[ { "id": "authors:0khjw-ap625", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0khjw-ap625", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:SUTtfs35", "type": "article", "title": "A wave-mechanical treatment of the Mills-Nixon effect", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sutton", "given_name": "L. E.", "clpid": "Sutton-L-E" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The Mills-Nixon effect has been examined by a very simple wave-mechanical treatment. This has led to the conclusion that the effect of saturated side rings upon the ratio of the coefficients of the wave-functions of the two Kekul\u00e9 structures is relatively small, being not more than about 6 per cent., and that the benzene ring retains the greater part of its stabilising resonance energy. Nevertheless, making the reasonable assumption that the ratio of the activation energies, for reaction as either one of the two Kekul\u00e9 structures, depends upon the square of the ratio of coefficients, it is possible to account for the experimental facts. The effect which bending two valencies has upon the angles between the other valencies projecting from the benzene ring is found to be very small.", "doi": "10.1039/TF9353100939", "issn": "0014-7672", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Transactions of the Faraday Society", "publication_date": "2008-10-28", "volume": "31", "pages": "939-945" }, { "id": "authors:eny2r-8cr20", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "eny2r-8cr20", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas93", "type": "article", "title": "Analysis of the ground-state band and a closely related intercalated band of \u00b2\u00b3\u2075\u2089\u2082U\u2081\u2084\u2083 by the two-revolving-cluster model with consideration of symmetric and antisymmetric resonance of the two dissimilar clusters", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay", "clpid": "Kamb-B" } ], "abstract": "The reported ground-state band of \u00b2\u00b3\u2075\u2089\u2082U\u2081\u2084\u2083 extending from J = 7/2- to 51/2- is found to be two intercalated bands, one beginning with 7/2- and the other with 9/2-, each with \u0394J = 2. Analysis by the two-resonating-cluster model leads to 3875 Da.fm\u00b2 for the moment of inertia for the first few levels, then increasing by centrifugal stretching. This value is interpreted by the structure p\u2077\u2070n\u00b9\u00b9\u00b2 for the central sphere with clusters p\u00b9\u00b9n\u00b9\u2076 and p\u00b9\u00b9n\u00b9\u2075 with radius of revolution R = 8.55 fm. The major principal axis of the Poinsot ellipsoid is taken to be determined by an unquantized number K, with vector intermediate in orientation between L and J. The values of K are found by empirical analysis to equal L + 0.28, with the theory of rotation of the ellipsoid giving L + 0.28 for 7/2-, slowly decreasing to L + 0.251 for 51/2-. The 7/2- band is based on odd values of L (negative parity) and the 9/2- band on even values (positive parity). Negative parity for both bands is achieved by symmetric resonance of the two dissimilar clusters in the 7/2- band and antisymmetric resonance in the 9/2- band.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.90.13.5901", "pmcid": "PMC46834", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1993-07-01", "series_number": "13", "volume": "90", "issue": "13", "pages": "5901-5903" }, { "id": "authors:82fd0-30g68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "82fd0-30g68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas86", "type": "article", "title": "A revised set of values of single-bond radii derived from the observed interatomic distances in metals by correction for bond number and resonance energy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay", "clpid": "Kamb-B" } ], "abstract": "An earlier discussion [Pauling, L. (1947) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 542] of observed bond lengths in elemental metals with correction for bond number and resonance energy led to a set of single-bond metallic radii with values usually somewhat less than the corresponding values obtained from molecules and complex ions. A theory of resonating covalent bonds has now been developed that permits calculation of the number of resonance structures per atom and of the effective resonance energy per bond. With this refined method of correcting the observed bond lengths for the effect of resonance energy, a new set of single-bond covalent radii, in better agreement with values from molecules and complex ions, has been constructed.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.83.11.3569", "pmcid": "PMC323562", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1986-06-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "83", "issue": "11", "pages": "3569-3571" }, { "id": "authors:z1bez-gpz41", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "z1bez-gpz41", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas85", "type": "article", "title": "Comparison of theoretical and experimental values of the number of metallic orbitals per atom in hypoelectronic and hyperelectronic metals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay", "clpid": "Kamb-B" } ], "abstract": "The statistical resonating-valence-bond theory of metals is applied in the purely theoretical calculation of the composition of the Ni--Cu alloy at the foot of the curve of saturation ferromagnetic moment, which marks the boundary between hypoelectronic and hyperelectronic metals and determines the value of the number of metallic orbitals per atom. The results, Ni44Cu56 and 0.722 metallic orbitals, agree with the observed values. This agreement provides strong support of the theory.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.82.24.8286", "pmcid": "PMC390899", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1985-12-15", "series_number": "24", "volume": "82", "issue": "24", "pages": "8286-8287" }, { "id": "authors:vpxj2-ymd98", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vpxj2-ymd98", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KAMpnas85", "type": "article", "title": "Extension of the statistical theory of resonating valence bonds to hyperelectronic metals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay", "clpid": "Kamb-B" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The statistical treatment of resonating covalent bonds in metals, previously applied to hypoelectronic metals, is extended to hyperelectronic metals and to metals with two kinds of bonds. The theory leads to half-integral values of the valence for hyperelectronic metallic elements.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.82.24.8284", "pmcid": "PMC390898", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1985-12-15", "series_number": "24", "volume": "82", "issue": "24", "pages": "8284-8285" }, { "id": "authors:r01kb-fvg55", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "r01kb-fvg55", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101122-114354013", "type": "article", "title": "Priestley Medal Address: Chemistry and the World of Tomorrow", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "This article is based on the Priestley Medal Address presented by Linus C. Pauling on April 9, during the ACS spring meeting in St. Louis. Still active at 83, Pauling is director of the Linus Pauling Institute of Science & Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.,\nwhere he continues his scientific research. Much of his work\nhas dealt with the nature of the chemical bond. The Priestley\nMedal, ACS's highest award, recognizes his contributions in\nthis and other areas, and is the latest in a long list of honors and\nawards Pauling has received, including the 1954 Nobel Prize\nin Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.", "issn": "0009-2347", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical and Engineering News", "publication_date": "1984-04-16", "series_number": "16", "volume": "62", "issue": "16", "pages": "54-56" }, { "id": "authors:ngdr6-qhr52", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ngdr6-qhr52", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140915-114134472", "type": "article", "title": "The crystal structure of lithiophorite", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay", "clpid": "Kamb-B" } ], "abstract": "Application of structural principles, especially the electroneutrality principle, to lithiophorite leads to the suggestion that it contains alternating layers Al_(14)Li_6(OH)_(42), with one octahedron in 2l vacant, and Mn^)2+)_3 Mn^(4+)_(18)O_(42), repeating in six layers and with hexagonal symmetry, \u0251_(hex) = 1337\u00c5 and C_(hex) = 28.20\u00c5 space group P3_1. This structure is a\nsuperstructure of the monoclinic structure reported by Wadsley in 1952.", "issn": "0003-004X", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America", "publication": "American Mineralogist", "publication_date": "1982-07", "series_number": "7-8", "volume": "67", "issue": "7-8", "pages": "817-821" }, { "id": "authors:vqdxt-t0r44", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vqdxt-t0r44", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas82", "type": "article", "title": "Reliability of the pair-defect-sum approximation for the strength of valence-bond orbitals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Herman", "given_name": "Zelek S.", "clpid": "Herman-Z-S" }, { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay J.", "clpid": "Kamb-B" } ], "abstract": "The pair-defect-sum approximation to the bond strength of a hybrid orbital (angular wave functions only) is compared to the rigorous value as a function of bond angle for seven types of bonding situations, with between three and eight bond directions equivalent by geometrical symmetry operations and with only one independent bond angle. The approximation is seen to be an excellent one in all cases, and the results provide a rationale for the application of this approximation to a variety of problems.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.79.4.1361", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1982-02-15", "series_number": "4", "volume": "79", "issue": "4", "pages": "1361-1365" }, { "id": "authors:k8vgw-9fr95", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "k8vgw-9fr95", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151209-103642024", "type": "article", "title": "Anesthesia of Artemia Larvae: Method for Quantitative Study", "author": [ { "family_name": "Robinson", "given_name": "Arthur B.", "clpid": "Robinson-A-B" }, { "family_name": "Manly", "given_name": "Kenneth F.", "clpid": "Manly-K-F" }, { "family_name": "Anthony", "given_name": "Michael P.", "clpid": "Anthony-M-P" }, { "family_name": "Catchpool", "given_name": "John F.", "clpid": "Catchpool-J-F" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Potency of anesthetics is quantitatively measured with laboratory-hatched larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Statistical fluctuations are minimized in that 100,000 animals are used to determine a single median anesthetic dose value. The technique was developed to study molecular mechanisms of general anesthesia.", "doi": "10.1126/science.149.3689.1255", "issn": "0036-8075", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science", "publication_date": "1965-09-10", "series_number": "3689", "volume": "149", "issue": "3689", "pages": "1255-1258" }, { "id": "authors:d2fsp-73m63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d2fsp-73m63", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas64", "type": "article", "title": "The architecture of molecules", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Molecular architecture may be said to have originated in 1874, when J. H. van't Hoff and J. A. le Bel independently formulated the brilliant postulate that the four valence bonds of the carbon atom are directed approximately toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron. It was extended into inorganic chemistry in 1893, when A. Werner suggested that in many inorganic complexes six atoms are arranged at the corners of a regular octahedron about a central atom, and that other geometrical structures are represented by other complexes. However, the present-day subject of molecular architecture, involving the precise discussion of the structure of molecules and crystals in terms of interatomic distances and bond angles, is a product of the last half century. It began in 1913, when W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg reported the determination of the arrangement of atoms of sodium and chlorine in the sodium chloride crystal and the evaluation of the distance between the centers of the atoms by the newly discovered method of analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern. During the last 50 years the precise structures of thousands of crystals and molecules have been determined by the methods of X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and molecular spectroscopy, with the aid of other techniques, such as the determination of entropy values.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1964-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "51", "issue": "5", "pages": "977-984" }, { "id": "authors:25vpx-scd28", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "25vpx-scd28", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151209-134044539", "type": "article", "title": "A Molecular Theory of General Anesthesia: Anesthesia is attributed to the formation in the brain of minute hydrate crystals of the clathrate type", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "During the last twenty years much\nprogress has been made in the determination\nof the molecular structure of\nliving organisms and the understanding\nof biological phenomena in terms of\nthe structure of molecules and their\ninteraction with one another. The progress\nthat has been made. in the field of\nmolecular biology during this period\nhas related in the main to somatic and\ngenetic aspects of physiology, rather\nthan to psychic. We may now have\nreached the time when a successful\nmolecular attack on psychobiology, including\nthe nature of encephalonic\nmechanisms, consciousness, memory,\nnarcosis, sedation, and similar phenomena,\ncan be initiated. As one of the\nsteps in this attack I have formulated\na rather detailed theory of general\nanesthesia, which is described in the\nfollowing paragraphs (1).", "doi": "10.1126/science.134.3471.15", "issn": "0036-8075", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science", "publication_date": "1961-07-07", "series_number": "3471", "volume": "134", "issue": "3471", "pages": "15-21" }, { "id": "authors:2e20s-zqs13", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2e20s-zqs13", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ZUCpnas60", "type": "article", "title": "A comparison of animal hemoglobins by tryptic peptide pattern analysis", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zuckerkandl", "given_name": "Emile", "clpid": "Zuckerkandl-E" }, { "family_name": "Jones", "given_name": "Richard T.", "clpid": "Jones-R-T" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The complete amino acid sequences (primary structure) of hemoglobins can, in principle, be determined by methods currently available. Although detailed studies of the primary structure of human and horse hemoglobins are in progress in several laboratories,(1) the methods are so laborious that complete sequences have not yet been established. Important questions in the realm of genetics and evolution require the immediate examination of the structure, primary and other, of many different hemoglobins. The application of methods that are quicker, though less informative and reliable, than the techniques required for complete sequence determination is therefore in order as a provisional means of securing useful information. Such a method is the analysis of peptide patterns obtained by combined paper electrophoresis and chromatography of tryptic hydrolysates of denatured hemoglobin.(2) Of particular interest are comparisons between hemoglobin components present in (a) organisms of one animal species at a given time in development, (b) organisms of one species at different stages of development, and (c) organisms of different species. The present paper is concerned exclusively with the last type of comparison. In order to scan the range of variation of hemoglobin structure throughout evolution, hemoglobins from a number of animals both closely and distantly related to man have been selected and compared as to tryptic peptide patterns with human hemoglobin A. Whole hemoglobin preparations from adult animals have been studied throughout. The problem of individual heterogeneity will be treated elsewhere.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1960-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "46", "issue": "10", "pages": "1349-1360" }, { "id": "authors:jg2e4-rtt91", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jg2e4-rtt91", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KAMpnas59", "type": "article", "title": "The effects of strontium-90 on mice", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kamb", "given_name": "Barclay", "clpid": "Kamb-B" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "On Sept. 19, 1958 there was published in Science a paper by Dr. Miriam P. Finkel of Argonne National Laboratory in which she communicated her observations on the effects of strontium-90 injected into mice on life expectancy and on incidence of tumors of bone and blood-forming tissues.(1) She discussed the question of whether or not the effects are proportional to the amount of injected strontium-90 at low doses, and reached the conclusion that it is likely that there is a threshold with value for man between 5 and 15 \u03bcc. (as compared with the present average value from fallout, about 0.0002 \u03bcc., and the predicted steady-state value from fallout for testing of nuclear weapons at the average rate for the past five years, about 0.02 \u03bcc.). Her paper ends with the sentence \"In any case, the present contamination with strontium-90 from fallout is so very much lower than any of these levels that it is extremely unlikely to induce even one bone tumor or one case of leukemia.\"", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.45.1.54", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1959-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "45", "issue": "1", "pages": "54-69" }, { "id": "authors:y399g-tsq07", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y399g-tsq07", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas58b", "type": "article", "title": "The relation between longevity and obesity in human beings", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "During recent years there has developed an increased interest in the question of the dependence of life span on various factors, such as weight, sex, country versus city dwelling, lipoprotein concentration in blood plasma, cigarette smoking, and exposure to high-energy radiation, and much statistical information about it has been gathered.(1) Some effort has also been made, in the case of factors, such as radiation exposure, that can assume a series of values, to express by an equation the relation between the average life span of populations differing with respect to this factor and the parameter representing the factor. Usually a linear equation has been used, often a single term, corresponding to proportionality between the decrease in expected life span and the parameter.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1958-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "44", "issue": "6", "pages": "619-622" }, { "id": "authors:kkhtt-wgj61", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kkhtt-wgj61", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas58a", "type": "article", "title": "The nature of bond orbitals and the origin of potential barriers to internal rotation in molecules", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Twenty years ago Kemp and Pitzer(1) discovered that the relative rotation of the two methyl groups about the carbon-carbon bond in ethane is not completely free but is restricted by a potential barrier about 3.0 kcal/mole high, with three maxima and three minima in a complete rotation, corresponding to the trigonal symmetry of the methyl groups. It was soon found that rotation about single bonds is restricted in many molecules, and many experimental values for the height of the potential barrier have been obtained by the analysis of thermodynamic quantities (entropy, heat capacity) and especially by the methods of microwave spectroscopy.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1958-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "44", "issue": "2", "pages": "211-216" }, { "id": "authors:4t4aw-9z689", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4t4aw-9z689", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180725-111211357", "type": "article", "title": "A Quantitative Study of the Hydrolysis of Human Dinitrophenyl(DNP)globin: The Number and Kind of Polypeptide Chains in Normal Adult Human Hemoglobin", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rhinesmith", "given_name": "Herbert S.", "clpid": "Rhinesmith-H-S" }, { "family_name": "Schroeder", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Schroeder-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "A quantitative investigation of the partial hydrolysis of DNP-globin in refluxing 6 N hydrochloric acid has led to an explanation of our earlier conclusion that normal adult human hemoglobin contains a non-integral number, 3.6, of N-terminal valyl residues per molecule. It is now concluded that 4 E-terminal residues are present. Moreover, it has been found that the molecule contains two kinds of polypeptide chains, with respect to the K-termini. Under the above hydrolytic conditions the N-terminal valyl residues are released as DNP-Val-leu almost quantitatively from two chains (A chains) within 15 min. On continued hydrolysis the other two chains (B chains) release DNP-valine. No N-terminal peptides originating from the B chains have been definitely identified.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01574a028", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1957-09-11", "series_number": "17", "volume": "79", "issue": "17", "pages": "4682-4686" }, { "id": "authors:mc2bt-49c16", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mc2bt-49c16", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180725-111211261", "type": "article", "title": "The N-Terminal Amino Acid Residues of Normal Adult Human Hemoglobin: A Quantitative Study of Certain Aspects of Sanger's DNP-Method", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rhinesmith", "given_name": "Herbert S.", "clpid": "Rhinesmith-H-S" }, { "family_name": "Schroeder", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Schroeder-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "A quantitative redetermination of the N-terminal valyl residues of normal adult human hemoglobin by the DNP-method of Sanger has led us to question the validity of results previously reported. Our experimental results indicate that there are 3,6 N-terminal valyl residues per molecule, based on a molecular weight of 66,700 for human hemoglobin. The essential difference between this value and those of other investigators lies in a correction factor for operational, chromatographic and hydrolytic losses (13%) which is appreciably lower than any previously reported value. This low value is justified by a detailed study of losses with DNP-valine and two peptides, DNP-Val-gly and DNP-Val-leu, the latter an important hydrolytic product of human hemoglobin itself. On the basis of these results an integral value for the number of end groups in human hemoglobin can be achieved only by revising the molecular weight, If, on the other hand, the number of N-terminal valyl residues in human hemoglobin is non-integral, it may well indicate that normal adult human hemoglobin contains more than one kind of molecule.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01560a028", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1957-02-12", "series_number": "3", "volume": "79", "issue": "3", "pages": "609-615" }, { "id": "authors:b3mx4-47c77", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b3mx4-47c77", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LEIpnas56", "type": "article", "title": "The combining power of myoglobin for alkyl isocyanides and the structure of the myoglobin molecule", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lein", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Lein-A" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "It was found by St. George and Pauling(1) that, although the combining powers of ferroheme with ethyl isocyanide, isopropyl isocyanide, and tertiary butyl isocyanide are essentially the same (the extreme values of the equilibrium constants differing by only a factor of 3), hemoglobin combines far more strongly with ethyl isocyanide than with t-butyl isocyanide, corresponding to a factor of 200 in the equilibrium constants, with isopropyl isocyanide having an intermediate value. These facts led St. George and Pauling to the conclusion that there is steric hindrance between the alkyl groups of the isocyanides and a part of the globin in the hemoglobin molecule. Inasmuch as it is known that the heme group is attached to globin by way of an imidazole ring of a histidine side chain of the globin on the side opposite that to which the alkyl isocyanide molecule is attached, it was concluded that the heme groups of hemoglobin are buried within the protein molecule.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1956-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "42", "issue": "2", "pages": "51-54" }, { "id": "authors:vtxke-s4680", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vtxke-s4680", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180725-111211944", "type": "article", "title": "The Structural Chemistry of Proteins [Book Review]", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "During recent years great progress has been made in the\nfield of the structural chemistry of proteins through the\napplication of a number of techniques. These techniques\nare so different in nature that it is hard to find someone who is able to discuss all of them in a thoroughly competent way. Professor Springall, an organic chemist who has been interested in physical chemistry and modern structural chemistry as well as organic chemistry, and who has himself carried out investigations in the field of the determination of molecular structures by diffraction methods, is admirably suited to the task of writing a succinct, reasonably detailed, and up-to-date account of proteins, including their chemical composition, chemical properties, physico-chemical properties, and molecular structure. His book can be recommended both as a textbook and as a reference book.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01628a126", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1955-12-16", "series_number": "23", "volume": "77", "issue": "23", "pages": "6406" }, { "id": "authors:4gy5g-6cw11", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4gy5g-6cw11", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180111-150230715", "type": "article", "title": "The Dependence of Bond Energy on Bond Length", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "It is suggested that in a series of similar bonds the bond energy is proportional to the reciprocal of the equilibrium interatomic distance (the bond length). This relation is supported by experimental values for some sequences, such as O_2, S_2, Se_2, Te_2. Application of the relation to other sequences is shown to support the values 170 kcal./mole for the heat of dissociation of N_2 and 139 kcal./mole for the heat of sublimation of carbon. The dependence of bond energy on other factors, including character of bond orbitals, energy of resonance of bonds among alternative positions, and repulsion of unshared electron pairs on the bonded atoms, is discussed.", "doi": "10.1021/j150518a015", "issn": "0022-3654", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of Physical Chemistry", "publication_date": "1954-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "58", "issue": "8", "pages": "662-666" }, { "id": "authors:vef9g-7h248", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vef9g-7h248", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201022-105318967", "type": "article", "title": "Molecular Models of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins", "author": [ { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "A set of accurate scale models has been developed for use in studies of the structures of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Models representing atoms or groups of atoms built from hard wood to the scale 1 in.=1A are connected by a clamping device which maintains desired molecular configurations. These accurate models have been used as substitutes for calculation in investigations of the probable configuration of the polypeptide chain in proteins. Analogous models constructed of rubber\u2010like plastic to the scale 1 in.=2A and connected by snap fasteners are designed for qualitative studies of protein structure.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1770803", "issn": "0034-6748", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Review of Scientific Instruments", "publication_date": "1953-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "24", "issue": "8", "pages": "621-627" }, { "id": "authors:bzk7g-7ea04", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bzk7g-7ea04", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151214-132412619", "type": "article", "title": "Stable Configurations of Polypeptide Chains", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "R. B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "Several configurations of polypeptide chains involving planar amide groups with the\ndimensions found by experiment for simple substances, and hydrogen bonds between the\nNH groups and the carbonyl oxygen atoms, have been discovered. One of these structures,\nthe \u03b1-helix, with about 3\u00b77 amino-acid residues per turn of the helix, has been assigned to\nsynthetic polypeptides and proteins that give X-ray diagrams of the \u03b1-keratin type. The\nevidence supporting this assignment is reviewed. Other configurations of polypeptide chains,\nincluding the \u03b3-helix, three pleated-sheet structures, and the three-chain helical structure\nproposed for collagen, are described, and evidence bearing on their possible presence in\nproteins is discussed.", "doi": "10.1098/rspb.1953.0012", "issn": "0962-8452", "publisher": "Royal Society", "publication": "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences", "publication_date": "1953-03-11", "series_number": "902", "volume": "141", "issue": "902", "pages": "21-33" }, { "id": "authors:bkdbz-mk405", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bkdbz-mk405", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20131218-074956320", "type": "article", "title": "Protein interactions. IV. Aggregation of globular proteins", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Many globular proteins are known to polymerize. It is pointed out that a monomer\nprotein molecule containing a single polypeptide chain is asymmetric, and that a single\npair of complementary combining regions on such a molecule would permit it to attach\nitself to equivalent molecules in such a way as to form a helical structure, giving rise to\nfibrils. If the pitch of the helix is zero or nearly zero the helix degenerates into a circle,\nand a small polymer (dimer, trimer) is formed. A reasonable amount (about 5\u00b0) of freedom\nof angular motion in the bond between adjacent molecules would permit a helical fibril\nof large diameter to change its length by as much as a factor of two, and would also permit\ntubular aggregates with walls one, two, or three molecules thick to be formed. It is\nsuggested that some of the observed properties of globular proteins can be accounted for\nin this way.", "doi": "10.1039/DF9531300170", "issn": "0366-9033", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Discussions of the Faraday Society", "publication_date": "1953", "volume": "13", "pages": "170-176" }, { "id": "authors:aefah-qyk94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "aefah-qyk94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161216-130120868", "type": "article", "title": "Interatomic distances and atomic valences in NaZn_(13)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shoemaker", "given_name": "David P.", "clpid": "Shoemaker-D-P" }, { "family_name": "Marsh", "given_name": "Richard E.", "clpid": "Marsh-R-E" }, { "family_name": "Ewing", "given_name": "Fred J.", "clpid": "Ewing-F-J" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The crystal structure of NaZn_(13) and of several homologous compounds AB_(13) was reported by Ketelaar and by Zintl & Hauke to be based on space group O_h^6-Fm3c, with 8 :Na in 8(a): \u00bc, \u00bc:, \u00bc; ... ; 8 Zn_I in 8(b): 0, 0, 0; .... ; and 96 Zn_(II) in 96(i): 0, y, z; ... . Approximate values were reported for the parameters a_0, y, and z; for NaZn_(13) Zintl & Hauke reported 12.27 \u00c5, 0.178, and 0.122 for these three parameters. Each Zn_I is surrounded by twelve Zn_(II) at the vertices of a nearly regular icosahedron, and each Na by twenty-four Zn_(II) at the vertices of a snub cube. Our interest in the structure was largely concerned with the valences of the two different kinds of Zn atoms, it being presumptive that Zn_I has a larger valence than Zn_(II) because its icosahedral coordination requires it to be smaller than Zn_(II). Lines on new powder photographs of NaZn_(13) were measured and the intensities were estimated visually with as much precision as possible. Least-squares treatments were employed in order to obtain the best possible values for the three parameters; the values obtained are a_0 = 12.2836 \u00b1 0.0003\u00c5, y = 0.1806 \u00b1 0.0003, and z = 0.1192 \u00b1 0.0003. The uncertainties given are calculated standard deviations. Analysis of the interatomic distances yields a selfconsistent interpretation in which Zn_I is assumed to be quinquevalent and Zn_(II) quadrivalent, while Na may have a valence of unity or one as high as 1\u00bc, the excess over unity being suggested by the interatomic distances and being, if real, presumably a consequence of electron transfer. A valence electron number of approximately 432 per unit cell is obtained, which is in good agreement with the value 428.48 predicted on the basis of a filled Brillouin polyhedron defined by the forms {444}, {640}, and {800}.", "doi": "10.1107/S0365110X52001763", "issn": "0365-110X", "publisher": "International Union of Crystallography", "publication": "Acta Crystallographica", "publication_date": "1952-09", "series_number": "5", "volume": "5", "issue": "5", "pages": "637-644" }, { "id": "authors:ap0dn-dmt90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ap0dn-dmt90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180725-111210395", "type": "article", "title": "The planarity of the amide group in polypeptides", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1021/ja01135a531", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1952-08-06", "series_number": "15", "volume": "74", "issue": "15", "pages": "3964" }, { "id": "authors:6bt6n-a0127", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6bt6n-a0127", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180725-111210227", "type": "article", "title": "On a phospho-tri-anhydride formula for the nucleic acids", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Schomaker", "given_name": "Verner", "clpid": "Schomaker-V" } ], "abstract": "Last year Dr. Edward Ronwin suggested a phospho-tri-anhydride formula for the nucleic acids, with as its core a polymer chain of phosphorus atoms held together by oxygen atoms, each phosphorus atom having five oxygen atoms attached to it, of which three bind it to adjacent phosphorus atoms, one is in a hydroxyl group, and one is in a sugar ester group. We then stated that in formulating a hypothetical structure for a substance one must take care that the structural elements of which use is made are reasonable ones or one must show that there is an overwhelming necessity for a radical proposal, that there is no precedent for a structure in which phosphorus is bonded to five oxygen atoms, that in every one of the scores of quinque-positive phosphorus compounds that have been subjected to complete structural investigation the phosphorus atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms, and that the ligation of five oxygen atoms about each phosphorus atom is such an unlikely structural feature that the proposed phospho-trianhydride formula for the nucleic acids deserves no serious consideration.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01134a527", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1952-07-01", "series_number": "14", "volume": "74", "issue": "14", "pages": "3712-3713" }, { "id": "authors:2q4gn-99r49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2q4gn-99r49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjcp52b", "type": "article", "title": "Resonance in the Hydrogen Molecule", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In a recent paper (1) Mueller and Eyring have discussed the normal state of the hydrogen molecule with use of a variation function constructed in the usual Heitler-London manner, except with replacement, for each electron, of the hydrogen-atom function about atom a, exp(-Z'ra/ao), byt the more complex function \u03c6a = exp(-Z'ra/ao)exp(-Z''rb/a0). The authors call one-electron functions of this sort semilocalized orbitals. They have compared the value of the bond energy calculated for the wave function [...], with those given by the simple atomic orbital method and the molecular orbital method, and have pointed out that there is an improvement to 4.20 ev, from the values 3.76 ev and 3.60 ev, respectively", "doi": "10.1063/1.1700627", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1952-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "20", "issue": "6", "pages": "1041" }, { "id": "authors:sw7cm-84k36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "sw7cm-84k36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181121-111919405", "type": "article", "title": "On a phospho-tri-anhydride formula for the nucleic acids", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Schomaker", "given_name": "Verner", "clpid": "Schomaker-V" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1021/ja01124a540", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1952-02-20", "series_number": "4", "volume": "74", "issue": "4", "pages": "1111-1111" }, { "id": "authors:cvxer-0k416", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cvxer-0k416", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas52b", "type": "article", "title": "Configurations of polypeptide chains with equivalent cis amide group", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "In recent papers [1-3] we have pointed out that stable configurations of polypeptide chains must show the bond distances and bond angles found in simple peptides and related simple substances, that each amide group must be planar, with either the cis-configuration or the trans-configuration about the C'-N bond, and that the carbonyl and imino groups (except for proline or hydroxyproline residues) must be involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds, with N-H\u2022\u2022\u2022O distance approximately 2.8 \u00c5, and with the oxygen atom nearly on the N-H axis. We have also presented evidence indicating that certain configurations around the two single bonds from the amide groups to the a carbon atom are energetically favored, and have discussed the 36 polypeptide-chain structures involving equivalent trans-amide groups with one or another of six favored azimuthal orientations about the N-C single bond and also one of six favored orientations about the C-C' single bond. [4] In the present paper we discuss the 36 configurations of equivalent cis-amide groups corresponding to these favored orientations, and also a few other configurations of cis-amide groups.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1952-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "38", "issue": "2", "pages": "86-93" }, { "id": "authors:8d4x3-pvr77", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8d4x3-pvr77", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas52a", "type": "article", "title": "The Structure of Chlorine Hydrate", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Marsh", "given_name": "Richard E.", "clpid": "Marsh-R-E" } ], "abstract": "In 1811 Humphry Davy [1] showed that water is a component of the phase that had earlier been thought to be solidified chlorine, and twelve years later Michael Faraday [2] reported an analysis that corresponds to the formula Cl2\u202210H2O. He surmised that his determination of the chlorine content was low, and later studies have indicated the composition to be close to Cl2\u20228H2O. Since Faraday's time similar crystalline hydrates of many gases with small molecular volume, including the noble gases and simple hydrocarbons, have been reported. The determination of the structure of ice and the development of an understanding of the nature of the hydrogen bond have strongly suggested that these substances are clathrate compounds, with a tetrahedral hydrogen-bonded framework of water molecules (with O-H\u2022\u2022\u2022O = 2.76 \u00c5, as in ice) defining cavities large enough to contain the other molecules.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1952-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "38", "issue": "2", "pages": "112-118" }, { "id": "authors:eb1bt-87170", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "eb1bt-87170", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjcp52a", "type": "article", "title": "Bond Orbitals and Bond Energy in Elementary Phosphorus", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Simonetta", "given_name": "Massimo", "clpid": "Simonetta-M" } ], "abstract": "A discussion of the relative stability of the P4 molecule and black phosphorus is carried out, with use of hybrid spd bond orbitals. The amount of strain in the P4 molecule, in which the bond angles are 60\u00b0, is calculated to be 22.8 kcal mole^\u20131. This value is shown to be compatible with thermochemical data; it corresponds to the value 51.3 kcal mole^\u20131 for the bond energy of the normal P-P bond. A structure is proposed for red phosphorus and other allotropic forms of the element, and some of their properties are discussed in relation to their structure.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1700191", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1952-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "pages": "29-34" }, { "id": "authors:hq2fj-hqw64", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hq2fj-hqw64", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51a", "type": "article", "title": "Configurations of polypeptide chains with favored orientations around single bonds: Two new pleated sheets", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "In recent papers we have described several configurations of polypeptide chains with interatomic distances, bond angles, and other structural features as indicated by the studies in these Laboratories of the structure of crystals of amino acids, simple peptides, and related substances, and have presented evidence for their presence in synthetic polypeptides, fibrous proteins, and globular proteins.(1-9)", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.37.11.729", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "37", "issue": "11", "pages": "729-740" }, { "id": "authors:36szn-k1w78", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "36szn-k1w78", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51b", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of synthetic polypeptides", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "In a preliminary communication last year(1) we stated that there are only two helical configurations of polypeptide chains in which the residues are all equivalent and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed, and in which the interatomic distances, bond angles, and other structural features, especially the coplanarity of the conjugated amide system, are as required by earlier work in these Laboratories on amino acids, simple peptides, and other substances related to protein's. These two helical configurations were described in detail in a later paper(2) and it was mentioned that there is evidence that they occur in \u03b1 keratin, \u03b1 myosin, supercontracted keratin and myosin, and other fibrous proteins, and also constitute an important structural feature of hemoglobin and other globular proteins.(3) In the following paragraphs we discuss evidence that one of the helical structures is assumed also by synthetic polypeptides.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "37", "issue": "5", "pages": "241-250" }, { "id": "authors:a6880-hst35", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "a6880-hst35", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51g", "type": "article", "title": "Atomic coordinates and structure factors for two helical configurations of polypeptide chains", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "During recent years we have been gathering information about interatomic distances, bond angles, and other properties of simple substances related to proteins, and have been attempting to formulate configurations of the polypeptide chain that are compatible with this information and that might constitute a structural feature of proteins. We have reported the discovery of two helical configurations that satisfy these conditions. (1,2) In the following paragraphs we discuss the atomic positions for these configurations, and their form factors for diffraction of x-rays in the equatorial direction.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "37", "issue": "5", "pages": "235-240" }, { "id": "authors:esvfg-ahe09", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "esvfg-ahe09", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51e", "type": "article", "title": "The pleated sheet, a new layer configuration of polypeptide chains", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "For many years it has been assumed that in silk fibroin, stretched hair and muscle, and other proteins with the \u03b2-keratin structure the polypeptide chains are extended to nearly their maximum length, about 3.6 A per residue, and during the last decade it has been assumed also that the chains form lateral hydrogen bonds with adjacent chains, which have the opposite orientation. A hydrogen-bonded layer of this sort is represented diagrammatically in figure 1.(1-4)", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "37", "issue": "5", "pages": "251-256" }, { "id": "authors:sj5w2-j1v47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "sj5w2-j1v47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51f", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of fibrous proteins of the collagen-gelatin group", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "Collagen is a very interesting protein. It has well-defined mechanical properties (great strength, reversible extensibility through only a small range) that make it suited to the special purposes to which it is put in the animal body, as in tendon, bone, tusk, skin, the cornea of the eye, intestinal tissue, and probably rather extensively in reticular structures of cells. During the last thirty years, following the pioneer work of Herzog and Jancke,(1) a number of investigators have attempted to find the structure of collagen (and of gelatin, which gives similar x-ray photographs), but no one has previously proposed any precisely described configuration, nor has attempted to account for the positions and intensities of the x-ray diffraction maxima.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "37", "issue": "5", "pages": "272-281" }, { "id": "authors:hm68k-2he24", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hm68k-2he24", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51d", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of hair, muscle, and related proteins", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "It is thirty years since x-ray photographs were first made of hair, muscle, nerve, and sinew, by Herzog and Jancke.(1) During this period, despite the efforts of many investigators, the photographs have eluded detailed interpretation, and the molecular structures of the proteins have remained undetermined. In the present paper we propose structures for hair, muscle, and related proteins in the extended state (\u03b2 keratin and \u03b2 myosin) and the contracted state (\u03b1 keratin and \u03b1 myosin), and discuss the extent to which the diffraction data are accounted for by the proposed structures.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "37", "issue": "5", "pages": "261-271" }, { "id": "authors:jbm9b-92736", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jbm9b-92736", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51c", "type": "article", "title": "The polypeptide-chain configuration in hemoglobin and other globular proteins", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "In the immediately preceding papers we have described several hydrogen-bonded planar-amide configurations of polypeptide chains, and have discussed the evidence bearing on the question of their presence in fibrous proteins. It seems worth while to consider the possibility that these configurations - the pleated sheet, the 3.7-residue \u03b1 helix, the 5.1-residue \u03b3 helix, and the three-chain collagen helix-are represented in molecules of the globular proteins.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "37", "issue": "5", "pages": "282-285" }, { "id": "authors:v4zz4-cqd29", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "v4zz4-cqd29", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas51h", "type": "article", "title": "The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" }, { "family_name": "Branson", "given_name": "H. R.", "clpid": "Branson-H-R" } ], "abstract": "During the past fifteen years we have been attacking the problem of the structure of proteins in several ways. One of these ways is the complete and accurate determination of the crystal structure of amino acids, peptides, and other simple substances related to proteins, in order that information about interatomic distances, bond angles, and other configurational parameters might be obtained that would permit the reliable prediction of reasonable configurations for the polypeptide chain. We have now used this information to construct two reasonable hydrogen-bonded helical configurations for the polypeptide chain; we think that it is likely that these configurations constitute an important part of the structure of both fibrous and globular proteins, as well as of synthetic polypeptides. A letter announcing their discovery was published last year [1]. \n\nThe problem that we have set ourselves is that of finding all hydrogen-bonded structures for a single polypeptide chain, in which the residues are equivalent (except for the differences in the side chain R). An amino acid residue (other than glycine) has no symmetry elements. The general operation of conversion of one residue of a single chain into a second residue equivalent to the first is accordingly a rotation about an axis accompanied by translation along the axis. Hence the only configurations for a chain compatible with our postulate of equivalence of the residues are helical configurations. For rotational angle 180\u00b0 the helical configurations may degenerate to a simple chain with all of the principal atoms, C, C' (the carbonyl carbon), N, and O, in the same plane.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1951-04-01", "series_number": "4", "volume": "37", "issue": "4", "pages": "205-211" }, { "id": "authors:625r1-2w424", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "625r1-2w424", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180725-111211163", "type": "article", "title": "The Determination of the Structures of Complex Molecules and Ions from X-Ray Diffraction by Their Solutions: The Structures of the Groups PtBr_6^(--), PtCl_6^(--), Nb_6Cl_(12)^(++), Ta_6Br_(12)^(++), and Ta_6Cl_(12)^(++)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Vaughan", "given_name": "Philip A.", "clpid": "Vaughan-P-A" }, { "family_name": "Sturdivant", "given_name": "J. H.", "clpid": "Sturdivant-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "We have applied X-ray diffraction from solutions to the determination of the structures of chloro- and bromoplatinic acids and some complex lower halides of niobium and tantalum. We have interpreted the diffraction photographs by the visual estimation technique which has been used in these laboratories to determine the structures of a large number of gas molecules from their electron diffraction patterns.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01168a028", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1950-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "72", "issue": "12", "pages": "5477-5486" }, { "id": "authors:6d5b0-2sm34", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6d5b0-2sm34", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101122-114728338", "type": "article", "title": "Academic Research as a Career", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The real student in science \u2014 with a consuming curiosity\ninto the laws of nature and with top scholastic status \u2014 may be of the caliber required to become the recognized authority in some field", "issn": "0009-2347", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical and Engineering News", "publication_date": "1950-11-13", "series_number": "46", "volume": "28", "issue": "46", "pages": "3970-3971" }, { "id": "authors:mgf06-7xp66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mgf06-7xp66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170412-163237901", "type": "article", "title": "Two hydrogen-bonded spiral configurations of the polypeptide chain", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Corey", "given_name": "Robert B.", "clpid": "Corey-R-B" } ], "abstract": "During the past fifteen years we have been carrying on a program of determination of the detailed atomic arrangements of crystals of amino acids, peptides, and other simple substances related to proteins, in order to obtain structural information that would permit the precise prediction of reasonable configurations of proteins. We have now used this information to construct two hydrogen-bonded spiral configurations of the polypeptide chain, with the residues all equivalent, except for variation in the side chain.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01167a545", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1950-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "72", "issue": "11", "pages": "5349-5349" }, { "id": "authors:zabzr-38e27", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zabzr-38e27", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas50", "type": "article", "title": "Electron Transfer in Intermetallic Compounds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In our discussions of the electronic structure of intermetallic compounds during the last three years brief mention has been made from time to time of the phenomenon of electron transfer [1-3]. The interpretation of the observed\ninteratomic distances in many metallic phases seems to require the assumption that electron transfer has taken place; an example is Al9Co2, for which the distances [4] support the charge distribution [5] Al-2/99Co2+1. The indication by physical properties of a filled-Brillouin-zone structure for FerZn21 also led to the suggestion of electron transfer [2]: about 1/4 electron is indicated to have been removed from each zinc atom and about one electron added to each iron atom. \n\nIn this paper it is pointed out that the analysis of interatomic distances shows that electron transfer takes place in a great many interatomic compounds,\nand that the numbers of electrons involved are reasonable, in relation to the changes in valence resulting from loss or gain of electrons and to the partial ionic character of the bonds between unlike atoms and the striving of atoms toward electroneutrality.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1950-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "36", "issue": "10", "pages": "533-538" }, { "id": "authors:7gwy0-zfy66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7gwy0-zfy66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WASjcp50", "type": "article", "title": "Compressibilities, Force Constants, and Interatomic Distances of the Elements in the Solid State", "author": [ { "family_name": "Waser", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Waser-J" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Available data for the compressibilities of crystalline elements are used to calculate the force constants for the assumed Hooke's law interactions between adjacent atoms. On comparison of these constants and the equilibrium interatomic distances it is found that for many substances there holds the relation discovered by Badger for diatomic gas molecules: a linear relation between the reciprocal of the cube root of the force constant and the interatomic distance, for elements of a given row in the periodic table. Deviations from this relation are in the direction of increased compressibility. They are explained as resulting from changes in bond type (that is, in electronic structure) that permit the crystal to adjust itself to the increased pressure.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1747738", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1950-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "18", "issue": "5", "pages": "747-753" }, { "id": "authors:ffg43-mm633", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ffg43-mm633", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180111-150728139", "type": "article", "title": "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Itano", "given_name": "Harvey A.", "clpid": "Itano-H-A" }, { "family_name": "Singer", "given_name": "S. J.", "clpid": "Singer-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Wells", "given_name": "Ibert C.", "clpid": "Wells-I-C" } ], "abstract": "The erythrocytes of certain individuals possess the capacity to undergo reversible changes in shape in response to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen. When the oxygen pressure is lowered, these cells change their forms from the normal biconcave disk to crescent, holly wreath, and other forms. This process is known as sickling. About 8 percent of American Negroes possess this characteristic; usually they exhibit no pathological consequences ascribable to it. These people are said to have sicklemia, or sickle cell trait. However, about 1 in 40 (4) of these individuals whose cells are capable of sickling suffer from a severe chronic anemia resulting from excessive destruction of their erythrocytes; the term sickle cell anemia is applied to their condition.", "doi": "10.1126/science.110.2865.543", "issn": "0036-8075", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science", "publication_date": "1949-11-25", "series_number": "2865", "volume": "110", "issue": "2865", "pages": "543-548" }, { "id": "authors:t27x3-hrw51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t27x3-hrw51", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101122-113807522", "type": "article", "title": "Chemistry and the World of Today", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Support of a scientific research foundation by the nation's\nindustrial corporations offers insurance that the corporations\nwill have new products to manufacture in the future. Such a\nproject could be maintained by investing only 0.375% of profits.", "issn": "0009-2347", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical and Engineering News", "publication_date": "1949-09-26", "series_number": "39", "volume": "27", "issue": "39", "pages": "2775-2778" }, { "id": "authors:phr2y-ab036", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "phr2y-ab036", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas49a", "type": "article", "title": "On the Stability of the S8 Molecule and the Structure of Fibrous Sulfur", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Sulfur is unique among the elements in consisting in its standard state of octatomic molecules. It is interesting that the stability of the S8 molecule can be understood by consideration of the forces determining the orientation around the sulfur-sulfur single bond.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1949-09-01", "series_number": "9", "volume": "35", "issue": "9", "pages": "495-499" }, { "id": "authors:f5pfa-ce316", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f5pfa-ce316", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180724-121639413", "type": "article", "title": "The Reactions of Antiserum Homologous to the 4-Azophthalate Ion", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pressman", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Pressman-D" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In connection with our studies on the nature of the forces operating in the combination of haptens with hapten-homologous antisera it became apparent that a study should be made of an antiserum prepared against a haptenic group containing two or more discrete negative charges, in order to determine the difference in combining power with this antibody of substances containing a single negative charge and substances containing two charges. Great specificity for the charged group has been observed for singly charged haptenic groups: thus benzenesulfonate ion and benzenearsonate ion were found not to combine with antibodies homologous to the benzoate ion group, and benzenesulfonate ion and benzoate ion were found not to combine with antibodies to the benzenearsonate ion group; but when the ions are very closely related, as are benzenephosphonate ion and benzenearsonate ion, there is appreciable cross reaction. We were interested to discover whether antibodies homologous to haptenic groups containing two charges would show greater or less specificity than was shown by these antibodies.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01176a092", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1949-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "71", "issue": "8", "pages": "2893-2899" }, { "id": "authors:zzgza-dmk61", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zzgza-dmk61", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas49c.937", "type": "article", "title": "The Dissociation Energy of Carbon Monoxide and the Heat of Sublimation of Graphite", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Sheehan", "given_name": "William F., Jr.", "clpid": "Sheehan-W-F-Jr" } ], "abstract": "For a number of years there has existed doubt about the value of the dissociation energy of carbon monoxide and about the heat of sublimation of graphite, a directly related quantity. The most popular values for the dissociation energy of carbon monoxide are 9.144 electron-volts, suggested by Herzberg [1] on the basis of predissociation phenomena in band spectra, 9.61 e. v., suggested by Hagstrum and Tate [2] on the basis of electron impact experiments (or the value 9.85 e. v. derivable from predissociation data [3]), and 11.11 e. v., suggested by Gaydon and Penney [4] from an analysis of spectroscopic data. These values together with thermochemical data lead to the values 124.9, 141.4, and 170.3 kcal./mole, respectively, for the heat of sublimation of graphite. Strong evidence for the last of these values has been presented by Brewer, Gilles, and Jenkins [5], who have reported 170.4 kcal./mole from a direct experimental determination. The value has, however, been criticized by other investigators [6,7], and has been defended by Brewer [8]. \n\nIn this paper we communicate an argument which indicates that the higih values of about 170 kcal./mole for the heat of sublimation of carbon to C(g)(3P) and 11.11 e. v. for the dissociation energy of carbon monoxide are not correct, and which leads instead to the values 140 kcal./mole and 9.77 e. v., respectively.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1949-07-01", "series_number": "7", "volume": "35", "issue": "7", "pages": "359-363" }, { "id": "authors:hxeqf-cx136", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hxeqf-cx136", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180724-121639266", "type": "article", "title": "The Reaction of Simple Antigens with Purified Antibody", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pardee", "given_name": "Arthur B.", "clpid": "Pardee-A-B" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In the present paper we report the results of experiments on the interaction of simple precipitating antigens with purified antibody solutions. It has been found that the behavior of the simple antigens with purified antibody solutions is somewhat different from that with antiserum, the difference apparently being due to a rather strong non-specific combination of the dye molecules with the constituents of serum not present in purified antibody, presumably mainly albumin. The effect of this combination seems to be to reduce the concentration of the free dye molecules to such an extent that in serum solution they react mainly in the monomeric form.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01169a039", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1949-06-19", "series_number": "1", "volume": "71", "issue": "1", "pages": "143-148" }, { "id": "authors:08fgj-tme17", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "08fgj-tme17", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas49b", "type": "article", "title": "The Valence-State Energy of the Bivalent Oxygen Atom", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "A significant simplification in the discussion of the structure of molecules can be achieved by referring the energies of molecules not to the energies of their constituent atoms in any one of the stationary spectroscopic states of the isolated atoms, but instead to a hypothetical valence state of each atom. [1] The valence state of an atom is defined as that state in which it has the same electronic structure as it has in the molecule. Thus in the valence state the spins of the electrons that are used for forming bonds in a molecule are considered to resonate between positive and negative values, corresponding to the resonance of each bofiding electron with another electron of opposite spin in the atom with which the bond is formed. For the bivalent oxygen atom, with six L electrons, two orbitals, one mainly 2s in character and one 2p, are occupied by unshared pairs, and the other two orbitals, mainly 2p but with a small amount of s hybridization, are occupied by one bonding electron apiece, the spins of which are parallel 50 per cent of the time and antiparallel 50 per cent of the time. In the following paragraphs values of the energy of this bivalent state of the oxygen atom relative to the normal state of the isolated atom, 3P, are derived by four different methods. It is found that the four values agree reasonably well with one another, and their average value, 0.74 v.e., is indicated to be reliable to about 0.05 v.e.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1949-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "35", "issue": "5", "pages": "229-232" }, { "id": "authors:xh6s5-azs86", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xh6s5-azs86", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161017-114437410", "type": "article", "title": "A Resonating-Valence-Bond Theory of Metals and Intermetallic Compounds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The resonating-valence-bond theory of metals discussed in this paper differs from the older theory in making use of all nine stable outer orbitals of the transition metals, for occupancy by unshared electrons and for use in bond formation; the number of valency electrons is consequently considered to be much larger for these metals than has been hitherto accepted. The metallic orbital, an extra orbital necessary for unsynchronized resonance of valence bonds, is considered to be the characteristic structural feature of a metal. It has been found possible to develop a system of metallic radii that permits a detailed discussion to be given of the observed interatomic distances of a metal in terms of its electronic structure. Some peculiar metallic structures can be understood by use of the postulate that the most simple fractional bond orders correspond to the most stable modes of resonance of bonds. The existence of Brillouin zones is compatible with the resonating-valence-bond theory, and the new metallic valencies for metals and alloys with filled-zone properties can be correlated with the electron numbers for important Brillouin polyhedra.", "doi": "10.1098/rspa.1949.0032", "issn": "1364-5021", "publisher": "Royal Society of London", "publication": "Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences", "publication_date": "1949-04-07", "series_number": "1046", "volume": "196", "issue": "1046", "pages": "343-362" }, { "id": "authors:8r4tj-5ya32", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8r4tj-5ya32", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161005-163832012", "type": "article", "title": "The nature of the bonds in the iron silicide, FeSi, and related crystals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Soldate", "given_name": "A. M.", "clpid": "Soldate-A-M" } ], "abstract": "The iron silicide FeSi has been reinvestigated by X-ray photography of single crystals, and the reported structure for the substance has been verified. The space group is T^4-P2_13, with a_0 = 4.489 \u00b1 0.005 A. Four iron atoms and four silicon atoms are in positions (x, x, x; x + 1/2, 1/2} - x, x[bar]; undefined), with x_(Fe) = 0.1370 \u00b1 0.0020 and x_(Si) = 0.842 \u00b1 0.004. A detailed discussion of the structure and the values of the interatomic distances has been given, by application of the resonating-valence-bond theory, and it has been shown that the interatomic distances are compatible with those found for elementary iron and elementary silicon.", "doi": "10.1107/S0365110X48000570", "issn": "0365-110X", "publisher": "International Union of Crystallography", "publication": "Acta Crystallographica", "publication_date": "1948-09", "series_number": "4", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "pages": "212-216" }, { "id": "authors:2yw8s-cen67", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2yw8s-cen67", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180724-121639901", "type": "article", "title": "The Structure of Uranium Hydride", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Ewing", "given_name": "Fred J.", "clpid": "Ewing-F-J" } ], "abstract": "In this note we point out that consideration of the interatomic distances supports this proposal, and, moreover, leads to the conclusion that uranium hydride contains a new form of uranium, with small valence, similar to the low-valent forms of chromium and manganese previously reported.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01184a511", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1948-04", "series_number": "4", "volume": "70", "issue": "4", "pages": "1660-1661" }, { "id": "authors:m14gb-2zt36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m14gb-2zt36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180724-121639840", "type": "article", "title": "The Reactions of Antiserum Homologous to the p-Azosuccinanilate Ion Group", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pressman", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Pressman-D" }, { "family_name": "Bryden", "given_name": "John H.", "clpid": "Bryden-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "It was discovered by Landsteiner and van der Scheer that the precipitation of azoprotein containing the p-azosuccinanilate ion haptenic group by hapten-homologous antiserum (anti-S_p serum) is inhibited just as well by maleate ion as by succinate ion, whereas fumarate ion is practically ineffective, and from this observation the cautious conclusion was drawn that \"Accordingly, one could suppose that the succinic acid molecule can exist in a form corresponding to the cis configuration, or that the antibodies adjust themselves to this.\" Because of our interest in the use of immunochemical techniques for the determination of the configuration of molecules and haptenic groups, we have extended our quantitative studies of hapten inhibition of serological precipitation to include the S_p system, and have investigated the effect of over fifty haptens on the precipitation of S_p-ovalbumin and anti-S_p serum. The analysis of the data has shown that the normal configuration of the p-azosuccinanilate ion group in aqueous solution is a cis configuration, presumably stabilized by a hydrogen bond, and has provided information about the configuration of other ions.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01184a021", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1948-04", "series_number": "4", "volume": "70", "issue": "4", "pages": "1352-1358" }, { "id": "authors:rw3kq-ppa23", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rw3kq-ppa23", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150817-163856002", "type": "article", "title": "The modern theory of valency", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "NEARLY 100 years ago, in 1852, it was stated for the first time, by E. Frankland, that atoms have a definite combining power, which determines the formulas of compounds. Then in 1858 Archibald S. Couper introduced the idea of the valency bond and drew the first structural formulas, and August Kekul\u00e9 showed that carbon is quadrivalent. This simple valency-bond theory permitted great progress to be made in structural organic chemistry, but structural inorganic chemistry remained largely undeveloped until the present century. With the discovery of the electron and the elucidation of the electronic structure of atoms, it became possible for Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916 to identify the covalent bond with a pair of electrons shared by two atoms and counting as part of the outer shell of each, and thus to lay the basis for the development of the modern theory of valency, to which Sidgwick, Robinson, and many other chemists have contributed. \n\nThe modern theory of valency is not simple-it is not possible to assign in an unambiguous way definite valencies to the various atoms in a molecule or crystal. It is instead necessary to dissociate the concept of valency into several new concepts-ionic valency, covalency, metallic valency, oxidation number-that are capable of more precise treatment; and even these more precise concepts in general involve an approximation, the complete description of the bonds between the atoms in a molecule or crystal being given only by a detailed discussion of its electronic structure. Nevertheless, these concepts, of ionic valency, covalency, etc., have been found to be so useful as to justify our considering them as constituting the modern theory of valency.", "doi": "10.1039/JR9480001461", "issn": "0368-1769", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Journal of the Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1948", "volume": "1948", "pages": "1461-1467" }, { "id": "authors:k0y3h-jbq56", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "k0y3h-jbq56", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101122-115614493", "type": "article", "title": "Unsolved Problems of Structural Chemistry", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Linus Pauling, Theodore William Richards Medalist for 1947, has\nmade notable contributions to quantum mechanics, valence theory,\ncrystal structure, and also to electron diffraction.", "issn": "0009-2347", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical and Engineering News", "publication_date": "1947-10-13", "series_number": "41", "volume": "25", "issue": "41", "pages": "2970-3046" }, { "id": "authors:ersd6-06d40", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ersd6-06d40", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180724-121640014", "type": "article", "title": "Atomic Radii and Interatomic Distances in Metals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The problem of the nature of the interatomic farces in the elementary metals and in intermetallic compounds and other alloys continues to be puzzling, despite the clarification of some questions which has been provided by quantum mechanical considerations. It has been my opinion, contrary to that of other investigator that the metallic bond is very closely related to the covalent (shared-electron-pair) bond, and that each atom in a metal may be considered as forming covalent bonds with neighboring atoms, the covalent bonds resonating among the available interatomic positions. It was shown in the first paper of this series that the number of covalent bonds resonating among the available positions about an atom (the metallic valence of the atom) increases from one to nearly six (5.78) in the sequence K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr in the first long period of the periodic table, remains nearly constant from Cr to Ni, and begins to decrease with Cu. This concept, which is substantiated by the magnetic properties of the metals and their alloys, provides a qualitative explanation of many properties of the transition metals (including those of the palladium and platinum groups), such as characteristic temperature (heat capacity at low temperatures), hardness, compressibility, coefficient of thermal expansion, and the general trend of interatomic distances. It will be shown in the following pages that it also permits the formulation of a system of atomic radii which can be used for the calculation of interatomic distances in metals and intermetallic compounds and for the interpretation of observed interatomic distances in terms of the electronic structure of the crystals. These atomic radii (which may be called metallic radii) are found, as expected, to show an intimate relation to the covalent radii of the atoms-a relation which, in its general nature, permitted Goldschmidt over twenty years ago to use data taken from both metals and ordinary covalent crystals in formulating a table of atomic radii, and which has been recognized3 as providing very strong support for the concept that metallic bonds are essentially resonating covalent bonds.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01195a024", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1947-03-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "69", "issue": "3", "pages": "542-553" }, { "id": "authors:h212m-dze73", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "h212m-dze73", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140506-123943311", "type": "article", "title": "The Use of Punched Cards in Molecular Structure Determinations. I. Crystal Structure Calculations", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shaffer", "given_name": "P. A., Jr.", "clpid": "Shaffer-P-A-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Schomaker", "given_name": "Verner", "clpid": "Schomaker-V" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The application of punched cards and electrical accounting machines (of the International Business Machines Corporation) to crystal structure calculations is described. The machines may be used to evaluate Fourier series with greater accuracy, greater speed, and greater\ndensity of calculated points than is possible by the methods used heretofore. A method for the punched-card calculation of structure factors is also set forth, and the use of the machines for the reduction of observational equations to normal equations in least squares is discussed.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1724081", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1946-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "14", "issue": "11", "pages": "648-658" }, { "id": "authors:37snh-31970", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "37snh-31970", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140506-124601104", "type": "article", "title": "The Use of Punched Cards in Molecular Structure Determinations. II. Electron Diffraction Calculations", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shaffer", "given_name": "P. A., Jr.", "clpid": "Shaffer-P-A-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Schomaker", "given_name": "Verner", "clpid": "Schomaker-V" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Special files of punched cards for use with the electrical accounting machines of the International Business Machines Corporation in evaluating the Fourier sums and integrals used in the determination of the structure of gas molecules from electron diffraction photographs are described.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1724082", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1946-11-01", "series_number": "11", "volume": "14", "issue": "11", "pages": "659-664" }, { "id": "authors:x5ngz-rwe13", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "x5ngz-rwe13", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101122-120535234", "type": "article", "title": "Molecular Architecture and\n Biological Reactions", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Answers to many basic problems of biology\u2014nature of growth,\nmechanism of duplication of viruses and genes , action of enzymes,\nmechanism, of physiological activity of drugs, hormones, and vitamins, structure and action of nerve and brain tissue\u2014may lie\nin knowledge of molecular structure and intermolecular reactions.", "issn": "0009-2347", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical and Engineering News", "publication_date": "1946-05-25", "series_number": "10", "volume": "24", "issue": "10", "pages": "1375-1377" }, { "id": "authors:g4jh6-vx473", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "g4jh6-vx473", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101122-120019159", "type": "article", "title": "Analogies between Antibodies and Simpler Chemical Substances", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Because of his contributions in the study of antibodies, Linus\nPauling was chosen as the first Harrison Howe lecturer. His talk,\ngiven below, was delivered before the Rochester Section of the\nAmerican Chemical Society, Feb. 4, in Rochester, \u039d. \u03a5.", "issn": "0009-2347", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical and Engineering News", "publication_date": "1946-04-25", "series_number": "8", "volume": "24", "issue": "8", "pages": "1064-1065" }, { "id": "authors:hzrmd-az076", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hzrmd-az076", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101437995", "type": "article", "title": "Spectral Characteristics and Configuration of Some Stereoisomeric Carotenoids Including Prolycopene and Pro-\u03b3-carotene", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zechmeister", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Zechmeister-L" }, { "family_name": "LeRosen", "given_name": "A. L.", "clpid": "LeRosen-A-L" }, { "family_name": "Schroeder", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Schroeder-W-A" }, { "family_name": "Polg\u00e1r", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Polg\u00e1r-A" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1021/ja01250a039", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1943-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "65", "issue": "10", "pages": "1940-1951" }, { "id": "authors:t526k-av283", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t526k-av283", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101439011", "type": "article", "title": "The Serological Properties of Simple Substances. III. The Composition of Precipitates of Antibodies and Polyhaptenic Simple Substances; the Valence of Antibodies", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Pressman", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Pressman-D" }, { "family_name": "Ikeda", "given_name": "Carol", "clpid": "Ikeda-Carol" } ], "abstract": "The antibody-antigen mole ratio of precipitates formed by interaction of antigens and homologous antisera provides information about the relative combining powers or \"valences\" of antigen and antibody molecules. For protein antigens it has been found by Heidelberger and co-workers and by other investigators that the antibody-antigen mole ratio is greater than unity, and increases from the antigen-excess region (where the values approach unity) through the equivalence zone to the antibody-excess region, the values for the last region being nearly twice those for the equivalence zone. These results, which show that the effective valence of the protein antigen molecules is greater than that of the antibody molecules, have been accounted for in a reasonable way by the framework theory and the postulate that antibodies which act as precipitins are bivalent. Since the mole ratio gives only the relative valences of antigen and antibody, and information about the valence of protein antigens is in general not at hand, these data do not directly provide information about the valence of the antibodies; but similar data for simple antigens of known structure should give this information. In this paper, the third in a series of studies of the serological properties of simple substances, we present and discuss the results of about 400 analyses of precipitates formed by antibodies and polyhaptenic substances.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01264a082", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1942-12-23", "series_number": "12", "volume": "64", "issue": "12", "pages": "3010-3014" }, { "id": "authors:nwyfz-dz244", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nwyfz-dz244", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101439113", "type": "article", "title": "The Serological Properties of Simple Substances. IV. Hapten Inhibition of Precipitation of Antibodies and Polyhaptenic Simple Substances", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pressman", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Pressman-D" }, { "family_name": "Brown", "given_name": "David H.", "clpid": "Brown-D-H" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "As part of a series of studies of the antigenantibody reaction by use of polyhaptenic simple substances as antigens,we have made a quantitative investigation of the ability of various substituted phenylarsonic acids to inhibit the precipitation of compounds containing two or more phenylarsonic acid groups with antiserum to sheep serum coupled with diazotized p-arsanilic acid. The investigation included study of the effect of various concentrations of hapten XXIII ([chemical structure]) on the amount of precipitate obtained with antiserum and various concentrations of antigen VI [chemical structure], where R is the p-azophenylarsonic acid group); the effect of changed conditions of precipitation for the same system; the effects of four haptens on the precipitation of each of five antigens and each of two pools of antiserum; and the effects of 24 different haptens on one precipitin reaction. The results are discussed in this paper.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01264a083", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1942-12-23", "series_number": "12", "volume": "64", "issue": "12", "pages": "3015-3020" }, { "id": "authors:spfr3-8j294", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "spfr3-8j294", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101438826", "type": "article", "title": "The Serological Properties of Simple Substances. I. Precipitation Reactions between Antibodies and Substances Containing Two or More Haptenic Groups", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Pressman", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Pressman-D" }, { "family_name": "Campbell", "given_name": "Dan H.", "clpid": "Campbell-D-H" }, { "family_name": "Ikeda", "given_name": "Carol", "clpid": "Ikeda-Carol" }, { "family_name": "Ikawa", "given_name": "Miyoshi", "clpid": "Ikawa-Miyoshi" } ], "abstract": "The problem of obtaining from precipitation experiments evidence about the structure of antibodies and the nature of serological reactions is obviously greatly simplified by the replacement of protein antigens by simple substances of known structure. For this reason we began and are carrying on an extensive program of investigation of the reactions of simple substances with antisera. In this paper we report the quantitative study of the precipitin reaction for twenty simple substances containing two or more haptenic groups, and the results of tests of seven substances containing one group. It is found that the observations support the framework theory of serological precipitates.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01264a080", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1942-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "64", "issue": "12", "pages": "2994-3003" }, { "id": "authors:d20eh-9hp70", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d20eh-9hp70", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101438718", "type": "article", "title": "The Molecular Structure of Methyl Isocyanide", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gordy", "given_name": "Walter", "clpid": "Gordy-W" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1021/ja01264a063", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1942-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "64", "issue": "12", "pages": "2952-2953" }, { "id": "authors:htxq8-qe288", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "htxq8-qe288", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101438922", "type": "article", "title": "The Serological Properties of Simple Substances. II. The Effects of Changed Conditions and of Added Haptens on Precipitation Reactions of Polyhaptenic Simple Substances", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Pressman", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Pressman-D" }, { "family_name": "Campbell", "given_name": "Dan H.", "clpid": "Campbell-D-H" }, { "family_name": "Ikeda", "given_name": "Carol", "clpid": "Ikeda-Carol" } ], "abstract": "During the course of the investigation of precipitation reactions of polyhaptenic simple substances reported in the preceding paper of this series' we found it desirable to carry out a study of the effects of changed conditions of precipitation and washing on the amount of residual precipitate. We also made some experiments on the inhibition of precipitation by added haptens, in order to see how great would be the effects of monohaptenic impurities possibly present in the substances studied. The results obtained are presented and discussed in this paper.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01264a081", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1942-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "64", "issue": "12", "pages": "3003-3009" }, { "id": "authors:4eqmr-mpc59", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4eqmr-mpc59", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjem42", "type": "article", "title": "The manufacture of antibodies in vitro", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Campbell", "given_name": "Dan H.", "clpid": "Campbell-D-H" } ], "abstract": "A protein solution with the properties of a specific antiserum to the triphenylmethane dye methyl blue has been made by treating a solution of bovine gamma-globulin and the dye with alkali and then slowly neutralizing the alkali. Some success has been obtained also in the formation of antibodies from other serum proteins and by other denaturation-renaturation procedures. \n\nBy heating solutions of gamma-globulin and antigen to 57\u00b0C. for several days antisera homologous to the antigens have been prepared. This method has been used successfully with the azodye 1,3-dihydroxy-2,4,6-tri(p-azophenyl-arsonic acid) benzene and with pneumococcus polysaccharide Type III. The antipneumococcus sera were found to precipitate the polysaccharide of Type III but not those of Types I and VIII and to agglutinate pneumococci of Type III but not those of Types I and II.", "doi": "10.1084/jem.76.2.211", "pmcid": "PMC2135224", "issn": "0022-1007", "publisher": "Rockefeller University Press", "publication": "Journal of Experimental Medicine", "publication_date": "1942-08", "series_number": "2", "volume": "76", "issue": "2", "pages": "211-220" }, { "id": "authors:v79ht-2p758", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "v79ht-2p758", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101438424", "type": "article", "title": "The Electron Diffraction Investigation of Propargyl Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Gordy", "given_name": "Walter", "clpid": "Gordy-W" }, { "family_name": "Saylor", "given_name": "John H.", "clpid": "Saylor-J-H" } ], "abstract": "The surprising discovery that the carbon-carbon single-bond distance in methylacetylene and some related substances is less than the normal value suggested that the study of the propargyl halides would be of interest. We have carried out this study, and have found that the carbon-carbon triple-bond and single-bond distances are the same in these molecules as in methylacetylene, and that the carbon-halogen bond distances are somewhat larger than normal.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01260a002", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1942-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "64", "issue": "8", "pages": "1753-1756" }, { "id": "authors:qvy8h-rqy33", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qvy8h-rqy33", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ZECpnas41.1003", "type": "article", "title": "Prolycopene, a Naturally Occurring Stereoisomer of Lycopene", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zechmeister", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Zechmeister-L" }, { "family_name": "LeRosen", "given_name": "A. L.", "clpid": "LeRosen-A-L" }, { "family_name": "Went", "given_name": "F. W.", "clpid": "Went-F-W" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In this paper we record the observation that there occurs in the variety of tomato called \"tangerine tomato\" a carotenoid, prolycopene, which is an isomer of lycopene; the isomeric relationship is similar to that between lycopene and neolycopene,I and in our opinion prolycopene is to be classed as a naturally occurring neolycopene, being the first observed natural neo form of a C40-carotenoid.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1941-10-01", "series_number": "10", "volume": "27", "issue": "10", "pages": "468-474" }, { "id": "authors:8zbvr-7wa40", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8zbvr-7wa40", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101439557", "type": "article", "title": "The Crystal Structures of the Tetragonal Monoxides of Lead, Tin, Palladium, and Platinum", "author": [ { "family_name": "Moore", "given_name": "Walter J., Jr.", "clpid": "Moore-W-J" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The present investigation was undertaken to resolve these discrepancies. We have verified the Dickinson-Friauf structure for plumbous oxide, have shown that stannous oxide has the same structure, and have found that palladous oxide is not isomorphous with these crystals, but has the structure suggested by Huggins. We have also found that platinous oxide has this same structure.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01850a074", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1941-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "63", "issue": "5", "pages": "1392-1394" }, { "id": "authors:17hcd-hzt38", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "17hcd-hzt38", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180727-101439466", "type": "article", "title": "The Alkyls of the Third Group Elements. II. The Electron Diffraction Study of Indium Trimethyl", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Laubengayer", "given_name": "A. W.", "clpid": "Laubengayer-A-W" } ], "abstract": "In a previous paper indium trimethyl has been shown to be monomeric in the vapor phase. Samples of the same preparation of this compound have been studied by electron diffraction methods.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01847a032", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1941-02", "series_number": "2", "volume": "63", "issue": "2", "pages": "480-481" }, { "id": "authors:t1zd4-xnd92", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t1zd4-xnd92", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:CORjbc40", "type": "article", "title": "A structural interpretation of the acidity of groups associated with the hemes of hemoglobin and hemoglobin derivatives", "author": [ { "family_name": "Coryell", "given_name": "Charles D.", "clpid": "Coryell-C-D" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Since the discovery by Bohr and coworkers in 1904 of the effect of acidity on the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin, there have been a large number of investigations directed towards clarification of the physicochemical relationships of acid groups with the hemes in hemoglobin and its derivatives. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze modern quantitative data, including those for ferrihemoglobin (methemoglobin), in order to throw new light on the general problem, to establish the ionization constant of an acid group in ferrihemoglobin previously unrecognized, and to give a structural interpretation of shifts in the pK of groups caused by changing chemical environment.", "issn": "0021-9258", "publisher": "American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology", "publication": "Journal of Biological Chemistry", "publication_date": "1940-02", "series_number": "2", "volume": "132", "issue": "2", "pages": "769-779" }, { "id": "authors:50vb6-erd14", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "50vb6-erd14", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140805-121913787", "type": "article", "title": "The Diamagnetic Anisotropy of Aromatic Molecules", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Values of the diamagnetic anisotropy of benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbon molecules are calculated on the basis of the assumption that the p_z electrons (one per aromatic carbon atom) are free to move from carbon atom to adjacent carbon atom under the influence of the impressed fields. When combined with the assumed values for the contributions of the other electrons (\u20102.0\u00d710^(\u20106) for hydrogen, \u20104.5\u00d710^(\u20106) for aromatic carbon, \u20106.0\u00d710^(\u20106) for aliphatic carbon) these lead to principal diamagnetic susceptibilities of molecules in approximate agreement with the available experimental data. The diamagnetic anisotropy of graphite is also discussed.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749766", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1936-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "4", "issue": "10", "pages": "673-677" }, { "id": "authors:y381h-tqh21", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y381h-tqh21", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MIRpnas36", "type": "article", "title": "On the Structure of Native, Denatured, and Coagulated Proteins", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mirsky", "given_name": "A. E.", "clpid": "Mirsky-A-E" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In this paper a structural theory of protein denaturation and coagulation is presented. Since denaturation is a fundamental property of a large group of proteins, a theory of denaturation is essentially a general theory of the structure of native and denatured proteins. In its present form our theory is definite and detailed in some respects and vague in others; refinement in regard to the latter could be achieved on the basis of the results of experiments which the theory suggests. The theory (some features of which have been proposed by other investigators) provides a simple structural interpretation not only of the phenomena connected with denaturation and coagulation which are usually discussed (specificity, solubility, etc.) but also of others, such as the availability of groups, the entropy of denaturation, the effect of ultra-violet light, the heat of activation and its dependence on pH, coagulation through dehydration, etc.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1936-07-01", "series_number": "7", "volume": "22", "issue": "7", "pages": "439-447" }, { "id": "authors:mv707-rxs03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mv707-rxs03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140805-121159172", "type": "article", "title": "Quantum Mechanics and the Third Law of Thermodynamics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Eastman", "given_name": "E. D.", "clpid": "Eastman-E-D" } ], "abstract": "Rodebush has recently discussed certain points concerning the third law of thermodynamics in terms of quantum mechanics. His recognition of the significance of quantum mechanics in considering the behavior of solutions and glasses at low temperatures we believe to be of interest, and we agree with the more important of his conclusions. However, there have arisen some questions of interpretation in which we differ from the statements of his paper. We have thought it of value to present here, as explicitly as possible and at the risk of some duplication of ideas, an outline of these points and a discussion of their bearing on the expected behavior of the systems under treatment. It is our opinion that the views presented below have been in the main accepted by investigators interested in the theory of the third law; however, so far we are aware no equivalent discussion has been published.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749867", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1936-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "4", "issue": "6", "pages": "393-394" }, { "id": "authors:zt17y-9bh04", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zt17y-9bh04", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas36", "type": "article", "title": "The magnetic properties and structure of the hemochromogens and related substances", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Coryell", "given_name": "Charles D.", "clpid": "Coryell-C-D" } ], "abstract": "In the course of a general study of the structure of hemoglobin and its derivatives we have investigated the magnetic properties of ferriheme, ferroheme, several hemochromogens and nickel protoporphyrin. The results of this investigation and their structural interpretation are discussed in the following paragraphs.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1936-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "22", "issue": "3", "pages": "159-163" }, { "id": "authors:tfnma-wa683", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tfnma-wa683", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120801-164722677", "type": "article", "title": "Remarks on the Theory of Aromatic Free Radicals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Wheland", "given_name": "G. W.", "clpid": "Wheland-G-W" } ], "abstract": "In the quantum-mechanical treatment of the\nbenzene molecule (and of other aromatic\nmolecules) the approximation is usually made of\nneglecting the pairs of electrons which are considered\nto form bonds in the plane of the ring.\nThe problem then becomes one of discussing the\nwave function which can be constructed for the\nremaining electrons by use of the p, orbitals, one\nfor each carbon atom. This discussion can be\nmade either by the molecular orbital method or\nby the valence bond method, the results being in\ngeneral agreement. The treatment of a free\nradical such as phenylmethyl is closely similar,\nseven p, orbitals and seven electrons being considered\nfor this molecule. It is found convenient\nin applying the valence bond method' to introduce\na \"phantom orbital\" and an additional\nelectron, a procedure which simplifies the treatment\nwithout changing the results.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749659", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1935-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "3", "issue": "5", "pages": "315" }, { "id": "authors:42mpj-h8989", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "42mpj-h8989", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjcp34", "type": "article", "title": "A Study of the Methods of Interpretation of Electron-Diffraction Photographs of Gas Molecules, with Results for Benzene and Carbon Tetrachloride", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Brockway", "given_name": "L. O.", "clpid": "Brockway-L-O" } ], "abstract": "The reliability and accuracy of the visual method of interpreting electron-diffraction photographs, consisting in the correlation of values of (4\u03c0 sin \u03bd/2) / \u03bb obtained by visual measurement of rings of apparent maximum and minimum intensity with x values from a simplified theoretical curve (Eq. (7) or (8)), have been tested in the following ways: (a) The measurement and interpretation of \"artificial electron-diffraction photographs\" of bromine; (b) the comparison of electron-diffraction and bandspectral values of interatomic distances for bromine, chlorine and iodine chloride; (c) the study of microphotometer records for benzene, and comparison of results with those of the visual method; (d) the study of micro photometer records for carbon tetrachloride, and comparison with the visual method. It is concluded that the visual method when carefully applied leads to values of interatomic distances accurate to about 1 percent (probable error), or to \u00bd percent in favorable cases. The regular plane hexagon model of the benzene molecule is verified, the carbon-carbon distance in the ring being determined as 1.390\u00b10.005A. The carbon-chlorine distance in the carbon tetrachloride molecule is determined as 1.760\u00b10.005A. A brief discussion of the methods and results of other investigators is given.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749410", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1934-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "2", "issue": "12", "pages": "867-881" }, { "id": "authors:yefwm-gwv51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yefwm-gwv51", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas34a", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of the carboxyl group. I. The investigation of formic acid by the diffraction of electrons", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Brockway", "given_name": "L. O.", "clpid": "Brockway-L-O" } ], "abstract": "The electronic structure of a carboxylic acid has been ordinarily written as [diagram]. It has been recognized,(1) however, that the structure O:- R:C::O+:H also may make a significant contribution to the normal state of the molecule, and the existence of such resonance of the double bond between the two oxygen atoms has been supported by thermochemical data,(2) the resonance energy being 1.20 v.e. for the carboxyl group in acids and in esters. During the investigation reported in this paper we have verified the resonating structure by the determination of interatomic distances in formic acid, and have also shown that in the dimer of formic acid the molecules are joined together by hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the carboxyl groups.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1934-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "20", "issue": "6", "pages": "336-340" }, { "id": "authors:j2pjn-4tt57", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "j2pjn-4tt57", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas34b", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of the carboxyl group. II. The crystal structure of basic beryllium acetate", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Sherman", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Sherman-J" } ], "abstract": "The crystal structure of basic beryllium acetate, Be4O(CH3COO)6, has been studied by Bragg and Morgan (1), who reported some spectrometric intensity measurements and showed the cubic unit of structure to have ao = 15.72 \u00c5 and to contain eight molecules, and by Morgan and Astbury (2), who showed the space group to be T4h. In neither study was the atomic arrangement determined. We have found an atomic arrangement which accounts satisfactorily for the data of these authors and for additional intensity data obtained photographically, and which provides information regarding the structure of the acetate group.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1934-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "20", "issue": "6", "pages": "340-345" }, { "id": "authors:zm5dh-8dj70", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zm5dh-8dj70", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190201-160638098", "type": "article", "title": "The Crystal Structure of Sulvanite, Cu_3VS_4", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Hultgren", "given_name": "Ralph", "clpid": "Hultgren-Ralph-Raymond" } ], "abstract": "No abstract.", "doi": "10.1524/zkri.1933.84.1.204", "issn": "2194-4946", "publisher": "Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag", "publication": "Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials", "publication_date": "1933-10-01", "series_number": "1-6", "volume": "84", "issue": "1-6", "pages": "204-212" }, { "id": "authors:x0nt7-ccn66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "x0nt7-ccn66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120801-164037906", "type": "article", "title": "The Nature of the Chemical Bond. VII. The Calculation of Resonance Energy in Conjugated Systems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Sherman", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Sherman-J" } ], "abstract": "The quantum\u2010mechanical treatment previously applied to benzene, naphthalene, and the hydrocarbon free radicals is used in the calculation of extra resonance energy of conjugation in systems of double bonds, the dihydronaphthalenes and dihydroanthracenes, phenylethylene, stilbene, isostilbene, triphenylethylene, tetraphenylethylene, biphenyl, o, m, and p\u2010diphenylbenzene, and 1,3,5\u2010triphenylbenzene. The calculated values, which are in approximate agreement with empirical values from thermochemical data, are used in the discussion of chemical properties and in the formulation of rules regarding conjugation in overlapping systems.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749226", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1933-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "1", "issue": "10", "pages": "679-686" }, { "id": "authors:jwqgh-fyn08", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jwqgh-fyn08", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BROpnas33d", "type": "article", "title": "The electron-diffraction investigation of the structure of molecules of methyl azide and carbon suboxide", "author": [ { "family_name": "Brockway", "given_name": "L. O.", "clpid": "Brockway-L-O" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "We have applied the electron-diffraction method of studying the structure of gas molecules, developed by Mark and Wierl and briefly described by us in a recent paper,(1) in the determination of the atomic configuration and interatomic distances in methyl azide and carbon suboxide molecules. The results of the investigation are given in the following paragraphs, together with a discussion of the information they provide regarding the electronic structure of these molecules.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1933-09-01", "series_number": "9", "volume": "19", "issue": "9", "pages": "860-867" }, { "id": "authors:4anfh-6qb02", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4anfh-6qb02", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140805-120819712", "type": "article", "title": "The Nature of the Chemical Bond. VI. The Calculation from Thermochemical Data of the Energy of Resonance of Molecules Among Several Electronic Structures", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Sherman", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Sherman-J" } ], "abstract": "In the first part of this paper there is given a set of bond\u2010energy values for single, double, and triple bonds between atoms, obtained from thermochemical data, such that the total energy of formation from separate atoms of a molecule containing given bonds is equal to the sum of the energies for those bonds. In the derivation of these values data were used only for molecules for which it is probable that one electronic structure, corresponding to one distribution of valence bonds, represents the normal state to a satisfactory degree of approximation. For other molecules more than one electronic structure of this type contributes essentially to the normal state, the energy of formation of the molecule then being larger than that for any one of the contributing structures. On comparing the energies of formation given by thermochemical data with the values calculated for various structures, it is verified that this difference is always positive or zero (to within the limits of error involved). The difference in energy is interpreted as the resonance energy of the molecule among several electronic structures, and its existence in a given case provides strong evidence that more than one structure is contributing to the normal state of the molecule, the number and importance of the contributing structures being indicated by the magnitude of the resonance energy. In this way the existence of resonance is shown for many molecules, and values found for the resonance energy are tabulated. The substances discussed include carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, alkyl isocyanates, carboxylic acids and esters, aliphatic amines, carbonic esters, urea and related substances, benzene and benzene derivatives, naphthalene and other condensed ring systems, pyridine and related heterocyclic compounds, biphenyl, fluorene, phenylethylene, dihydronaphthalene, quinone, some ureides and purines, etc.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749335", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1933-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "1", "issue": "8", "pages": "606-617" }, { "id": "authors:0123d-s6q38", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0123d-s6q38", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjcp33c", "type": "article", "title": "The nature of the chemical bond. V. The quantum-mechanical calculation of the resonance energy of benzene and naphthalene and the hydrocarbon free radicals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Wheland", "given_name": "G. W.", "clpid": "Wheland-G-W" } ], "abstract": "The secular equations corresponding to the five canonical structures for benzene and the forty-two for naphthalene, considered as six and ten-electron systems, respectively, are set up and solved with certain simplifying assumptions, leading to energy values differing by 1.1055\u03b1 and 2.0153\u03b1, respectively, from those corresponding to unexcited (Kekul\u00e9-type) structures, \u03b1 being a single exchange integral involving neighboring carbon atoms. Equating these values to the empirical values of the resonance energy, \u03b1 is found to be about \u2014 1.5 v.e.It is pointed out that the dissociation of certain substituted ethanes into free radicals is due not to weakness of the carbon-carbon bond in the ethane but to the stabilization of the free radicals resulting from resonance among the structures in which the unpaired electron is located on the methyl carbon and those in which it is on other atoms (ortho, para, etc., to the methyl carbon). The secular equations for a number of such radicals have been solved, neglecting excited structures. The experimentally determined heat of formation of hexaphenylethane from triphenylmethyl, 0.5 v.e., when equated to the calculated value C-C+2.2156\u03b1, with C-C = 3.65 v.e., leads to \u03b1 = \u2014 1.4 v.e. The calculated tendencies towards dissociation are in satisfactory agreement with observation, such features as the smaller dissociating power of \u03b2-naphthyl than of \u03b1-naphthyl and of biphenylene than of diphenyl being accounted for, so that resonance among the structures considered may be accepted as the principal effect causing the stability of the hydrocarbon free radicals.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749304", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1933-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "1", "issue": "6", "pages": "362-374" }, { "id": "authors:ctjg8-gz267", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ctjg8-gz267", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjcp33b", "type": "article", "title": "The calculation of matrix elements for Lewis electronic structures of molecules", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Starting from the discovery by Rumer that the eigen-functions corresponding to different distributions of valence bonds in a molecule can be represented by plane diagrams which provide information regarding their mutual linear independence, a very simple graphical method is developed for calculating the coefficients of the integrals occurring in the matrix elements involved in Slater's treatment of the electronic structure of molecules.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749284", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1933-04", "series_number": "4", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "pages": "280-283" }, { "id": "authors:m3j7m-gbv25", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m3j7m-gbv25", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUjcp33a", "type": "article", "title": "The normal state of the helium molecule-ions He-2(+) and He-2(++)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "With the use of wave functions constructed from hydrogen-like single-electron functions with an effective nuclear charge Z, the application of the variation method of treating the wave equation for the normal state of He, involving a three-electron bond, leads to the values Z = 1.833, r0 = 1.085A, De = 2.47 v.e., and 0 = approximately 1950 cm(-1). The experimentally determined values (from the He2 spectrum) are r0 = 1.090A, De = 2.5 v.e., and \u00bd = 1628 cm(-1). A similar discussion of He, with a covalent-plus-ionic wave function, shows that the energy curve has a minimum at r0 = 0.75A, 0 = approximately 3200 cm(-1), with a maximum 1.4 v.e. higher at about 1.1A. This configuration could act as the core for excited states of He and doubly-excited states of He2, some of which would be capable of existence with either one of two moments of inertia, one corresponding to r0 = 0.75A and the other to about the same values of r0 as for the analogous states in excited H or doubly-excited H2.", "doi": "10.1063/1.1749219", "issn": "0021-9606", "publisher": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication": "Journal of Chemical Physics", "publication_date": "1933-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "pages": "56-59" }, { "id": "authors:n8d9n-h5g95", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n8d9n-h5g95", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BROpnas33a", "type": "article", "title": "The determination of the structures of the hexafluorides of sulfur, selenium and tellurium by the electron diffraction method", "author": [ { "family_name": "Brockway", "given_name": "L. O.", "clpid": "Brockway-L-O" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The application of electron diffraction methods in the study of gas molecules was first made by Mark and Wierl,(1) who investigated the structure of a large number of molecules in this way. Using methods closely similar to theirs, and briefly discussed in the following paragraphs, we have determined the atomic configuration and interatomic distances in SF6, SeF6 and TeF6.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1933-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "19", "issue": "1", "pages": "68-73" }, { "id": "authors:sshby-wb006", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "sshby-wb006", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas32b", "type": "article", "title": "The Electronic Structure of the Normal Nitrous Oxide Molecule", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The choice of two of the three Lewis structures appears reasonable in the light of the rule, expressed by many authors, that stable electronic structures tend to leave atoms neutral or with small charges on assigning electrons to nuclei by splitting shared electron pairs. The central nitrogen atom in all three structures is N+, this being required in order for it to form four covalent bonds. The first two structures, N -N +0 and N N+O-, involve only single charges, and are essentially equivalent, contributing equally to the normal state, while the third, N--N+O+, with a doubly-charged ion at one end, and two positive ions in juxtaposition, is less stable, and is not appreciably involved in the normal molecule.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1932-07-01", "series_number": "7", "volume": "18", "issue": "7", "pages": "498-499" }, { "id": "authors:z04c7-qjb88", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "z04c7-qjb88", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas32c", "type": "article", "title": "The Additivity of the Energies of Normal Covalent Bonds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Yost", "given_name": "Don M.", "clpid": "Yost-D-M" } ], "abstract": "The chemical bond between two identical atoms, as in the molecules H2, Cl2, etc., may be considered as an example of a normal covalent bond, involving an electron pair shared by the two atoms. The wave function representing this bond cannot necessarily be closely approximated by a function of the Heitler-London type, with the electrons staying on different atoms, but may contain ionic terms, corresponding to the two electrons of the bond on the same atom, the term representing the configuration A+A- occurring, of course, with the same coefficient as that for A -A +. The contribution of these ionic terms to the wave function for the normal state of the hydrogen molecule has been discussed by Slater [1].", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1932-06-01", "series_number": "6", "volume": "18", "issue": "6", "pages": "414-416" }, { "id": "authors:ks6hw-47985", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ks6hw-47985", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas32a", "type": "article", "title": "Interatomic Distances in Covalent Molecules and Resonance between Two or More Lewis Electronic Structures", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In a paper to be published in the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kristallographie, Professor M. L. Huggins and I have formulated tables of radii for use in crystals containing electron-pair bonds. With the aid of these tables, we have also constructed a table of radii (table 1) for non-metallic atoms in covalent molecules. These radii are designed especially for purely covalent compounds, in which fluorine forms one electron-pair bond, oxygen two, nitrogen three, etc., but they are applicable also to other compounds, such as (CH3)3N:O:, with the following exception. The radii given for As, Se, Br, Sb, Te and I are to be used for these atoms with a covalence of one, two or three; for a covalence of four slightly smaller values (\"tetrahedral radii\") are to be used. The change is probably due to a change in the nature of the bond eigenfunctions involved.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1932-04-01", "series_number": "4", "volume": "18", "issue": "4", "pages": "293-297" }, { "id": "authors:r9g0p-q4859", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "r9g0p-q4859", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BOZpr32", "type": "article", "title": "The crystal structure of magnesium platinocyanide heptahydrate", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bozorth", "given_name": "Richard M.", "clpid": "Bozorth-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The crystal structure of MgPt(CN)4\u20227H2O has been examined by Bozorth and Haworth,(1) who concluded on the basis of their data, obtained from Laue and reflection photographs, that the Mg and Pt atoms were arranged in parallel rows so that the two kinds of atoms alternated with each other in the same tow, the distance between their centers being 1.57A.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.39.537", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1932-02-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "39", "issue": "3", "pages": "537-538" }, { "id": "authors:k8jqs-r4q31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "k8jqs-r4q31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180130-103106355", "type": "article", "title": "The Crystal Structure of Bixbyite and the C-Modification of the Sesquioxides", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Shappell", "given_name": "M. D.", "clpid": "Shappell-M-D" } ], "abstract": "It was discovered in 1925 by Goldschmidt that an extensive series of sesquioxides form cubic crystals with the unit of structure containing 16 M_2O_3, the value of a varying between 9.3 \u00c5 and 10.9 \u00c5. An atomic arrangement based on the space group T^5 was assigned this C-modification of the sesquioxides by Zachariasen, who studied crystals of Sc_2O_3, Mn_2O_3, Y_2O_3, In_2O_3, Tl_2O_3, Sm_2O_3, Eu_2O_3, Gd_2O_3, Tb_2O_3, Dy_2O_3, Ho_2O_3, Er_2O_3, Tm_2O_3, Yb_2O_3, Lu_2O_3, and the mineral bixbyite, (Fe, Mn)_2O_3. Zachariasen's procedure was the following. Using the data from powder and Laue photographs of Tl_2O_3, and neglecting the contribution of the oxygen atoms to the reflections, he decided that the space group is T^5, with the 32 Tl in 8b with parameter t = 0.25, in 12c with parameter u = 0.021, and in 12c with parameter v = 0.542. These parameter values were assumed to hold for all members of the series. The consideration of intensities of reflection of Sc_2O_3 then was found to indicate the 48 O to be in two groups of 24 in the general position of T^5, with parameters x_1 ~ 1/8, y_1 ~ 1/8, x_1 ~ 3/8 and x_2 ~ 1/8, y_2 ~ 3/8, x_2 ~ 3/8. The same structure was also assigned bixbyite, with 16(Mn, Fe)_2O_3 in a unit 9.35 \u00b1 0.02 \u00c5 on edge.", "doi": "10.1515/zkri-1930-0109", "issn": "2194-4946", "publisher": "Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag", "publication": "Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials", "publication_date": "1930-12", "series_number": "1", "volume": "75", "issue": "1", "pages": "128-142" }, { "id": "authors:b4p2h-cms50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b4p2h-cms50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas30c", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of the chlorites", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "By the application of the same methods of investigation as those used in the study of the micas,(1) I have determined the structure of the chlorites, a group of minerals morphologically similar but distinctly different in chemical composition. This structure is described in the following paragraphs.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1930-09-01", "series_number": "9", "volume": "16", "issue": "9", "pages": "578-582" }, { "id": "authors:egenh-xmv79", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "egenh-xmv79", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpr30", "type": "article", "title": "The Rotational Motion of Molecules in Crystals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "It is shown by the discussion of the wave equation for a diatomic molecule in a crystal that the motion of the molecule in its dependence on the polar angles \u03b8 and \u03c6 may approach either one of two limiting cases, oscillation and rotation. If the intermolecular forces are large and the moment of inertia of the molecule is large (as in I2, for example), the eigenfunctions and energy levels approach those corresponding to oscillation about certain equilibrium orientations; if they are small (as in H2), the eigenfunctions and energy levels may approximate those for the free molecule, even in the lowest quantum state. \n\nIt is found in this way that crystalline hydrogen at temperatures somewhat below the melting point is a nearly perfect solid solution of symmetric and antisymmetric molecules, the latter retaining the quantum weight 3 for the state with j=1 as well as the spin quantum weight 3. This leads to the expression S=-nARlognA-(1-nA)Rlog(1-nA)+nARlog9+Str, in which Str is the translational entropy, for the entropy of the solid at these temperatures. At lower temperatures (around 5\u00b0K) the solid solution becomes unstable relative to phases of definite composition, and the entropy falls to S=nARlog3+Str, the entropy of mixing and of the quantum weight 3 for j=1 being lost at the same time. Only at temperatures of about 0.001\u00b0K will the spin quantum weight entropy be lost. \n\nGradual transitions covering a range of temperatures and often unaccompanied by a change in crystal structure, reported for CH4, HCl, the ammonium halides, and other substances, are interpreted as changes from the state in which most of the molecules are oscillating to that in which most of them are rotating. The significance of molecular rotation in the interpretation of other phenomena is also discussed.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.36.430", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1930-08-01", "series_number": "3", "volume": "36", "issue": "3", "pages": "430-443" }, { "id": "authors:x1vpt-xk260", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "x1vpt-xk260", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas30b", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of some sodium and calcium aluminosilicates", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Two years ago it was pointed out(1) that the electrostatic valence rule requires that the aluminum ions in alkali aluminum silicates have the coordination number 4 rather than 6, oxygen ions in the crystal then being common to a silicon tetrahedron, an aluminum tetrahedron, and one or more alkali-ion polyhedra. Since that time examples of such structures have been found. Thus the cubic crystal sodalite,(2) Na4Al3Si3O12Cl, has a framework composed of tetrahedra, each of which shares its corners with four others, silicon and aluminum tetrahedra alternating. The three parameters determining the position of the oxygen atoms were evaluated from the x-ray data, and it was found that both the silicon and the aluminum tetrahedra are approximately regular, with the distances Si-O = 1.60 \u00c5 and Al-O = 1.74 \u00c5. The sodium and chlorine ions are arranged in cavities in the tetrahedral framework.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1930-07-01", "series_number": "7", "volume": "16", "issue": "7", "pages": "453-459" }, { "id": "authors:abm67-a1438", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "abm67-a1438", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas30a", "type": "article", "title": "The structure of the micas and related minerals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "With the aid of the general principles(1) governing the structures of complex ionic crystals I have formulated a structure for talc, pyrophillite, the micas, and the brittle micas which is substantiated by the x-ray examination of the minerals, explains their remarkable physical properties, and leads to a general chemical formula unifying the widely varying analyses reported for different specimens. This structure is described in the following paragraphs.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1930-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "16", "issue": "2", "pages": "123-129" }, { "id": "authors:ywvk5-kp782", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ywvk5-kp782", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190109-111644388", "type": "article", "title": "Note on the Paper of A. Schr\u00f6der: Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntnis des Feinbaues des Brookits usw.", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sturdivant", "given_name": "J. H.", "clpid": "Sturdivant-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "None.", "doi": "10.1524/zkri.1929.69.1.556", "issn": "0044-2968", "publisher": "Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag", "publication": "Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie", "publication_date": "1929-10-01", "series_number": "5-6", "volume": "69", "issue": "5-6", "pages": "557-559" }, { "id": "authors:qevcj-mef28", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qevcj-mef28", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpr29", "type": "article", "title": "Photo-Ionization in Liquids and Crystals and the Dependence of the Frequency of X-Ray Absorption Edges on Chemical Constitution", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The mechanism giving rise to the electron affinity E of a liquid or a crystal is discussed, and it is shown that the relation E\u2245\u03b1W0 should hold, in which \u03b1 is a numerical factor lying between \u00bd and 1, and W0, the average potential energy of a free electron in the liquid or crystal (with the sign changed), is related to the specific diamagnetic susceptibility of the liquid or crystal by the equation W0=-6.43\u00d710^6\u03ba (in volt-electrons). \n\nFranck and Scheibe's interpretation of the ultra-violet absorption of aqueous solutions of halides as showing photo-ionization of halide ions is used in deducing a value of 3.81 v.e. for the electron affinity of water, corresponding to \u03b1=0.82. \n\nObserved values of long wave-length limits for ultra-violet absorption leading to photo-ionization in crystals of five alkali halides lead to electron affinities for the crystals corresponding to values of \u03b1 of about 0.80. \n\nAssuming the relation E=0.80 W0 to hold in general it is found that the diamagnetic susceptibilities of the silver halides are of the correct order of magnitude to give electron affinities of the crystals sufficient to allow photo-ionization of the halide ions by visible light. This is presumably the primary process in photosensitization of the photographic plate. \n\nThe equation h\u03bdabs=h\u03bd0+e\u03a6(1)-Ecrystal, \n\nin which \u03bdabs is the x-ray absorption edge of an ion in a crystal \u03bd0 that for a free ion, \u03a6(1) the electrostatic potential at the center of the ion due to surrounding ions, and Ecrystal is given by E\u22450.80 W0, is used to predict shifts in the K edge of chlorine in various crystals and of potassium in its halides. The predicted shifts agree well with those observed for the series LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl and KF, KCl, KBr, KI, supporting the contention that the factors of importance in producing shifts of the edges in these cases are the electrostatic potential and the electron affinity of the crystals.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.34.954", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1929-09-15", "series_number": "6", "volume": "34", "issue": "6", "pages": "954-963" }, { "id": "authors:4ph8b-3qk24", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4ph8b-3qk24", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas29", "type": "article", "title": "On the crystal structure of the chlorides of certain bivalent elements", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "In 1925 Bruni and Ferrari (1) reported that the lines on a powder photograph of the hexagonal crystal MgCl2 could be accounted for on the basis of a rhombohedral (pseudocubic) unit of structure with a = 5.08 \u00c5 and \u03b1 = 90\u00b0 containing 2 MgCl2. Later they announced (2) that ZnCl2, CdCl2, and MnCl2 have the same structure, with values of \u03b1 a few degrees larger than 90\u00b0. Ferrari (3) then added CoCl2 and NiCl2 to the group; certain weak lines occurring on the powder photographs of these substances require the value of a to be doubled, giving a rhombohedral unit with \u03b1 = 90\u00b0 and a = 10.02 \u00c5 and 10.00 \u00c5, respectively, containing 16 M++Cl2. Goldschmidt (4) has also reported that unpublished powder photographic data obtained by Oftedal in his laboratory show that RuCl2, RhCl2, PdCl2, IrCl2, and PtCl2 are to be assigned the same structure as NiCl2.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1929-09-01", "series_number": "9", "volume": "15", "issue": "9", "pages": "709-712" }, { "id": "authors:qncay-51742", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qncay-51742", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190109-110350702", "type": "article", "title": "The crystal structure of brookite", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Sturdivant", "given_name": "J. H.", "clpid": "Sturdivant-J-H" } ], "abstract": "None.", "doi": "10.1524/zkri.1928.68.1.239", "issn": "0044-2968", "publisher": "Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag", "publication": "Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie", "publication_date": "1928-12-01", "series_number": "1-6", "volume": "68", "issue": "1-6", "pages": "239-256" }, { "id": "authors:h3bzf-j9s26", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "h3bzf-j9s26", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas28b", "type": "article", "title": "The crystal structure of topaz", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "An investigation of the orthorhombic crystal topaz, Al2SiO4F2, with x-rays has been reported by Leonhardt. With the aid of data from Laue and rotation photographs he found for the edges of the unit of structure, containing 4Al2SiO4F2, the values d100 = 4.64 A, d010 = 8.78 A, and d001 = 8.37 A, and determined the space-group of the crystal to be V16h. A deduction of the atomic arrangement, dependent on about fifteen parameters, was not attempted; for such complicated structures cannot be treated by the usual methods.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1928-08-01", "series_number": "8", "volume": "14", "issue": "8", "pages": "603-606" }, { "id": "authors:m7147-m6g05", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m7147-m6g05", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161216-114802267", "type": "article", "title": "The Application of the Quantum Mechanics to the Structure of the Hydrogen Molecule and Hydrogen Molecule-Ion and to Related Problems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Many attempts were made to derive with the old quantum theory structures for the hydrogen molecule, H_2, and the hydrogen molecule-ion, H_2^+, in agreement with the experimentally observed properties of these substances, in particular their energy contents. These were all unsuccessful, as were similar attempts to derive a satisfactory structure for the helium atom. It became increasingly evident that in these cases the straightforward application of the old quantum theory led to results definitely incompatible with the observed properties of the substances, and that the introduction of variations in the quantum rules was not sufficient to remove the disagreement. (For a summary of these applications see, for example, Van Vleck (1).) This fact was one of those which led to the rejection of the old quantum theory and the origination of the new quantum mechanics. The fundamental principles of the quantum mechanics were proposed by Heisenberg (2) in 1925. The introduction of the matrix algebra (3) led to rapid developments. Many applications of the theory were made, and in every case there was found agreement with experiment. Then the wave equation was discovered by Schrodinger (4), who developed,and applied his wave mechanics independently of the previous work. Schrodinger's methods are often considerably simpler than matrix methods of calculation, and since it has been shown (5) that the wave mechanics and the matrix mechanics are mathematically identical, the wave equation is generally used as the starting point in the consideration of the properties of atomic systems, in particular of stationary states.", "doi": "10.1021/cr60018a003", "issn": "0009-2665", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical Reviews", "publication_date": "1928-07", "series_number": "2", "volume": "5", "issue": "2", "pages": "173-213" }, { "id": "authors:2q4d9-p4m72", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2q4d9-p4m72", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas28a", "type": "article", "title": "The shared-electron chemical bond", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "With the development of the quantum mechanics it has become evident that the factors mainly responsible for chemical valence are the Pauli exclusion principle and the Heisenberg-Dirac resonance phenomenon. It has been shown that in the case of two hydrogen atoms in the normal state brought near each other the eigenfunction which is symmetric in the positional coordinates of the two electrons corresponds to a potential which causes the two atoms to combine to form a molecule. This potential is due mainly to a resonance effect which may be interpreted as involving an interchange in position of the two electrons forming the bond, so that each electron is partially associated with one nucleus and partially with the other. The so-calculated heat of dissociation, moment of inertia, and oscillational frequency of the hydrogen molecule are in approximate agreement with experiment. London has recently suggested that the interchange energy of two electrons, one belonging to each of two atoms, is the energy of the non-polar bond in general. He has shown that an antisymmetric (and hence allowed) eigenfunction symmetric in the coordinates of two electrons can occur only if originally the spin of each electron were not paired with that of another electron in the same atom. The number of electrons with such unpaired spins in an atom is, in the case of Russell-Saunders coupling, equal to 2s, where s is the resultant spin quantum number, and is closely connected with the multiplicity, 2s + 1, of the spectral term. This is also the number of electrons capable of forming non-polar bonds. The spins of the two electrons forming the bond become paired, so that usually these electrons cannot be effective in forming further bonds.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1928-04-01", "series_number": "4", "volume": "14", "issue": "4", "pages": "359-362" }, { "id": "authors:7ksgq-pge36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7ksgq-pge36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpr27", "type": "article", "title": "The influence of a magnetic field on the dielectric constant of a diatomic dipole gas", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The investigation of the motion of a diatomic dipole molecule in crossed magnetic and electric fields shows that according to the old quantum theory there will be spatial quantization practically with respect to the direction of the magnetic field for experimentally realizable values of the field strengths. As a result of this the old quantum theory definitely requires that the application of a strong magnetic field to a gas such as hydrogen chloride produce a very large change in the dielectric constant of the gas. The theory of the dielectric constant of a diatomic dipole gas according to the new quantum mechanics, on the other hand, requires the dielectric constant not to depend upon the direction characterizing the spatial quantization, so that no effect of a magnetic field would be predicted. The effect is found experimentally not to exist; so that it provides an instance of an apparently unescapable and yet definitely incorrect prediction of the old quantum theory.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.29.145", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1927-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "29", "issue": "1", "pages": "145-160" }, { "id": "authors:dk62j-weh89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dk62j-weh89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpr26b", "type": "article", "title": "The Quantum Theory of the Dielectric Constant of Hydrogen Chloride and Similar Gases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "The quantum theory of diatomic dipoles.\u2014Using the treatment of Pauli, an expression for the dielectric constant of a diatomic dipole gas is obtained, in which half-quantum numbers are used. It is shown that for cases of practical interest the approximation suggested by Pauli is not valid; hence numerical values of the temperature-function C have been calculated and tabulated.\n\nApplication to experimental measurements.\u2014The theory has been applied in the interpretation of Zahn's measurements of the dielectric constants of the hydrogen halides. The electric moments of molecules of hydrogen chloride, bromide, and iodide were found to be 0.3316, 0.252, and 0.146\u00d710^-18 cgsu respectively; i.e., only about one-third of the values given on the basis of the classical theory. Moreover, the values 0.00077 and 0.00102 for 4\u03c0N0\u03b1 for hydrogen chloride and bromide, in which \u03b1 is the coefficient of induced polarization, are shown to be in better agreement with measurements of indices of refraction than are the classical theory values. A discussion is given of possible inaccuracies in the theory, of the choice of quantum numbers, and of the possibility of weak quantization.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.27.568", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1926-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "27", "issue": "5", "pages": "568-577" }, { "id": "authors:dncww-esj44", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dncww-esj44", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpr26a", "type": "article", "title": "The dielectric constant and molecular weight of bromine vapor", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "It is shown that the conclusion reached by Bramley in a recent article that bromine has the formula (Br2)6 is inconsistent with previous results relating to the density of this substance in the gaseous state and that it is not theoretically justified by the considerations presented by the author.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.27.181", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1926-02-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "27", "issue": "2", "pages": "181-182" }, { "id": "authors:4x5d6-8r766", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4x5d6-8r766", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas26", "type": "article", "title": "The Quantum Theory of the Dielectric Constant of Hydrogen Chloride and Similar Gases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" } ], "abstract": "Under the influence of an electric field a gas whose molecules have a permanent electric moment and in addition can have a further moment induced in them by deformation becomes polarized in the direction of the field, the amount of polarization per unit volume being [equation].", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1926-01-15", "series_number": "1", "volume": "12", "issue": "1", "pages": "32-35" }, { "id": "authors:ngh3y-7zr88", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ngh3y-7zr88", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161024-155803512", "type": "article", "title": "The entropy of supercooled liquids at the absolute zero", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Tolman", "given_name": "Richard C.", "clpid": "Tolman-R-C" } ], "abstract": "The purpose of the present article is to investigate the entropy of supercooled liquids at the absolute zero by the methods of statistical mechanics. We shall in this way obtain a more precise idea of the factors which can make the entropy of a supercooled liquid or glass greater than that of the corresponding crystal. Indeed, we shall be able to show that the excess entropy of a glass is related in a simple and definite manner to the properties of the glass when regarded as a quantum system with its degrees of freedom in the next to the lowest quantum state. Incidentally, we shall also show that different crystalline forms of a substance have the same entropy at the absolute zero, irrespective of the number of atoms in the unit of structure of the crystal, in contradiction to the suggestion recently made by Eastman that the entropy is greater, the larger the number of atoms in the unit cell.", "doi": "10.1021/ja01685a012", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "1925-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "47", "issue": "8", "pages": "2148-2156" }, { "id": "authors:mj6f9-s2806", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mj6f9-s2806", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PAUpnas25", "type": "article", "title": "A New Crystal for Wave-Length Measurements of Soft X-Rays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pauling", "given_name": "Linus", "clpid": "Pauling-L" }, { "family_name": "Bjorkeson", "given_name": "Albert", "clpid": "Bjorkeson-A" } ], "abstract": "During an investigation of the crystal structures of hematite and corundum spectral photographs of the K-radiation of molybdenum reflected from the plane (00.1) of the hexagonal crystal beta-alumina, Al2O3, were made. One such photograph is shown in the accompanying reproduction. Upon substituting in the equation n[lambda] = 2d sin [theta] the wave-lengths [lambda] of the X-rays used and the corresponding angles of reflection [theta], the grating-constant d was found to be about 11.2 A, assuming that n is unity for the reflection at the smallest angle. This result shows that this substance has an unusually large grating-constant; and, since this is accompanied by strong reflection, the crystal should prove of great value in the measurement of wave-lengths of soft X-rays.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.11.7.445", "pmcid": "PMC1086046", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1925-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "11", "issue": "7", "pages": "445-447" } ]