[
    {
        "id": "authors:8zgs9-7bh34",
        "collection": "authors",
        "collection_id": "8zgs9-7bh34",
        "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KELjfm77",
        "type": "article",
        "title": "A porous prolate-spheroidal model for ciliated micro-organisms",
        "author": [
            {
                "family_name": "Keller",
                "given_name": "Stuart R.",
                "clpid": "Keller-S-R"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Wu",
                "given_name": "Theodore Y.",
                "clpid": "Wu-T-Y-T"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": "A fluid-mechanical model is developed for representing the mechanism of propulsion of a finite ciliated micro-organism having a prolate-spheroidal shape. The basic concept is the representation of the micro-organism by a prolate-spheroidal control surface upon which certain boundary conditions on the tangential and normal fluid velocities are prescribed. Expressions are obtained for the velocity of propulsion, the rate of energy dissipation in the fluid exterior to the cilia layer, and the stream function of the motion. The effect of the shape of the organism upon its locomotion is explored. Experimental streak photographs of the flow around both freely swimming and inert sedimenting Paramecia are presented and good agreement with the theoretical prediction of the streamlines is found.",
        "doi": "10.1017/S0022112077001669",
        "issn": "0022-1120",
        "publisher": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics",
        "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics",
        "publication_date": "1977-04-25",
        "series_number": "2",
        "volume": "80",
        "issue": "2",
        "pages": "259-278"
    },
    {
        "id": "authors:5rk5p-90q94",
        "collection": "authors",
        "collection_id": "5rk5p-90q94",
        "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120814-103042801",
        "type": "article",
        "title": "Spirillum swimming: theory and observations of propulsion by the flagellar bundle",
        "author": [
            {
                "family_name": "Winet",
                "given_name": "H.",
                "clpid": "Winet-H"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Keller",
                "given_name": "S. R.",
                "clpid": "Keller-S-R"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": "The hydrodynamics and energetics of helical swimming by the bacterium Spirillum sp. is analysed using observations from medium speed cine photomicrography and theory. The photographic records show that the swimming organism's flagellar bundles beat in a helical fashion just as other bacterial flagella do. The data are analysed according to the rotational resistive theory of Chwang & Wu (1971) in a simple-to-use parametric form with the viscous coefficients C_s and C_n calculated according to the method of Lighthill (1975). Results of the analysis show that Spirillum dissipated biochemical energy in performing work against fluid resistance to motion at an average rate of about 6 X 10^(\u22128) dyne cm s^(-1) with some 62\u201372% of the power dissipation due to the non-contractile body. These relationships yield a relatively low hydromechanical efficiency which is reflected in swimming speeds much smaller than a representative eukaryote. In addition the C_n/C_s ratio for the body is shown to lie in the range 0\u201386-1-51 and that for the flagellar bundle in the range 1\u201346-1-63. The implications of the power calculations for the Berg & Anderson (1973) rotating shaft model are discussed and it is shown that a rotational resistive theory analysis predicts a 5-cross bridge M ring for each flagellum of Spirillum.",
        "issn": "0022-0949",
        "publisher": "Company of Biologists",
        "publication": "Journal of Experimental Biology",
        "publication_date": "1976-12-01",
        "series_number": "3",
        "volume": "65",
        "issue": "3",
        "pages": "577-602"
    },
    {
        "id": "authors:vp5ft-xas62",
        "collection": "authors",
        "collection_id": "vp5ft-xas62",
        "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KELsfn75",
        "type": "book_section",
        "title": "A Traction-Layer Model for Ciliary Propulsion",
        "book_title": "Proceedings of the Symposium on Swimming and Flying in Nature, held at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., July 8-12, 1974",
        "author": [
            {
                "family_name": "Keller",
                "given_name": "S. R.",
                "clpid": "Keller-S-R"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Wu",
                "given_name": "T. Y.",
                "clpid": "Wu-T-Y-T"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Brennen",
                "given_name": "C.",
                "clpid": "Brennen-C-E"
            }
        ],
        "contributor": [
            {
                "family_name": "Wu",
                "given_name": "Theodore Y.-T.",
                "clpid": "Wu-T-Y-T"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Brokaw",
                "given_name": "Charles J.",
                "clpid": "Brokaw-C-J"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Brennen",
                "given_name": "Christopher",
                "clpid": "Brennen-C-E"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to present a new model for ciliary propulsion intended to rectify certain deficiencies in the existing theoretical models.  The envelope model has been developed by several authors including Taylor (1951), Reynolds (1965), Tuck (1968), Blake (1971a,b,c) and Brennen (1974); it employs the concept of representing the ciliary propulsion by a waving material sheet enveloping the tips of the cilia.  The principal limitations of this approach, as discussed in the review by Blake and Sleigh (1974), are due to the impermeability and no-slip conditions imposed on the flow at the envelope sheet (an assumption not fully supported by physical observations) and the mathematical necessity of a small amplitude analysis.",
        "isbn": "0306370883",
        "publisher": "Plenum Press",
        "place_of_publication": "New York",
        "publication_date": "1975",
        "pages": "253-271"
    }
]