[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6qdce-q9449", "eprint_id": 95118, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:00:49", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 18:34:40", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Yang-Ting", "name": { "family": "Yang", "given": "Ting" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2301-2525" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Liu-Shaofeng", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Shaofeng" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6667-3721" }, { "id": "Sandiford-D", "name": { "family": "Sandiford", "given": "Dan" } }, { "id": "Williams-S-E", "name": { "family": "Williams", "given": "Simon" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4670-8883" }, { "id": "Capitanio-F-A", "name": { "family": "Capitanio", "given": "Fabio A." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2131-8723" } ] }, "title": "Contrasted East Asia and South America tectonics driven by deep mantle flow", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "East Asian tectonics; South American tectonics; deep mantle flow; slab subduction; Andean orogeny; marginal sea", "note": "\u00a9 2019 Elsevier.\n\nReceived 22 October 2018, Revised 12 April 2019, Accepted 14 April 2019, Available online 30 April 2019. \n\nTing Yang benefited enormously from the discussions with the AuScope Underworld Geodynamics group and Guangwei Li. Kevin Hill helped review the primary version of the paper. Two anonymous reviewers helped significantly in improving the paper. This work is supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Program DP150102887, and by the by Australian Research Council's Industrial Transformation Research Hub project IH130200012. SW is funded by Australian Research Council grant IH130200012 and DP180102280. SL and MG are supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41820104004). SL is supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB18000000). MG is supported through NSF EAR-1645775.\n\n
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc1.docx
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc2.mp4
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc3.mp4
", "abstract": "East Asia and South America have both experienced long-term subduction since at least the Jurassic, but they have had contrasting tectonic evolutions since the Late Cretaceous. East Asia was dominated by extensional tectonics with many marginal sea basins forming during the Cenozoic while South America was dominated by compressional tectonics building the Andean mountains. The mechanism controlling this contrast in tectonic style on opposite sides of the Pacific has been unclear. We suggest that the deep mantle flow revealed by seismic tomography, plate reconstructions, and geodynamic models contributed to the pan-Pacific tectonic disparity. Our geodynamic models suggest that the Atlantic Ocean opening plays an important role in promoting compression-dominated tectonics and Andean building along the South American margin by allowing fast trench-ward motion of South America. On the other hand, the long-standing downwelling flow beneath the interior of Asia since Asian assembly in the Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic helps to inhibit Atlantic-type ocean opening in Asia and restrain trench-ward motion of East Asia, promoting extension-dominated tectonics along the Asian margin. The restrained trench-ward motion suggests a low probability of flat-slab subduction occurrence in East Asia during the late Mesozoic.", "date": "2019-07-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "517", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "106-116", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190430-104322449", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190430-104322449", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Australian Research Council", "grant_number": "DP150102887" }, { "agency": "Australian Research Council", "grant_number": "IH130200012" }, { "agency": "Australian Research Council", "grant_number": "DP180102280" }, { "agency": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "grant_number": "41820104004" }, { "agency": "Chinese Academy of Sciences", "grant_number": "XDB18000000" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-1645775" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.025", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc1.docx", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6qdce-q9449/files/1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc1.docx" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc2.mp4", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6qdce-q9449/files/1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc2.mp4" }, { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc3.mp4", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6qdce-q9449/files/1-s2.0-S0012821X19302298-mmc3.mp4" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Yang, Ting; Moresi, Louis; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62", "eprint_id": 94118, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:24:46", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 17:42:12", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Boneh-Y", "name": { "family": "Boneh", "given": "Yuval" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0081-0113" }, { "id": "Schottenfels-E", "name": { "family": "Schottenfels", "given": "Emily" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4974-1737" }, { "id": "Kwong-Kevin", "name": { "family": "Kwong", "given": "Kevin" } }, { "id": "van-Zelst-I", "name": { "family": "van Zelst", "given": "Iris" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4698-9910" }, { "id": "Tong-Xinyue", "name": { "family": "Tong", "given": "Xinyue" } }, { "id": "Eimer-M", "name": { "family": "Eimer", "given": "Melody" } }, { "id": "Miller-M-S", "name": { "family": "Miller", "given": "Meghan S." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5494-2296" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Warren-J-M", "name": { "family": "Warren", "given": "Jessica M." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4046-4200" }, { "id": "Wiens-D-A", "name": { "family": "Wiens", "given": "Douglas A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5169-4386" }, { "id": "Billen-M-I", "name": { "family": "Billen", "given": "Magali" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7316-1791" }, { "id": "Naliboff-J", "name": { "family": "Naliboff", "given": "John" } }, { "id": "Zhan-Zhongwen", "name": { "family": "Zhan", "given": "Zhongwen" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5586-2607" } ] }, "title": "Intermediate depth earthquakes controlled by incoming plate hydration along bending-related faults", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Subduction zone; Plate hydration; Intermediate depth earthquakes; Fault throw; Ocean floor bathymetry", "note": "\u00a9 2019 American Geophysical Union. \n\nReceived 4 DEC 2018; Accepted 19 MAR 2019; Accepted article online 22 MAR 2019; Published online 4 APR 2019. \n\nThis research project was initiated at the 2017 Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research (CIDER) summer program \"Subduction Zone Dynamics\" at the University of California, Berkeley. We wish to thank the other organizers B. Romanowicz, P. van Keken, E. Hauri, and C. Till. CIDER\u2010II is funded as a \"Synthesis Center\" by the Frontiers of Earth Systems Dynamics (FESD) program of NSF under grant number EAR\u20101135452. We also wish to thank Geoffrey Abers and an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments and gratefully acknowledge Yi Hu, Wang\u2010Ping Chen, Samer Naif, and Hannah Rabinowitz for valuable discussions. Bathymetry profiles from GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org/) were used in this study and are included in the supporting information. A bathymetry profile from the Mariana trench (center) was collected by R/V Langseth cruise, MGL1204, and is available from NOAA at http://www.marine\u2010geo.org/link/entry.php?id=MGL1204. Seismic data for the Japan trench were collected by JAMSTEC (KR13\u201011). Seismicity data used to quantify the intermediate\u2010depth seismicity rate were taken from the International Seismological Centre (ISC) Bulletin earthquake catalog (http://www.isc.ac.uk).\n\nPublished - Boneh_et_al-2019-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0001-2018gl081585-s01.docx
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0002-2018gl081585-s02.jpg
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0003-2018gl081585-s03.jpg
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0004-2018gl081585-s04.jpg
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0005-2018gl081585-s05.jpg
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0006-2018gl081585-s06.jpg
Supplemental Material - grl58793-sup-0007-2018gl081585-s07.jpg
", "abstract": "Intermediate\u2010depth earthquakes (focal depths 70\u2013300 km) are enigmatic with respect to their nucleation and rupture mechanism and the properties controlling their spatial distribution. Several recent studies have shown a link between intermediate\u2010depth earthquakes and the thermal\u2010petrological path of subducting slabs in relation to the stability field of hydrous minerals. Here we investigate whether the structural characteristics of incoming plates can be correlated with the intermediate\u2010depth seismicity rate. We quantify the structural characteristics of 17 incoming plates by estimating the maximum fault throw of bending\u2010related faults. Maximum fault throw exhibits a statistically significant correlation with the seismicity rate. We suggest that the correlation between fault throw and intermediate\u2010depth seismicity rate indicates the role of hydration of the incoming plate, with larger faults reflecting increased damage, greater fluid circulation, and thus more extensive slab hydration.", "date": "2019-04-16", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geophysical Research Letters", "volume": "46", "number": "7", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "3688-3697", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190325-105341604", "issn": "0094-8276", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190325-105341604", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-1135452" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2018GL081585", "primary_object": { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0006-2018gl081585-s06.jpg", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0006-2018gl081585-s06.jpg" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0007-2018gl081585-s07.jpg", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0007-2018gl081585-s07.jpg" }, { "basename": "Boneh_et_al-2019-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/Boneh_et_al-2019-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf" }, { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0001-2018gl081585-s01.docx", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0001-2018gl081585-s01.docx" }, { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0002-2018gl081585-s02.jpg", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0002-2018gl081585-s02.jpg" }, { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0003-2018gl081585-s03.jpg", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0003-2018gl081585-s03.jpg" }, { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0004-2018gl081585-s04.jpg", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0004-2018gl081585-s04.jpg" }, { "basename": "grl58793-sup-0005-2018gl081585-s05.jpg", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cm3sg-v9g62/files/grl58793-sup-0005-2018gl081585-s05.jpg" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Boneh, Yuval; Schottenfels, Emily; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hq18r-3rr73", "eprint_id": 87544, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:31:14", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 21:15:31", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pall-Jodie", "name": { "family": "Pall", "given": "Jodie" } }, { "id": "Zahirovic-S", "name": { "family": "Zahirovic", "given": "Sabin" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6751-4976" }, { "id": "Doss-Sebastiano", "name": { "family": "Doss", "given": "Sebastiano" } }, { "id": "Hassan-Rakib", "name": { "family": "Hassan", "given": "Rakib" } }, { "id": "Matthews-Kara-J", "name": { "family": "Matthews", "given": "Kara J." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3249-3869" }, { "id": "Cannon-J", "name": { "family": "Cannon", "given": "John" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4749-5605" }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Lenardic-Adrian", "name": { "family": "Lenardic", "given": "Adrian" } }, { "id": "M\u00fcller-R-D", "name": { "family": "M\u00fcller", "given": "R. Dietmar" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3334-5764" } ] }, "title": "The influence of carbonate platform interactions with subduction zone volcanism on palaeo-atmospheric CO_2 since the Devonian", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. \n\nReceived: 04 Sep 2017 \u2013 Discussion started: 19 Sep 2017. Revised: 01 Jun 2018 \u2013 Accepted: 07 Jun 2018 \u2013 Published: 21 Jun 2018. \n\nThe authors acknowledge and thank the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) for funding this research. We would also like to thank members of the EarthByte Group for all their assistance, as well as the University of Sydney for supporting open source and open access research. \n\nAuthor contributions: SD and JP developed the Subduction\nZone toolkit together and carried out modelling experiments under the supervision of DM and SZ. Figures were prepared by JP and SD, and the toolkit repository was prepared by SD. JP conducted wavelet analysis with assistance from RH. JP also prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors. \n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\n\nPublished - cp-14-857-2018.pdf
Supplemental Material - cp-14-857-2018-supplement.pdf
", "abstract": "The CO_2 liberated along subduction zones through intrusive/extrusive magmatic activity and the resulting active and diffuse outgassing influences global atmospheric CO_2. However, when melts derived from subduction zones intersect buried carbonate platforms, decarbonation reactions may cause the contribution to atmospheric CO_2 to be far greater than segments of the active margin that lacks buried carbon-rich rocks and carbonate platforms. This study investigates the contribution of carbonate-intersecting subduction zones (CISZs) to palaeo-atmospheric CO_2 levels over the past 410 million years by integrating a plate motion and plate boundary evolution model with carbonate platform development through time. Our model of carbonate platform development has the potential to capture a broader range of degassing mechanisms than approaches that only account for continental arcs.\n\nContinuous and cross-wavelet analyses as well as wavelet coherence are used to evaluate trends between the evolving lengths of carbonate-intersecting subduction zones, non-carbonate-intersecting subduction zones and global subduction zones, and are examined for periodic, linked behaviour with the proxy CO_2 record between 410\u202fMa and the present. Wavelet analysis reveals significant linked periodic behaviour between 60 and 40\u202fMa, when CISZ lengths are relatively high and are correlated with peaks in palaeo-atmospheric CO_2, characterised by a 32\u201348\u202fMyr periodicity and a \u2009\u223c\u2009\u202f8\u201312\u202fMyr lag of CO_2 peaks following CISZ length peaks. The linked behaviour suggests that the relative abundance of CISZs played a role in affecting global climate during the Palaeogene. In the 200\u2013100\u202fMa period, peaks in CISZ lengths align with peaks in palaeo-atmospheric CO_2, but CISZ lengths alone cannot be determined as the cause of a warmer Cretaceous\u2013Jurassic climate. Nevertheless, across the majority of the Phanerozoic, feedback mechanisms between the geosphere, atmosphere and biosphere likely played dominant roles in modulating climate. Our modelled subduction zone lengths and carbonate-intersecting subduction zone lengths approximate magmatic activity through time, and can be used as input into fully coupled models of CO_2 flux between deep and shallow carbon reservoirs.", "date": "2018-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Climate of the Past", "volume": "14", "number": "6", "publisher": "European Geosciences Union", "pagerange": "857-870", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180705-081138932", "issn": "1814-9324", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180705-081138932", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Deep Carbon Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.5194/cp-14-857-2018", "primary_object": { "basename": "cp-14-857-2018.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hq18r-3rr73/files/cp-14-857-2018.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "cp-14-857-2018-supplement.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hq18r-3rr73/files/cp-14-857-2018-supplement.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Pall, Jodie; Zahirovic, Sabin; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67", "eprint_id": 82614, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:13:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 22:33:34", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Yang-Ting", "name": { "family": "Yang", "given": "Ting" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2301-2525" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "M\u00fcller-R-D", "name": { "family": "M\u00fcller", "given": "R. Dietmar" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3334-5764" }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" } ] }, "title": "Oceanic residual topography agrees with mantle flow predictions at long wavelengths", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "residual topography; dynamic topography; long wavelength; amplitude; spatial pattern; damping factors", "note": "\u00a9 2017 American Geophysical Union. \n\nReceived 5 JUL 2017; Accepted 17 OCT 2017; Accepted article online 24 OCT 2017; Published online 4 NOV 2017. \n\nT.Y. benefitted from the discussion with Judith Sippel on residual topography. The authors thank Malcolm Sambridge and two anonymous reviewers for reading the original manuscript and providing insightful suggestions. M.G. has been supported by the National Science Foundation through EAR-1358646, EAR-1600956, and EAR-1645775 and by Statoil ASA. L.M. and R.D.M. were supported by Australian Research Council grants DP130101946 and IH130200012. Dynamic topography and the recovered long-wavelength residual topography data are listed in the supporting information.\n\nPublished - Yang_et_al-2017-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf
Supplemental Material - grl56590-sup-0001-2017GL074800_S01.txt
Supplemental Material - grl56590-sup-0002-2017GL074800_S02.txt
Supplemental Material - grl56590-sup-0003-2017GL074800_S03.txt
Supplemental Material - grl56590-sup-0004-2017GL074800_S04.txt
Supplemental Material - grl56590-sup-0005-2017GL074800_S01.docx
", "abstract": "Dynamic topography, the surface deflection induced by sublithosheric mantle flow, is an important prediction made by geodynamic models, but there is an apparent disparity between geodynamic model predictions and estimates of residual topography (total topography minus lithospheric and crustal contributions). We generate synthetic global topography fields with different power spectral slopes and spatial patterns to investigate how well the long-wavelength (spherical degrees 1 to 3) components can be recovered from a discrete set of samples where residual topography has been recently estimated. An analysis of synthetic topography, along with observed geoid and gravity anomalies, demonstrates the reliability of signal recovery. Appropriate damping factors, which depend on the maximum degree in the spherical harmonic expansion that is used to fit the samples, must be applied to recover the long-wavelength topography correctly; large damping factors smooth the model excessively and suppress residual topography amplitude and power spectra unrealistically. Recovered long-wavelength residual topographies based on recent oceanic point-wise estimates with different spherical expansion degrees agree with each other and with the predicted dynamic topography from mantle flow models. The peak amplitude of the long-wavelength residual topography from oceanic observations is about 1 km, suggesting an important influence of large-scale deep mantle flow.", "date": "2017-11-16", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geophysical Research Letters", "volume": "44", "number": "21", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "10896-10906", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20171024-101304476", "issn": "0094-8276", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171024-101304476", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-1358646" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-1600956" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-1645775" }, { "agency": "Statoil ASA" }, { "agency": "Australian Research Council", "grant_number": "DP130101946" }, { "agency": "Australian Research Council", "grant_number": "IH130200012" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/2017GL074800", "primary_object": { "basename": "grl56590-sup-0001-2017GL074800_S01.txt", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67/files/grl56590-sup-0001-2017GL074800_S01.txt" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "grl56590-sup-0002-2017GL074800_S02.txt", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67/files/grl56590-sup-0002-2017GL074800_S02.txt" }, { "basename": "grl56590-sup-0003-2017GL074800_S03.txt", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67/files/grl56590-sup-0003-2017GL074800_S03.txt" }, { "basename": "grl56590-sup-0004-2017GL074800_S04.txt", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67/files/grl56590-sup-0004-2017GL074800_S04.txt" }, { "basename": "grl56590-sup-0005-2017GL074800_S01.docx", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67/files/grl56590-sup-0005-2017GL074800_S01.docx" }, { "basename": "Yang_et_al-2017-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/am93g-zhm67/files/Yang_et_al-2017-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2017", "author_list": "Yang, Ting; Moresi, Louis; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2wzh9-8n266", "eprint_id": 12500, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:26:32", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:01:27", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zhong-Shijie", "name": { "family": "Zhong", "given": "Shijie" } }, { "id": "McNamara-A", "name": { "family": "McNamara", "given": "Allen" } }, { "id": "Tan-Eh", "name": { "family": "Tan", "given": "Eh" } }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" } ] }, "title": "A benchmark study on mantle convection in a 3-D spherical shell using CitcomS", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "mantle convection; benchmark", "note": "\u00a9 2008. American Geophysical Union. \n\nReceived 5 April 2008; Revised 14 August 2008; Accepted 5 September 2008; Published 31 October 2008. \n\nSZ was supported by NSF EAR-0711366 and David and Lucile Packard Foundation. AKM was supported by NSF-0510383. ET and MG were supported by NSF EAR-042271. We thank Scott King, Paul Tackley, and Peter van Keken for their constructive reviews and Teresa Lassak for going through equations and finding out two typos in two equations. Part of the calculations was performed on TACC's Parallel Supercomputer Ranger.\n\nPublished - ZHOggg08.pdf
", "abstract": "As high-performance computing facilities and sophisticated modeling software become available, modeling mantle convection in a three-dimensional (3-D) spherical shell geometry with realistic physical parameters and processes becomes increasingly feasible. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive benchmark studies for 3-D spherical mantle convection. Here we present benchmark and test calculations using a finite element code CitcomS for 3-D spherical convection. Two classes of model calculations are presented: the Stokes' flow and thermal and thermochemical convection. For Stokes' flow, response functions of characteristic flow velocity, topography, and geoid at the surface and core-mantle boundary (CMB) at different spherical harmonic degrees are computed using CitcomS and are compared with those from analytic solutions using a propagator matrix method. For thermal and thermochemical convection, 24 cases are computed with different model parameters including Rayleigh number (7 \u00d7 10^3 or 10^5) and viscosity contrast due to temperature dependence (1 to 10^7). For each case, time-averaged quantities at the steady state are computed, including surface and CMB Nussult numbers, RMS velocity, averaged temperature, and maximum and minimum flow velocity, and temperature at the midmantle depth and their standard deviations. For thermochemical convection cases, in addition to outputs for thermal convection, we also quantified entrainment of an initially dense component of the convection and the relative errors in conserving its volume. For nine thermal convection cases that have small viscosity variations and where previously published results were available, we find that the CitcomS results are mostly consistent with these previously published with less than 1% relative differences in globally averaged quantities including Nussult numbers and RMS velocities. For other 15 cases with either strongly temperature-dependent viscosity or thermochemical convection, no previous calculations are available for comparison, but these 15 test calculations from CitcomS are useful for future code developments and comparisons. We also presented results for parallel efficiency for CitcomS, showing that the code achieves 57% efficiency with 3072 cores on Texas Advanced Computing Center's parallel supercomputer Ranger.", "date": "2008-10-31", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems", "volume": "9", "number": "10", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Q10017", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ZHOggg08", "issn": "1525-2027", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ZHOggg08", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-0711366" }, { "agency": "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-0510383" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-042271" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory", "value": "Seismological Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2008GC002048", "primary_object": { "basename": "ZHOggg08.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2wzh9-8n266/files/ZHOggg08.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Zhong, Shijie; McNamara, Allen; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sf4v6-y3942", "eprint_id": 35530, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:29:45", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 16:27:19", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Quenette-S-M", "name": { "family": "Quenette", "given": "S. M." } }, { "id": "Appelbe-B-F", "name": { "family": "Appelbe", "given": "B. F." } }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "M." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Hodkinson-L-J", "name": { "family": "Hodkinson", "given": "L. J." } }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "L." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Sunter-P-D", "name": { "family": "Sunter", "given": "P. D." } } ] }, "title": "An investigation into design for performance and code maintainability in high performance computing", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2005 Austral. Mathematical Soc. \n\nReceived 29 October 2004; revised 12 September 2005.\n\nPublished October 7, 2005.\nThe VPAC Computational Software Development team\nmembers, who are supported by:\nACcESS, http://www.access.edu.au,\nGeoFramework, http://www.geoframework.org,\nAPAC, http://www.apac.edu.au.\nAnd our project collaborators:\nSnark: Louis Moresi, David May, Dave Stegman, Robert Turnbull at\nthe University of Monash;\nSnac: Mike Gurnis, Michael Aivazis, Eun-seo Choi, Puruv Thouriddey,\nEh Tan at the California Institute of Technology. Luc Lavier at the\nUniversity of Texas.", "abstract": "Maintaining and adapting scientific applications software is an ongoing issue for many researchers and communities, especially in domains such as geophysics, where community codes are constantly evolving to adopt new solution methods and constitutive laws. Traditional high performance computing code is written in C or Fortran, which offer high performance but are notoriously difficult to evolve and maintain. Object-oriented and interpretive programming languages (such as C++, Java, and Python) offer better support for code evolution and maintenance, but have not been widely adopted for scientific programming, for reasons including their performance and/ or complexity. This paper describes our approach to developing scientific codes in C that provides the flexibility of interpreted object oriented environments with the performance of traditional C programming, through techniques including entry points, plug-ins, and coarse grained objects. This approach has been used to implement two very differently formulated scientific codes in active use and development by the geophysics scientific community.", "date": "2005-10-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "ANZIAM Journal", "volume": "46", "number": "E", "publisher": "Australian Mathematical Society", "pagerange": "C1001-C1016", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20121119-095032727", "issn": "1446-1811", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121119-095032727", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Quenette, S. M.; Appelbe, B. F.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2ccb4-y3223", "eprint_id": 37500, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:42:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:41:39", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Zhong-Shijie", "name": { "family": "Zhong", "given": "Shijie" } } ] }, "title": "Plate tectonics and convection in the Earth's mantle: toward a numerical simulation", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2000 IEEE.\n\nDate of Publication: May/Jun 2000; Date of Current Version: 06 August 2002.\n\nThe Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre (AGCRC) partially funded Louis Moresi's work, and the AGCRC's director has given permission for this article's publication. This article is contribution number 8676 of the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech. This work is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.\n\nPublished - 2000_Moresi_etal_CSE.pdf
", "abstract": "Plate tectonics is a kinematic description of Earth that treats the outer shell of its mantle as a number of plates or rigid spherical caps that move with respect to each other (see the \"Plate tectonics\" sidebar). The mantle is the outer, solid 3,000-km-thick shell that overlies Earth's fluid outer core. An enormous amount of geological and geophysical data has gone into determining the motion\nof the plates,1 and within the last few years direct GPS measurements have corroborated the geological constraints on the motions of plates. A fundamental question in geology has been, what drives the plates? This question has largely\nbeen solved\u2014the plates are part of a system of large-scale thermal convection\u2014and geodynamicists have moved on to more difficult questions, such as what are the details of the coupling between surface motions and deeper mantle flow? and why do we have plate tectonics as opposed to some other mode of tectonics or thermal convection? Answering these more subtle questions is complicated by the fact that the primary effect of plate motion is to consume the old ocean floor and recycle it into the mantle. The primary evidence of plate history is therefore limited to the past 100\nto 200 million years or so (less than 10% of the overall history of plate tectonics). We therefore rely heavily on evidence drawn from theoretical and computational models and from the continents that are not consumed wholesale by plate motions. Ideally these two sources of evidence go hand in hand to reinforce each other.", "date": "2000-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Computing in Science & Engineering", "volume": "2", "number": "3", "publisher": "IEEE", "pagerange": "22-33", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130313-131509138", "issn": "1521-9615", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130313-131509138", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre (AGCRC)" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "NASA" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "8676", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1109/5992.841793", "primary_object": { "basename": "2000_Moresi_etal_CSE.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2ccb4-y3223/files/2000_Moresi_etal_CSE.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "Moresi, Louis; Gurnis, Michael; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2v43h-7bk12", "eprint_id": 36520, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:06:59", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:15:44", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zhong-Shijie", "name": { "family": "Zhong", "given": "Shijie" } }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" } ] }, "title": "Role of faults, nonlinear rheology, and viscosity structure in generating plates from instantaneous mantle flow models", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.\n\nReceived August 4, 1997; revised February 1, 1998;\naccepted February 12, 1998.\n\nThis work is supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and NSF grant EAR-9417645. We thank Hiroo Kanamori for many enlightening discussions and David Bercovici and Paul Tackley for reviewing the paper. Some of the calculations were\ncarried out on the Intel Paragon supercomputer at Caltech's Center for Advanced Computer Research. This is contribution 6204 of the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology.\n\nPublished - 1998_Zhong_etal_JGR.pdf
", "abstract": "Concentrated strain within plate margins and a significant toroidal component in global plate motion are among the most fundamental features of plate tectonics. A significant proportion of strain in plate margins is accommodated through motion on major tectonic faults. The decoupling influence of faulted plate margins primarily results from history-dependent lithospheric deformation rather than from instantaneous stress-weakening rheologies. For instantaneous mantle flow models, we argue that faults should be treated as preexisting mechanical structures. With models incorporating preexisting faults, a power law rheology with an exponent of 3, and slab pull and ridge push forces, we demonstrate that nonlinear interaction between weak faults and this power law rheology produces plate-like motion. Our models show that in order to produce plate-like motion, the frictional stress on faults needs to be small and the asthenosphere viscosity should be much weaker than that of lithosphere. While both plateness and the ratio of toroidal to poloidal velocities are reduced with increasing fault coupling, the viscosity contrast between the lithosphere and asthenosphere only influences plateness. This shows that both diagnostics, plateness and the ratio of toroidal to poloidal velocities, are necessary to characterize plate motion. The models demonstrate that weak transform faults can guide plate motion. This guiding property of transform faults and the decoupling of thrust faults result in oblique subduction where the strike of subducted slabs is oblique to transform faults. Subducted slabs beneath a dipping fault produce oceanic trench and fore bulge topography and principal stresses consistent with subduction zone observations.", "date": "1998-07-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research B", "volume": "103", "number": "B7", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "15255-15268", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130123-074905905", "issn": "0148-0227", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130123-074905905", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9417645" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "6204", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/98JB00605", "primary_object": { "basename": "1998_Zhong_etal_JGR.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2v43h-7bk12/files/1998_Zhong_etal_JGR.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Zhong, Shijie; Gurnis, Michael; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hbbp5-qda35", "eprint_id": 36509, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:36:34", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:15:06", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "M\u00fcller-R-D", "name": { "family": "M\u00fcller", "given": "R. Dietmar" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3334-5764" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" } ] }, "title": "Cretaceous Vertical Motion of Australia and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1998 American Association for the Advancement of Science.\n\nReceived 3 November 1997; accepted 28 January 1998.\n\nThis report represents contribution 8489 of the Division\nof Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology. Some of the work reported here was conducted as part of the Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre (AGCRC) and is published with the consent of the Director, AGCRC. We thank J. Veevers for taking the time to discuss the geologic constraints on Mesozoic subduction beneath Australia and K. Gallagher and J. Veevers for helpful comments on the manuscript.", "abstract": "A three-dimensional model of mantle convection in which the known history of plate tectonics is imposed predicts the anomalous Cretaceous vertical motion of Australia and the present-day distinctive geochemistry and geophysics of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. The dynamic models infer that a subducted slab associated with the long-lived Gondwanaland-Pacific converging margin passed beneath Australia during the Cretaceous, partially stagnated in the mantle transition zone, and is presently being drawn up by the Southeast Indian Ridge.", "date": "1998-03-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science", "volume": "279", "number": "5356", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "1499-1504", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130122-104450270", "issn": "0036-8075", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130122-104450270", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "8489", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1126/science.279.5356.1499", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Gurnis, Michael; M\u00fcller, R. Dietmar; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/frwww-6j670", "eprint_id": 36537, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:03:40", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:16:27", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Burgess-P-M", "name": { "family": "Burgess", "given": "Peter M." } }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" } ] }, "title": "Formation of sequences in the cratonic interior of North America by interaction between mantle, eustatic, and stratigraphic processes", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1997 Geological Society of America. \n\nManuscript received by the Society: May 1, 1996; revised manuscript received: March 18, 1997; manuscript accepted May 3, 1997. \n\nThe work was funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and National Science Foundation grants EAR-9496185 and EAR-9417645. We thank D. Kemp, S. Zhong, P. Allen, J. Verlander, and G. S. Robertson for helpful discussions, D. Anderson and J. Grotzinger for their comments on the manuscript, and S. Dorobek, B. Coakley, and an anonymous reviewer for thorough, thoughtful reviews. This represents contribution number 5673 of the Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology.", "abstract": "Models integrating geodynamic and stratigraphic processes show that some gross features of Phanerozoic North American cratonic strata can be explained with dynamic topographies generated by subduction and cycles of supercontinent aggregation and dispersal. A three-dimensional finite-element model is used to calculate mantle flow beneath North America during Phanerozoic time in response to episodes of subduction at cratonic margins and two cycles of supercontinent formation and breakup. Dynamic topographies calculated by the flow models are used as input to a stratigraphic model that also includes background subsidence, eustasy, denudation, clastic and carbonate deposition, compaction, and isostasy. These models successfully reproduce aspects of the Sloss sequences; the best matches were obtained by combining two wavelengths of dynamic topography with second-order eustasy. Long-wavelength dynamic topography generates first-order stratal cyclicity. Periods of erosion were shorter when North America was over a dynamic topography low than when it was over a high. Long-wavelength dynamic topography also explains the absence of Mesozoic strata on the eastern portion of the craton. Characteristic stratal patterns are shown to result from subduction-related dynamic topography, although sensitive to sediment supply and other subsidence mechanisms. Aspects of Upper Cretaceous stratal patterns may be explained by the effects of Farallon plate subduction. Generally, strata deposited in a dynamic topography depression have low preservation potential because the topography is reversible. Thus, ancient subduction-related dynamic topography is most likely to be represented by unconformities.", "date": "1997-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geological Society of America Bulletin", "volume": "109", "number": "12", "publisher": "Geological Society of America", "pagerange": "1515-1535", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130123-111337111", "issn": "0016-7606", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130123-111337111", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9496185" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9417645" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5673", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1515:FOSITC>2.3.CO;2", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Burgess, Peter M.; Gurnis, Michael; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y9ktk-30h41", "eprint_id": 36434, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:36:42", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:08:59", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zhong-Shijie", "name": { "family": "Zhong", "given": "Shijie" } }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" }, { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" } ] }, "title": "Free-surface formulation of mantle convection\u2014I. Basic theory and application to plumes", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "geoid, mantle convection, plume, rheology, topography", "note": "\u00a9 1996 RAS.\n\nAccepted 1996 August 9. Received 1996 August 5; in original form 1995 November 22.\n\nWe wish to thank D. Kemp and C. Eloy for helpful discussions,\nand H. J. Melosh of the University of Arizona for providing\nthe TECTON code. This work was supported by the David\nand Lucile Packard Foundation and NSF grants EAR-9496185\nand EAR-9417645. SZ was partly supported by a Texaco\nFellowship at Caltech. This is contribution 5616 of the Division\nof Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of\nTechnology.\n\nPublished - 1996_Zhong_etal_GJI.pdf
", "abstract": "In mantle convection models, the top surface is traditionally approximated as a free-slip boundary, and the dynamic topography is obtained by assuming that the normal stress on the free-slip boundary is compensated instantaneously through surface deformation. It has already been shown that this approximation is-'valid for long-wavelength topography. Based on both viscous and viscoelastic models with a free surface, we have found that the characteristic time for topographic growth is comparable to the timescales of mantle convection (\u223c10^6 year) for short and intermediate wavelengths (10^3 km or less) and/or a high effective lithospheric viscosity (> 10^(24) Pa s). This suggests that the topography is history-dependent under these conditions and that a free-surface formulation is required to study the topography at these wavelengths.\n\nWe have developed a new Eulerian finite-element technique to model a free surface. Since the technique is based upon an undeformable Eulerian grid, this enables us to study long-term, free-surface dynamics in the presence of evolving buoyancy. We have compared numerical with analytic solutions of viscous relaxation for fixed buoyancy problems. As long as the magnitude of topography is much smaller than the wavelength, we find that the finite-element method is very accurate, with relative errors of less than 1 per cent. This numerical technique can be applied to a variety of geophysical problems with free surfaces. In applying this technique to dynamic models of mantle plumes, we find that surface relaxation retards the topography at intermediate and short wavelengths and produces a smoother topography, compared with topography from free-slip calculations. This reduced topography has a significant influence on the geoid at the corresponding wavelengths. Moreover, free-surface models, by allowing vertical motion on the free surface, yield a hotter lithosphere over ascending plumes than models with free-slip boundaries.", "date": "1996-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geophysical Journal International", "volume": "127", "number": "3", "publisher": "Royal Astronomical Society", "pagerange": "708-718", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130116-145941322", "issn": "0956-540X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130116-145941322", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9496185" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9417645" }, { "agency": "Caltech Texaco Postdoctoral Fellowship" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5616", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb04049.x", "primary_object": { "basename": "1996_Zhong_etal_GJI.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y9ktk-30h41/files/1996_Zhong_etal_GJI.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Zhong, Shijie; Gurnis, Michael; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rh9gg-0pz57", "eprint_id": 37655, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:22:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:54:41", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Zhong-Shijie", "name": { "family": "Zhong", "given": "Shijie" } }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" } ] }, "title": "The accuracy of finite element solutions of Stokes's flow with strongly varying viscosity", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1996 Elsevier Science B.V.\n\nReceived 17 October 1995; accepted 21 February 1996.\n\nThis research was supported by the David and\nLucille Packard Foundation and NSF Grants EAR-9496185 and EAR-9417645. This paper is Contribution\n5606 of the Division of Geological and Planetary\nSciences, California Institute of Technology.", "abstract": "We provide benchmark comparisons of two finite element (FE) mantle convection codes, CITCOM and CONMAN, against analytic solutions for Stokes' flow for strongly varying viscosity in the horizontal and vertical directions. The two codes use a similar FE formulation but different methods for solving the resulting equations. They both obtain accurate velocity, pressure and surface topography for viscosity structures which vary rapidly over a short distance, or discontinuously. The benchmarks help determine how many elements are needed to resolve a region of, for example, a convection simulation with high viscosity gradients. The overall accuracy does not depend on the global viscosity variation but on the gradients within individual elements. As a rule of thumb, accuracy can fall below 1% when there is a viscosity variation greater than a factor of two or three in an element. For iterative solution methods, necessary in three-dimensional modelling, these guidelines are required to determine the number of iterations to perform. We discuss a penalty based technique which improves the convergence of iterative solvers for general problems in which high viscosity gradients occurs spontaneously.", "date": "1996-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors", "volume": "97", "number": "1-4", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "83-94", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130327-144439696", "issn": "0031-9201", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130327-144439696", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "David and Lucile Packard Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9496185" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9417645" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5606", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/0031-9201(96)03163-9", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Moresi, Louis; Zhong, Shijie; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bywnj-wew49", "eprint_id": 36862, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:50:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 15:52:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Moresi-L", "name": { "family": "Moresi", "given": "Louis" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3685-174X" }, { "id": "Gurnis-M", "name": { "family": "Gurnis", "given": "Michael" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1704-597X" } ] }, "title": "Constraints on the lateral strength of slabs from three-dimensional dynamic flow models", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Western Pacific; 10\u00b0N to 50\u00b0N; subduction zones; lithosphere; viscosity", "note": "\u00a9 1996 Elsevier Science B.V.\n\nReceived 20 July 1995; accepted 14 November 1995.\n\nThe authors would like to thank D. Yuen and two\nanonymous referees for their helpful comments. This\nresearch was supported by the David and Lucille\nPackard Foundation and NSF grant EAR-9496185.\nContribution 5565 of the Division of Geological and\nPlanetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology.", "abstract": "If the viscosity of subducted lithosphere is described purely by temperature and pressure, it should remain considerably more viscous than the surrounding material as it descends through the upper mantle. Many dynamic models of the long wavelength geoid associated with slabs require an increase in viscosity from the upper to the lower mantle but assume the perturbation to the lateral viscosity structure arising from the slabs themselves can be ignored. Previous studies indicate that strong and localized viscosity variations should have a dramatic influence on the geoid. We present 3D finite element models of the regional geoid of the Western Pacific subduction zones. Slab buoyancies and viscosities are defined using the distribution of seismicity. The geoid is very sensitive to the lateral strength of the slab. Very viscous slabs penetrating a low viscosity mantle generate significant (10\u201350 m) long wavelength geoid lows: opposite to the geoid high which is observed over slabs. To obtain a geoid high comparable to that observed, the lower mantle viscosity must be 60\u2013200 times greater than the upper mantle viscosity and the slab must be in contact with the lower mantle. These strict requirements suggest that slabs have been weakened and cannot act as stress guides from the deep mantle to the surface.", "date": "1996-02", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "138", "number": "1-4", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "15-28", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130212-080951914", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130212-080951914", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "David and Lucille Packard Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "EAR-9496185" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5565", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/0012-821X(95)00221-W", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Moresi, Louis and Gurnis, Michael" } ]