" }, { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Psaltis", "given_name": "Demetri", "clpid": "Psaltis-D" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Wagner", "given_name": "Kelvin", "clpid": "Wagner-K-H" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" } ], "abstract": "A two-dimensional monolithic array has been developed that gives the elevation and azimuth of point source targets. The array is an arrangement of rows and columns of antennas and bismuth bolometer detectors on a fused quartz substrate. Energy is focused onto the array through a lens placed on the back side of the substrate. At 1.38 mm with a 50 mm diameter objective lens, the array has demonstrated a positioning accuracy of 26 arcmin. In a differential mode this precision improves to 9 arcsec, limited by the mechanics of the rotating stage. This tracking could be automated to a fast two-step procedure where a source is first located to the nearest row and column, and then precisely located by scanning. With signal processing the array should be able to track multiple sources.", "doi": "10.1109/TAP.1983.1143076", "issn": "0096-1973", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation", "publication_date": "1983-05", "series_number": "3", "volume": "31", "issue": "3", "pages": "512-515" }, { "id": "authors:2v649-nmb55", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2v649-nmb55", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl82c", "type": "article", "title": "Self-heated thermocouples for far-infrared detection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "A novel self-heated Bi-Sb thermocouple for far-infrared detection has been developed. The detector is suitable for integration with monolithic antennas and imaging arrays. The device is fabricated in a single photolithography masking step using a photoresist-bridge technique. This bridge technique has also been used to make microbolometers with lower 1/f noise than those made by two conventional masking steps. The thermocouples have a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 7\u00d710^\u221210 W/(\u221aHz) and a 3-dB frequency response of 150 kHz.", "doi": "10.1063/1.93554", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1982-09-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "41", "issue": "5", "pages": "400-402" }, { "id": "authors:he7ry-j8x30", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "he7ry-j8x30", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl82b", "type": "article", "title": "Imaging antenna array at 119 \u00b5m", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Tong", "given_name": "Peter P.", "clpid": "Tong-Peter-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Park", "given_name": "Hyeon", "clpid": "Park-Hyeon" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Peter E.", "clpid": "Young-P-E" } ], "abstract": "A focal-plane imaging antenna array has been demonstrated at 119 \u00b5m. The array is a line of evaporated silver bow-tie antennas with bismuth microbolometer detectors on a silicon substrate. Radiation is coupled into the array by a lens placed on the back of the substrate. The bolometers are thermally isolated from the silicon substrate with a half-micron layer of polyimide. The array performance is demonstrated by coherent imaging of a series of holes at half the diffraction-limited cut-off frequency.", "doi": "10.1063/1.93525", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1982-08-15", "series_number": "4", "volume": "41", "issue": "4", "pages": "329-331" }, { "id": "authors:gn4b2-15g22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gn4b2-15g22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEIapl82a", "type": "article", "title": "Far-infrared imaging antenna arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Neikirk", "given_name": "Dean P.", "clpid": "Neikirk-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "David B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Muha", "given_name": "Michael S.", "clpid": "Muha-M-S" }, { "family_name": "Park", "given_name": "Hyeon", "clpid": "Park-Hyeon" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Chang-Xuan", "clpid": "Yu-Chang-Xuan" } ], "abstract": "A far-infrared imaging antenna array has been demonstrated for the first time. The array is a line of evaporated silver bow-tie antennas on a fused-quartz substrate with bismuth-microbolometer detectors. The measured optical transfer function shows that the system is diffraction limited. This imaging array should find direct application in fusion plasma diagnostics. If the microbolometers can be replaced by more sensitive diode detectors, the array should also find application in radiometry and radar.", "doi": "10.1063/1.93053", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1982-02-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "40", "issue": "3", "pages": "203-205" }, { "id": "authors:6fw2h-fdw76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6fw2h-fdw76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170801-173314534", "type": "article", "title": "Planar multimode detector arrays for infrared and millimeter-wave applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" } ], "abstract": "A new type of detector array is described. By means of a suitably designed metallic network, many detector elements (each individually small compared to wavelength) are assembled into an impedance-matched termination for radiation incident normally on the plane of the device. Residual reactance is tuned out by means of a movable backshort. An array of 400 bismuth-film microbolometers with a total area of 1 cm^2 has been tested at 215 GHz. A coupling efficiency of approximately 60 percent was observed. The detector has a D^* of 4 x 10^8 cm \u00b7 Hz^(1/2)/W at room temperature with response time on the order of 2 x 10^-7 s. Similar arrays of Schottky and SIS diodes can probably be constructed.", "doi": "10.1109/JQE.1981.1071097", "issn": "0018-9197", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics", "publication_date": "1981-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "17", "issue": "3", "pages": "407-414" }, { "id": "authors:tw30h-1th97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tw30h-1th97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWAapl79b", "type": "article", "title": "Microbolometers for infrared detection", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwang", "given_name": "Tien-Li", "clpid": "Hwang-T-L" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" } ], "abstract": "We describe a novel room-temperature detector for the wavelength range 10\u20131000 \u00b5m. This detector consists of a thin bismuth bolometer film with dimensions much smaller than a wavelength. The small size of the detector results in reduced NEP and faster response. A video NEP of 1.6\u00d710\u201310 W/Hz1/2 is obtained at 119 \u00b5m, remaining within a factor of 10 of this value for modulation frequencies up to 25 MHz. When used as a mixer, the device is predicted to have an NEP of 3.5\u00d710\u201318 W/Hz. It is easily fabricated with conventional planar processing techniques and can be replicated in arrays. The device is expected to be most useful when the radiation to be detected is spatially coherent.", "doi": "10.1063/1.90669", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1979-06-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "34", "issue": "11", "pages": "773-776" }, { "id": "authors:37t90-vec49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "37t90-vec49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HWAapl79a", "type": "article", "title": "Planar sandwich antennas for submillimeter applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hwang", "given_name": "Tien-Li", "clpid": "Hwang-T-L" }, { "family_name": "Rutledge", "given_name": "D. B.", "clpid": "Rutledge-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "S. E.", "clpid": "Schwarz-S-E" } ], "abstract": "A planar receiving antenna with a predictable pattern at submillimeter wavelength is demonstrated experimentally for the first time. It is single lobed and efficient, with a gain of approximately 8 dB at a wavelength of 119 \u00b5m.", "doi": "10.1063/1.90574", "issn": "0003-6951", "publisher": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication": "Applied Physics Letters", "publication_date": "1979-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "34", "issue": "1", "pages": "9-11" } ]