

# Liu, Charles


## Article from [CaltechAUTHORS](https://authors.library.caltech.edu)

- Shao, Xiecheng and Chung, Ryan S., el al. (2025) [Directional hand movement can be classified from insular cortex SEEG signals using recurrent neural networks and high-gamma band features](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vd77c-v5941); Scientific Reports; Vol. 15; No. 1; 29993; PMCID PMC12357955; [10.1038/s41598-025-14805-3](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14805-3)
- Griggs, Whitney S. and Norman, Sumner L., el al. (2023) [Decoding motor plans using a closed-loop ultrasonic brain–machine interface](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9jqh1-w6t02); Nature Neuroscience; [10.1038/s41593-023-01500-7](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01500-7)
- Lim, Jeffrey and Wang, Po T., el al. (2023) [Suppression of cortical electrostimulation artifacts using pre-whitening and null projection](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/w0y36-p8x60); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 20; No. 5; 056018; [10.1088/1741-2552/acf68b](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/acf68b)
- Rosenthal, Isabelle A. and Bashford, Luke, el al. (2023) [S1 represents multisensory contexts and somatotopic locations within and outside the bounds of the cortical homunculus](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230615-812805000.12); Cell Reports; Vol. 42; No. 4; 112312; PMCID PMC10544688; [10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112312](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112312)
- Sohn, Won Joon and Lim, Jeffrey, el al. (2023) [Benchtop and bedside validation of a low-cost programmable cortical stimulator in a testbed for bi-directional brain-computer-interface research](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230213-466109600.28); Frontiers in Neuroscience; Vol. 16; Art. No. 1075971; PMCID PMC9878125; [10.3389/fnins.2022.1075971](https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1075971)
- Wandelt, Sarah K. and Kellis, Spencer, el al. (2022) [Decoding grasp and speech signals from the cortical grasp circuit in a tetraplegic human](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211103-170317858); Neuron; Vol. 110; No. 11; 1777-1787; PMCID PMC9186423; [10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.009](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.009)
- Na, Shuai and Russin, Jonathan J., el al. (2022) [Massively parallel functional photoacoustic computed tomography of the human brain](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210601-125253304); Nature Biomedical Engineering; Vol. 6; No. 5; 584-592; PMCID PMC8630100; [10.1038/s41551-021-00735-8](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00735-8)
- Martin del Campo-Vera, Roberto and Tang, Austin M., el al. (2022) [Neuromodulation in Beta-Band Power Between Movement Execution and Inhibition in the Human Hippocampus](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210713-161310079); Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface; Vol. 25; No. 2; 232-244; [10.1111/ner.13486](https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13486)
- Chen, Kuang-Hsuan and Tang, Austin M., el al. (2022) [Theta low-gamma phase amplitude coupling in the human orbitofrontal cortex increases during a conflict-processing task](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220131-46566700); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 19; No. 1; Art. No. 016026; [10.1088/1741-2552/ac4f9b](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac4f9b)
- Tang, Austin M. and Chen, Kuang-Hsuan, el al. (2021) [Amygdaloid theta-band power increases during conflict processing in humans](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210908-171136409); Journal of Clinical Neuroscience; Vol. 91; 183-192; [10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.001)
- Tang, Austin M. and Chen, Kuang-Hsuan, el al. (2021) [Hippocampal and Orbitofrontal Theta Band Coherence Diminishes During Conflict Resolution](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210505-081144738); World Neurosurgery; Vol. 152; e32-e44; [10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.023](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.023)
- Szymanski, Linda J. and Kellis, Spencer, el al. (2021) [Neuropathological effects of chronically implanted, intracortical microelectrodes in a tetraplegic patient](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210513-111744586); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 18; No. 4; Art. No. 0460b9; [10.1088/1741-2552/ac127e](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac127e)
- Kramer, Daniel Richard and Lee, Morgan Brianna, el al. (2021) [Mapping of primary somatosensory cortex of the hand area using a high-density electrocorticography grid for closed-loop brain computer interface](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200902-142357422); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 18; No. 3; Art. No. 036009; [10.1088/1741-2552/ab7c8e](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab7c8e)
- Bashford, Luke and Rosenthal, Isabelle, el al. (2021) [The Neurophysiological Representation of Imagined Somatosensory Percepts in Human Cortex](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210122-144955862); Journal of Neuroscience; Vol. 41; No. 10; 2177-2185; PMCID PMC8018772; [10.1523/jneurosci.2460-20.2021](https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2460-20.2021)
- Saif-ur-Rehman, Muhammad and Ali, Omair, el al. (2021) [SpikeDeep-classifier: a deep-learning based fully automatic offline spike sorting algorithm](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201124-102126060); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 18; No. 1; Art. No. 016009; [10.1088/1741-2552/abc8d4](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/abc8d4)
- Jafari, Matiar and Aflalo, Tyson, el al. (2020) [The human primary somatosensory cortex encodes imagined movement in the absence of sensory information](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201211-103009385); Communications Biology; Vol. 3; No. 1; Art. No. 757; [10.1038/s42003-020-01484-1](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01484-1)
- Ravina, Kristine and Lin, Li, el al. (2020) [Prospects of Photo- and Thermoacoustic Imaging in Neurosurgery](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191022-123341637); Neurosurgery; Vol. 87; No. 1; 11-24; [10.1093/neuros/nyz420](https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz420)
- Gogia, Angad S. and Del Campo-Vera, Roberto Martin, el al. (2020) [Gamma-band modulation in the human amygdala during reaching movements](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200706-132617645); Neurosurgical Focus; Vol. 49; No. 1; Art. No. E4; [10.3171/2020.4.focus20179](https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.4.focus20179)
- Del Campo-Vera, Roberto Martin and Gogia, Angad S., el al. (2020) [Beta-band power modulation in the human hippocampus during a reaching task](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200710-083434880); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 17; No. 3; Art. No. 036022; [10.1088/1741-2552/ab937f](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab937f)
- Peng, Terrance and Kramer, Daniel R., el al. (2020) [Comparison of Intraoperative 3-Dimensional Fluoroscopy With Standard Computed Tomography for Stereotactic Frame Registration](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200709-152841105); Operative Neurosurgery; Vol. 18; No. 6; 698-709; PMCID PMC7225008; [10.1093/ons/opz296](https://doi.org/10.1093/ons/opz296)
- Pu, Haoran and Lim, Jeffrey, el al. (2020) [Optimal artifact suppression in simultaneous electrocorticography stimulation and recording for bi-directional brain-computer interface applications](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200330-151432453); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 17; No. 2; Art. No. 026038; [10.1088/1741-2552/ab82ac](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab82ac)
- Kramer, Daniel R. and Lamorie-Foote, Krista, el al. (2020) [Utility and lower limits of frequency detection in surface electrode stimulation for somatosensory brain-computer interface in humans](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200212-130913738); Neurosurgical Focus; Vol. 48; No. 2; Art. No. E2; PMCID PMC7242113; [10.3171/2019.11.focus19696](https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.11.focus19696)
- Barbaro, Michael F. and Chesney, Kelsi, el al. (2020) [Dual responsive neurostimulation implants for epilepsy](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190211-102326986); Journal of Neurosurgery; Vol. 132; No. 1; 225-231; [10.3171/2018.8.JNS181362](https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.8.JNS181362)
- Wang, Po T. and Camacho, Everardo, el al. (2019) [A benchtop system to assess the feasibility of a fully independent and implantable brain-machine interface](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191014-144810554); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 16; No. 6; Art. No. 066043; PMCID PMC7271898; [10.1088/1741-2552/ab4b0c](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab4b0c)
- Lee, Morgan B. and Kramer, Daniel R., el al. (2019) [Clinical neuroprosthetics: Today and tomorrow](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190730-095347924); Journal of Clinical Neuroscience; Vol. 68; 13-19; PMCID PMC6717542; [10.1016/j.jocn.2019.07.056](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.07.056)
- Saif-ur-Rehman, Muhammad and Lienkämper, Robin, el al. (2019) [SpikeDeeptector: A deep-learning based method for detection of neural spiking activity](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190513-090157838); Journal of Neural Engineering; Vol. 16; No. 5; Art. No. 056003; [10.1088/1741-2552/ab1e63](https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab1e63)
- Kramer, Daniel R. and Lamorie-Foote, Krista, el al. (2019) [Functional Frequency Discrimination From Cortical Somatosensory Stimulation in Humans](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190823-100913553); Frontiers in Neuroscience; Vol. 13; Art. No. 832; [10.3389/fnins.2019.00832](https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00832)
- Barbaro, Michael F. and Kramer, Daniel R., el al. (2019) [Directional tuning during reach planning in the supramarginal gyrus using local field potentials](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190422-091140473); Journal of Clinical Neuroscience; Vol. 64; 214-219; PMCID PMC7271900; [10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.061](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.061)
- Miller, Carol and Szymanski, Linda, el al. (2019) [Neuropathology of chronically implanted, intracortical electrodes in a tetraplegic patient with robotic arm interface](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190711-080140209); Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology; Vol. 78; No. 6; 578-579; [10.1093/jnen/nlz034](https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlz034)
- Kramer, Daniel R. and Barbaro, Michael F., el al. (2019) [Electrocorticographic changes in field potentials following natural somatosensory percepts in humans](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190304-081347537); Experimental Brain Research; Vol. 237; No. 5; 1155-1167; PMCID PMC7307440; [10.1007/s00221-019-05495-1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05495-1)
- Kramer, Daniel R. and Kellis, Spencer, el al. (2019) [Technical considerations for generating somatosensation via cortical stimulation in a closed-loop sensory/motor brain-computer interface system in humans](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190131-104830101); Journal of Clinical Neuroscience; Vol. 63; 116-121; PMCID PMC7330927; [10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.027](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.027)
- Lee, Morgan B. and Kramer, Daniel R., el al. (2019) [Brain-Computer Interfaces in Quadriplegic Patients](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190219-140008393); Neurosurgery Clinics of North America; Vol. 30; No. 2; 275-281; [10.1016/j.nec.2018.12.009](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2018.12.009)
- Smith, Jason A. D. and Armacost, Michelle, el al. (2018) [Epilepsy surgery in the underserved Hispanic population improves depression, anxiety, and quality of life](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180416-082305242); Epilepsy and Behavior; Vol. 83; 1-6; [10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.03.015](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.03.015)
- Armenta Salas, Michelle and Bashford, Luke, el al. (2018) [Proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations in humans elicited by intracortical microstimulation](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180411-101957403); eLife; Vol. 7; Art. No. e32904; PMCID PMC5896877; [10.7554/eLife.32904.001](https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32904.001)
- Klaes, Christian and Kellis, Spencer, el al. (2015) [Hand Shape Representations in the Human Posterior Parietal Cortex](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151120-091934442); Journal of Neuroscience; Vol. 35; No. 46; 15466-15476; PMCID PMC4649012; [10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2747-15.2015](https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2747-15.2015)
- Aflalo, Tyson and Kellis, Spencer, el al. (2015) [Decoding Motor Imagery from the Posterior Parietal Cortex of a Tetraplegic Human](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150217-102913989); Science; Vol. 348; No. 6237; 906-910; PMCID PMC4896830; [10.1126/science.aaa5417](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5417)
- Liu, Charles Y. (2014) [Expanding Relevance in the Evolution of Medicine?](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141021-070820266); World Neurosurgery; Vol. 82; No. 6; 955-957; [10.1016/j.wneu.2014.10.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2014.10.001)
- Liu, Charles Y. (2014) [Neurosurgery: Expanding Relevance in the Evolution of Medicine?](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150217-091224036); World Neurosurgery; Vol. 82; No. 6; 955-957; [10.1016/j.wneu.2014.10.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2014.10.001)
- Stapleton, Christopher J. and Armstrong, Don L., el al. (2011) [Thrombospondin-1 Modulates the Angiogenic Phenotype of Human Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Endothelial Cells](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110511-151205807); Neurosurgery; Vol. 68; No. 5; 1342-1353; [10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820c0a68](https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820c0a68)
- Stapleton, Christopher J. and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2010) [The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the multimodal management of growth hormone–secreting pituitary adenomas](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101129-141607713); Neurosurgical Focus; Vol. 29; No. 4; Art. No. E11; [10.3171/2010.7.FOCUS10159](https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.7.FOCUS10159)
- Farin, Azadeh and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2009) [Biological restoration of central nervous system architecture and function:  Part 3 – Stem cell- and cell-based applications and realities in the biological management of central nervous system disorders:  traumatic, vascular, and epilepsy disorders](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20091106-140422267); Neurosurgery; Vol. 65; No. 5; 831-859; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000351721.81175.0B](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000351721.81175.0B)
- Khalessi, Alexander A. and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2009) [Neurosurgery and quantum dots:  Part I – State of the art](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100621-135328153); Neurosurgery; Vol. 64; No. 6; 1015-1027; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000347889.62762.3F](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000347889.62762.3F)
- Apuzzo, Michael L. J. and Elder, James B., el al. (2009) [The metamorphosis of neurological surgery and the reinvention of the neurosurgeon](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090727-135547761); Neurosurgery; Vol. 64; No. 5; 788-795; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000346651.35266.65](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000346651.35266.65)
- Farin, Azadeh and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2009) [The biological restoration of central nervous system architecture and function: Part 2-emergence of the realization of adults neurogenesis](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090915-150019754); Neurosurgery; Vol. 64; No. 4; 582-600; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000343539.15177.D1](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000343539.15177.D1)
- Farin, Azadeh and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2009) [The biological restoration of central nervous system architecture and function: Part 1 - foundations and historical landmarks in contemporary stem cell biology](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:FARno09); Neurosurgery; Vol. 64; No. 1; 15-34; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000337580.02706.DC](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000337580.02706.DC)
- Jabbour, Mark N. and Elder, James B., el al. (2009) [Aberrant Angiogenic Characteristics of Human Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Endothelial Cells](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101209-140524772); Neurosurgery; Vol. 64; No. 1; 139-146; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000334417.56742.24](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000334417.56742.24)
- Apuzzo, Michael L.J. and Elder, James B., el al. (2008) [The alchemy of ideas](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:APUno08); Neurosurgery; Vol. 63; No. 6; 1035-1044; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000335789.61773.C5](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000335789.61773.C5)
- Leary, Scott P. and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2006) [Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part III—Nanomedicine: Targeted Nanotherapy, Nanosurgery, and Progress Toward the Realization of Nanoneurosurgery](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170214-105819079); Neurosurgery; Vol. 58; No. 6; 1009-1026; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16)
- Leary, Scott P. and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2006) [Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part II—Nanomedicine: Diagnostics and Imaging at the Nanoscale Level](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170214-110609660); Neurosurgery; Vol. 58; No. 5; 805-823; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000216793.45952.ED](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000216793.45952.ED)
- Leary, Scott P. and Liu, Charles Y., el al. (2005) [Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part I—Progress in Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and the Comprehension of Events in the Mesoscale Realm](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170214-111340959); Neurosurgery; Vol. 57; No. 4; 606-634; [10.1093/neurosurgery/57.4.606](https://doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/57.4.606)
- Liu, Charles Y. and Westerlund, Ulf, el al. (2003) [Artificial Niches for Human Adult Neural Stem Cells: Possibility for Autologous Transplantation Therapy](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150202-100311553); Journal of Hematotherapy &amp; Stem Cell Research; Vol. 12; No. 6; 689-699; [10.1089/15258160360732713](https://doi.org/10.1089/15258160360732713)
- Liu, Charles Y. and Apuzzo, Michael L. J., el al. (2003) [Engineering of the Extracellular Matrix: Working toward Neural Stem Cell Programming and Neurorestoration — Concept and Progress Report](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:LIUn2003); Neurosurgery; Vol. 52; No. 5; 1154-1167; [10.1227/01.NEU.0000057747.93237.8F](https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000057747.93237.8F)
