[ { "id": "authors:5q905-pz985", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5q905-pz985", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220406-992841873", "type": "article", "title": "Implicit mechanisms of intention", "author": [ { "family_name": "Aflalo", "given_name": "Tyson", "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455", "clpid": "Aflalo-Tyson" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Carey", "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510", "clpid": "Zhang-Carey-Y" }, { "family_name": "Revechkis", "given_name": "Boris", "clpid": "Revechkis-Boris" }, { "family_name": "Rosario", "given_name": "Emily", "orcid": "0000-0002-1540-197X", "clpid": "Rosario-Emily-R" }, { "family_name": "Pouratian", "given_name": "Nader", "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241", "clpid": "Pouratian-Nader" }, { "family_name": "Andersen", "given_name": "Richard A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472", "clpid": "Andersen-R-A" } ], "abstract": "High-level cortical regions encode motor decisions before or even absent awareness, suggesting that neural processes predetermine behavior before conscious choice. Such early neural encoding challenges popular conceptions of human agency. It also raises fundamental questions for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that traditionally assume that neural activity reflects the user's conscious intentions. Here, we study the timing of human posterior parietal cortex single-neuron activity recorded from implanted microelectrode arrays relative to the explicit urge to initiate movement. Participants were free to choose when to move, whether to move, and what to move, and they retrospectively reported the time they felt the urge to move. We replicate prior studies by showing that posterior parietal cortex (PPC) neural activity sharply rises hundreds of milliseconds before the reported urge. However, we find that this \"preconscious\" activity is part of a dynamic neural population response that initiates much earlier, when the participant first chooses to perform the task. Together with details of neural timing, our results suggest that PPC encodes an internal model of the motor planning network that transforms high-level task objectives into appropriate motor behavior. These new data challenge traditional interpretations of early neural activity and offer a more holistic perspective on the interplay between choice, behavior, and their neural underpinnings. Our results have important implications for translating BMIs into more complex real-world environments. We find that early neural dynamics are sufficient to drive BMI movements before the participant intends to initiate movement. Appropriate algorithms ensure that BMI movements align with the subject's awareness of choice.", "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.047", "pmcid": "PMC9090994", "issn": "0960-9822", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Current Biology", "publication_date": "2022-05-09", "series_number": "9", "volume": "32", "issue": "9", "pages": "2051-2060" }, { "id": "authors:1f8t7-nbn97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1f8t7-nbn97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200122-161431225", "type": "article", "title": "Preservation of partially mixed selectivity in human posterior parietal cortex across changes in task context", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Carey Y.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510", "clpid": "Zhang-Carey-Y" }, { "family_name": "Aflalo", "given_name": "Tyson", "clpid": "Aflalo-Tyson" }, { "family_name": "Revechkis", "given_name": "Boris", "clpid": "Revechkis-Boris" }, { "family_name": "Rosario", "given_name": "Emily", "clpid": "Rosario-Emily-R" }, { "family_name": "Ouellette", "given_name": "Debra", "clpid": "Ouellette-Debra" }, { "family_name": "Pouratian", "given_name": "Nader", "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241", "clpid": "Pouratian-Nader" }, { "family_name": "Andersen", "given_name": "Richard A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472", "clpid": "Andersen-R-A" } ], "abstract": "Recent studies in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have found multiple effectors and cognitive strategies represented within a shared neural substrate in a structure termed \"partially mixed selectivity\" (Zhang et al., 2017). In this study, we examine whether the structure of these representations is preserved across changes in task context and is thus a robust and generalizable property of the neural population. Specifically, we test whether the structure is conserved from an open-loop motor imagery task (training) to a closed-loop cortical control task (online), a change that has led to substantial changes in neural behavior in prior studies in motor cortex. Recording from a 4 \u00d7 4 mm electrode array implanted in PPC of a human tetraplegic patient participating in a brain\u2013machine interface (BMI) clinical trial, we studied the representations of imagined/attempted movements of the left/right hand and compare their individual BMI control performance using a one-dimensional cursor control task. We found that the structure of the representations is largely maintained between training and online control. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the structure observed in the context of an open-loop motor imagery task is maintained and accessible in the context of closed-loop BMI control. These results indicate that it is possible to decode the mixed variables found from a small patch of cortex in PPC and use them individually for BMI control. Furthermore, they show that the structure of the mixed representations is maintained and robust across changes in task context.", "doi": "10.1523/eneuro.0222-19.2019", "pmcid": "PMC7070450", "issn": "2373-2822", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "publication": "eNeuro", "publication_date": "2020-03", "series_number": "2", "volume": "7", "issue": "2", "pages": "Art. No. 0222-19.2019" }, { "id": "authors:8z5p1-5xb47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8z5p1-5xb47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170721-073238920", "type": "article", "title": "Partially Mixed Selectivity in Human Posterior Parietal Association Cortex", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Carey Y.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510", "clpid": "Zhang-Carey-Y" }, { "family_name": "Aflalo", "given_name": "Tyson", "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455", "clpid": "Aflalo-Tyson" }, { "family_name": "Revechkis", "given_name": "Boris", "clpid": "Revechkis-Boris" }, { "family_name": "Rosario", "given_name": "Emily R.", "clpid": "Rosario-Emily-R" }, { "family_name": "Ouellette", "given_name": "Debra", "clpid": "Ouellette-Debra" }, { "family_name": "Pouratian", "given_name": "Nader", "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241", "clpid": "Pouratian-Nader" }, { "family_name": "Andersen", "given_name": "Richard A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472", "clpid": "Andersen-R-A" } ], "abstract": "To clarify the organization of motor representations in posterior parietal cortex, we test how three motor variables (body side, body part, cognitive strategy) are coded in the human anterior intraparietal cortex. All tested movements were encoded, arguing against strict anatomical segregation of effectors. Single units coded for diverse conjunctions of variables, with different dimensions anatomically overlapping. Consistent with recent studies, neurons encoding body parts exhibited mixed selectivity. This mixed selectivity resulted in largely orthogonal coding of body parts, which \"functionally segregate\" the effector responses despite the high degree of anatomical overlap. Body side and strategy were not coded in a mixed manner as effector determined their organization. Mixed coding of some variables over others, what we term \"partially mixed coding,\" argues that the type of functional encoding depends on the compared dimensions. This structure is advantageous for neuroprosthetics, allowing a single array to decode movements of a large extent of the body.", "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.040", "pmcid": "PMC5572762", "issn": "0896-6273", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Neuron", "publication_date": "2017-08-02", "series_number": "3", "volume": "95", "issue": "3", "pages": "697-708" } ]