[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nx77n-5da83", "eprint_id": 114563, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 07:35:59", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 15:02:13", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brophy-John-R", "name": { "family": "Brophy", "given": "John" } }, { "id": "Pellegrino-S", "name": { "family": "Pellegrino", "given": "Sergio" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9373-3278" }, { "id": "Lubin-Philip-M", "name": { "family": "Lubin", "given": "Philip" } }, { "id": "Alkalai-Leon", "name": { "family": "Alkalai", "given": "Leon" } }, { "id": "Atwater-H-A", "name": { "family": "Atwater", "given": "Harry" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201" }, { "id": "Biswas-Abi", "name": { "family": "Biswas", "given": "Abi" } }, { "id": "Boca-Andreea", "name": { "family": "Boca", "given": "Andreea" } }, { "id": "Carr-Greg", "name": { "family": "Carr", "given": "Greg" } }, { "id": "Davoyan-Artur-R", "name": { "family": "Davoyan", "given": "Artur" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4662-1158" }, { "id": "Frazier-William", "name": { "family": "Frazier", "given": "William" } }, { "id": "Gdoutos-Terry", "name": { "family": "Gdoutos", "given": "Terry" } }, { "id": "Grandidier-Jonathan", "name": { "family": "Grandidier", "given": "Jonathan" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3384-6083" }, { "id": "Hogstrom-Kristina", "name": { "family": "Hogstrom", "given": "Kristina" } }, { "id": "Hughes-Mike", "name": { "family": "Hughes", "given": "Mike" } }, { "id": "Johnson-Les", "name": { "family": "Johnson", "given": "Les" } }, { "id": "Kelzenberg-Michael-D", "name": { "family": "Kelzenberg", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6249-2827" }, { "id": "Lee-Andrew-J", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Andrew" } }, { "id": "Luther-Joseph-M", "name": { "family": "Luther", "given": "Joseph" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4054-8244" }, { "id": "Marshall-Michael-A", "name": { "family": "Marshall", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Marrese-Reading-Colleen", "name": { "family": "Marrese-Reading", "given": "Colleen" } }, { "id": "McCarty-Steve", "name": { "family": "McCarty", "given": "Steve" } }, { "id": "McNutt-Ralph", "name": { "family": "McNutt", "given": "Ralph" } }, { "id": "Petro-Elaine", "name": { "family": "Petro", "given": "Elaine" } }, { "id": "Polk-James-E", "name": { "family": "Polk", "given": "James" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1225-4695" }, { "id": "Scully-Jennifer-E-C", "name": { "family": "Scully", "given": "Jennifer" } }, { "id": "Sekerak-Michael-J", "name": { "family": "Sekerak", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Sellers-Ian-R", "name": { "family": "Sellers", "given": "Ian" } } ] }, "title": "Non-Nuclear Exploration of the Solar System\n Study", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2022 Keck Institute for Space Studies.\n\n
Accepted Version - NonNuclear-final-report.pdf
", "abstract": "Advances in solar array, electric propulsion (EP), and power beaming technologies will very likely enable future missions to the ice giants (Uranus and Neptune) by spacecraft that are completely solar powered. Between 1959 and 2001 the power from solar arrays on missions in Earth orbit have increased by five orders of magnitude (from 1 W to >100,000 W). Simultaneously, the use of solar power has been extended to ever larger distances from the Sun. Three solar powered missions out to solar ranges of just beyond 5 au have now been developed and flown (Rosetta, Juno, and Lucy). At these distances, the solar insolation is roughly 25 times lower than that at 1 au. Solar-powered spacecraft to Saturn, where the solar insolation is 100 times lower than that at 1 au have recently been proposed to NASA. A solar-powered mission to Uranus would have to function where solar insolation is only 4 times lower than it is at Saturn. For Neptune, it would be 9 times lower than at Saturn. \n\nThree improvements in solar array technology are required to make this feasible. First, solar cells have to be able to function in the low-intensity, low-temperature (LILT) environment at Uranus and Neptune. Specially designed triple-junction solar cells have been tested at JPL under LILT conditions equivalent to the environment at 30 au have shown excellent performance (high efficiency and high fill factor). Second, the size of deployable solar arrays has to increase by one to two orders of magnitude relative to the current state of the art. Third, the areal density of solar arrays has to be reduced by an order of magnitude. This will most likely be accomplished through a combination of new thin-film solar cell technology like the Perovskite cells under development worldwide and the development of new deployable solar array structures such as those under investigation for solar-powered satellites. \n\nThe solar insolation at Uranus and Neptune is 400 to 900 times lower, respectively, than it is at 1 au. To provide sufficient power for a spacecraft at these destinations requires very large solar arrays. To be practical, such arrays will necessarily need to be very lightweight with a minimum structure mass. The gentle, low-thrust nature of electric propulsion is a good match for such solar arrays since the continuous acceleration of order 10\u207b\u2075 g will not drive increases in structure mass. In addition, the availability of large amounts of power provided by these arrays between 1 au and 5 to 10 au enables the design of low-thrust trajectories to the ice giants with attractive flight times. Existing ion propulsion technologies, such as NASA's NEXT ion propulsion system enable flight times of conventionally sized spacecraft (\u22651000 kg, not including the solar array) to Uranus of less than 10 years with reasonable propellant masses. For example, a conventionally sized spacecraft with a 150-kg complement of instruments could be delivered to Uranus orbit with a vehicle that has two 60-m x 60-m solar array wings and an areal density of 100 g/m\u00b2 in a flight time of less than 10 years. The same-sized vehicle could be delivered to orbit around Neptune in a flight time of less than 18 years if the solar array areal density is reduced to 50 g/m\u00b2. In both cases, larger payload masses can be delivered in similar flight times by increasing the size of the solar array wings. A 440-kg payload mass could be delivered to Neptune orbit in less than 17 years by increasing the solar array size to 70 m x 70 m. \n\nSmaller spacecraft may offer nearer-term opportunities. For example, coupling large, lightweight solar arrays with low-power ion propulsion systems (maximum input power of ~3 kW) can deliver net spacecraft masses to Uranus orbit of several hundred kilograms in flight times of less than 10 years. The only new development for such missions would be solar array wings with dimensions of 30 m x 30 m to 60 m x 60 m with an areal density of 100 g/m\u00b2. The same EP system could deliver net spacecraft masses of 300 to 500 kg (inclusive of the\npayload, but not including the solar array, xenon tank, and xenon mass margin, which are tracked separately) to Neptune orbit with flight times of around 15 years with a 60-m x 60-m solar array that has an areal density of 50 g/m2. Such an array would provide roughly 2.4 kW at Neptune. \n\nThe development of directed energy (DE) systems could potentially provide hundreds of watts of power continuously to landed assets from solar-powered orbiting spacecraft. Using a DE system to convert electrical power to light on the orbiting spacecraft and a photo-converter system on the landed asset to convert the DE light back to electricity is effectively a \"photonic extension cord.\" For the DE side, a series of lasers in an array is used to beam power to distant landed assets over distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometers. The landed assets use high efficiency photovoltaics tuned to the laser frequency to convert the laser power back to electrical power. Thermal power from the photon power not converted to electricity may, in some applications, also be useful to the landed asset. State-of-the-art directed-energy systems are solid state, efficient (~50%), low mass (~1 kg/kW_(optical)), and long lifetime (~10\u2075 hrs). This technology is improving rapidly, driven by the photonic revolution along with consumer and industrial demand. It is likely even possible to beam power to multiple stationary and even moving targets using unique optical beacons from each target. \n\nThe technologies required for non-nuclear exploration of the solar system would also enable or enhance a wide variety of other missions of national interest. The large, ultra-light solar arrays combined with a state-of-the-art electric propulsion system would make possible the orbital exploration of Pluto, as well as a tour of its large moon Charon and smaller moons, with a reasonable mass margin and could potentially eliminate the need for RTGs for this mission. Large, ultra-light solar arrays and state-of-the-art electric propulsion systems could enable missions to chase down and encounter long-period comets and potentially even interstellar objects. This combination of technologies could enable solar electric propulsion (SEP) mission architectures farther out in the solar system, including: a Kuiper belt tour, centaur tour, or maybe even a 'Grand Tour' of the gas and ice giants without need for the most optimal planetary alignment, as with the Voyager missions. Sample returns are the next frontier in planetary exploration. The SEP and solar array technologies discussed here would facilitate sample return from a wide range of bodies, including possibly Ceres, Mars, Enceladus, Titan, Triton, and maybe even Mercury. Beaming power from a large, ultra-light solar array in orbit to a landed asset could enable non-nuclear surface exploration of the ice giant's moons. In the nearer term, directed energy systems could deliver power to the surface of the Moon or Mars. Large, lighter solar arrays could facilitate lower-risk human missions to Mars using very high-power solar electric propulsion systems in mission architectures that don't require rendezvousing with pre-deployed assets for the return trip. Finally, large, ultra-light solar arrays could power an Arecibo-like radar in space, to enhance characterization of potentially hazardous objects. Such high-power solar arrays combined with ion-beam deflection would be greatly enhance the nations's planetary defense capabilities.", "date": "2022-05-04", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220503-222804071", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220503-222804071", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NASA/JPL/Caltech", "grant_number": "80NM0018D0004" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Keck-Institute-for-Space-Studies" }, { "id": "GALCIT" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/h62p-6328", "primary_object": { "basename": "NonNuclear-final-report.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nx77n-5da83/files/NonNuclear-final-report.pdf" }, "resource_type": "monograph", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Brophy, John; Pellegrino, Sergio; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fq66e-skz17", "eprint_id": 92887, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 01:44:23", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 16:35:54", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Norton-C-D", "name": { "family": "Norton", "given": "Charles D." } }, { "id": "Pellegrino-S", "name": { "family": "Pellegrino", "given": "Sergio" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9373-3278" }, { "id": "Johnson-M", "name": { "family": "Johnson", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Arya-M", "name": { "family": "Arya", "given": "Manan" } }, { "id": "Steeves-J", "name": { "family": "Steeves", "given": "John" } }, { "id": "Kulkarni-S-R", "name": { "family": "Kulkarni", "given": "Shri" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5390-8563" }, { "id": "Martin-D-Christopher", "name": { "family": "Martin", "given": "Christopher D." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8650-1644" } ] }, "title": "Small Satellites: A Revolution in Space Science", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2014 California Institute of Technology. US Government sponsorship acknowledged.\n\nThe research described in this report was sponsored by the Keck Institute for Space\nStudies (KISS) and was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California\nInstitute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautical and Space\nAdministration. On behalf of the study group we gratefully acknowledge the\noutstanding guidance and support of the KISS staff. In particular, we especially thank\nand recognize Michele Judd who truly made everyone feel welcome and at home\nduring the study sessions, Tom Prince and the KISS Steering Committee for their\ninspirational leadership in establishing the KISS program.\n\nAccepted Version - SmallSat_final_report.pdf
", "abstract": "This report describes the results of a study program sponsored by the Keck Institute\nfor Space Studies (KISS) at the California Institute of Technology to explore how small\nsatellite systems can uniquely enable new discoveries in space science. The\ndisciplines studied span astrophysics, heliophysics, and planetary science (including\nNEOs, and other small bodies) based on remote and in-situ observations. The two\nworkshops and study period that comprised this program brought together space\nscientists, engineers, technologists, mission designers, and program managers over 9\nmonths. This invitation-only study program included plenary and subject matter\nworking groups, as well as short courses and lectures for the public. Our goal was to\nconceive novel scientific observations, while identifying technical roadblocks, with the\nvision of advancing a new era of unique explorations in space science achievable\nusing small satellite platforms from 200 kg down to the sub-kg level.\nThe study program participants focused on the role of small satellites to advance\nspace science at all levels from observational techniques through mission concept\ndesign. Although the primary goal was to conceive mission concepts that may require\nsignificant technology advances, a number of concepts realizable in the near-term\nwere also identified. In this way, one unexpected outcome of the study program\nestablished the groundwork for the next revolution in space science, driven by small\nsatellites platforms, with a near-term and far-term focus.\nThere were a total of 35 KISS study participants across both workshops (July 16-20,\n2012 and October 29-31, 2012) from 15 institutions including JPL, Caltech, JA /\nPocketSpacecraft.com, MIT, UCLA, U. Texas at Austin, U. Michigan, USC, The\nPlanetary Society, Space Telescope Science Institute, Cornell, Cal Poly SLO, Johns\nHopkins University, NRL, and Tyvak LLC. The first workshop focused on identifying\nnew mission concepts while the second workshop explored the technology and\nengineering challenges identified via a facilitated mission concept concurrent design\nexercise. The Keck Institute limits the number of participants per workshop to at most\n30 to encourage close interaction where roughly 20% involved in this study were\nstudents.\nThis report is organized to communicate the outcome of the study program. It is also\nmeant to serve as a public document to inform the larger community of the role small\nsatellites can have to initiate a new program of exploration and discovery in space\nscience. As such, it includes recommendations that could inform programmatic\n1-5\ndecision making within space exploration agencies, both in the USA and\ninternationally, on the promise of low-cost, focused, and high impact science should a\nstrategic plan for small satellite space science be pursued. As such, the study\nprogram organizers and all participants are available to respond to any aspect of this\nreport.", "date": "2019-02-15", "date_type": "published", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190213-133819234", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190213-133819234", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS)" }, { "agency": "NASA/JPL/Caltech" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Keck-Institute-for-Space-Studies" }, { "id": "GALCIT" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.26206/YH3H-ZA97", "primary_object": { "basename": "SmallSat_final_report.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fq66e-skz17/files/SmallSat_final_report.pdf" }, "resource_type": "monograph", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Norton, Charles D.; Pellegrino, Sergio; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vz0zz-9az17", "eprint_id": 63419, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 08:02:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 23:48:09", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Quadrelli-M", "name": { "family": "Quadrelli", "given": "Marco" } }, { "id": "Lyke-J-E", "name": { "family": "Lyke", "given": "James E." } }, { "id": "Pellegrino-S", "name": { "family": "Pellegrino", "given": "Sergio" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9373-3278" } ] }, "title": "Adaptive Multi-Functional Space Systems for Micro-Climate Control", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Submitted - 20151217_Adaptive_Final_Report.pdf
", "abstract": "This report summarizes the work done during the Adaptive Multifunctional Systems for Microclimate\nControl Study held at the Caltech Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) in 2014-2015.\nDr. Marco Quadrelli (JPL), Dr. James Lyke (AFRL), and Prof. Sergio Pellegrino (Caltech) led\nthe Study, which included two workshops: the first in May of 2014, and another in February\nof 2015. The Final Report of the Study presented here describes the potential relevance of\nadaptive multifunctional systems for microclimate control to the missions outlined in the 2010\nNRC Decadal Survey.\n\nThe objective of the Study was to adapt the most recent advances in multifunctional reconfigurable\nand adaptive structures to enable a microenvironment control to support space exploration in\nextreme environments (EE). The technical goal was to identify the most efficient materials,\narchitectures, structures and means of deployment/reconfiguration, system autonomy and energy\nmanagement solutions needed to optimally project/generate a micro-environment around space\nassets. For example, compact packed thin-layer reflective structures unfolding to large areas\ncan reflect solar energy, warming and illuminating assets such as exploration rovers on Mars or\nhuman habitats on the Moon. This novel solution is called an energy-projecting multifunctional\nsystem (EPMFS), which are composed of Multifunctional Systems (MFS) and Energy-Projecting\nSystems (EPS).", "date": "2016-01-07", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "Keck Institute for Space Studies", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160106-111503640", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160106-111503640", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS)" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Keck-Institute-for-Space-Studies" }, { "id": "GALCIT" } ] }, "doi": "10.26206/6SCT-RJ67", "primary_object": { "basename": "20151217_Adaptive_Final_Report.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vz0zz-9az17/files/20151217_Adaptive_Final_Report.pdf" }, "resource_type": "monograph", "pub_year": "2016", "author_list": "Quadrelli, Marco; Lyke, James E.; et el." } ]