[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vewtg-3m865", "eprint_id": 62200, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:03:07", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 16:57:21", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "The Grand Tour: 1977 presents a rare opportunity for a single spacecraft to fly by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1972 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.", "abstract": "During 1969, two Mariner spacecraft\nflew past Mars at an altitude of 2,130\nmiles and returned excellent scientific\ndata, photographs, infrared and ultraviolet\nspectra, and infrared radiometer\ndata. Furthermore, the trajectories\nwere calculated with such\nprecision that atmospheric refraction\ncould be measured and our knowledge\nof the gravitational field of Mars refined.\nThese flights are a measure of\nthe present capabilities in planetary\nexploration. We are able to send relatively\ncomplex instruments to the\nnearer planets, operate them remotely\nand precisely, and return data to earth\nreliably and at a reasonably high bit\nrate.", "date": "1970-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "American Scientist", "volume": "58", "number": "2", "publisher": "Sigma Xi", "pagerange": "148-155", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20151118-112809992", "issn": "0003-0996", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151118-112809992", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Pickering, William H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dawzg-fv712", "eprint_id": 62294, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:30:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 17:01:57", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "Navigating The Mariner Spacecraft to Mars", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1966 American Philosophical Society. \n\nRead April 23, 1966. \n\nOn November 12, 1965, the Society in Executive Session voted to award the Magellanic Premium to Professor Pickering for his leadership in the exploration of the Moon and Venus by jet-propelled vehicles. The Magellanic Medal was presented to Professor Pickering on April 23, 1966", "abstract": "It is now more than four hundred years since one of Magellan's ships completed the circum-navigation of the Earth. That was a remarkable feat of navigation, subject as it was to the errors of primitive instruments, the vagaries of wind and storm, and the lack of exact knowledge in the field.", "date": "1966-10-27", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society", "volume": "110", "number": "5", "publisher": "American Philosophical Society", "pagerange": "332-339", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20151120-134034367", "issn": "0003-049X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151120-134034367", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1966", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mhxy9-f7v86", "eprint_id": 62860, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:20:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 21:54:36", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "The Selection of Space Experiments", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1966 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.", "abstract": "As we move into the ninth year of the space age, flights and projects are becoming increasingly complex. The variety of scientific experiments\nwhich are being flown is greatly increasing. I should like to speak to\nyou about one phase of the program, the selection of space experiments.", "date": "1966-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "American Scientist", "volume": "54", "number": "1", "publisher": "Sigma Xi", "pagerange": "103-109", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20151214-103533339", "issn": "0003-0996", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151214-103533339", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1966", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vsrbz-sd656", "eprint_id": 7739, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 23:27:12", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:04:35", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "Some new methods for planetary exploration", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1965 by the National Academy of Sciences. \n\nPresented before the Academy, October 12, 1965, by invitation of the Committee on Arrangements for the Autumn Meeting. \n\nThis paper presents the results of one phase of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract NAS 7-100, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.", "abstract": "For many centuries the planets of our solar system have been objects of study by astronomers. Before the invention of the telescope, these studies were restricted to an attempt to understand and predict their motion. Telescopes and accurate clocks allowed more precise observations to be made. By the 19th century, minor perturbations of the motions of the planets were being analyzed. By the end of this century, however, astronomers were becoming more interested in stellar and galactic problems, and the group interested in celestial mechanics and planetary observations appeared to be decreasing to a vanishing point in the mid-20th century. Then came the space program, and the possibility of performing experiments on, or at least near, other planets encouraged interest in the solar system to a remarkable degree.", "date": "1965-12-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "54", "number": "6", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "1471-1479", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:PICpnas65", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PICpnas65", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.54.6.1471", "primary_object": { "basename": "PICpnas65.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vsrbz-sd656/files/PICpnas65.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1965", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qm7fs-2g952", "eprint_id": 62802, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:48:02", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 17:25:10", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Newell-H-A", "name": { "family": "Newell", "given": "Homer A." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } }, { "id": "Hornig-D-F", "name": { "family": "Hornig", "given": "Donald F." } }, { "id": "Johnson-L-B", "name": { "family": "Johnson", "given": "Lyndon B." } } ] }, "title": "Ranger VII: Briefing for Johnson Brings Out High Level Chit Chat on Various Aspects of Space", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1964 American Association for the Advancement of Science.", "abstract": "Last week, following NASA's brilliant success in photographing the moon with Ranger VII, several space agency\nofficials visited the White House to brief President Johnson. Speaking to the President were Homer E. Newell, associate administrator of NASA for space sciences and applications; William H. Pickering, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which directs the Ranger project; and Donald F. Hornig, the President's science adviser. The following excerpts are from an official transcription of the briefing distributed by NASA.", "date": "1964-08-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science", "volume": "145", "number": "3632", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "563-565", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20151211-113309582", "issn": "0036-8075", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151211-113309582", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1126/science.145.3632.563", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1964", "author_list": "Newell, Homer A.; Pickering, William H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x7wkz-jmg82", "eprint_id": 47753, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:20:18", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 21:13:00", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Biehl-A-T", "name": { "family": "Biehl", "given": "A. T." } }, { "id": "Montgomery-R-A", "name": { "family": "Montgomery", "given": "R. A." } }, { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. V." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } }, { "id": "Roesch-W-C", "name": { "family": "Roesch", "given": "W. C." } } ] }, "title": "A New Cosmic-Ray Telescope for High Altitudes", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1948 The American Physical Society. \n\nThe authors wish to take this opportunity of thanking Professor R. A. Millikan for the aid and encouragement he has given this development. Also, we wish to thank Mr. Maurice Rattray for his assistance in making the apparatus. We gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.\n\n
Published - BIErmp48b.pdf
", "abstract": "A cosmic-ray telescope is described having an angular resolution of approximately \u00b115\u00b0. The distance between the two outermost trays, each containing 8 Geiger counters, is 1 meter. The area of each tray is approximately 24\u00d724 cm^2. Triple coincidences modulate a transmitter and the signals, including those giving the air pressure and temperature of the instrument, are recorded on the ground. The counting rate is such that at the peak of the curve the relative probable error during a 4 minute interval is about 1.5 percent.\n\nAccidental counts are found to be nearly negligible at all altitudes and latitudes, but some correction needs to be made for loss in efficiency because of the inherent dead time of the counters. An absolute determination of cosmic-ray intensity at the vertical at Pasadena was made in order to express the results as nearly as possible independently of the apparatus used.", "date": "1948-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Reviews of Modern Physics", "volume": "20", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "pagerange": "353-359", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20140731-164124087", "issn": "0034-6861", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140731-164124087", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Carnegie Institution of Washington" } ] }, "doi": "10.1103/RevModPhys.20.353", "primary_object": { "basename": "BIErmp48b.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x7wkz-jmg82/files/BIErmp48b.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1948", "author_list": "Biehl, A. T.; Montgomery, R. A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jwts2-qv825", "eprint_id": 47752, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:20:14", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 21:12:58", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Biehl-A-T", "name": { "family": "Biehl", "given": "A. T." } }, { "id": "Montgomery-R-A", "name": { "family": "Montgomery", "given": "R. A." } }, { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. V." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } }, { "id": "Roesch-W-C", "name": { "family": "Roesch", "given": "W. C." } } ] }, "title": "Recent Studies of the Cosmic-Ray Latitude Effect at High Altitudes", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1948 The American Physical Society. \n\nWe wish to express our thanks to Dr. R. A. Millikan, who accompanied us on this expedition, for his assistance and encouragement during the course of these experiments. The authors also wish to express their appreciation for the welcome given us by the University of Saskatchewan and the help of Professor E. L. Harrington, who was largely responsible for the success of our work in Canada. We gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Carnegie Institution of Washington that made these experiments possible. Our thanks are also due to the U. S. Weather Bureau for supplying us with helium for our balloons, and the individual members of the Bureau, who were of so much assistance at each of the stations in the United States.\n\nPublished - BIErmp48a.pdf
", "abstract": "With an improved Geiger counter telescope, having an angular aperture of about \u00b115\u00b0 from its axis, a series of balloon flights was made in August and September, 1947, at seven stations extending from San Antonio, Texas, to Saskatoon, Canada. The axis of the telescope in all cases was oriented in a vertical direction. All sets of equipment were compared with a standard to reduce all results to a common basis. The standard sets, in turn, were compared with an accurately constructed telescope which had been used to make an absolute determination of cosmic-ray intensity at the vertical in Pasadena.\n\nTwo flights were made from each of the seven stations. The agreement between flights made within a few hours of each other at a given station is very good. Results from two flights made at a given station several days apart are not in general as consistent. Likewise, no monotonic increase of the radiation with increase of latitude was observed. Evidence is presented for rather large fluctuations at high altitudes of the lower energy components of cosmic rays. Some of the reasons for these fluctuations are discussed.", "date": "1948-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Reviews of Modern Physics", "volume": "20", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "pagerange": "360-367", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20140731-163157405", "issn": "0034-6861", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140731-163157405", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Carnegie Institution of Washington" } ] }, "doi": "10.1103/RevModPhys.20.360", "primary_object": { "basename": "BIErmp48a.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jwts2-qv825/files/BIErmp48a.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1948", "author_list": "Biehl, A. T.; Montgomery, R. A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p7h8z-vxg86", "eprint_id": 6425, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:06:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 20:19:41", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Millikan-R-A", "name": { "family": "Millikan", "given": "Robert A." } }, { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. V." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "Primary Cosmic-Ray Protons and the Atom-Annihilation Hypothesis", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1947 The American Physical Society \n\nReceived 8 August 1947", "abstract": "In other words, we here corrected the contradiction between the two statements made in the 1942 and 1943 articles, reaffirming the validity of the 1942 statement and admitting our slip in the 1943 statement after recomputing the latitude of entrance of protons, and finding it, within the limits of our observational uncertainty, the same as the latitude of entrance of electrons.", "date": "1947-09-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "72", "number": "6", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "513", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr47", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr47", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.72.513", "primary_object": { "basename": "MILpr47.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p7h8z-vxg86/files/MILpr47.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1947", "author_list": "Millikan, Robert A.; Neher, H. V.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kxzcr-z0597", "eprint_id": 6426, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:02:32", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 20:19:44", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Millikan-R-A", "name": { "family": "Millikan", "given": "Robert A." } }, { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. Victor" } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "Further Studies on the Origin of Cosmic Rays Helium Annihilation Rays and the Cause of Their Variability with Time", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91944 The American Physical Society \n\nReceived 16 October 1944 \n\nThis investigation, like many preceding ones, has had support from the Carnegie Corporation of New York administered by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. For this aid, as well as the aid given us by Dr. Seth B. Nicholson and Director Colbert, the authors would like to express their keen appreciation.", "abstract": "We find definite evidence that a new band of rays which we interpret as helium annihilation rays does come in vertically at about the predicted latitude. We present a discussion of the possible composite character of the so-called silicon annihilation band and of the so-called oxygen annihilation band. We then bring forward an explanation of the cause of our large and already reported variability in the cosmic-ray intensities found in high altitude electroscope flights at Bismarck, Omaha, and Oklahoma City. We also make a new and more accurate determination of the value of the field sensitive and the non-field sensitive components of the incoming cosmic rays.", "date": "1944-12-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "66", "number": "11/12", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "295-302", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr44", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr44", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.66.295", "primary_object": { "basename": "MILpr44.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kxzcr-z0597/files/MILpr44.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1944", "author_list": "Millikan, Robert A.; Neher, H. Victor; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rs3hp-nj102", "eprint_id": 81097, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:00:18", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 19:34:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "The Radio Sonde", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1943 IRE. \n\nOriginal manuscript received by the Institute, February 1, 1943.\n\nPublished - 01694815.pdf
", "abstract": "The radio sonde has been developed in recent years as a practical instrument for transmitting information from the stratosphere. This paper discusses some of the problems connected with the application of the radio-sonde principle to the radio meteorograph and also to the cosmic-ray radio sonde.", "date": "1943-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the IRE", "volume": "31", "number": "9", "publisher": "IRE", "pagerange": "479-485", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170901-144015104", "issn": "0096-8390", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170901-144015104", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1109/JRPROC.1943.232391", "primary_object": { "basename": "01694815.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rs3hp-nj102/files/01694815.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1943", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2jq8z-9d739", "eprint_id": 6688, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:01:23", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 20:28:44", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Millikan-R-A", "name": { "family": "Millikan", "given": "R. A." } }, { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. Victor" } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "Further tests of the atom-annihilation hypothesis as to the origin of the cosmic rays", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91943 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 28 January 1943. \n\nThe foregoing investigations and a long series of preceding ones upon which these depend have been supported for years by grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York administered by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. For this aid the authors wish to express their keen appreciation. They wish also to make acknowledgments to the Indian Meteorological Service for cordial and well-nigh unlimited assistance to their work in India and also to express their thanks for similar cooperation in Mexico by the Mexican Meteorological Service.", "abstract": "1. Tests in Mexico. The authors had predicted that since the hypothetical silicon-annihilation rays should have enough energy (13.2 Bev) to get vertically through the earth's magnetic field at the equator in Peru, though not in India, there should be found, both at sea level and at all altitudes in the Americas, when vertically incoming rays alone are under test, a very long plateau of uniform cosmic-ray intensities extending north from Mollendo, Peru to about the latitude of Victoria, Mexico (mag. lat. 32.8\u00b0). There the strong band due to oxygen annihilation rays (7.5 Bev) should first appear, to be followed in going still further north when the latitude of 40\u00b0 N magnetic had been reached, by the full entrance of the nitrogen annihilation band (6.5 Bev). The experimental findings were in accord with these predictions. 2. Tests in the United States. In going from Pasadena (mag. lat. 40.7\u00b0 to St. George, Utah, but 4.1\u00b0 (280 miles) nearer to the N magnetic pole than Pasadena, the carbon-annihilation band (5.6 Bev) was expected to appear, to be followed by a flat plateau clear up to latitude 54\u00b0 N magnetic, when helium annihilation rays (1.88 Bev) were expected to appear. A ballon flight at St. George (mag. lat. 44.8\u00b0) and another at Pocatello, Idaho (mag. lat. 51\u00b0) yielded preliminary results in harmony with these predictions. 3. Evidence that the act of atom-annihilation actually transforms the rest mass energy of an atom into an electron pair. The flat plateau between St. George and Pocatello (mag. lat. 51\u00b0) corresponding to the absence of abundant atoms of atomic weight between that of carbon and that of helium, and the definite appearance of a new band between Omaha (mag. lat. 51.3\u00b0) and Bismarck (mag. lat. 56\u00b0) constitute new and strong evidence for the transformability of the complete rest mass energy of an atom into an electron pair.", "date": "1943-04-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "63", "number": "7-8", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "234-245", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr43", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr43", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.63.234", "primary_object": { "basename": "MILpr43.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2jq8z-9d739/files/MILpr43.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1943", "author_list": "Millikan, R. A.; Neher, H. Victor; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dxyz7-p4n47", "eprint_id": 6548, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:59:41", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 20:23:43", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Millikan-R-A", "name": { "family": "Millikan", "given": "Robert A." } }, { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. Victor" } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "A hypothesis as to the origin of cosmic rays and its experimental testing in India and elsewhere", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91942 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 9 February 1942. \n\nThis comparison of prediction and experiment has been made possible largely through the generous support of the investigation by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The success of the work in India was made possible by the extraordinarily generous and complete cooperation of the British Indian Meteorological Service.", "abstract": "The hypothesis here adopted as to the mode of origin of the cosmic rays makes possible the prediction of five definite cosmic-ray bands, each of which should reach the earth in a particular latitude, and of four plateaus of unchanging cosmic-ray intensity, these plateaus being delimited by the latitudes of entrance of the successive bands. These bands will be designated as (1) a silicon band of energy 13.2 Bev, (2) an oxygen-nitrogen band of mean energy 7.1 Bev, (3) a carbon band of energy 5.6 Bev, and (4) a helium band of energy 1.9 Bev. The experimental evidence that has been so far obtained in India and elsewhere for the existence of these five bands and four plateaus may be thus summarized: The evidence seems to be excellent for the existence of the silicon band and the joint nitrogen-oxygen band, and some indications have appeared for the existence of the carbon band and the helium band. Also all of these bands are found, roughly at least, in the predicted latitudes and of right order of intensities. The evidence also appears to be good for the existence of at least three of the four above-mentioned plateaus of constant cosmic-ray intensity.", "date": "1942-04-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "61", "number": "7-8", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "397-407", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr42", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MILpr42", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.61.397", "primary_object": { "basename": "MILpr42.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dxyz7-p4n47/files/MILpr42.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1942", "author_list": "Millikan, Robert A.; Neher, H. Victor; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x26cz-cqk82", "eprint_id": 6355, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:59:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 20:17:11", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. V." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "Results of a High Altitude Cosmic-Ray Survey Near the Magnetic Equator", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91942 The American Physical Society \n\nReceived 9 February 1942 \n\nIn conclusion the authors wish to express their appreciation for the invaluable aid rendered by R.A. Millikan in the planning of these experiments, the observations in the field, and the discussion of the results. They sincerely thank the Carnegie Corporation of New York for the financial assistance which made this expedition possible, and they remember with great pleasure their many friends in the Indian Meteorological Service without whose help it would have been impossible to have made so many successful flights.", "abstract": "Electroscope and Geiger counter observations have been taken with free balloons at geomagnetic latitudes of 3\u00b0, 17\u00b0, and 25\u00b0N. The most important results are as follows: (1) The Geiger counter technique with a single counter will give results very close to those obtained with the electroscope and of comparable accuracy. (2) Vertical coincidence measurements give rise to markedly different values for the relative amounts of incident energy at various latitudes, as compared with the electroscope or single counter data. (3) Within the experimental error, no difference was obtained between the vertical coincidence curves at 3\u00b0 and 17\u00b0, and thus no new energy lies in the primary energy spectrum between the limits of 17 and 15 Bev. (4) This is direct evidence for a banded structure in the primary cosmic-ray spectrum. (5) Flights made with triple and quadruple coincidences, and also with counters arranged to record showers, showed that showers do not significantly affect the vertical coincidence measurements.", "date": "1942-04-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "61", "number": "7-8", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "407-413", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr42", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr42", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.61.407", "primary_object": { "basename": "NEHpr42.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x26cz-cqk82/files/NEHpr42.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1942", "author_list": "Neher, H. V. and Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/t31h2-7gx38", "eprint_id": 8952, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:56:56", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:49:47", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. Victor" } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "An attempt to measure the latitude effect of extensive cosmic-ray showers", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91940 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 21 August 1940. \n\nWe wish to express our grateful appreciation to the Carnegie Corporation of New York for making these experiments possible. We are also indebted to the Canadian-Australasian Line, and especially to the officers of the S.S. Niagara for the cooperation they rendered, even while under the stress imposed by the present international situation.", "abstract": "Measurements of large cosmic-ray shower intensities have been made on the Pacific Ocean. Because of the statistical fluctuations of the experimental results, no positive conclusions regarding the latitude effect for these showers can be reached.", "date": "1940-10-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "58", "number": "8", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "665-666", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr40a", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr40a", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.58.665", "primary_object": { "basename": "NEHpr40a.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/t31h2-7gx38/files/NEHpr40a.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1940", "author_list": "Neher, H. Victor and Pickering, William H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww0px-1p541", "eprint_id": 8951, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:48:58", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:49:45", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. V." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "Modified high speed Geiger counter circuit", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91938 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 25 January 1938.", "abstract": "Although the speed of the circuit designed by Neher(1) is quite satisfactory, it suffers from the disadvantages of requiring insulation for the cylinder and shielding if two or more Geiger counters are used to count coincidences. Also, the capacity of the cylinder for large counters introduces a longer reaction time. With the circuit to be described the cylinder of the counter is grounded.", "date": "1938-02-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "53", "number": "4", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "316", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr38b", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr38b", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.53.316", "primary_object": { "basename": "NEHpr38b.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww0px-1p541/files/NEHpr38b.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1938", "author_list": "Neher, H. V. and Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g1gsr-a5048", "eprint_id": 8950, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:48:34", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:49:43", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Neher-H-V", "name": { "family": "Neher", "given": "H. V." } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "The latitude effect for cosmic-ray showers", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91938 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 4 November 1937. \n\nWe wish to express our appreciation to the Dollar Steamship Company and to Captain Murphy of the President Van Buren, also to the K.P.M. Line and to Captain Murphy of the Niew Holland, and to the Canadian Australasian Line for their cooperation and assistance in the experimental work here reported. We also wish to make grateful acknowledgment to the Carnegie Corporation which provided funds that made this work possible.", "abstract": "Cosmic-ray observations have been taken with Geiger counters on a voyage from San Francisco to Colombo via Japan and return via Australia. The apparatus used possesses some interesting features and is described at length. The latitude effect for vertical coincidences is found to be 14.5 percent in the region of the Dutch East Indies and 10 percent in the Pacific Ocean. The showers show a much smaller variation with latitude, only about 6 percent being found in the region of the East Indies. This result is interpreted as meaning that the latitude sensitive part of the radiation is not as efficient at producing showers as the nonlatitude sensitive radiation. Qualitatively at least, such behavior is consistent with the hypothesis that the latitude sensitive radiation is due to incoming electrons.", "date": "1938-01-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "53", "number": "2", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "111-116", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr38a", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:NEHpr38a", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.53.111", "primary_object": { "basename": "NEHpr38a.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g1gsr-a5048/files/NEHpr38a.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1938", "author_list": "Neher, H. V. and Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/97fq5-xza92", "eprint_id": 8613, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:48:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:35:30", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "The production of cosmic-ray showers at great depths", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91937 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 18 October 1937. \n\nIn conclusion I wish to thank the water department of the city of Pasadena for their generous cooperation in making possible the experiments at the Morris Dam. I also wish to acknowledge my appreciation of the financial assistance rendered by the Carnegie Corporation.", "abstract": "Experiments are described which prove the existence of cosmic-ray showers consisting of at least three particles, at depths down to 30 meters of water below sea level. The experiments also show that the number of showers decreases in much the same way with depth as the number of vertical coincidences. Even in the first few meters of water there is no marked falling off in the relative number of showers. The effect of lead on the showers at great depths is also discussed.", "date": "1937-12-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "52", "number": "11", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "1131-1134", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr37b", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr37b", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.52.1131", "primary_object": { "basename": "PICpr37b.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/97fq5-xza92/files/PICpr37b.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1937", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/afm3a-d8g22", "eprint_id": 8612, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:46:14", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:35:27", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "Secondary particles from the penetrating component of the cosmic radiation", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91937 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 24 February 1937. \n\nI wish to thank Dr. R.A. Millikan for many helpful suggestions and discussions during the course of this work.", "abstract": "Experiments are described that show that some of the coincidences between three Geiger counters in a vertical line separated by a considerable thickness of lead are not due to the passage of a single ionizing particle through the three counters but rather to secondary particles released in the lead near the counters. The experiments enable an estimate of the magnitude of this effect to be made.", "date": "1937-04-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "51", "number": "8", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "628-629", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr37a", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr37a", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.51.628", "primary_object": { "basename": "PICpr37a.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/afm3a-d8g22/files/PICpr37a.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1937", "author_list": "Pickering, William H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2kbkh-y3n19", "eprint_id": 8611, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:43:30", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:35:25", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "The geographical variation of the cosmic-ray showers", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91936 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 21 May 1936. \n\nThe pleasant cooperation of the Union Steamship Company and especially the officers of the steamships Makura and Niagara, made this experiment possible.", "abstract": "In an effort to determine whether the radiation responsible for the cosmic-ray showers is affected by the earth's magnetic field, observations were taken in the summer of 1935 on a voyage across the Pacific to New Zealand and return. A triple coincidence recording apparatus was built in a form that could be used on ship board. The high voltage for the counters was supplied by batteries while the amplifier was connected to operate on 100 volts a.c. or d.c. The counters used were about 2.5 cm in diameter and 14 cm long. They were filled with a mixture of 80 percent argon and 20 percent air to a pressure of 5 cm.", "date": "1936-06-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "49", "number": "12", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "945-946", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr36", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr36", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.49.945", "primary_object": { "basename": "PICpr36.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2kbkh-y3n19/files/PICpr36.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1936", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9xrv6-r9t48", "eprint_id": 8610, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:38:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 21:35:23", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "W. H." } } ] }, "title": "A note on the production of cosmic-ray showers", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91935 The American Physical Society. \n\nReceived 6 February 1935. \n\nI wish to thank the Water Department of the City of Pasadena for permission to use the Morris Dam. I also wish to thank C. D. Anderson and R. A. Millikan for many helpful suggestions.", "abstract": "The cosmic-ray showers, which are shown so beautifully in the counter controlled cloud chamber,(1) have been investigated by numerous observers. The method in general has consisted in putting three Geiger counters below a thin plate of heavy material. The counters are usually arranged so that three particles emerging simultaneously from the plate are required to register a coincidence. Hence a shower will consist of at least three particles associated in time.", "date": "1935-03-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "47", "number": "5", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "423", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr35", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PICpr35", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.47.423", "primary_object": { "basename": "PICpr35.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9xrv6-r9t48/files/PICpr35.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1935", "author_list": "Pickering, W. H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s098j-2m822", "eprint_id": 6774, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:34:32", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 20:31:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Anderson-C-D", "name": { "family": "Anderson", "given": "Carl D." } }, { "id": "Millikan-R-A", "name": { "family": "Millikan", "given": "R. A." } }, { "id": "Neddermeyer-S-H", "name": { "family": "Neddermeyer", "given": "Seth" } }, { "id": "Pickering-W-H", "name": { "family": "Pickering", "given": "William" } } ] }, "title": "The Mechanism of Cosmic-Ray Counter Action", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a91934 The American Physical Society \n\nReceived 26 December 1933", "abstract": "A study of photographs taken in a very powerful magnetic field with the aid of a cloud chamber activated by counter responses shows (1) that such an arrangement has a strong selective action on showers; (2) that showers so selected have an exceptional multiplicity of tracks; (3) that the two counters show simultaneous responses when no single particle can pass through both of them; (4) that in general these showers consist of a mixture of positive and negative electrons rather than of electrons and protons, no effects certainly attributable to neutrons being observed; (5) that these electrons in getting out of the nucleus some times produce an intense photon spray of the nature of \"brems strahlung\"; (6) that these photon sprays are increasingly responsible for the simultaneous activation of the two counters the thicker the intervening lead; (7) that a light element like carbon has little effect in producing either showers or sprays; (8) that the total energy of a shower is not larger than that of single electrons (+ or -); (9) that the Dirac theory encounters certain difficulties in accounting for the observed effects.", "date": "1934-03-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physical Review", "volume": "45", "number": "6", "publisher": "Physical Review", "pagerange": "352-363", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ANDpr34a", "issn": "0031-899X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ANDpr34a", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.45.352", "primary_object": { "basename": "ANDpr34a.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s098j-2m822/files/ANDpr34a.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1934", "author_list": "Anderson, Carl D.; Millikan, R. A.; et el." } ]