We report on our tests of phase induced amplitude apodization (PIAA) coronagraphs in a new laboratory at NASA Ames. This laboratory is operated in a highly stabilized air environment, and it complements existing efforts at NASA JPL’s high contrast imaging testbed. At the time of writing, we are operating a refractive PIAA system and have achieved imaging contrast of 7 × 10\u207b\u2078 in a dark zone from 2.0 to 4.8 λ/D from an artificial star. We are also directing L3 Tinsley Laboratories in the fabrication of a next generation polychromatic PIAA coronagraph mirror set.
", "isbn": "978-1-58381-740-7", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication_date": "2010", "pages": "453-454" }, { "id": "authors:c21zb-e1w24", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "c21zb-e1w24", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191104-102957393", "type": "book_section", "title": "THESIS: terrestrial and habitable zone infrared spectroscopy spacecraft", "book_title": "Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2008: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter", "author": [ { "family_name": "Vasisht", "given_name": "G.", "orcid": "0000-0002-1871-6264", "clpid": "Vasisht-G" }, { "family_name": "Swain", "given_name": "M. R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0919-4468", "clpid": "Swain-M-R" }, { "family_name": "Akeson", "given_name": "R. L.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9674-1564", "clpid": "Akeson-R-L" }, { "family_name": "Burrows", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3099-5024", "clpid": "Burrows-A-S" }, { "family_name": "Deming", "given_name": "D.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5727-4094", "clpid": "Deming-D" }, { "family_name": "Grillmair", "given_name": "C. J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4072-169X", "clpid": "Grillmair-C-J" }, { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "T. P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Oschmann", "given_name": "Jacobus M., Jr.", "clpid": "Oschmann-J-M-Jr" }, { "family_name": "de Graauw", "given_name": "Mattheus W. M.", "clpid": "de-Graauw-M-W-M" }, { "family_name": "MacEwen", "given_name": "Howard A.", "clpid": "MacEwen-H-A" } ], "abstract": "THESIS is a concept for a medium class mission designed for spectroscopic characterization of extrasolar planets between 2-14 microns. The concept leverages off the recent first-steps made by Spitzer and Hubble in characterizing the atmospheres of alien gas giants. Under favourable circumstances, THESIS is capable of identifying biogenic molecules in habitable-zone planets, thereby determining conditions on worlds where life might exist. By systematically characterizing many worlds, from rocky planets to gas-giants, THESIS would deliver transformational science of profound interest to astronomers and the general public.", "doi": "10.1117/12.787688", "isbn": "9780819472205", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "2008-07-12", "pages": "Art. No. 70103U" }, { "id": "authors:q74sm-hk023", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "q74sm-hk023", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191104-134416252", "type": "book_section", "title": "TOPS: a small space telescope using phase induced-amplitude apodization (PIAA) to image rocky and giant exo-planets", "book_title": "Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets III", "author": [ { "family_name": "Guyon", "given_name": "Olivier", "orcid": "0000-0002-1097-9908", "clpid": "Guyon-O" }, { "family_name": "Angel", "given_name": "James R. P.", "clpid": "Angel-J-R-P" }, { "family_name": "Bowers", "given_name": "Charles", "clpid": "Bowers-C" }, { "family_name": "Burge", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Burge-J" }, { "family_name": "Burrows", "given_name": "Adam", "orcid": "0000-0002-3099-5024", "clpid": "Burrows-A-S" }, { "family_name": "Codona", "given_name": "Johanan", "clpid": "Codona-J" }, { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "Thomas", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" }, { "family_name": "Iye", "given_name": "Masanori", "clpid": "Iye-Masanori" }, { "family_name": "Kasting", "given_name": "James", "orcid": "0000-0003-4042-2067", "clpid": "Kasting-J-F" }, { "family_name": "Martin", "given_name": "Hubert", "clpid": "Martin-H" }, { "family_name": "McCarthy", "given_name": "Donald W., Jr.", "clpid": "McCarthy-D-W-Jr" }, { "family_name": "Meadows", "given_name": "Victoria", "clpid": "Meadows-V-S" }, { "family_name": "Meyer", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0003-1227-3084", "clpid": "Meyer-M-R" }, { "family_name": "Pluzhnik", "given_name": "Eugene A.", "clpid": "Pluzhnik-E-A" }, { "family_name": "Sleep", "given_name": "Norman", "clpid": "Sleep-N-H" }, { "family_name": "Tamura", "given_name": "Motohide", "orcid": "0000-0002-6510-0681", "clpid": "Tamura-Motohide" }, { "family_name": "Tenerelli", "given_name": "Domenick", "clpid": "Tenerelli-D" }, { "family_name": "Vanderbei", "given_name": "Robert", "clpid": "Vanderbei-R-J" }, { "family_name": "Woodgate", "given_name": "Bruce", "clpid": "Woodgate-Bruce-E" }, { "family_name": "Woodruff", "given_name": "Robert A.", "clpid": "Woodruff-R-A" }, { "family_name": "Woolf", "given_name": "Neville J.", "clpid": "Woolf-N-J" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Coulter", "given_name": "Daniel R.", "clpid": "Coulter-D-R" } ], "abstract": "The Telescope to Observe Planetary Systems (TOPS) is a proposed space mission to image planetary systems of nearby stars simultaneously in a few wide spectral bands covering the visible light (0.4-0.9 \u03bcm). It achieves its power by combining a high accuracy wavefront control system with a highly efficient Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph which provides strong suppression very close to the star (within 2 \u03bb/D). The PIAA coronagraphic technique opens the possibility of imaging Earthlike planets in visible light with a smaller telescope than previously supposed. If sized at 1.2-m, TOPS would image and characterize many Jupiter-sized planets, and discover 2 RE rocky planets within habitable zones of the \u224810 most favorable stars. With a larger 2-m aperture, TOPS would have the sensitivity to reveal Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around \u224820 stars, and to characterize any found with low resolution spectroscopy. Unless the occurrence of Earth-like planets is very low (\u03b7\u2295 <~ 0.2), a useful fraction of the TPF-C scientific program would be possible with aperture much smaller than the baselined 8 by 3.5m for TPF, with its more conventional coronagraph. An ongoing laboratory experiment has successfully demonstrated high contrast coronagraphic imaging within 2 \u03bb/d with the PIAA coronagraph / focal plane wavefront sensing scheme envisioned for TOPS.", "doi": "10.1117/12.735160", "isbn": "9780819468413", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "2007-09-19", "pages": "Art. No. 66930J" }, { "id": "authors:c5dfh-zad39", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "c5dfh-zad39", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180731-151509600", "type": "book_section", "title": "Observing exoplanets with the JWST NIRCam grisms", "book_title": "Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets III", "author": [ { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "Thomas", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" }, { "family_name": "Beichman", "given_name": "Charles", "orcid": "0000-0002-5627-5471", "clpid": "Beichman-C-A" }, { "family_name": "Eisenstein", "given_name": "Daniel", "clpid": "Eisenstein-D-J" }, { "family_name": "Horner", "given_name": "Scott", "clpid": "Horner-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Kelly", "given_name": "Douglas", "clpid": "Kelly-D-M" }, { "family_name": "Mao", "given_name": "Yalan", "clpid": "Mao-Yalan" }, { "family_name": "Meyer", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0003-1227-3084", "clpid": "Meyer-M-R" }, { "family_name": "Rieke", "given_name": "Marcia", "orcid": "0000-0002-7893-6170", "clpid": "Rieke-M-J" }, { "family_name": "Shi", "given_name": "Fang", "clpid": "Shi-Fang" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Coulter", "given_name": "Daniel R.", "clpid": "Coulter-D-R" } ], "abstract": "The near-infrared camera (NIRCam) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will incorporate 2 identical grisms in each of its 2 long wavelength channels. These transmission gratings have been added to assist with the coarse phasing of the JWST telescope, but they will also be used for slitless wide-field scientific observations over selectable regions of the \u03bb = 2.4 \u2212 5.0 \u03bcm wavelength range at spectroscopic resolution R \u2261 \u03bb/\u03b4\u03bb \u2243 2000. We describe the grism design details and their expected performance in NIRCam. The grisms will provide point-source continuum sensitivity of approximately AB = 23 mag in 10,000 s exposures with S/N = 5 when binned to R = 1000. This is approximately a factor of 3 worse than expected for the JWST NIRSpec instrument, but the NIRCam grisms provide better spatial resolution, better spectrophotometric precision, and complete field coverage. The grisms will be especially useful for high precision spectrophotometric observations of transiting exoplanets. We expect that R = 500 spectra of the primary transits and secondary eclipses of Jupiter-sized exoplanets can be acquired at moderate or high signal-to-noise for stars as faint as M = 10 \u2212 12 mag in 1000 s of integration time, and even bright stars (V = 5 mag) should be observable without saturation. We also discuss briefly how these observations will open up new areas of exoplanet science and suggest other unique scientific applications of the grisms.", "doi": "10.1117/12.732506", "isbn": "9780819468413", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "2007-09-19", "pages": "Art. No. 66930G" }, { "id": "authors:qycpx-pta23", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qycpx-pta23", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qycpx-pta23", "type": "book_section", "title": "Stellar Properties of Embedded Protostars", "book_title": "Protostars and Planets V", "author": [ { "family_name": "White", "given_name": "R. J." }, { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "T. P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" }, { "family_name": "Doppmann", "given_name": "G. W." }, { "family_name": "Covey", "given_name": "K. R." }, { "family_name": "Hillenbrand", "given_name": "L. A.", "clpid": "Hillenbrand-L-A" } ], "abstract": "Protostars are precursors to the nearly fully assembled T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be type stars undergoing quasistatic contraction toward the zero-age main sequence; they are in the process of acquiring the majority of their stellar mass. Although numerous young stars with spatially extended envelope-like structures appear to fit this description, their high extinction has inhibited observers from directly measuring their stellar and accretion properties and confirming that they are in fact in the main phase of mass accretion (i.e., true protostars). Recently, however, high dispersion spectrographs on large-aperture telescopes have allowed observers to begin studying the stellar and accretion properties of a subset of these stars, commonly referred to as Class I stars. In this chapter, we summarize the newly determined properties of Class I stars and compare them with observations of Class II stars, which are the more optically revealed T Tauri stars, to better understand the relative evolutionary state of the two classes. Class I stars have distributions of spectral types and stellar luminosities that are similar to those of Class II stars, suggesting similar masses and ages. The stellar luminosity and resulting age estimates, however, are especially uncertain given the difficulty in accounting for the large extinctions, scattered light emission, and continuum excesses typical of Class I stars. Several candidate Class I brown dwarfs are identified. Class I stars appear to rotate somewhat more rapidly than T Tauri stars, by roughly a factor of 2 in the mean. Likewise, the disk-accretion rates inferred from optical excesses and Bry luminosities are similar to, but larger in the mean by a factor of a few than, the disk-accretion rates of T Tauri stars. There is some evidence that the disk-accretion rates of Class I stars are more distinct from T Tauri stars within the p Ophiuchi star-forming region than in others (e.g., Taurus-Auriga), suggesting a possible environmental influence. The determined disk-accretion rates are nevertheless 1- 2 orders of magnitude less than the mass infall rates predicted by envelope models. In at least a few cases the discrepancy appears to be caused by T Tauri stars being misclassified as Class I stars because of their edge-on disk orientation. In cases where the envelope density and infall velocity have been determined directly and unambiguously, the discrepancy suggests that the stellar mass is not acquired in a steady-state fashion, but instead through brief outbursts of enhanced accretion. If the ages of some Class I stars are in fact as old as T Tauri stars, replenishment may be necessary to sustain the long-lived envelopes, possibly via continued dynamical interactions with cloud material.
", "isbn": "9780816526543", "publisher": "University of Arizona Press", "publication_date": "2007", "pages": "117-132" }, { "id": "authors:03m8j-v3840", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "03m8j-v3840", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190221-110516042", "type": "book_section", "title": "AstroBiology Explorer (ABE) MIDEX Mission Concept: Identifying Organic Molecules in Space", "book_title": "IR Space Telescopes and Instruments", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ennico", "given_name": "K.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8847-8492", "clpid": "Ennico-K-A" }, { "family_name": "Sandford", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Sandford-S-A" }, { "family_name": "Allamandola", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Allamandola-L-J" }, { "family_name": "Bregman", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Bregman-J-D" }, { "family_name": "Cohen", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Cohen-Martin" }, { "family_name": "Cruikshank", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Cruikshank-D" }, { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" }, { "family_name": "Hudgins", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Hudgins-D" }, { "family_name": "Kwok", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Kwok-Sun" }, { "family_name": "Lord", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Lord-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Madden", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Madden-S" }, { "family_name": "McCreight", "given_name": "C.", "clpid": "McCreight-C-R" }, { "family_name": "Roellig", "given_name": "T.", "clpid": "Roellig-T-L" }, { "family_name": "Strecker", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Strecker-D-W" }, { "family_name": "Tielens", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Tielens-A-G-G-M" }, { "family_name": "Werner", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Werner-M-W" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Mather", "given_name": "John C.", "clpid": "Mather-J-C" } ], "abstract": "The Astrobiology Explorer (ABE) is a MIDEX mission concept, currently under Concept Phase A study at NASA's Ames Research Center in collaboration with Ball Aerospace & Technologies, Corp., and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. ABE will conduct infrared spectroscopic observations to address important problems in astrobiology, astrochemistry, and astrophysics. The core observational program would make fundamental scientific progress in understanding the distribution, identity, and evolution of ices and organic matter in dense molecular clouds, young forming stellar systems, stellar outflows, the general diffuse ISM, HII regions, Solar System bodies, and external galaxies. The ABE instrument concept includes a 0.6 m aperture Ritchey-Chretien telescope and three moderate resolution (R = 2000-3000) spectrometers together covering the 2.5-20 micron spectral region. Large format (1024 x 1024 pixel) IR detector arrays will allow each spectrometer to cover an entire octave of spectral range per exposure without any moving parts. The telescope will be cooled below 50 K by a cryogenic dewar shielded by a sunshade. The detectors will be cooled to ~7.5 K by a solid hydrogen cryostat. The optimum orbital configuration for achieving the scientific objectives of the ABE mission is a low background, 1 AU Earth driftaway orbit requiring a Delta II launch vehicle. This configuration provides a low thermal background and allows adequate communications bandwidth and good access to the entire sky over the ~1.5 year mission lifetime.", "doi": "10.1117/12.461145", "isbn": "9780819446299", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "2003-03-05", "pages": "1149-1160" }, { "id": "authors:ds8pw-tas80", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ds8pw-tas80", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180801-112900383", "type": "book_section", "title": "NGST NIRCam Scientific Program and Design Concept", "book_title": "IR Space Telescopes and Instruments", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rieke", "given_name": "Marcia", "orcid": "0000-0002-7893-6170", "clpid": "Rieke-M-J" }, { "family_name": "Baum", "given_name": "Stefi", "clpid": "Baum-S-A" }, { "family_name": "Beichman", "given_name": "Chas.", "orcid": "0000-0002-5627-5471", "clpid": "Beichman-C-A" }, { "family_name": "Crampton", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Crampton-D" }, { "family_name": "Doyon", "given_name": "Ren\u00e9", "clpid": "Doyon-R" }, { "family_name": "Eisenstein", "given_name": "Daniel", "clpid": "Eisenstein-D-J" }, { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "Thomas", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" }, { "family_name": "Hodapp", "given_name": "Klaus-Werner", "orcid": "0000-0003-0786-2140", "clpid": "Hodapp-K-W" }, { "family_name": "Horner", "given_name": "Scott", "clpid": "Horner-S-D" }, { "family_name": "Johnstone", "given_name": "Doug", "orcid": "0000-0002-6773-459X", "clpid": "Johnstone-D" }, { "family_name": "Lesyna", "given_name": "Larry", "clpid": "Lesyna-L" }, { "family_name": "Lilly", "given_name": "Simon", "orcid": "0000-0002-6423-3597", "clpid": "Lilly-S-J" }, { "family_name": "Meyer", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0003-1227-3084", "clpid": "Meyer-M-R" }, { "family_name": "Martin", "given_name": "Peter", "orcid": "0000-0002-5236-3896", "clpid": "Martin-P-G" }, { "family_name": "McCarthy", "given_name": "Donald", "clpid": "McCarthy-D-W" }, { "family_name": "Rieke", "given_name": "George", "orcid": "0000-0003-2303-6519", "clpid": "Rieke-G-H" }, { "family_name": "Roellig", "given_name": "Thomas", "clpid": "Roellig-T-L" }, { "family_name": "Stauffer", "given_name": "John", "orcid": "0000-0003-3595-7382", "clpid": "Stauffer-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Trauger", "given_name": "John", "clpid": "Trauger-J-T" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Erick", "clpid": "Young-E-T" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Mather", "given_name": "John C.", "clpid": "Mather-J-C" } ], "abstract": "The science program for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) relies heavily on a high performance nearinfrared imager. A design which supports the observations outlined in the Design Reference Mission (DRM) and which also supports enhanced searches for \"first light\" objects and planets has been developed. Key features of the design include use of refractive optics to minimize the volume and mass required, tunable filters for spectroscopic imaging, and redundant imagers for fail-safe wavefront sensing.", "doi": "10.1117/12.489103", "isbn": "9780819446299", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "2003-03-05", "pages": "478-485" }, { "id": "authors:3qd3q-c9m04", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3qd3q-c9m04", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3qd3q-c9m04", "type": "book_section", "title": "FAME: The Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer's Potential for Observing Young Nearby Stars", "book_title": "Young Stars near Earth: Progress and Prospects", "author": [ { "family_name": "Greene", "given_name": "Thomas P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8963-8056", "clpid": "Greene-Thomas-P" } ], "abstract": "The Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer will determine the positions, parallaxes, proper motions, and multi-color photometric magnitudes of 4 x 10\u2077 stars with 5 ≤ mv ≤ 15. The parallaxes and positions of mv ≤ 9 stars will be measured to an accuracy of 50 μas, and mv = 15 ones will be measured to 500 μas. Thus the distances of all mv ≤ 15 stars within 100 pc of Earth will be determined to an accuracy of 5% or better. This will afford a revolution in the field: FAME will identify many more nearby young stars and associations, provide precise distances and luminosities which will reveal pre-main-sequence evolution, provide a detailed picture of local star formation history, and detect companions below 10 MJup. FAME is expected to launch in October 2004 and will have a 5 year total mission life.
", "isbn": "978-1-58381-580-9", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "place_of_publication": "San Francisco, CA", "publication_date": "2001", "pages": "348-352" } ]