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"given": "Steven Michael" }, "show_email": "YES" } ] }, "title": "The Origin and Evolution of Amorphous Silica Coatings on Young Hawaiian Basalts", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "chemical weathering, Hawaii, basalt, amorphous silica, spectroscopy, isotope geochemistry", "abstract": "
Young basaltic lavas on the Big Island of Hawaii frequently feature brightly colored surface coatings. These coatings, the product of interaction of volcanically-derived acidic fluids with basaltic substrates, provide an opportunity to study the rates and mechanisms of early onset chemical weathering in a natural setting. Lava flows of various ages, from hours to ~40 years, at sites along Kilauea's southwest and east rift zones and at Mauna Loa were visited and sampled to determine the nature and extent of this alteration phenomenon. The coatings are composed of a layer of amorphous silica, 1-80 \u03bcm thick, capped in some cases by a 1 \u03bcm layer of Fe-Ti oxide. Raman, infrared, and
The silicon isotope compositions of silica coatings and basalts were measured to determine the degree of Si mobility during coating formation. Coatings are enriched in
The morphologic, spectroscopic and geochemical observations presented here are most consistent with a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism for silica coating formation. Acidic solutions dissolved near-surface basalt, then precipitated
An experimental technique for evaluating the activity of chromite in\r\nmulticomponent spinels was developed by equilibrating the spinel of interest with a Pt-alloy\r\nunder a controlled temperature and oxygen fugacity. The thermodynamic\r\nproperties of the ternary Pt-Fe-Cr system was evaluated, such that activities of Cr and Fe\r\nin an equilibrated Pt-alloy can be used to calculate the activity of chromite in the spinel of\r\ninterest.
\r\n\r\nThe ternary activity model formulation used is based on the characterization of\r\neach bounding binary system, Pt-Fe, Pt-Cr, Fe-Cr, with the addition of ternary interaction\r\nterms. The Pt-Fe and Pt-Cr systems are described as asymmetric regular solutions with\r\ninteraction parameters of W_(PtFe)=-138.0\u00b13.3, W_(FePt)=-90.8\u00b124.0, and W_(PtCr)=-129.1\u00b11.2,\r\nW_(CrPt)=-80.9\u00b14.4, and D_(PtCr)=+94.4\u00b12.5 kJ/mol (1\u03c3), respectively. Combined with\r\nliterature thermodynamic properties for the Fe-Cr system, the ternary interaction\r\nparameters in the Pt-Fe-Cr system were found to be C_(Cr)=0, C_(Pt)=+ll5.7, and C_(Fe)=-68.6\r\nkJ/mol.
\r\n\r\nUsing this technique, the metamorphic history of equilibrated ordinary chondrites\r\nwas evaluated by examining the compositions and textures of olivines, pyroxenes,\r\nspinels, and alloys. Equilibrium temperatures based on Fe-Mg exchange between olivine\r\nand spinel exhibit a range of 680-796\u00b0C in H, L, and LL ordinary chondrites spanning\r\npetrographic type 4 to 6. Type 4 chondrites in all groups record variable temperatures\r\nthat are lower than or equal to those of types 5 and 6 chondrites, implying decoupling of\r\nmetamorphic temperature from petrographic type. Cooling rates near 800\u00b0C were found to be 1-3 K/Ma, slow enough to allow continous re-equilibration of spinel grains from\r\npeak metamorphic temperatures to the olivine-spinel equilibration temperature.
\r\n\r\nThe temperature-oxygen fugacity relationships in equilibrated H chondrites were\r\nconstrained from spinel-alloy and olivine-pyroxene-alloy phase assemblages based on the\r\nmineral compositions and activity-composition models. Log_(10)f_(02) values based on the\r\nassemblage olivine-pyroxene-alloy are -1.75\u00b10.02 log units below Iron-W\u00fcstite (IW)\r\nbuffer, regardless of petrographic type. The log_(10)f_(02) values calculated based on the\r\nspinel-alloy coexistence are at least ~1.5 log units more oxidizing than those based on the\r\nolivine-pyroxene-alloy if olivine-spinel equilibration temperatures (728-820\u00b0C) are\r\nassumed. This probably indicates that closure for spinel-alloy equilibria occurred under\r\nretrograde conditions at temperatures below 700\u00b0C.
", "date": "2002", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:02172012-143736224", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:02172012-143736224", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Tony Diaz", "deposited_by": "Benjamin Perez", "deposited_on": "2012-02-23 19:22:09", "doi": "10.7907/0774-JM48", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-8008-8804", "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4571-6884", "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4571-6884", "role": "chair" }, { "id": "Burnett-D-S", "name": { "family": "Burnett", "given": "Donald S." }, "role": "member" }, { "id": "Eiler-J-M", "name": { "family": "Eiler", "given": "John M." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5768-7593", "role": "member" }, { "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-8008-8804", "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "2001-11-14", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geochem" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Kessel, Ronit", "advisor_list": "Stolper, Edward M. and Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Rossman, George Robert; Burnett, Donald S.; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/8202", "eprint_id": 8202, "rev_number": 40, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/47444", "doc_id": 47444, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/138684", "fileid": 138684, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 47444, "filename": "Goreva_js_2001.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "c0a65634c60884c4896ffa28aff8665d", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 30721634, "mtime": "2014-04-25 22:04:08", "url": "/8202/1/Goreva_js_2001.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 8202, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": 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"/id/document/47444" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/47444" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 87, "dir": "disk0/00/00/82/02", "datestamp": "2014-04-28 23:01:36", "lastmod": "2022-09-13 18:26:40", "status_changed": "2014-04-28 23:01:36", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Goreva-Julia-S", "name": { "family": "Goreva", "given": "Julia S." }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Origin of Th/U Variations in Chondritic Meteorites", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Geochemistry", "abstract": "Isotope dilution thorium and uranium analyses of the Harleton chondrite show a\r\nlarger scatter than previously observed in equilibrated ordinary chondrites (EOC). The\r\nlinear correlation of Th/U with 1/U in Harleton (and all EOC data) is produced by\r\nvariation in the chlorapatite to merrillite mixing ratio. Apatite variations control the U\r\nconcentrations. Phosphorus variations are compensated by inverse variations in U to\r\npreserve the Th/U vs. 1/U correlation. Because the Th/U variations reflect phosphate\r\nampling, a weighted Th/U average should converge to an improved solar system Th/U.\r\nWe obtain Th/U=3.53 (1-mean=0.10), significantly lower and more precise than previous\r\nestimates.
\r\n\r\nTo test whether apatite also produces Th/U variation in CI and CM chondrites, we\r\nperformed P analyses on the solutions from leaching experiments of Orgueil and\r\nMurchison meteorites.
\r\n\r\nA linear Th/U vs. 1/U correlation in CI can be explained by redistribution of\r\nhexavalent U by aqueous fluids into carbonates and sulfates.
\r\n\r\nUnlike CI and EOC, whole rock Th/U variations in CMs are mostly due to Th\r\nvariations. A Th/U vs. 1/U linear correlation suggested by previous data for CMs is not\r\nreal. We distinguish 4 components responsible for the whole rock Th/U variations: (1) P\r\nand actinide-depleted matrix containing small amounts of U-rich carbonate/sulfate phases\r\n(similar to CIs); (2) CAIs and (3) chondrules are major reservoirs for actinides, (4) an\r\neasily leachable phase of high Th/U. likely carbonate produced by CAI alteration.\r\nPhosphates play a minor role as actinide and P carrier phases in CM chondrites.
\r\n\r\nUsing our Th/U and minimum galactic ages from halo globular clusters, we\r\ncalculate relative supernovae production rates for 232Th/238U and 235U/238U for different\r\nmodels of r-process nucleosynthesis. For uniform galactic production, the beginning of the\r\nr-process nucleosynthesis must be less than 13 Gyr. Exponentially decreasing production is also\r\nconsistent with a 13 Gyr age, but very slow decay times are required (less than 35 Gyr),\r\napproaching the uniform production. The 15 Gyr Galaxy requires either a fast initial\r\nproduction growth (infall time constant less than 0.5 Gyr) followed by very low decrease (decay\r\ntime constant greater than 100 Gyr), or the fastest possible decrease (\u22488 Gyr) preceded by slow in fall\r\n(\u22487.5 Gyr).
\r\n", "date": "2001", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:04252014-150216789", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:04252014-150216789", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Tony Diaz", "deposited_by": "Benjamin Perez", "deposited_on": "2014-04-28 23:01:36", "doi": "10.7907/hfsz-ym11", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Burnett-D-S", "name": { "family": "Burnett", "given": "Donald S." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4571-6884", "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4571-6884", "role": "chair" }, { "id": "Burnett-D-S", "name": { "family": "Burnett", "given": "Donald S." }, "role": "member" }, { "id": "Farley-K-A", "name": { "family": "Farley", "given": "Kenneth A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7846-7546", "role": "member" }, { "id": "Wasserburg-G-J", "name": { "family": "Wasserburg", "given": "Gerald J." }, "role": "member" }, { "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-8008-8804", "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "2000-12-20", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geochem" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Goreva, Julia S.", "advisor_list": "Burnett, Donald S. and Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Rossman, George Robert; Burnett, Donald S.; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/11860", "eprint_id": 11860, "rev_number": 33, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/103835", "doc_id": 103835, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/309685", "fileid": 309685, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 103835, "filename": "wasylenki-le-1999.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "124168bfb77a5f3db1c3ca1d92a6fb24", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 6470569, "mtime": "2019-10-25 17:42:16", "url": "/11860/1/wasylenki-le-1999.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 11860, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", 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"media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/103835" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/103835" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/103835" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 34, "dir": "disk0/00/01/18/60", "datestamp": "2019-10-24 21:47:39", "lastmod": "2021-04-16 23:10:44", "status_changed": "2019-10-24 21:47:39", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "email": "Laura.Wasylenki@nau.edu", "id": "Wasylenki-Laura-Eileen", "name": { "family": "Wasylenki", "given": "Laura Eileen" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-0333-3567", "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Partial Melting of Depleted Peridotite in the Earth's Upper Mantle and Implications for Generation of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Geology; Earth sciences; Basalts; Mid-ocean ridge; Peridotite; Upper mantle", "abstract": "Peridotite in the earth's upper mantle undergoes polybaric, fractional melting as it rises adiabatically beneath mid-ocean spreading ridges. As liquid is continually extracted, peridotite becomes increasingly depleted in incompatible components. The amounts and compositions of partial melts of depleted peridotite are important parameters in models of MORB petrogenesis, but have not been well-constrained previously. I present partial melting experiments on a depleted peridotite composition at 10 kbar and 1250\u20131390\u00b0C. My experiments make use of small aggregates of glassy carbon particles into which partial melt is extracted at high temperature. I have been able to analyze low degree partial melts (<10%) and quantify the effects of incompatible element depletion on the melting behavior of peridotite. Special tests of the approach to equilibrium in this study confirm the validity of the aggregate melt extraction technique, which has sparked much debate in the literature (see Chapters 2 and 3 for details).
\r\n\r\nMelts of depleted peridotite differ in important ways from melts of fertile peridotite, mostly due to lower alkali contents and chemical consequences thereof. At low melt fractions, melts of depleted peridotite have less SiO\u2082, more CaO, and higher CaO/Al\u2082O\u2083 than melts of fertile peridotite at the same melt fraction. According to these results and others in the literature, solidus temperature is a linear function of incompatible major element content. Melt fraction at cpx-out is proportional to normative cpx in source peridotite.
\r\n\r\nLiquid compositions from this study are in good agreement with calculations using the quantitative models of Kinzler and Grove (1992a), Langmuir et al. (1992), and Ghiorso and Sack (1995). Calculations of polybaric, fractional melting of primitive mantle using the models of Langmuir et al. (1992) and Asimow (1997) indicate that about half of all liquid contributed to MORB is formed by partial melting of depleted peridotite.
\r\n\r\nThe data presented in this thesis provide information about amounts and compositions of partial melts formed from depleted peridotite, an important upper mantle constituent beneath mid-ocean ridges, and can be used to improve quantitative models of MORB primary magma formation and further our understanding of MORB petrogenesis.
", "date": "1999", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:10242019-141223855", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:10242019-141223855", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Physical Science Consortium" }, { "agency": "NASA-Johnson Space Center" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Kathy Johnson", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "9916165", "name": "UMI" } ] }, "suggestions": "Downloaded from UMI", "deposited_by": "Kathy Johnson", "deposited_on": "2019-10-24 21:47:39", "doi": "10.7907/9rx0-fn74", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "email": "ems@caltech.edu", "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "role": "advisor" }, { "email": "grr@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "email": "ems@caltech.edu", "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "role": "chair" }, { "email": "grr@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "co-chair" }, { "email": "burnett@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Burnett-D-S", "name": { "family": "Burnett", "given": "Donald S." }, "role": "member" }, { "email": "wyllie@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." }, "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1998-12-15", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geol" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Wasylenki, Laura Eileen", "advisor_list": "Stolper, Edward M. and Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Stolper, Edward M.; Rossman, George Robert; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/7449", "eprint_id": 7449, "rev_number": 18, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/35090", "doc_id": 35090, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/111063", "fileid": 111063, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 35090, "filename": "Yen 1988.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "9c5cfa1588909aae0cfa48dae7b354d5", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 25098104, "mtime": "2013-01-28 21:32:01", "url": "/7449/1/Yen 1988.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 7449, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", 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"media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/35090" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/35090" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/issmallThumbnailVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/35090" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/35095", "doc_id": 35095, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/111069", "fileid": 111069, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 35095, "filename": "Yen 1988.zip", "mime_type": "application/x-zip", "hash": "a1785ffef31498b4bf09a7c15ec1a6f9", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 72969987, "mtime": "2013-01-28 21:32:41", "url": "/7449/6/Yen 1988.zip" } ], "eprint_id": 7449, "pos": 6, "placement": 6, "mime_type": "application/x-zip", "format": "application/zip", "format_desc": "TIFF", "language": "en", "security": "internal", "license": "other", "main": "Yen 1988.zip", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final" } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 50, "dir": "disk0/00/00/74/49", "datestamp": "2013-01-28 21:57:13", "lastmod": "2022-11-09 19:19:58", "status_changed": "2013-01-28 21:57:13", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Yen-Albert-Shih-Yueh", "name": { "family": "Yen", "given": "Albert Shih-Yueh" }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Effects of the Martian environment on its surface materials: experimental studies", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Planetary Science and Geology", "abstract": "The past and present weathering processes active at the martian surface\r\ncontrol the chemical and mineralogical nature of the soils. Determining the\r\ncurrent characteristics of martian surface materials can, therefore, provide clues\r\nabout the surface history of Mars. The research in this thesis is based on three\r\nsets of experiments. First, reflectance spectra are collected from Mars analog\r\nmineral samples in the laboratory and compared with spacecraft data. The results\r\nindicate that the water content of the martian soil is consistent with the 2% value\r\nobtained by the Viking Lander analyses, and this suggests a drier, more\r\ndehydrated soil than implied by much modeling of early Mars conditions.\r\nSecond, ultraviolet radiation-induced dehydration of minerals is investigated as a\r\npossible method to convert the postulated large initial supply of hydrated mineral\r\nphases on Mars to the current, relatively anhydrous state. These experiments\r\nindicate that water adsorbed onto the surfaces of mineral grains can be ejected by\r\nincident ultraviolet photons, but that the removal of bound water from minerals is\r\nunlikely to be a significant weathering process on Mars. Thus, the inventory of\r\nhydrous minerals at the surface today is likely representative of the quantity that\r\nformed in the past. Finally, the possibility that ultraviolet radiation can stimulate\r\nthe oxidation of materials on the martian surface is studied experimentally. The\r\ndata show that the oxidation rate of metallic iron increases upon exposure to UV\r\nphotons but that this process is unlikely to be an effective way to oxidize minerals\r\non Mars. Suggestions for future laboratory experiments and spacecraft\r\ninstruments which can further test the conclusions of this thesis are described.", "date": "1998", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:01282013-130210960", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:01282013-130210960", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Tony Diaz", "deposited_on": "2013-01-28 21:57:13", "doi": "10.7907/g71q-2569", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Murray-B-C", "name": { "family": "Murray", "given": "Bruce C." }, "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Unknown", "given": "Unknown" } } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1998-05-14", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "plansci" ] }, "option_minor": { "items": [ "geol" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Yen, Albert Shih-Yueh", "advisor_list": "Murray, Bruce C. and Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Unknown, Unknown" }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/7295", "eprint_id": 7295, "rev_number": 31, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/16571", "doc_id": 16571, "rev_number": 5, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/101567", "fileid": 101567, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 16571, "filename": "Burt_ea_1993.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "filesize": 56216940, "mtime": "2012-12-26 04:46:07", "url": "/7295/1/Burt_ea_1993.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 7295, "pos": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "Burt_ea_1993.pdf", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/hasVolatileVersion", "uri": "/id/document/28252" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/haspreviewThumbnailVersion", "uri": "/id/document/28252" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/hasVersion", "uri": "/id/document/28252" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/16573", "doc_id": 16573, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/208066", "fileid": 208066, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 16573, "filename": "Burt_ea_1993.zip", "mime_type": "application/zip", "filesize": 218375434, "mtime": "2016-08-22 21:24:24", "url": "/7295/2/Burt_ea_1993.zip" } ], "eprint_id": 7295, "pos": 2, "format": "application/zip", "format_desc": "TIFF", "language": "en", "security": "internal", "license": "other", "main": "Burt_ea_1993.zip", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final" }, { "id": "/id/document/28252", "doc_id": 28252, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/101565", "fileid": 101565, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 28252, "filename": "preview.png", "mime_type": "image/png", "hash": "758db57f886a688ecb2ac2c054ff0ac4", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 36701, "mtime": "2012-12-26 04:46:07", "url": "/7295/3/preview.png" } ], "eprint_id": 7295, "pos": 3, "placement": 3, "mime_type": "image/png", "format": "image/png", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "preview.png", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/16571" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/ispreviewThumbnailVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/16571" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/16571" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/127751", "doc_id": 127751, "rev_number": 1, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/373187", "fileid": 373187, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 127751, "filename": "indexcodes.txt", "mime_type": "text/plain", "hash": "320fe0ff6c1ad71659c73de16c55fa2e", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 50111, "mtime": "2021-06-24 02:02:47", "url": "/7295/4/indexcodes.txt" } ], "eprint_id": 7295, "pos": 4, "placement": 4, "mime_type": "text/plain", "format": "other", "format_desc": "Generate index codes conversion from application/pdf to indexcodes", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "indexcodes.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/16571" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/16571" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/16571" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 87, "dir": "disk0/00/00/72/95", "datestamp": "2012-11-29 19:21:40", "lastmod": "2022-11-09 19:20:01", "status_changed": "2012-11-29 19:21:40", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Burt-E-A", "name": { "family": "Burt", "given": "Emelia Anna" }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Oxygen isotope studies of some sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the central and northern Appalachian Mountains, the Colorado Plateau, and the Ouachita Mountains", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Geology", "abstract": "Terrigenous sedimentary rocks from the Colorado Plateau show a relatively\r\nuniform bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O of +14.8 with an SEM of 0.32. Shales and calcilutites in this\r\nregion have a mean bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O of +17.7 which is significantly heavier than the\r\nmean for interbedded sandstones and siltstones. Bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O is decoupled from\r\ncarbonate \u03b4^(18)O due to differences in mode of deposition and diagenetic behavior.
\r\n\r\nCentral Appalachian terrigenous sedimentary rocks show a surprisingly uniform\r\nbulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O of +14.8 with an SEM of 0.1. The mean bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O for all\r\nshales (+15.2) is only 0.3 per mil heavier than the mean for all sandstones and siltstones\r\n(+14.9). The oxygen isotope uniformity of Central Appalachian sedimentary rocks is\r\nmainly a primary depositional feature that is the result of thorough, grand-scale mixing of\r\nterrigenous sediment in the Appalachian geosyncline, probably involving several cycles of\r\nsedimentation, uplift, erosion, and reworking extending over hundreds of millions of years\r\nduring the Paleozoic era. The bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O of siltstones and shales shows a\r\nsignificant (P \u02c2 0.05) correlation with conodont color alteration index, which is a measure of\r\ndiagenetic temperature. As a result of isotopic exchange with porewater during diagenesis,\r\nthe bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O of shales and siltstones can apparently be lowered by as much as 2.5\r\nto 4.0 per mil. These diagenetic effects contributed to the overall homogeneity of these\r\nsedimentary rocks because the shales started out at higher \u03b4^(18)O.
\r\n\r\nA reconnaissance ^(18)O/^(16)O study of 14 samples of terrigenous sedimentary rocks\r\nfrom the Ouachita Mountains suggests more inherent isotopic variation in these samples,\r\nperhaps in part as a result of greater heterogeneity of source regions. Some of the isotopic\r\nvariation also seems clearly attributable to diagenetic effects. A significant (P \u02c2 0.05)\r\ncorrelation was found between mean vitrinite reflectance, also a measure of diagenetic\r\ntemperature, and the bulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O difference between shale-sandstone pairs in three\r\ndifferent sedimentary formations.
\r\n\r\nNorthern Appalachian metasedimentary rocks show a decrease in bulk\r\nsilicate \u03b4^(18)O at garnet grade and higher. The terrigenous facies metamorphic rocks have\r\nbeen depleted in ^(18)O by about two per mil relative to their unmetamorphosed counterparts\r\nin the Central Appalachians, except where they are adjacent to carbonate-rich sections.\r\nCarbonate facies metasedimentary rocks are 5 to 6 per mil higher than interbedded\r\nterrrigenous facies rocks, but at the margins of that formation there is a distinct lowering of\r\nbulk silicate \u03b4^(18)O and carbonate \u03b4^(18)O due to influx of metamorphic hydrothermal fluids\r\nfrom the adjacent terrrigenous rocks. This is attributed to the involvement of isotopically\r\nlight fluids during metamorphism. Further work is need to elucidate the differences\r\nbetween metamorphic processes in pelitic and calcareous sediments.
\r\n\r\n\r\n", "date": "1993", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:11292012-100814038", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:11292012-100814038", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Tony Diaz", "deposited_by": "Benjamin Perez", "deposited_on": "2012-11-29 19:21:40", "doi": "10.7907/qgxa-rq43", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Taylor-H-P", "name": { "family": "Taylor", "given": "Hugh P." }, "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "chair" }, { "id": "Epstein-S", "name": { "family": "Epstein", "given": "Samuel" }, "role": "member" }, { "id": "Wyllie-P-J", "name": { "family": "Wyllie", "given": "Peter J." }, "role": "member" }, { "id": "Burnett-D-S", "name": { "family": "Burnett", "given": "Donald S." }, "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1993-01-08", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geol" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1993", "author_list": "Burt, Emelia Anna", "advisor_list": "Taylor, Hugh P. and Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Rossman, George Robert; Epstein, Samuel; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/1334", "eprint_id": 1334, "rev_number": 11, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/2033", "doc_id": 2033, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/12708", "fileid": 12708, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 2033, "filename": "Bell_dr_1993.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "filesize": 14401839, "mtime": "2012-12-26 02:37:20", "url": "/1334/1/Bell_dr_1993.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 1334, "pos": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "format_desc": "Bell_dr_1993.pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "Bell_dr_1993.pdf", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/hasVolatileVersion", "uri": "/id/document/18803" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/haspreviewThumbnailVersion", "uri": "/id/document/18803" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/hasVersion", "uri": "/id/document/18803" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/10557", "doc_id": 10557, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/201176", "fileid": 201176, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 10557, "filename": "Bell_Permission.txt", "mime_type": "text/plain", "filesize": 2069, "mtime": "2016-08-22 21:14:46", "url": "/1334/2/Bell_Permission.txt" } ], "eprint_id": 1334, "pos": 2, "format": "text/plain", "format_desc": "Author OK 2010", "language": "en", "security": "internal", "license": "other", "main": "Bell_Permission.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "release" }, { "id": "/id/document/18803", "doc_id": 18803, "rev_number": 2, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/12706", "fileid": 12706, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 18803, "filename": "preview.png", "mime_type": "image/png", "hash": "60a4e8c71daefa323b8c0cb8e0f23b0a", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 7389, "mtime": "2012-12-26 02:37:20", "url": "/1334/3/preview.png" } ], "eprint_id": 1334, "pos": 3, "placement": 3, "mime_type": "image/png", "format": "image/png", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "preview.png", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/2033" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/ispreviewThumbnailVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/2033" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/2033" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/120687", "doc_id": 120687, "rev_number": 1, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/366075", "fileid": 366075, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 120687, "filename": "indexcodes.txt", "mime_type": "text/plain", "hash": "f8205aaf7f5112b3026382eb11a90e91", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 1072, "mtime": "2021-06-23 21:01:14", "url": "/1334/4/indexcodes.txt" } ], "eprint_id": 1334, "pos": 4, "placement": 4, "mime_type": "text/plain", "format": "other", "format_desc": "Generate index codes conversion from text/plain to indexcodes", "language": "en", "security": "internal", "license": "other", "main": "indexcodes.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/10557" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/10557" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/10557" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 2, "dir": "disk0/00/00/13/34", "datestamp": "2008-04-21", "lastmod": "2019-12-21 02:21:55", "status_changed": "2009-09-25 02:01:40", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "email": "David.R.Bell@asu.edu", "id": "Bell-David-Ronald", "name": { "family": "Bell", "given": "David Ronald" }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Hydroxyl in mantle minerals", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "nominally anhydrous minerals; NAMs; olivine; garnet; pyroxene; zircon; kyanite; petrology; hydrogen; water; deuterium; geochemistry; water-cycle; xenolith; kimberlite; megacryst; periodotite; eclogite", "abstract": "NOTE: Text or symbols not renderable in plain ASCII are indicated by [...]. Abstract is included in .pdf document.\r\n\r\nThis thesis is an investigation of the infrared spectroscopic characteristics, abundance, stability and partitioning behavior of hydroxyl (OH) in minerals from the Earth's upper mantle. Using manometric and nuclear reaction analysis techniques to calibrate intensities of OH bands in the mineral IR spectra, the following ranges in OH concentration (expressed as ppm H2O by weight) were determined for natural samples: clinopyroxene 150 - 1080; orthopyroxene 50 - 460; olivine <1 - 245; garnet < 0.1 - 330; kyanite 55 - 222; zircon 28 - 74.\r\n\r\nSystematics of OH distribution in garnets from various mantle rock types indicate a connection with petrogenetic environment, illustrating qualitative use of OH as an indicator of the activity of hydrous components (e.g., water) in the mantle. Applications to specific mantle assemblages are discussed. Heterogeneous distribution of H in the mantle on local and regional scales is indicated.\r\n\r\nTrace structural OH in mantle rocks ranges from 30 to 600 ppm H2O in samples examined, implying that nominally anhydrous minerals in peridotite could store all the water (about 100 - 200 ppm) in the depleted upper mantle (MORB source). These minerals also provide a mechanism to recycle water into the mantle in subduction zones.\r\n\r\nPartitioning behavior of H was investigated in a suite of co-magmatic kimberlite megacryst minerals. Fugacities of water calculated from OH in olivine are compatible with mantle conditions and yield an estimate of ~1 wt.% H2O in the parental megacryst magma. OH concentrations in garnet, pyroxenes and olivine are influenced by water activity, crystal chemistry (particularly Ti substitution) and possibly temperature, resulting in substantial variations in inter-mineral [...] involving garnet, but relatively constant [...] among pyroxenes and olivine and illustrating the complications of quantitative hydrobarometry in nature.\r\n\r\nExperiments on the thermal stability of OH in garnet and other minerals were conducted at atmospheric, crustal and mantle pressures. These demonstrate slow equilibration of OH in synthetic pyrope. Rapid mobility of H, redox processes and necessity for structural changes in the host crystal are important factors in determining the behavior of H in natural mineral systems.\r\n\r\nRelatively deuterium-depleted isotopic compositions are indicated for this form of H.\r\n", "date": "1993", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechETD:etd-04102008-142715", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-04102008-142715", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "deposited_by": "Imported from ETD-db", "deposited_on": "2008-04-21", "doi": "10.7907/RDF1-8761", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "email": "grr@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Unknown", "given": "Unknown" } } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_submitted_date": "2008-04-10", "thesis_defense_date": "1992-11-17", "thesis_approved_date": "2008-04-21", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geochem" ] }, "copyright_statement": "I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive\nlicense to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below,\nmy thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1993", "author_list": "Bell, David Ronald", "advisor_list": "Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Unknown, Unknown" }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/6261", "eprint_id": 6261, "rev_number": 16, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/12333", "doc_id": 12333, "rev_number": 5, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/79757", "fileid": 79757, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 12333, "filename": "Ihinger_pd_1991.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "filesize": 35520119, "mtime": "2012-12-26 04:33:24", "url": "/6261/1/Ihinger_pd_1991.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 6261, "pos": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "Ihinger_pd_1991.pdf", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/hasVolatileVersion", "uri": "/id/document/27258" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/haspreviewThumbnailVersion", "uri": "/id/document/27258" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/hasVersion", "uri": "/id/document/27258" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/12334", "doc_id": 12334, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/206568", "fileid": 206568, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 12334, "filename": "Ihinger_pd_1991.zip", "mime_type": "application/zip", "filesize": 107396912, "mtime": "2016-08-22 21:21:44", "url": "/6261/2/Ihinger_pd_1991.zip" } ], "eprint_id": 6261, "pos": 2, "format": "application/zip", "format_desc": "TIFF", "language": "en", "security": "internal", "license": "other", "main": "Ihinger_pd_1991.zip", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final" }, { "id": "/id/document/27258", "doc_id": 27258, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/79755", "fileid": 79755, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 27258, "filename": "preview.png", "mime_type": "image/png", "hash": "ee8651dc15fb6cd00a4fc3ebde1e0d6e", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 9126, "mtime": "2012-12-26 04:33:24", "url": "/6261/3/preview.png" } ], "eprint_id": 6261, "pos": 3, "placement": 3, "mime_type": "image/png", "format": "image/png", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "preview.png", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/12333" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/ispreviewThumbnailVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/12333" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/12333" } ] } }, { "id": "/id/document/126461", "doc_id": 126461, "rev_number": 1, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/371895", "fileid": 371895, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 126461, "filename": "indexcodes.txt", "mime_type": "text/plain", "hash": "da4b57e4146a80c66f034c7345beb2d7", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 68286, "mtime": "2021-06-24 00:53:07", "url": "/6261/4/indexcodes.txt" } ], "eprint_id": 6261, "pos": 4, "placement": 4, "mime_type": "text/plain", "format": "other", "format_desc": "Generate index codes conversion from application/pdf to indexcodes", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "indexcodes.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/12333" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/12333" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/12333" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 87, "dir": "disk0/00/00/62/61", "datestamp": "2011-04-13 16:30:49", "lastmod": "2021-04-16 23:06:41", "status_changed": "2011-04-13 16:30:49", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Ihinger-P-D", "name": { "family": "Ihinger", "given": "Phillip Dean" }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "An experimental study of the interaction of water with granitic melt", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Geology", "abstract": "The nature of water in granitic melt is investigated through a variety of experimental\r\nand analytical techniques. The knowledge of the presence of two dissolved melt species\r\n(hydroxyl and molecular water groups), and the precise determination of their\r\nconcentrations with infrared spectroscopy, is used in conjunction with vacuum extraction\r\nand hydrogen isotopic techniques to determine, (1) the solubility of water in granitic melts\r\nas a function of pressure at 850\u00b0C, (2) the speciation of water in granitic melt as a function\r\nof temperature, and (3) the fractionation factors which govern the partitioning of hydrogen\r\nisotopes between water vapor and granitic melt.\r\n\r\nNatural obsidian starting materials were held at 850\u00b0C and pressures ranging from\r\n200 to 1600 bars in the presence of excess vapor. Samples were rapidly quenched to\r\nglasses and their water contents were determined using vacuum manometry and infrared\r\nspectroscopy. The results of these experiments demonstrate a progressive increase in\r\nsolubility with pressure, but suggest that increasing dissolution of water has no influence\r\non the total volume of the melt (the partial molar volume of water in these low pressure\r\nmelts is near zero). The solubility measurements can be used to model shallow level\r\neruptive cycles which involve crystal fractionation, volatile saturation, onset of eruption,\r\nand influx of new magma to repeat the cycle. Preliminary experiments on the temperature\r\ndependence of water solubility suggest a dependence as high as 1 wt % per 200\u00b0C at 1600\r\nbars. This result supports the suggestion that mafic intrusion into silicic magma chambers\r\ninduces supersaturation of the felsic liquid and subsequent explosive eruption.\r\n\r\nHydrated obsidian chips were held at temperatures ranging from 450 to 600\u00b0C to\r\ndetermine the equilibrium speciation of water in the melt. These data show distinct nonideal\r\nbehavior, In K_(eq) decreases with increasing water content (K_(eq) = the equilibrium\r\nconstant for the reaction involving dissolved water species). Relaxation analyses are used\r\nto demonstrate that these rapidly-quenched glasses preserve their high-temperature\r\nspeciation. This analysis has been used to demonstrate that melts held at 850\u00b0C do not\r\npreserve their equilibrium speciation on quench. Intersection of the equilibrium isotherms\r\nwith the fictive temperature curve recorded by the 850\u00b0C samples provides identification of\r\nthe last-equilibrated temperature for the quenched glasses. This information, coupled with\r\nthe speciation recorded in glasses quenched at a slower rate, is used to extract the viscosity\r\nof hydrous rhyolitic liquids as a function of temperature. This formulation is compared to\r\nempirical methods for determining melt viscosities. The equilibrium speciation data is used\r\nto formulate a regular solution model to determine the speciation of water in rhyolitic melts\r\nat any temperature and water content.\r\nThe hydrogen isotopic composition of water evolved from quenched granitic melts\r\nis compared to the isotopic composition of their equilibrium vapors. The bulk partitioning\r\nof hydrogen isotopes between melt and vapor varies as a regular function of the total\r\ndissolved water content, suggesting that two independent fractionation factors control their\r\nequilibrium. The fractionation factor between vapor and hydroxyl groups (\u22481.040 \u00b1 0.05\r\n\u2030) is significantly greater than the fractionation between vapor and the molecular water\r\nspecies (\u22481.00 \u00b1 0.10 \u2030). These fractionation factors can be used to explain the\r\ndegassing trends measured in natural igneous environments. The magma chamber beneath\r\nMono Craters, CA may have experienced a significant amount of closed system degassing\r\nbefore undergoing open system degassing late in its history.\r\n", "date": "1991", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:03012011-153233991", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03012011-153233991", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Tony Diaz", "deposited_by": "Benjamin Perez", "deposited_on": "2011-04-13 16:30:49", "doi": "10.7907/1ds0-5n95", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Epstein-S", "name": { "family": "Epstein", "given": "Samuel" }, "role": "co-advisor" }, { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Unknown", "given": "Unknown" } } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1991-05-24", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geol" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1991", "author_list": "Ihinger, Phillip Dean", "advisor_list": "Stolper, Edward M.; Epstein, Samuel; et el.", "comittee_list": "Unknown, Unknown" }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/8806", "eprint_id": 8806, "rev_number": 21, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/54842", "doc_id": 54842, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/157380", "fileid": 157380, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 54842, "filename": "Miller_gh_1990.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "9f710fc9a83a59e0a547859b3f3aa785", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 7846556, "mtime": "2015-03-27 23:14:52", "url": "/8806/1/Miller_gh_1990.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 8806, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", 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"media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final" }, { "id": "/id/document/129542", "doc_id": 129542, "rev_number": 1, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/374978", "fileid": 374978, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 129542, "filename": "indexcodes.txt", "mime_type": "text/x-c", "hash": "29252f87ef0ac44b435dca8d20ee5ab9", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 47874, "mtime": "2021-06-24 03:54:17", "url": "/8806/8/indexcodes.txt" } ], "eprint_id": 8806, "pos": 8, "placement": 8, "mime_type": "text/x-c", "format": "other", "format_desc": "Generate index codes conversion from application/pdf to indexcodes", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "indexcodes.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/54842" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/54842" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/54842" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 87, "dir": "disk0/00/00/88/06", "datestamp": "2015-03-30 18:35:32", "lastmod": "2021-04-19 22:35:20", "status_changed": "2015-03-30 18:35:32", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Miller-G-H", "name": { "family": "Miller", "given": "Gregory Hale" } } ] }, "title": "The Equation of State and Petrogenesis of Komatiite", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Geology ", "abstract": "(1) Equation of State of Komatiite
\r\n\r\nThe equation of state (EOS) of a molten komatiite (27 wt% MgO) was detennined in the 5 to\r\n36 GPa pressure range via shock wave compression from 1550\u00b0C and 0 bar. Shock wave velocity,\r\nUS, and particle velocity, UP, in km/s follow the linear relationship US = 3.13(\u00b10.03) + 1.47(\u00b10.03)\r\nUP. Based on a calculated density at 1550\u00b0C, 0 bar of 2.745\u00b10.005 glee, this US-UP relationship\r\ngives the isentropic bulk modulus KS = 27.0 \u00b1 0.6 GPa, and its first and second isentropic pressure\r\nderivatives, K'S = 4.9 \u00b1 0.1 and K\"S = -0.109 \u00b1 0.003 GPa-1.
\r\n\r\nThe calculated liquidus compression curve agrees within error with the static compression\r\nresults of Agee and Walker [1988a] to 6 GPa. We detennine that olivine (FO94) will be neutrally\r\nbuoyant in komatiitic melt of the composition we studied near 8.2 GPa. Clinopyroxene would also\r\nbe neutrally buoyant near this pressure. Liquidus garnet-majorite may be less dense than this komatiitic\r\nliquid in the 20-24 GPa interval, however pyropic-garnet and perovskite phases are denser than\r\nthis komatiitic liquid in their respective liquidus pressure intervals to 36 GPa. Liquidus perovskite\r\nmay be neutrally buoyant near 70 GPa.
\r\n\r\nAt 40 GPa, the density of shock-compressed molten komatiite would be approximately equal\r\nto the calculated density of an equivalent mixture of dense solid oxide components. This observation\r\nsupports the model of Rigden et al. [1989] for compressibilities of liquid oxide components.\r\nUsing their theoretical EOS for liquid forsterite and fayalite, we calculate the densities of a spectrum\r\nof melts from basaltic through peridotitic that are related to the experimentally studied komatiitic\r\nliquid by addition or subtraction of olivine. At low pressure, olivine fractionation lowers the density\r\nof basic magmas, but above 14 GPa this trend is reversed. All of these basic to ultrabasic liquids\r\nare predicted to have similar densities at 14 GPa, and this density is approximately equal to the bulk\r\n(PREM) mantle. This suggests that melts derived from a peridotitic mantle may be inhibited from\r\nascending from depths greater than 400 km.
\r\n\r\nThe EOS of ultrabasic magmas was used to model adiabatic melting in a peridotitic mantle.\r\nIf komatiites are formed by >15% partial melting of a peridotitic mantle, then komatiites generated\r\nby adiabatic melting come from source regions in the lower transition zone (\u2248500-670 km) or the\r\nlower mantle (>670 km). The great depth of incipient melting implied by this model, and the melt\r\ndensity constraint mentioned above, suggest that komatiitic volcanism may be gravitationally hindered.\r\nAlthough komatiitic magmas are thought to separate from their coexisting crystals at a temperature\r\n=200\u00b0C greater than that for modern MORBs, their ultimate sources are predicted to be\r\ndiapirs that, if adiabatically decompressed from initially solid mantle, were more than 700\u00b0C hotter\r\nthan the sources of MORBs and derived from great depth.
\r\n\r\nWe considered the evolution of an initially molten mantle, i.e., a magma ocean. Our model\r\nconsiders the thermal structure of the magma ocean, density constraints on crystal segregation, and\r\napproximate phase relationships for a nominally chondritic mantle. Crystallization will begin at the\r\ncore-mantle boundary. Perovskite buoyancy at > 70 GPa may lead to a compositionally stratified\r\nlower mantle with iron-enriched mangesiowiistite content increasing with depth. The upper mantle\r\nmay be depleted in perovskite components. Olivine neutral buoyancy may lead to the formation of\r\na dunite septum in the upper mantle, partitioning the ocean into upper and lower reservoirs, but this\r\nseptum must be permeable.
\r\n\r\n(2) Viscosity Measurement with Shock Waves
\r\n\r\nWe have examined in detail the analytical method for measuring shear viscosity from the\r\ndecay of perturbations on a corrugated shock front The relevance of initial conditions, finite shock\r\namplitude, bulk viscosity, and the sensitivity of the measurements to the shock boundary conditions\r\nare discussed. The validity of the viscous perturbation approach is examined by numerically solving\r\nthe second-order Navier-Stokes equations. These numerical experiments indicate that shock instabilities\r\nmay occur even when the Kontorovich-D'yakov stability criteria are satisfied. The experimental\r\nresults for water at 15 GPa are discussed, and it is suggested that the large effective viscosity\r\ndetermined by this method may reflect the existence of ice VII on the Rayleigh path of the\r\nHugoniot This interpretation reconciles the experimental results with estimates and measurements\r\nobtained by other means, and is consistent with the relationship of the Hugoniot with the phase\r\ndiagram for water. Sound waves are generated at 4.8 MHz at in the water experiments at 15 GPa.\r\nThe existence of anelastic absorption modes near this frequency would also lead to large effective\r\nviscosity estimates.
\r\n\r\n(3) Equation of State of Molybdenum at 1400\u00b0C
\r\n\r\nShock compression data to 96 GPa for pure molybdenum, initially heated to 1400\u00b0C, are\r\npresented. Finite strain analysis of the data gives a bulk modulus at 1400\u00b0C, K'S. of 244\u00b12 GPa and\r\nits pressure derivative, K'OS of 4. A fit of shock velocity to particle velocity gives the coefficients of\r\nUS = CO+S UP to be CO = 4.77\u00b10.06 km/s and S = 1.43\u00b10.05. From the zero pressure sound speed, CO, a bulk modulus of 232\u00b16 GPa is calculated that is consistent with extrapolation of ultrasonic elasticity measurements. The temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at zero pressure, \u03b8KOS\u03b8T|P, is\r\napproximately -0.012 GPa/K. A thermodynamic model is used to show that the thermodynamic\r\nGr\u00fcneisen parameter is proportional to the density and independent of temperature. The Mie-Gr\u00fcneisen\r\nequation of state adequately describes the high temperature behavior of molybdenum\r\nunder the present range of shock loading conditions.
", "date": "1990", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:03272015-161328191", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03272015-161328191", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "deposited_by": "Benjamin Perez", "deposited_on": "2015-03-30 18:35:32", "doi": "10.7907/r0pt-2227", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Ahrens-T-J", "name": { "family": "Ahrens", "given": "Thomas J." }, "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Stolper-E-M", "name": { "family": "Stolper", "given": "Edward M." }, "role": "co-advisor" }, { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "co-advisor" }, { "id": "Goddard-W-A-III", "name": { "family": "Goddard", "given": "William A., III" }, "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Unknown", "given": "Unknown" } } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1990-04-27", "option_major": { "items": [ "geol" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1990", "author_list": "Miller, Gregory Hale", "advisor_list": "Ahrens, Thomas J.; Stolper, Edward M.; et el.", "comittee_list": "Unknown, Unknown" }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/11316", "eprint_id": 11316, "rev_number": 22, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/95408", "doc_id": 95408, "rev_number": 4, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/272989", "fileid": 272989, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 95408, "filename": "Shaw_HF_III_1984.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "bdc1da051c5212f8018a9d93689a07fe", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 99999823, "mtime": "2018-12-14 18:03:36", "url": "/11316/1/Shaw_HF_III_1984.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 11316, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": 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"http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/95408" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/95408" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 11566, "dir": "disk0/00/01/13/16", "datestamp": "2018-12-14 19:28:57", "lastmod": "2021-04-16 22:30:08", "status_changed": "2018-12-14 19:28:57", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Shaw-Henry-Francis-III", "name": { "family": "Shaw", "given": "Henry Francis, III" }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Isotopic Systematics of Tektites and Other Impactites, Appalachian Mafic Rocks, and Marine Carbonates and Phosphates", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Geology; Chemistry", "abstract": "This thesis is made up of three separate studies, each using the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic systems to solve a problem of geologic interest.
\r\n\r\nIn the first study it is shown that Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr analyses of tektites and other impactites can be used to place constraints on the age and provenance of the target materials which were impact melted to form these objects. Tektites have large negative values of \u03b5Nd(0) which are uniform within each tektite group, while the \u03b5Sr(0) values are large positive and show considerable variation within each group. The chemical, trace element, and isotopic compositions of tektites are consistent with their production by melting of sediments derived from old continental crust. Each tektite group is characterized by a uniform Nd model age, TNdCHUR, interpreted as the time of formation of the crustal segment which weathered to form the parent sediment for the tektites: (1) ~1.15AE for Australasian tektites; (2) ~1.9AE for Ivory Coast tektites; (3) ~0.9AE for moldavites; (4) ~0.65AE for North American tektites; and (5) ~0.9AE for high-Si irghizites. Sr model ages, TSrUR, are variable within each group, reflecting Rb-Sr fractionation during weathering and sedimentation. In the favorable limit of very high Rb/Sr ratios TSrUR approaches the time of sedimentation of the parent material which melted to form the tektites. Australasian tektites are derived from ~0.25AE sediments, moldavites from ~0.0AE sediments, and Ivory Coast tektites from ~0.95AE sediments. The parent sediments of the other tektite groups have poorly constrained ages. The isotopic data on the moldavites and Ivory Coast tektites are consistent with their derivation from the Ries and Bosumtwi Craters, respectively. Irghizites are isotopically distinct from the Australasian tektites and are probably not related. Sanidine spherules from an iridium-rich Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay were heavily overprinted with seawater-derived Sr and Nd during diagenesis. The inferred initial isotopic composition of the sanidine itself is \u03b5Nd(T) = +2 and \u03b5Sr(T) = +5. These results show that the spherules were not derived from old continental crust or meteoritic potassium feldspar. These objects may represent an impact melt of a mixture of basaltic oceanic crust and overlying sediments and are consistent with an oceanic impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The isotopic data are also consistent with an origin by authigenic growth of the spherules from young detrital material.
\r\n\r\nThe second study in this thesis uses the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of mafic rocks from the Appalachians to place constraints on their origin. Isotopic analyses of modern oceanic basalts and ophiolites have shown that both modern and ancient oceanic crust have a characteristic Nd and Sr isotopic signature indicative of derivation from a depleted mantle reservoir. It also appears that the Nd isotopic system is not appreciably disturbed by metamorphism. These isotopic characteristics have been extended to the Pt. Sal, Kings-Kaweah, and Josephine Ophiolites of California. These characteristics are used in an attempt to identify pieces of proto-Atlantic oceanic crust among the mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Appalachians. Sm-Nd mineral isochrons for the Baltimore Mafic Complex, Md (BMC) yield an age of 490\u00b120 My which is interpreted as the igneous crystallization age. BMC whole rock samples do not define isochrones and have initial isotopic compositions of -6.4 < \u03b5Nd(T) < -2.2, +51 < \u03b5Sr(T) < +115. \u03b5Nd(T) and \u03b5Sr(T) are anti-correlated. This is not the signature of depleted mantle and oceanic crust, but is similar to old continental crust. It is proposed that the BMC is a mafic continental intrusion, possibly subduction related, which was contaminated with old continental crust during emplacement. Whole rock samples from the Thetford Mines Complex, Qe (TMC) do not define isochrons and have -1.5 < \u03b5Nd(T) < +4.2, +2.6 < \u03b5Sr(T) < +114. These data do not in any way reflect the signature of normal oceanic crust. These results are in contrast with geologic relationships which show the TMC to have the characteristics of an ophiolite complex. The TMC is chemically and isotopically similar to a class of other ophiolites which have affinities to modern boninites. The TMC may therefore represent an ophiolite formed under an arc complex. The Chunky Gal Amphibolite, N.C., Lake Chatuge complex, N.C., and Hazen's Notch Amphibolite, Vt., were found to have a depleted mantle signature with +5 < \u03b5Nd(T) < +8 and may be fragments of oceanic crust. The Webster-Addie body, N.C., has \u03b5Nd(T) ~-1, \u03b5Sr(T) ~+30 and is not isotopically similar to oceanic crust or the other North Carolina mafic bodies analyzed. From these isotopic results it is clear that Appalachian mafic rocks have diverse origins, some are continental intrusives (BMC), others are probably fragments of oceanic crust (Vermont and N. Carolina amphibolites). Future models for the development of the Appalachians must allow for these various origins. The possibility that some ophiolites are not normal oceanic crust but have an origin in a partially continental setting or as anomalous oceanic crust will require further attention.
\r\n\r\nThe final study is an exploration of the possibility of establishing the Nd isotopic variations in seawater over geologic time by analysing a marine sedimentary phase which records and preserves the \u03b5Nd(T) value of the seawater in which it formed. Apatite and CaCO3 (calcite and aragonite) are examined as possible such phases. Modern biogenic and inorganic calcite and aragonite were found to have low REE concentrations: Nd = 0.2 to 65 ppb. The \u03b5Nd(0) values of Atlantic (-8.3 to -9.6) and Pacific (-0.1 to -1.3) carbonates are distinctly different and reflect the isotopic composition of Nd in the seawater in which they formed. The high concentrations of REE measured in limestones and carbonate fossils cannot be primary but must be due to the presence of other phases in the carbonate of the introduction of REE during diagenesis. Modern biogenic apatite also has a low REE content (<150 ppb Nd), but appears to quickly scavenge REE from seawater. Levels up to 1000 ppm Nd can be reached by this process. Inorganically precipitated apatite from phosphorites also has high concentrations of seawater-derived REE. A seawater-like REE pattern with a characteristic negative Ce-anomaly is often preserved by sedimentary apatite and apatite samples of the same age from different localities bordering a common sea record a common value of \u03b5Nd(T). These characteristics suggest that apatite can be used to trace the evolution of \u03b5Nd(T) in ancient seawater. The values of \u03b5Nd(T) in seawater as inferred from analyses of conodonts and phosphorite apatite range between -1.7 and -8.9 over the last 700My. These values lie in the range of modern seawater values and show no evidence for drastic changes in the sources for Nd in seawater during this time. High values of seawater \u03b5Nd(T) in the Triassic and latest Precambrian may correlate with the breakup of large continental landmasses. The initial \u03b5Nd(T) = -15.0 of the 2AE old Rum Jungle phosphorite requires the presence of -1.5AE old continental crust at 2AE ago. This demonstrates how the \u03b5Nd value of ancient seawater can be used to constrain the age of the exposed crust as a function of time.
", "date": "1984", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:12142018-091056975", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:12142018-091056975", "related_url": { "items": [ { "description": "Article adapted for Appendix I.", "type": "doi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(82)90001-2" }, { "description": "Article adapted for Appendix II.", "type": "doi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.284.4-5.319" } ] }, "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "PHY79-23638A2" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR79-19786" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "OCE81-08595" }, { "agency": "NASA", "grant_number": "NGL-05-002-188" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Melissa Ray", "deposited_on": "2018-12-14 19:28:57", "doi": "10.7907/x0zc-7w22", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "email": "grr@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "id": "Ahrens-T-J", "name": { "family": "Ahrens", "given": "Thomas J." }, "role": "chair" }, { "email": "bercaw@caltech.edu", "id": "Bercaw-J-E", "name": { "family": "Bercaw", "given": "John E." }, "role": "member" }, { "email": "lsilver@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Silver-L-T", "name": { "family": "Silver", "given": "Leon T." }, "role": "member" }, { "email": "hptaylor@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Taylor-H-P", "name": { "family": "Taylor", "given": "Hugh P." }, "role": "member" }, { "id": "Wasserburg-G-J", "name": { "family": "Wasserburg", "given": "Gerald J." }, "role": "member" }, { "email": "grr@gps.caltech.edu", "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "member" } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1983-09-27", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geol" ] }, "option_minor": { "items": [ "chemistry" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Shaw, Henry Francis, III", "advisor_list": "Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Ahrens, Thomas J.; Bercaw, John E.; et el." }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/15032", "eprint_id": 15032, "rev_number": 26, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/137751", "doc_id": 137751, "rev_number": 2, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/399957", "fileid": 399957, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 137751, "filename": "Potter_RM_1979.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "88eaf152026c7a74909911cf968c5295", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 75045104, "mtime": "2022-09-19 19:35:01", "url": "/15032/1/Potter_RM_1979.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 15032, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "Potter_RM_1979.pdf", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "final" }, { "id": "/id/document/137752", "doc_id": 137752, "rev_number": 3, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/399959", "fileid": 399959, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 137752, "filename": "Potter_RM_1979.zip", "mime_type": "application/zip", "hash": "a0b61f080902308e7b276e7f816268f9", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 188495786, "mtime": "2022-09-19 19:35:18", "url": "/15032/2/Potter_RM_1979.zip" } ], "eprint_id": 15032, "pos": 2, "placement": 2, "mime_type": "application/zip", "format": "application/zip", "language": "en", "security": "internal", "license": "other", "main": "Potter_RM_1979.zip", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "content": "archival" }, { "id": "/id/document/137753", "doc_id": 137753, "rev_number": 1, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/399969", "fileid": 399969, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 137753, "filename": "indexcodes.txt", "mime_type": "text/plain", "hash": "f250bd927aef8c251fdf2f1ec270f4e2", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 33267, "mtime": "2022-09-19 19:43:31", "url": "/15032/3/indexcodes.txt" } ], "eprint_id": 15032, "pos": 3, "placement": 3, "mime_type": "text/plain", "format": "other", "format_desc": "Generate index codes conversion from application/pdf to indexcodes", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": "indexcodes.txt", "media_duration": "0", "media_aspect_ratio": "0", "media_sample_start": "0", "media_sample_stop": "0", "relation": { "items": [ { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/137751" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/137751" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/137751" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 51, "dir": "disk0/00/01/50/32", "datestamp": "2022-09-19 23:24:39", "lastmod": "2022-09-19 23:24:39", "status_changed": "2022-09-19 23:24:39", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Potter-Russell-Marsh", "name": { "family": "Potter", "given": "Russell Marsh" }, "show_email": "NO" } ] }, "title": "The Tetravalent Manganese Oxides : Clarification of their Structural Variations and Relationships and Characterization of their Occurrence in the Terrestrial Weathering Environment as Desert Varnish and other Manganese Oxide Concentrations", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "(Geochemistry and Chemistry)", "abstract": "A number of structural problems in the mineralogy of the\r\ntetravalent manganese oxides have been addressed by infrared\r\nspectroscopy in conjunction with X-ray diffraction and chemical\r\nanalysis. The first pyrolusite with proven orthorhombic symmetry\r\nis reported. Examination of pyrolusites with different degrees of\r\northorhombic distortion supports the view that this distortion is\r\nthe result of micro-pores within the crystal. Pyrolusite infrared\r\nspectra exhibit variations which cannot be correlated to\r\northorhombic distortion, ramsdellite intergrowths, or other mineral\r\nimpurity. The continuous structural variation of the nsutites from\r\na rarnsdellite end-member to a pyrolusite end-member has been\r\nconfirmed although much of the variation in synthetic nsutites appears\r\nto be related to crystalline order. Ramsdellite has a single,\r\ncrystallographically-ordered type of water, which appears to be an\r\nintegral part of the structure. The only hydrous component of\r\nromanechite is water, which is located in the channels in a specific\r\ncrystallographic site. The only hydrous component of lithiophorite\r\nis hydroxide ion, which is oriented perpendicular to the cleavage\r\nplanes. Birnessite appears to have a layer structure on the basis\r\nof its infrared spectrum. Its identity with proposed synthetic\r\nanalogs is confirmed. Todorokite is a valid mineral species which is\r\nnot analogous to any synthetic phases or to any alteration products\r\nof them. It appears to have a layered structure. Rancieite probably\r\nhas a layer structure related to birnessite.
\r\n\r\nIt is possible to distinguish manganese oxides of different\r\nstructural groups from one another by their spectra in the mid-infrared\r\nregion, which is sensitive to the hydrous components and the\r\nmanganese octahedral framework. Because of its sensitivity to short\r\nrange order, infrared spectroscopy is often superior to X-ray\r\ndiffraction for the determinative mineralogy of the manganese oxides,\r\nwhich often occur in a finely-particulate, poorly-crystalline state.\r\nSpectra in the region 4000 cm\u207b\u00b9 to 200 cm\u207b\u00b9 are presented for\r\nwell-characterized manganese oxide samples in order to form a basis\r\nfor identification of manganese oxide mineralogy. The following\r\noxides are included: aurorite, birnessite, braunite, buserite,\r\nchalcophanite, coronadite, cryptomelane, groutite, hausmannite,\r\nhollandite, lithiophorite, manganite, manganosite, manjiroite,\r\nmarokite, nsutite, partridgeite, pyrolusite, quenselite, ramsdellite,\r\nrancieite, romanechite (psilomelane), todorokite, and woodruffite.
\r\n\r\nThis data base has been applied to the study of the\r\nmineralogy of manganese oxide concentrations of the terrestrial\r\nweathering environment. Through the integrated application of a\r\nvariety of infrared spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, electron\r\noptic, and chemical techniques, the characteristic mineralogy of\r\ndesert varnish has been identified as bimessite, hematite, and\r\nmixed-layer illite-montmorillonite clay minerals. Clay minerals\r\ncomprise greater than 70 percent of the varnish, the oxides constitute\r\nt he bulk of the remainder and are in intimate physical association\r\nwith the clays. An abrupt change in chemistry, mineralogy, and\r\nmorphology exists at the varnish-rock interface. The origin of the material is external to the rock which it coats. \r\nThe clays are most likely transported by wind or water. The oxides appear to be\r\ntransported by water. Clay minerals are necessary for varnish\r\nformation, probably through their influence on oxide concentration or\r\ndeposition.
\r\n\r\nMorphological distinctions among desert varnish, manganese\r\ndendrites, river deposits and other manganese oxide concentrations of\r\nthe terrestrial weathering environment have a sound basis in\r\ndifferences in their mineralogy. The manganese oxide in manganese\r\ndendrites is either romanechite or a hollandite group mineral. These\r\nare mixed with varying amounts of silicate minerals, which are a\r\npassive substrate for the oxide deposition. Manganese stream deposits\r\nare generally birnessite with minor amounts of silicate minerals;\r\none nsutite stream deposit has been identified. Crack deposit\r\nmineralogy resembles that of manganese dendrites. Cave and subglacial\r\ndeposit mineralogy resembles that of manganese stream deposits. No\r\ndendrite has been found to consist of pyrolusite. Hydropsilomelane\r\nconcretions, which carry chemical remanent magnetization in sediments\r\nin Baja California, Mexico, consist of siltstone matrix minerals\r\ncemented by a manganese oxide having the chalcophanite structure. The\r\nhigh concentration of magnesium presumed to occur in the interlayer\r\nposition of this mineral extends the known range of substitution in\r\nchalcophanite-structure minerals.
", "date": "1979", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:09192022-193330791", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:09192022-193330791", "related_url": { "items": [ { "description": "Article adapted for Chapter 3", "type": "doi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.196.4297.1446" }, { "description": "Article adapted for Chapter 3", "type": "doi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(79)90085-8" } ] }, "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "L.S.B. Leaky Foundation" }, { "agency": "John S. McCarthy Foundation" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Kathy Johnson", "deposited_by": "Tony Diaz", "deposited_on": "2022-09-19 23:24:39", "doi": "10.7907/k2s0-9177", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_gps" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4571-6884", "role": "advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Unknown", "given": "Unknown" } } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1978-11-08", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "geochem" ] }, "option_minor": { "items": [ "chemistry" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Potter, Russell Marsh", "advisor_list": "Rossman, George Robert", "comittee_list": "Unknown, Unknown" }, { "id": "https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/10535", "eprint_id": 10535, "rev_number": 28, "documents": [ { "id": "/id/document/83815", "doc_id": 83815, "rev_number": 2, "files": [ { "id": "/id/file/237432", "fileid": 237432, "datasetid": "document", "objectid": 83815, "filename": "Harris_dc_1973.pdf", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "hash": "55d7d0cf66ba835db237f2c793917cc8", "hash_type": "MD5", "filesize": 111147172, "mtime": "2017-10-23 21:27:58", "url": "/10535/1/Harris_dc_1973.pdf" } ], "eprint_id": 10535, "pos": 1, "placement": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "public", "license": "other", "main": 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"/id/document/83815" }, { "type": "http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf", "uri": "/id/document/83815" } ] } } ], "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": 87, "dir": "disk0/00/01/05/35", "datestamp": "2017-10-23 22:42:00", "lastmod": "2019-12-20 19:53:19", "status_changed": "2017-10-23 22:42:00", "type": "thesis", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Harris-Daniel-Charles", "name": { "family": "Harris", "given": "Daniel Charles" } } ] }, "title": "More Fun Than Anything", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Chemistry", "abstract": "An exhaustive study of piddling cyclopropenium salts is described.\r\nThis includes synthesis, characterization and the study of ligand
\r\n\r\n(See PDF)
\r\n\r\nsubstitution reactions of the M2Cl62- anions. The electronic absorption\r\nspectra and vibrational spectra are interpreted. A normal coordinate \r\nanalysis of the M2Cl62- anions are reported. Startling counterion effects\r\nin ligand substitution reactions in CH2Cl2 solvent were observed.
\r\n\r\n\r\nThe transformation M-M \u2192 M-H-M+, in which a metal-metal\r\nbond is protonated by strong acid, has been studied in several organomettalic\r\nsystems. Electronic spectra are tentatively interpreted in\r\nterms of three-center two-electron M-H-M bonding. The stretching\r\nvibrations associated with a W-H-W bridge are assigned. Infrared\r\nspectra indicate the presence of isomeric protonated species for\r\nseveral iron compounds. Base strength determination indicates that\r\nthe replacement of Fe by Ru or replacement of CO by P(OCH3)3 both\r\nincrease the basicity of [(\u03c0-C5H5)Fe(CO)2]2 by at least 2-3 orders of magnitude.
\r\n\r\nAncillary chapters deal with the present state of \u03c0-cyclopropenium \r\nchemistry, predictions about the infrared spectra of \u03c0-cyclopropenium \r\ncomplexes and an original technique for graphical display of the con\u00adcentrations \r\nof the various species present during an acid-base titra\u00adtion in \r\nacetic acid. A brief description of my advanced placement \r\nfreshman chemistry course is included.
\r\n", "date": "1973", "date_type": "degree", "id_number": "CaltechTHESIS:10232017-110825526", "refereed": "FALSE", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:10232017-110825526", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechTHESIS", "reviewer": "Tony Diaz", "suggestions": "\r\n", "deposited_by": "Benjamin Perez", "deposited_on": "2017-10-23 22:42:00", "doi": "10.7907/XBQW-9V06", "divisions": { "items": [ "div_chem" ] }, "institution": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_advisor": { "items": [ { "id": "Rossman-G-R", "name": { "family": "Rossman", "given": "George Robert" }, "role": "advisor" }, { "id": "Gray-H-B", "name": { "family": "Gray", "given": "Harry B." }, "role": "co-advisor" } ] }, "thesis_committee": { "items": [ { "name": { "family": "Unknown", "given": "Unknown" } } ] }, "thesis_degree": "PHD", "thesis_degree_grantor": "California Institute of Technology", "thesis_defense_date": "1973-03-06", "review_status": "approved", "option_major": { "items": [ "chemistry" ] }, "copyright_statement": "Author's Rights Authorization: I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted here is the same as that approved by my advisory committee.\n\nI hereby grant to California Institute of Technology or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified under \"Thesis Availability\" in this submission, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation, or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report.", "resource_type": "thesis", "pub_year": "1973", "author_list": "Harris, Daniel Charles", "advisor_list": "Rossman, George Robert and Gray, Harry B.", "comittee_list": "Unknown, Unknown" } ]