[ { "id": "authors:vny13-xzv15", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vny13-xzv15", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vny13-xzv15", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable biomolecular sensing nanotechnologies in chronic disease management", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640" }, { "family_name": "Flynn", "given_name": "Connor D.", "orcid": "0009-0009-5692-5719" }, { "family_name": "Yeom", "given_name": "Jeonghee", "orcid": "0000-0001-6320-034X" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhenwei" }, { "family_name": "Kelley", "given_name": "Shana O.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3360-5359" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Over the past decade, consumer wearable sensors have become increasingly ubiquitous in health monitoring, enabling the widespread tracking of key biophysical parameters. The transition towards next-generation body-interfaced biomolecular sensing technologies, fuelled by the integration of reagentless sensing strategies with advanced nanomaterials, marks the next substantial leap forward. These innovations enable unobtrusive, multimodal monitoring of both physiological parameters and biochemical disease markers in real time. This Review examines the current generation of body-interfaced biomolecular sensing technologies, with a particular emphasis on materials innovation and nanotechnological advancements, and discusses their pivotal role in chronic disease monitoring. The discussion extends to the challenges and prospects in this rapidly evolving field, highlighting the potential for materials-focused approaches to transform the landscape of chronic disease monitoring and management with body-interfaced bioelectronics. By harnessing the power of materials and nanotechnological innovations, these biomolecular sensing technologies promise to enhance diagnostic capabilities and foster a more proactive, personalized approach to combating these diseases.", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-025-02010-2", "issn": "1748-3387", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "publication": "Nature Nanotechnology", "publication_date": "2025-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "20", "issue": "10", "pages": "1388-1404" }, { "id": "authors:ev7mp-y6305", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ev7mp-y6305", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ev7mp-y6305", "type": "article", "title": "Flexible and Conformable Carbon Nanotube Twin Transistors for Real-Time Glucose Biosensing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Hanxiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-8556-8468" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Yin", "given_name": "Hexing" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Yuan" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Ao" }, { "family_name": "Xie", "given_name": "Zhixin" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Meng", "orcid": "0000-0002-3018-6657" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Qibing", "orcid": "0000-0003-1669-1734" } ], "abstract": "Semiconductive single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based transistors have long and extensively been explored for sensing applications, biosensors in particular, but reproducible reliable results remain elusive. The random distribution of the nanotube network, as well as the variation of the network due to deformation or surrounding fluidic dynamics, leads to fluctuation of the channel current, which is difficult to control. The signal-to-noise ratio is thus low, and calibration is required. To mitigate this challenge, SWNT-based twin transistors are introduced, where one acts as a sensor and the other as a reference. The twin transistors share gate and source electrodes, and all of the source/drain electrodes are sealed by a parylene layer to minimize electrolytic leakage. A common-source amplifier circuit generates voltage signal readouts from the sensor and reference transistors, and the differential outputs reduce the noise level by 59%. Arrays of twin transistors were fabricated in a hybrid process involving photolithography, solution-based deposition of the SWNTs, and transfer to a polyurethane substrate. To demonstrate glucose biosensing, glucose oxidase was immobilized on the SWNTs in the sensor channels. A semipermeable Nafion layer was applied to embed the SWNT network. This resulted in a sensor that can deliver real-time detection of glucose in human serum and a 100% increase in normalized responses per decade of glucose concentrations between 100 \u03bcM and 100 mM. The response is proportional to the cubic root of glucose concentration, indicating that the redox electrons conducted by the nanotubes in the channel length direction contribute to the sensor response. A portable glucose-sensing system with flexible twin transistors is also demonstrated without the need for device-specific calibrations.", "doi": "10.1021/acsanm.5c01165", "issn": "2574-0970", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Applied Nano Materials", "publication_date": "2025-05-16", "series_number": "19", "volume": "8", "issue": "19", "pages": "9924\u20139936" }, { "id": "authors:hy9gh-2je62", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hy9gh-2je62", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hy9gh-2je62", "type": "article", "title": "Boosting hydrogel conductivity via water-dispersible conducting polymers for injectable bioelectronics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Montazerian", "given_name": "Hossein", "orcid": "0000-0001-6972-2667" }, { "family_name": "Davoodi", "given_name": "Elham", "orcid": "0000-0001-8578-9431", "clpid": "Davoodi-Elham" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "orcid": "0000-0003-3297-9041", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Lorestani", "given_name": "Farnaz" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Haghniaz", "given_name": "Reihaneh" }, { "family_name": "Sampath", "given_name": "Rohan R.", "orcid": "0009-0009-2419-0842" }, { "family_name": "Mohaghegh", "given_name": "Neda" }, { "family_name": "Khosravi", "given_name": "Safoora" }, { "family_name": "Zehtabi", "given_name": "Fatemeh" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Yichao" }, { "family_name": "Hosseinzadeh", "given_name": "Negar" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Tianhan", "orcid": "0000-0003-3934-0785" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung K.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1734-0792", "clpid": "Hsiai-Tzung-K" }, { "family_name": "Najafabadi", "given_name": "Alireza Hassani", "orcid": "0000-0002-8215-4374" }, { "family_name": "Langer", "given_name": "Robert", "orcid": "0000-0003-4255-0492" }, { "family_name": "Anderson", "given_name": "Daniel G.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5629-4798" }, { "family_name": "Weiss", "given_name": "Paul S." }, { "family_name": "Khademhosseini", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0002-2692-1524" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Bioelectronic devices hold transformative potential for healthcare diagnostics and therapeutics. Yet, traditional electronic implants often require invasive surgeries and  are mechanically incompatible with biological tissues. Injectable hydrogel bioelectronics offer a minimally invasive alternative that interfaces with soft tissue seamlessly. A major challenge is the low conductivity of bioelectronic systems, stemming from poor dispersibility of conductive additives in hydrogel mixtures. We address this issue by engineering doping conditions with hydrophilic biomacromolecules, enhancing the dispersibility of conductive polymers in aqueous systems. This approach achieves a 5-fold increase in dispersibility and a 20-fold boost in conductivity compared to conventional methods. The resulting conductive polymers are molecularly and in vivo degradable, making them suitable for transient bioelectronics applications. These additives are compatible with various hydrogel systems, such as alginate, forming ionically cross-linkable conductive inks for 3D-printed wearable electronics toward high-performance physiological monitoring. Furthermore, integrating conductive fillers with gelatin-based bioadhesive hydrogels substantially enhances conductivity for injectable sealants, achieving 250% greater sensitivity in pH sensing for chronic wound monitoring. Our findings indicate that hydrophilic dopants effectively tailor conducting polymers for hydrogel fillers, enhancing their biodegradability and expanding applications in transient implantable biomonitoring.

", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-59045-1", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2025-04-22", "series_number": "1", "volume": "16", "issue": "1", "pages": "3755" }, { "id": "authors:d937q-w6k63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d937q-w6k63", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d937q-w6k63", "type": "article", "title": "A microfluidic wearable device for wound exudate management and analysis in human chronic wounds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "orcid": "0000-0003-3297-9041", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Fan", "given_name": "Kexin", "orcid": "0000-0003-3818-5891", "clpid": "Fan-Kexin" }, { "family_name": "Shirzaei Sani", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-4609-1505", "clpid": "Shirzaei-Sani-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Lasalde-Ram\u00edrez", "given_name": "Jos\u00e9 A.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2834-3120", "clpid": "Lasalde-Ramirez-Jose-A" }, { "family_name": "Heng", "given_name": "Wenzheng", "orcid": "0009-0009-5278-0727", "clpid": "Heng-Wenzheng" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7199-6659", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-Aaron" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "orcid": "0000-0001-7938-9589", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Gwangmook", "orcid": "0000-0002-7469-408X", "clpid": "Kim-Gwangmook" }, { "family_name": "Shin", "given_name": "Soyoung", "orcid": "0009-0002-3210-6427", "clpid": "Shin-Soyoung" }, { "family_name": "Seder", "given_name": "Alex", "clpid": "Seder-Alex" }, { "family_name": "Shih", "given_name": "Chia-Ding", "orcid": "0000-0001-9203-1899" }, { "family_name": "Armstrong", "given_name": "David G.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1887-9175" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Chronic wounds are a major global health challenge associated with substantial economic burden and a negative impact on patient quality of life. Real-time analysis of biomarkers like reactive oxygen and nitrogen species could guide treatment, but existing systems lack the capacity required for continuous monitoring. Wound exudate is secreted slowly and has a complex composition, making efficient fluid collection and real-time analysis challenging. To address these issues, we introduce iCares, a wearable device for wound exudate management and continuous in situ analysis of wound biomarkers. iCares contains a flexible nanoengineered sensor array that measures reactive species such as NO, H2O2, and O2, along with pH and temperature, providing multiparameter data to inform wound status. The device features pump-free triad microfluidic modules with a superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic Janus membrane, bioinspired wedge channels, and three-dimensional graded micropillars for efficient unidirectional exudate collection, transport, and refreshing. The sensors demonstrated a consistent response and analyte selectivity in vitro and in wound exudate. iCares was designed for rapid scalable manufacturing through advanced printing and laser patterning. Wireless connectivity supported long-term continuous monitoring in wounds. The iCares system real-time monitoring was tested in a murine model of diabetic skin wound during infection and antimicrobial treatment. Clinical wound evaluation was conducted in 20 patients with chronic wounds and in two patients before and after surgery. A machine learning analysis of the multiplexed data successfully classified wounds and healing times, indicating that wound exudate analysis by iCares could offer insight into chronic wound status to aid in treatment decisions.

", "doi": "10.1126/scitranslmed.adt0882", "issn": "1946-6234", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Translational Medicine", "publication_date": "2025-04", "series_number": "795", "volume": "17", "issue": "795", "pages": "eadt0882" }, { "id": "authors:srh39-zqf51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "srh39-zqf51", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/srh39-zqf51", "type": "article", "title": "Non-invasive hormone monitoring with a wearable sweat biosensor", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Yerim", "orcid": "0009-0008-6774-1125", "clpid": "Lee-Yerim" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Wearable sweat biosensors enable the non-invasive, real-time monitoring of hormones. Here, we highlight the development and commercialization of a wearable technology that can measure hormone levels in sweat for women's health applications, including fertility tracking and menopause management.

", "doi": "10.1038/s44222-025-00276-8", "issn": "2731-6092", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Reviews Bioengineering", "publication_date": "2025-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "3", "issue": "3", "pages": "190-191" }, { "id": "authors:b60yj-me080", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b60yj-me080", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b60yj-me080", "type": "article", "title": "Printable molecule-selective core\u2013shell nanoparticles for wearable and implantable sensing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Ye", "given_name": "Cui", "orcid": "0000-0001-7689-6825", "clpid": "Ye-Cui" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Mukasa", "given_name": "Daniel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8379-3648", "clpid": "Mukasa-Daniel" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7199-6659", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Guofang", "orcid": "0000-0001-6653-0440" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Songsong", "orcid": "0000-0003-4699-6563", "clpid": "Tang-Songsong" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung K." }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Zhaoping" }, { "family_name": "McCune", "given_name": "Jeannine S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0795-497X" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable and implantable biosensors are pioneering new frontiers in precision medicine by enabling continuous biomolecule analysis for fundamental investigation and personalized health monitoring. However, their widespread adoption remains impeded by challenges such as the limited number of detectable targets, operational instability and production scalability. Here, to address these issues, we introduce printable core\u2013shell nanoparticles with built-in dual functionality: a molecularly imprinted polymer shell for customizable target recognition, and a nickel hexacyanoferrate core for stable electrochemical transduction. Using inkjet printing with an optimized nanoparticle ink formulation, we demonstrate the mass production of robust and flexible biosensors capable of continuously monitoring a broad spectrum of biomarkers, including amino acids, vitamins, metabolites and drugs. We demonstrate their effectiveness in wearable metabolic monitoring of vitamin C, tryptophan and creatinine in individuals with long COVID. Additionally, we validate their utility in therapeutic drug monitoring for cancer patients and in a mouse model through providing real-time analysis of immunosuppressants such as busulfan, cyclophosphamide and mycophenolic acid.", "doi": "10.1038/s41563-024-02096-4", "issn": "1476-1122", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Materials", "publication_date": "2025-02-03" }, { "id": "authors:5vpj7-wr151", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5vpj7-wr151", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5vpj7-wr151", "type": "article", "title": "Lighting the Path to Precision Healthcare: Advances and Applications of Wearable Photonic Sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Ruihao", "orcid": "0009-0003-5804-9624", "clpid": "Song-Ruihao" }, { "family_name": "Cho", "given_name": "Seokjoo", "clpid": "Cho-Seokjoo" }, { "family_name": "Khan", "given_name": "Shadman", "clpid": "Khan-Shadman" }, { "family_name": "Park", "given_name": "Inkyu", "clpid": "Park-Inkyu" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Recent advancements in wearable photonic sensors have marked a transformative era in healthcare, enabling non\u2010invasive, real\u2010time, portable, and personalized medical monitoring. These sensors leverage the unique properties of light toward high\u2010performance sensing in form factors optimized for real\u2010world use. Their ability to offer solutions to a broad spectrum of medical challenges – from routine health monitoring to managing chronic conditions, inspires a rapidly growing translational market. This review explores the design and development of wearable photonic sensors toward various healthcare applications. The photonic sensing strategies that power these technologies are first presented, alongside a discussion of the factors that define optimal use\u2010cases for each approach. The means by which these mechanisms are integrated into wearable formats are then discussed, with considerations toward material selection for comfort and functionality, component fabrication, and power management. Recent developments in the space are detailed, accounting for both physical and chemical stimuli detection through various non\u2010invasive biofluids. Finally, a comprehensive situational overview identifies critical challenges toward translation, alongside promising solutions. Associated future outlooks detail emerging trends and mechanisms that stand to enable the integration of these technologies into mainstream healthcare practice, toward advancing personalized medicine and improving patient outcomes.

", "doi": "10.1002/adma.202419161", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2025-01-26" }, { "id": "authors:9yke0-p9m74", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9yke0-p9m74", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9yke0-p9m74", "type": "article", "title": "Applied body-fluid analysis by wearable devices", "author": [ { "family_name": "Brasier", "given_name": "No\u00e9", "orcid": "0000-0003-0186-0865" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "orcid": "0000-0002-4921-9674" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Dincer", "given_name": "Can", "orcid": "0000-0003-3301-1198" }, { "family_name": "Ates", "given_name": "H. Ceren", "orcid": "0000-0001-7882-4745" }, { "family_name": "G\u00fcder", "given_name": "Firat" }, { "family_name": "Olenik", "given_name": "Selin" }, { "family_name": "Schauwecker", "given_name": "Ivo" }, { "family_name": "Schaffarczyk", "given_name": "Dietmar" }, { "family_name": "Vayena", "given_name": "Effy", "orcid": "0000-0003-1303-5467" }, { "family_name": "Ritz", "given_name": "Nicole" }, { "family_name": "Weisser", "given_name": "Maja" }, { "family_name": "Mtenga", "given_name": "Sally" }, { "family_name": "Ghaffari", "given_name": "Roozbeh" }, { "family_name": "Rogers", "given_name": "John A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2980-3961" }, { "family_name": "Goldhahn", "given_name": "J\u00f6rg", "orcid": "0000-0003-0012-0494" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sensors are a recent paradigm in healthcare, enabling continuous, decentralized, and non- or minimally invasive monitoring of health and disease. Continuous measurements yield information-rich time series of physiological data that are holistic and clinically meaningful. Although most wearable sensors were initially restricted to biophysical measurements, the next generation of wearable devices is now emerging that enable biochemical monitoring of both small and large molecules in a variety of body fluids, such as sweat, breath, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. Rapidly evolving data analysis and decision-making technologies through artificial intelligence has accelerated the application of wearables around the world. Although recent pilot trials have demonstrated the clinical applicability of these wearable devices, their widespread adoption will require large-scale validation across various conditions, ethical consideration and sociocultural acceptance. Successful translation of wearable devices from laboratory prototypes into clinical tools will further require a comprehensive transitional environment involving all stakeholders. The wearable device platforms must gain acceptance among different user groups, add clinical value for various medical indications, be eligible for reimbursements and contribute to public health initiatives. In this Perspective, we review state-of-the-art wearable devices for body-fluid analysis and their translation into clinical applications, and provide insight into their clinical purpose.", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-08249-4", "issn": "0028-0836", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature", "publication_date": "2024-12-05", "series_number": "8041", "volume": "636", "issue": "8041", "pages": "57-68" }, { "id": "authors:3gkmd-rqq82", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3gkmd-rqq82", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3gkmd-rqq82", "type": "article", "title": "Imaging-guided bioresorbable acoustic hydrogel microrobots", "author": [ { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Xiaotian", "orcid": "0009-0000-8357-9916", "clpid": "Ma-Xiaotian" }, { "family_name": "Deng", "given_name": "Weiting", "orcid": "0000-0003-0984-8027", "clpid": "Deng-Weiting" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Junhang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7847-3102" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Songsong", "orcid": "0000-0003-4699-6563", "clpid": "Tang-Songsong" }, { "family_name": "Pak", "given_name": "On Shun", "orcid": "0000-0003-1510-7049" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Lailai", "orcid": "0000-0002-3443-0709" }, { "family_name": "Criado-Hidalgo", "given_name": "Ernesto", "orcid": "0000-0001-9086-9129", "clpid": "Criado-Hidalgo-Ernesto" }, { "family_name": "Gong", "given_name": "Chen", "orcid": "0000-0002-6262-704X" }, { "family_name": "Karshalev", "given_name": "Emil", "orcid": "0000-0001-7802-6153", "clpid": "Karshalev-Emil" }, { "family_name": "Yoo", "given_name": "Jounghyun", "orcid": "0000-0003-4253-2382" }, { "family_name": "You", "given_name": "Ming", "clpid": "You-Ming" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Ann", "orcid": "0000-0002-0908-3506", "clpid": "Liu-Ann" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "orcid": "0000-0003-3297-9041", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Hao K.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2687-0736", "clpid": "Shen-Hao-K" }, { "family_name": "Patel", "given_name": "Payal N.", "clpid": "Patel-Payal-N" }, { "family_name": "Hays", "given_name": "Claire L.", "orcid": "0009-0006-9312-9816", "clpid": "Hays-Claire-L" }, { "family_name": "Gunnarson", "given_name": "Peter J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4437-5379", "clpid": "Gunnarson-Peter-J" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Lei", "orcid": "0000-0001-6164-2646", "clpid": "Li-Lei" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Yang", "orcid": "0000-0002-4533-4325", "clpid": "Zhang-Yang" }, { "family_name": "Dabiri", "given_name": "John Oluseun", "orcid": "0000-0002-6722-9008", "clpid": "Dabiri-J-O" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Lihong V.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9783-4383", "clpid": "Wang-Lihong-V" }, { "family_name": "Shapiro", "given_name": "Mikhail G.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0291-4215", "clpid": "Shapiro-M-G" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Di", "orcid": "0000-0002-6848-668X", "clpid": "Wu-Di" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Qifa", "orcid": "0000-0003-1527-3020" }, { "family_name": "Greer", "given_name": "Julia R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9675-1508", "clpid": "Greer-J-R" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Micro- and nanorobots excel in navigating the intricate and often inaccessible areas of the human body, offering immense potential for applications such as disease diagnosis, precision drug delivery, detoxification, and minimally invasive surgery. Despite their promise, practical deployment faces hurdles, including achieving stable propulsion in complex in vivo biological environments, real-time imaging and localization through deep tissue, and precise remote control for targeted therapy and ensuring high therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these obstacles, we introduce a hydrogel-based, imaging-guided, bioresorbable acoustic microrobot (BAM) designed to navigate the human body with high stability. Constructed using two-photon polymerization, a BAM comprises magnetic nanoparticles and therapeutic agents integrated into its hydrogel matrix for precision control and drug delivery. The microrobot features an optimized surface chemistry with a hydrophobic inner layer to substantially enhance microbubble retention in biofluids with multiday functionality and a hydrophilic outer layer to minimize aggregation and promote timely degradation. The dual-opening bubble-trapping cavity design enables a BAM to maintain consistent and efficient acoustic propulsion across a range of biological fluids. Under focused ultrasound stimulation, the entrapped microbubbles oscillate and enhance the contrast for real-time ultrasound imaging, facilitating precise tracking and control of BAM movement through wireless magnetic navigation. Moreover, the hydrolysis-driven biodegradability of BAMs ensures its safe dissolution after treatment, posing no risk of long-term residual harm. Thorough in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence demonstrates the promising capabilities of BAMs in biomedical applications. This approach shows promise for advancing minimally invasive medical interventions and targeted therapeutic delivery.", "doi": "10.1126/scirobotics.adp3593", "issn": "2470-9476", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Robotics", "publication_date": "2024-12", "series_number": "97", "volume": "9", "issue": "97" }, { "id": "authors:mzwp5-r8p90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mzwp5-r8p90", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mzwp5-r8p90", "type": "article", "title": "Organ-specific sympathetic innervation defines visceral functions", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Tongtong", "orcid": "0000-0002-0408-2571", "clpid": "Wang-Tongtong" }, { "family_name": "Teng", "given_name": "Bochuan", "orcid": "0000-0001-7918-484X", "clpid": "Teng-Bochuan" }, { "family_name": "Yao", "given_name": "Dickson R.", "clpid": "Yao-Dickson-R" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Oka", "given_name": "Yuki", "orcid": "0000-0003-2686-0677", "clpid": "Oka-Yuki" } ], "abstract": "

The autonomic nervous system orchestrates the functions of the brain and body through the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways1. However, our understanding of the autonomic system, especially the sympathetic system, at the cellular and molecular levels is severely limited. Here we show topological representations of individual visceral organs in the major abdominal sympathetic ganglion complex. Using multi-modal transcriptomic analyses, we identified molecularly distinct sympathetic populations in the coeliac–superior mesenteric ganglia (CG–SMG). Of note, individual CG–SMG populations exhibit selective and mutually exclusive axonal projections to visceral organs, targeting either the gastrointestinal tract or secretory areas including the pancreas and bile tract. This combinatorial innervation pattern suggests functional segregation between different CG–SMG populations. Indeed, our neural perturbation experiments demonstrated that one class of neurons regulates gastrointestinal transit, and another class of neurons controls digestion and glucagon secretion independent of gut motility. These results reveal the molecularly diverse sympathetic system and suggest modular regulation of visceral organ functions by sympathetic populations.

", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-08269-0", "issn": "0028-0836", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature", "publication_date": "2024-11-27" }, { "id": "authors:y5fcj-gmf83", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y5fcj-gmf83", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/y5fcj-gmf83", "type": "article", "title": "Humidity resilient ionogels for joint pressure monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Yadong", "clpid": "Xu-Yadong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Hydrogels have garnered substantial attention in the field of soft electronics due to their flexibility and tissue-like elasticity, making them ideal for interfacing with biological tissues and organs. However, they often suffer from low electrical conductivity and are prone to drying out over time due to water evaporation, limiting their long-term functionality. Ionogels, which address these limitations, have emerged as a promising alternative. These materials incorporate polymer networks swollen in ionic liquids or are formed by polymerizing monomers within ionic liquids. Ionic liquids endow ionogels with unique properties—such as ionic conductivity, non-volatility, and high thermal and electrochemical stability—making them suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, including wearable electronics, energy storage, and sensing technologies. Nonetheless, a persistent challenge with ionogels has been their hygroscopic nature, especially in humid or wet conditions, as in implantable biomedical devices. In such conditions, ionogels can absorb water, which disrupts their ionic pathways and can compromise their structural integrity—posing a critical concern for implantable applications where stable performance is required in the high-humidity and dynamic environment of the human body. 

", "doi": "10.1093/nsr/nwae412", "issn": "2095-5138", "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)", "publication": "National Science Review", "publication_date": "2024-11-15" }, { "id": "authors:4we45-cy773", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4we45-cy773", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4we45-cy773", "type": "article", "title": "Miniaturized soft batteries for biomedical implants", "author": [ { "family_name": "Heng", "given_name": "Wenzheng", "clpid": "Heng-Wenzheng" }, { "family_name": "Yao", "given_name": "Dickson R.", "orcid": "0009-0004-8894-8951", "clpid": "Yao-Dickson-R" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "
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Miniaturized, flexible lithium-ion droplet batteries offer a promising solution for powering implantable medical devices, providing reliable energy for a wide range of biomedical monitoring and therapeutic applications.

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", "doi": "10.1038/s44286-024-00135-0", "issn": "2948-1198", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Chemical Engineering", "publication_date": "2024-11", "volume": "1", "pages": "691\u2013701" }, { "id": "authors:mps6p-n9879", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mps6p-n9879", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mps6p-n9879", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable and Implantable Soft Robots", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yin", "given_name": "Shukun", "orcid": "0000-0002-8218-9219", "clpid": "Yin-Shukun" }, { "family_name": "Yao", "given_name": "Dickson R.", "clpid": "Yao-D-R" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Heng", "given_name": "Wenzheng", "clpid": "Heng-Wenzheng" }, { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Xiaotian", "orcid": "0009-0000-8357-9916", "clpid": "Ma-Xiaotian" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Soft robotics presents innovative solutions across different scales. The flexibility and mechanical characteristics of soft robots make them particularly appealing for wearable and implantable applications. The scale and level of invasiveness required for soft robots depend on the extent of human interaction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of wearable and implantable soft robots, including applications in rehabilitation, assistance, organ simulation, surgical tools, and therapy. We discuss challenges such as the complexity of fabrication processes, the integration of responsive materials, and the need for robust control strategies, while focusing on advances in materials, actuation and sensing mechanisms, and fabrication techniques. Finally, we discuss the future outlook, highlighting key challenges and proposing potential solutions.

", "doi": "10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00513", "issn": "0009-2665", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical Reviews", "publication_date": "2024-10-11", "series_number": "20", "volume": "124", "issue": "20", "pages": "11585\u201311636" }, { "id": "authors:np22g-kmp15", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "np22g-kmp15", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/np22g-kmp15", "type": "article", "title": "Bacterial outer membrane vesicle nanorobot", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Songsong", "orcid": "0000-0003-4699-6563" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Daitian", "orcid": "0009-0000-6996-1051" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Houhong", "orcid": "0000-0002-9630-5954" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yangyang" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Dewang" }, { "family_name": "Peng", "given_name": "Xiqi", "orcid": "0000-0003-4421-5188" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Chunyu" }, { "family_name": "Su", "given_name": "Yilin" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Shaohua", "orcid": "0000-0002-2396-6129" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Haoxiang" }, { "family_name": "Wan", "given_name": "Fangchen" }, { "family_name": "Yoo", "given_name": "Jounghyun", "orcid": "0000-0003-4253-2382" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662" }, { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Xiaotian", "orcid": "0009-0000-8357-9916" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Song", "orcid": "0000-0003-3504-1630" } ], "abstract": "
Autonomous nanorobots represent an advanced tool for precision therapy to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, current nanorobotic designs primarily rely on inorganic materials with compromised biocompatibility and limited biological functions. Here, we introduce enzyme-powered bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) nanorobots. The immobilized urease on the OMV membrane catalyzes the decomposition of bioavailable urea, generating effective propulsion for nanorobots. This OMV nanorobot preserves the unique features of OMVs, including intrinsic biocompatibility, immunogenicity, versatile surface bioengineering for desired biofunctionalities, capability of cargo loading and protection. We present OMV-based nanorobots designed for effective tumor therapy by leveraging the membrane properties of OMVs. These involve surface bioengineering of robotic body with cell-penetrating peptide for tumor targeting and penetration, which is further enhanced by active propulsion of nanorobots. Additionally, OMV nanorobots can effectively safeguard the loaded gene silencing tool, small interfering RNA (siRNA), from enzymatic degradation. Through systematic in vitro and in vivo studies using a rodent model, we demonstrate that these OMV nanorobots substantially enhanced siRNA delivery and immune stimulation, resulting in the utmost effectiveness in tumor suppression when juxtaposed with static groups, particularly evident in the orthotopic bladder tumor model. This OMV nanorobot opens an inspiring avenue to design advanced medical robots with expanded versatility and adaptability, broadening their operation scope in practical biomedical domains.
", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2403460121", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publication_date": "2024-07-23", "series_number": "30", "volume": "121", "issue": "30", "pages": "e2403460121" }, { "id": "authors:g2w1v-evd47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "g2w1v-evd47", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g2w1v-evd47", "type": "article", "title": "Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yao", "given_name": "Dickson R.", "clpid": "Yao-Dickson-R" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Inho", "orcid": "0000-0002-5751-7241", "clpid": "Kim-Inho" }, { "family_name": "Yin", "given_name": "Shukun", "orcid": "0000-0002-8218-9219", "clpid": "Yin-Shukun" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "
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Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.

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", "doi": "10.1002/adma.202308829", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2024-05-09", "series_number": "19", "volume": "36", "issue": "19", "pages": "2308829" }, { "id": "authors:2yqvg-bq122", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2yqvg-bq122", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2yqvg-bq122", "type": "article", "title": "Phase-separated porous nanocomposite with ultralow percolation threshold for wireless bioelectronics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Yadong", "orcid": "0000-0001-8885-6433", "clpid": "Xu-Yadong" }, { "family_name": "Ye", "given_name": "Zhilu", "orcid": "0000-0002-0017-6722", "clpid": "Ye-Zhilu" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Ganggang", "orcid": "0000-0002-6363-5295", "clpid": "Zhao-Ganggang" }, { "family_name": "Fei", "given_name": "Qihui", "orcid": "0000-0001-9444-2923", "clpid": "Fei-Qihui" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Zehua", "clpid": "Chen-Zehua" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Minye", "orcid": "0000-0002-4659-7063", "clpid": "Yang-Minye" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Yichong", "clpid": "Ren-Yichong" }, { "family_name": "Berigan", "given_name": "Benton", "orcid": "0000-0002-5607-0038", "clpid": "Berigan-Benton" }, { "family_name": "Ling", "given_name": "Yun", "orcid": "0000-0002-3781-8901", "clpid": "Ling-Yun" }, { "family_name": "Qian", "given_name": "Xiaoyan", "clpid": "Qian-Xiaoyan" }, { "family_name": "Shi", "given_name": "Lin", "orcid": "0009-0000-8466-8435", "clpid": "Shi-Lin" }, { "family_name": "Ozden", "given_name": "Ilker", "orcid": "0000-0002-5006-3451", "clpid": "Ozden-Ilker" }, { "family_name": "Xie", "given_name": "Jingwei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8126-1397", "clpid": "Xie-Jingwei" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Pai-Yen", "orcid": "0000-0002-8112-8457", "clpid": "Chen-Pai-Yen" }, { "family_name": "Yan", "given_name": "Zheng", "orcid": "0000-0001-5968-0934", "clpid": "Yan-Zheng" } ], "abstract": "
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Realizing the full potential of stretchable bioelectronics in wearables, biomedical implants and soft robotics necessitates conductive elastic composites that are intrinsically soft, highly conductive and strain resilient. However, existing composites usually compromise electrical durability and performance due to disrupted conductive paths under strain and rely heavily on a high content of conductive filler. Here we present an in situ phase-separation method that facilitates microscale silver nanowire assembly and creates self-organized percolation networks on pore surfaces. The resultant nanocomposites are highly conductive, strain insensitive and fatigue tolerant, while minimizing filler usage. Their resilience is rooted in multiscale porous polymer matrices that dissipate stress and rigid conductive fillers adapting to strain-induced geometry changes. Notably, the presence of porous microstructures reduces the percolation threshold (Vc = 0.00062) by 48-fold and suppresses electrical degradation even under strains exceeding 600%. Theoretical calculations yield results that are quantitatively consistent with experimental findings. By pairing these nanocomposites with near-field communication technologies, we have demonstrated stretchable wireless power and data transmission solutions that are ideal for both skin-interfaced and implanted bioelectronics. The systems enable battery-free wireless powering and sensing of a range of sweat biomarkers—with less than 10% performance variation even at 50% strain. Ultimately, our strategy offers expansive material options for diverse applications.

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", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-024-01658-6", "issn": "1748-3387", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Nanotechnology", "publication_date": "2024-04-29" }, { "id": "authors:8q1pw-e6r74", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8q1pw-e6r74", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8q1pw-e6r74", "type": "article", "title": "Injectable and retrievable soft electronics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Yadong", "orcid": "0000-0001-8885-6433", "clpid": "Xu-Yadong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "
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Liquid bioelectronics based on a permanent fluidic magnet made from three-dimensional assembled magnetic colloidal particles can be injected into the surface of the heart for cardiovascular monitoring and subsequently retrieved after use.

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", "doi": "10.1038/s41563-024-01877-1", "issn": "1476-1122", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Materials", "publication_date": "2024-04-26" }, { "id": "authors:66frb-vv942", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "66frb-vv942", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/66frb-vv942", "type": "article", "title": "Towards on-skin analysis of sweat for managing disorders of substance abuse", "author": [ { "family_name": "Brasier", "given_name": "Noe", "orcid": "0000-0003-0186-0865" }, { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Bourke", "given_name": "Steven", "orcid": "0000-0002-1333-7257", "clpid": "Bourke-Steven" }, { "family_name": "Havenith", "given_name": "George", "orcid": "0000-0001-6223-4265", "clpid": "Havenith-George" }, { "family_name": "Schaffarczyk", "given_name": "Dietmar", "orcid": "0000-0002-3683-7115", "clpid": "Schaffarczyk-Dietmar" }, { "family_name": "Goldhahn", "given_name": "J\u00f6rg", "orcid": "0000-0003-0012-0494", "clpid": "Goldhahn-J\u00f6rg" }, { "family_name": "L\u00fcscher", "given_name": "Christian", "orcid": "0000-0001-7917-4596", "clpid": "L\u00fcscher-Christian" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "
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A patient-centred system that leverages the analysis of sweat via wearable sensors may better support the management of patients with substance-use disorders.

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", "doi": "10.1038/s41551-024-01187-6", "issn": "2157-846X", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Biomedical Engineering", "publication_date": "2024-03-18" }, { "id": "authors:knteb-fv524", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "knteb-fv524", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/knteb-fv524", "type": "article", "title": "A physicochemical-sensing electronic skin for stress response monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Y. Y.", "orcid": "0000-0002-5692-6182", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Y-Y" }, { "family_name": "Tay", "given_name": "Roland Yingjie", "orcid": "0000-0002-3341-0984", "clpid": "Tay-Roland-Yingjie" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Heng", "given_name": "Wenzheng", "clpid": "Heng-Wenzheng" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Lao", "given_name": "Alison", "orcid": "0000-0003-2634-4920", "clpid": "Lao-Alison" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung K.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1734-0792", "clpid": "Hsiai-Tzung-K" }, { "family_name": "Sumner", "given_name": "Jennifer A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0217-7171", "clpid": "Sumner-Jennifer-A" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "
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Approaches to quantify stress responses typically rely on subjective surveys and questionnaires. Wearable sensors can potentially be used to continuously monitor stress-relevant biomarkers. However, the biological stress response is spread across the nervous, endocrine and immune systems, and the capabilities of current sensors are not sufficient for condition-specific stress response evaluation. Here we report an electronic skin for stress response assessment that non-invasively monitors three vital signs (pulse waveform, galvanic skin response and skin temperature) and six molecular biomarkers in human sweat (glucose, lactate, uric acid, sodium ions, potassium ions and ammonium). We develop a general approach to prepare electrochemical sensors that relies on analogous composite materials for stabilizing and conserving sensor interfaces. The resulting sensors offer long-term sweat biomarker analysis of more than 100 h with high stability. We show that the electronic skin can provide continuous multimodal physicochemical monitoring over a 24-hour period and during different daily activities. With the help of a machine learning pipeline, we also show that the platform can differentiate three stressors with an accuracy of 98.0% and quantify psychological stress responses with a confidence level of 98.7%.

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", "doi": "10.1038/s41928-023-01116-6", "pmcid": "PMC10906959", "issn": "2520-1131", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Electronics", "publication_date": "2024-02", "series_number": "2", "volume": "7", "issue": "2", "pages": "168-179" }, { "id": "authors:qadzt-fye95", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qadzt-fye95", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qadzt-fye95", "type": "article", "title": "Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics", "author": [ { "family_name": "de Araujo", "given_name": "William Reis", "orcid": "0000-0001-5846-4236", "clpid": "de-Araujo-William-R" }, { "family_name": "Lukas", "given_name": "Heather", "orcid": "0000-0002-8160-9066", "clpid": "Lukas-Heather" }, { "family_name": "Torres", "given_name": "Marcelo D. T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-6165-9138", "clpid": "Torres-Marcelo-D-T" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "de la Fuente-Nunez", "given_name": "Cesar", "orcid": "0000-0002-2005-5629", "clpid": "de-la-Fuente-Nunez-Cesar" } ], "abstract": "
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Many systems have been designed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is readily transmitted, resulting in the rapid spread of disease in human populations. Frequent testing at the point of care (POC) is a key aspect for controlling outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging pathogens, as the early identification of infected individuals can then be followed by appropriate measures of isolation or treatment, maximizing the chances of recovery and preventing infectious spread. Diagnostic tools used for high-frequency testing should be inexpensive, provide a rapid diagnostic response without sophisticated equipment, and be amenable to manufacturing on a large scale. The application of these devices should enable large-scale data collection, help control viral transmission, and prevent disease propagation. Here we review functional nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical biosensors for accessible POC testing for COVID-19. These biosensors incorporate nanomaterials coupled with paper-based analytical devices and other inexpensive substrates, traditional lateral flow technology (antigen and antibody immunoassays), and innovative biosensing methods. We critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nanobiosensor-based approaches compared to widely used technologies such as PCR, ELISA, and LAMP. Moreover, we delineate the main technological, (bio)chemical, translational, and regulatory challenges associated with developing functional and reliable biosensors, which have prevented their translation into the clinic. Finally, we highlight how nanobiosensors, given their unique advantages over existing diagnostic tests, may help in future pandemics.

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", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.3c01629", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2024-01-23", "series_number": "3", "volume": "18", "issue": "3", "pages": "1757-1777" }, { "id": "authors:6166w-6t303", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6166w-6t303", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6166w-6t303", "type": "article", "title": "Direct-ink-writing 3D-printed bioelectronics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tay", "given_name": "Roland Yingjie", "orcid": "0000-0002-3341-0984", "clpid": "Tay-Roland-Yingjie" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Yao", "given_name": "Dickson R.", "clpid": "Yao-Dickson-R" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "
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The development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics has garnered significant momentum in recent years, driven by the ever-increasing demand for personalized health monitoring, remote patient management, and real-time physiological data collection. The elevated sophistication and advancement of these devices have thus led to the use of many new and unconventional materials which cannot be fulfilled through traditional manufacturing techniques. Three-dimension (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an emerging technology that opens new opportunities to fabricate next-generation bioelectronic devices. Some significant advantages include its capacity for material versatility and design freedom, rapid prototyping, and manufacturing efficiency with enhanced capabilities. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in 3D printing of bioelectronics, particularly direct ink writing (DIW), encompassing the methodologies, materials, and applications that have emerged in this rapidly evolving field. This review showcases the broad range of bioelectronic devices fabricated through 3D printing including wearable biophysical sensors, biochemical sensors, electrophysiological sensors, energy devices, multimodal systems, implantable devices, and soft robots. This review will also discuss the advantages, existing challenges, and outlook of applying DIW 3D printing for the development of bioelectronic devices toward healthcare applications.

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", "doi": "10.1016/j.mattod.2023.09.006", "pmcid": "PMC10786343", "issn": "1369-7021", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Materials Today", "publication_date": "2023-12", "volume": "71", "pages": "135-151" }, { "id": "authors:k18va-t3d69", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "k18va-t3d69", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/k18va-t3d69", "type": "article", "title": "Artificial intelligence-powered electronic skin", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Skin-interfaced electronics is gradually changing medical practices by enabling continuous and non-invasive tracking of physiological and biochemical information. With the rise of big data and digital medicine, next-generation electronic skin (e-skin) will be able to use artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize its design as well as uncover user-personalized health profiles. Recent multimodal e-skin platforms have already used machine learning algorithms for autonomous data analytics. Unfortunately, there is a lack of appropriate AI protocols and guidelines for e-skin devices, resulting in overly complex models and non-reproducible conclusions for simple applications. This Review aims to present AI technologies in e-skin hardware and assess their potential for new inspired integrated platform solutions. We outline recent breakthroughs in AI strategies and their applications in engineering e-skins as well as understanding health information collected by e-skins, highlighting the transformative deployment of AI in robotics, prosthetics, virtual reality and personalized healthcare. We also discuss the challenges and prospects of AI-powered e-skins as well as predictions for the future trajectory of smart e-skins.

", "doi": "10.1038/s42256-023-00760-z", "issn": "2522-5839", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Machine Intelligence", "publication_date": "2023-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "5", "issue": "12", "pages": "1344-1355" }, { "id": "authors:3c47s-eeq68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3c47s-eeq68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230628-295410000.8", "type": "article", "title": "A wireless patch for the monitoring of C-reactive protein in sweat", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu-Med-Eng" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "orcid": "0000-0001-7938-9589", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Moore", "given_name": "Jeff", "orcid": "0000-0002-8867-6632", "clpid": "Moore-Jeff" }, { "family_name": "Hanson", "given_name": "Justin", "orcid": "0000-0002-5647-7954", "clpid": "Hanson-Justin" }, { "family_name": "Hu", "given_name": "Erin", "orcid": "0009-0004-8806-9105", "clpid": "Hu-Erin" }, { "family_name": "Parimon", "given_name": "Tanyalak", "orcid": "0000-0002-4790-0730", "clpid": "Parimon-Tanyalak" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Ting-Yu", "clpid": "Wang-Ting-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Davoodi", "given_name": "Elham", "orcid": "0000-0001-8578-9431", "clpid": "Davoodi-Elham" }, { "family_name": "Chou", "given_name": "Tsui-Fen", "orcid": "0000-0003-2410-2186", "clpid": "Chou-Tsui-Fen" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Peter", "orcid": "0000-0002-5330-1718", "clpid": "Chen-Peter" }, { "family_name": "Hsu", "given_name": "Jeffrey J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9971-5916", "clpid": "Hsu-Jeffrey-J" }, { "family_name": "Rossiter", "given_name": "Harry B.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7884-0726", "clpid": "Rossiter-Harry-B" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "The quantification of protein biomarkers in blood at picomolar-level sensitivity requires labour-intensive incubation and washing steps. Sensing proteins in sweat, which would allow for point-of-care monitoring, is hindered by the typically large interpersonal and intrapersonal variations in its composition. Here we report the design and performance of a wearable and wireless patch for the real-time electrochemical detection of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive (CRP) protein in sweat. The device integrates iontophoretic sweat extraction, microfluidic channels for sweat sampling and for reagent routing and replacement, and a graphene-based sensor array for quantifying CRP (via an electrode functionalized with anti-CRP capture antibodies-conjugated gold nanoparticles), ionic strength, pH and temperature for the real-time calibration of the CRP sensor. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with active or past infections or who had heart failure, the elevated concentrations of CRP measured via the patch correlated well with the protein's levels in serum. Wearable biosensors for the real-time sensitive analysis of inflammatory proteins in sweat may facilitate the management of chronic diseases.", "doi": "10.1038/s41551-023-01059-5", "pmcid": "PMC10592261", "issn": "2157-846X", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Biomedical Engineering", "publication_date": "2023-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "7", "issue": "10", "pages": "1293-1306" }, { "id": "authors:g49c7-56z34", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "g49c7-56z34", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g49c7-56z34", "type": "article", "title": "A wearable aptamer nanobiosensor for non-invasive female hormone monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ye", "given_name": "Cui", "orcid": "0000-0001-7689-6825", "clpid": "Ye-Cui" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Tay", "given_name": "Roland Yingjie", "orcid": "0000-0002-3341-0984", "clpid": "Tay-Roland-Yingjie" }, { "family_name": "Lukas", "given_name": "Heather", "orcid": "0000-0002-8160-9066", "clpid": "Lukas-Heather-L" }, { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Chunghao" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "

Personalized monitoring of female hormones (for example, oestradiol) is of great interest in fertility and women's health. However, existing approaches usually require invasive blood draws and/or bulky analytical laboratory equipment, making them hard to implement at home. Here we report a skin-interfaced wearable aptamer nanobiosensor based on target-induced strand displacement for automatic and non-invasive monitoring of oestradiol via in situ sweat analysis. The reagentless, amplification-free and 'signal-on' detection approach coupled with a gold nanoparticle-MXene-based detection electrode offers extraordinary sensitivity with an ultra-low limit of detection of 0.14\u2009pM. This fully integrated system is capable of autonomous sweat induction at rest via iontophoresis, precise microfluidic sweat sampling controlled via capillary bursting valves, real-time oestradiol analysis and calibration with simultaneously collected multivariate information (that is, temperature, pH and ionic strength), as well as signal processing and wireless communication with a user interface (for example, smartphone). We validated the technology in human participants. Our data indicate a cyclical fluctuation in sweat oestradiol during menstrual cycles, and a high correlation between sweat and blood oestradiol was identified. Our study opens up the potential for wearable sensors for non-invasive, personalized reproductive hormone monitoring.

", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-023-01513-0", "issn": "1748-3387", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Nanotechnology", "publication_date": "2023-09-28" }, { "id": "authors:shy2c-zkd34", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "shy2c-zkd34", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/shy2c-zkd34", "type": "article", "title": "The promise of digital healthcare technologies", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yeung", "given_name": "Andy Wai Kan", "orcid": "0000-0003-3672-357X", "clpid": "Yeung-Andy-Wai-Kan" }, { "family_name": "Torkamani", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0003-0232-8053", "clpid": "Torkamani-Ali" }, { "family_name": "Butte", "given_name": "Atul J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7433-2740", "clpid": "Butte-Atul-J" }, { "family_name": "Glicksberg", "given_name": "Benjamin S.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4515-8090", "clpid": "Glicksberg-Benjamin-S" }, { "family_name": "Schuller", "given_name": "Bj\u00f6rn", "orcid": "0000-0002-6478-8699", "clpid": "Schuller-Bj\u00f6rn-W" }, { "family_name": "Rodriguez", "given_name": "Blanca", "orcid": "0000-0001-6361-3339", "clpid": "Rodriguez-Blanca" }, { "family_name": "Ting", "given_name": "Daniel S. W.", "clpid": "Ting-Daniel-S-W" }, { "family_name": "Bates", "given_name": "David", "orcid": "0000-0001-6268-1540", "clpid": "Bates-David-W" }, { "family_name": "Schaden", "given_name": "Eva", "orcid": "0000-0001-7571-8680", "clpid": "Schaden-Eva" }, { "family_name": "Peng", "given_name": "Hanchuan", "orcid": "0000-0002-3478-3942", "clpid": "Peng-Hanchuan" }, { "family_name": "Willschke", "given_name": "Harald", "orcid": "0000-0002-9093-7563", "clpid": "Willschke-Harald" }, { "family_name": "van der Laak", "given_name": "Jeroen", "orcid": "0000-0001-7982-0754", "clpid": "van-der-Laak-Jeroen" }, { "family_name": "Car", "given_name": "Josip", "orcid": "0000-0001-8969-371X", "clpid": "Car-Josip" }, { "family_name": "Rahimi", "given_name": "Kazem", "orcid": "0000-0002-4807-4610", "clpid": "Rahimi-Kazem" }, { "family_name": "Celi", "given_name": "Leo Anthony", "orcid": "0000-0001-6712-6626", "clpid": "Celi-Leo-Anthony" }, { "family_name": "Banach", "given_name": "Maciej", "orcid": "0000-0001-6690-6874", "clpid": "Banach-Maciej" }, { "family_name": "Kletecka-Pulker", "given_name": "Maria", "orcid": "0000-0003-4901-7930", "clpid": "Kletecka-Pulker-Maria" }, { "family_name": "Kimberger", "given_name": "Oliver", "orcid": "0000-0002-9766-1360", "clpid": "Kimberger-Oliver" }, { "family_name": "Eils", "given_name": "Roland", "orcid": "0000-0002-0034-4036", "clpid": "Eils-Roland" }, { "family_name": "Islam", "given_name": "Sheikh Mohammed Shariful", "orcid": "0000-0001-7926-9368", "clpid": "Islam-Sheikh-Mohammed-Shariful" }, { "family_name": "Wong", "given_name": "Stephen T.", "clpid": "Wong-Stephen-T" }, { "family_name": "Wong", "given_name": "Tien Yin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8448-1264", "clpid": "Wong-Tien-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Brunak", "given_name": "S\u00f8ren", "orcid": "0000-0003-0316-5866", "clpid": "Brunak-S\u00f8ren" }, { "family_name": "Atanasov", "given_name": "Atanas G.", "clpid": "Atanasov-Atanas-G" } ], "abstract": "Digital health technologies have been in use for many years in a wide spectrum of healthcare scenarios. This narrative review outlines the current use and the future strategies and significance of digital health technologies in modern healthcare applications. It covers the current state of the scientific field (delineating major strengths, limitations, and applications) and envisions the future impact of relevant emerging key technologies. Furthermore, we attempt to provide recommendations for innovative approaches that would accelerate and benefit the research, translation and utilization of digital health technologies.", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2023.1196596", "pmcid": "PMC10562722", "issn": "2296-2565", "publisher": "Frontiers Media", "publication": "Frontiers in Public Health", "publication_date": "2023-09-26", "volume": "11", "pages": "1196596" }, { "id": "authors:gc4hz-3h361", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gc4hz-3h361", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gc4hz-3h361", "type": "article", "title": "3D-printed epifluidic electronic skin for machine learning\u2013powered multimodal health surveillance", "author": [ { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Tay", "given_name": "Roland Yingjie", "orcid": "0000-0002-3341-0984", "clpid": "Tay-Roland-Yingjie" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Shirzaei Sani", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-4609-1505", "clpid": "Shirzaei-Sani-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Gwangmook", "clpid": "Kim-Gwangmook" }, { "family_name": "Heng", "given_name": "Wenzheng", "clpid": "Heng-Wenzheng" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Inho", "orcid": "0000-0002-5751-7241", "clpid": "Kim-Inho" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "The amalgamation of wearable technologies with physiochemical sensing capabilities promises to create powerful interpretive and predictive platforms for real-time health surveillance. However, the construction of such multimodal devices is difficult to be implemented wholly by traditional manufacturing techniques for at-home personalized applications. Here, we present a universal semisolid extrusion\u2013based three-dimensional printing technology to fabricate an epifluidic elastic electronic skin (e\n 3\n -skin) with high-performance multimodal physiochemical sensing capabilities. We demonstrate that the e\n 3\n -skin can serve as a sustainable surveillance platform to capture the real-time physiological state of individuals during regular daily activities. We also show that by coupling the information collected from the e\n 3\n -skin with machine learning, we were able to predict an individual's degree of behavior impairments (i.e., reaction time and inhibitory control) after alcohol consumption. The e\n 3\n -skin paves the path for future autonomous manufacturing of customizable wearable systems that will enable widespread utility for regular health monitoring and clinical applications.", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adi6492", "pmcid": "PMC10499321", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2023-09-13", "series_number": "37", "volume": "9", "issue": "37", "pages": "eadi6492" }, { "id": "authors:1jfez-8e034", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1jfez-8e034", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230717-55915200.27", "type": "article", "title": "A Computationally Assisted Approach for Designing Wearable Biosensors toward Non\u2010Invasive Personalized Molecular Analysis", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mukasa", "given_name": "Daniel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8379-3648", "clpid": "Mukasa-Daniel" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7199-6659", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Ye", "given_name": "Cui", "orcid": "0000-0001-7689-6825", "clpid": "Ye-Cui" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sweat sensors have the potential to revolutionize precision medicine as they can non-invasively collect molecular information closely associated with an individual's health status. However, the majority of clinically relevant biomarkers cannot be continuously detected in situ using existing wearable approaches. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a promising candidate to address this challenge but haven't yet gained widespread use due to their complex design and optimization process yielding variable selectivity. Here, QuantumDock is introduced, an automated computational framework for universal MIP development toward wearable applications. QuantumDock utilizes density functional theory to probe molecular interactions between monomers and the target/interferent molecules to optimize selectivity, a fundamentally limiting factor for MIP development toward wearable sensing. A molecular docking approach is employed to explore a wide range of known and unknown monomers, and to identify the optimal monomer/cross-linker choice for subsequent MIP fabrication. Using an essential amino acid phenylalanine as the exemplar, experimental validation of QuantumDock is performed successfully using solution-synthesized MIP nanoparticles coupled with ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy. Moreover, a QuantumDock-optimized graphene-based wearable device is designed that can perform autonomous sweat induction, sampling, and sensing. For the first time, wearable non-invasive phenylalanine monitoring is demonstrated in human subjects toward personalized healthcare applications.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.202212161", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2023-08-17", "pages": "Art. No. 2212161" }, { "id": "authors:27y8v-72a94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "27y8v-72a94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230725-500491000.13", "type": "article", "title": "Magnetically Powered Immunogenic Macrophage Microrobots for Targeted Multimodal Cancer Therapy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yangyang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7443-7286", "clpid": "Li-Yangyang" }, { "family_name": "Cong", "given_name": "Zhaoqing", "orcid": "0000-0003-2737-7636", "clpid": "Cong-Zhaoqing" }, { "family_name": "Xie", "given_name": "Leiming", "clpid": "Xie-Leiming" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Songsong", "orcid": "0000-0003-4699-6563", "clpid": "Tang-Songsong" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Chunyu", "clpid": "Ren-Chunyu" }, { "family_name": "Peng", "given_name": "Xiqi", "orcid": "0000-0003-4421-5188", "clpid": "Peng-Xiqi" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Daitian", "clpid": "Tang-Daitian" }, { "family_name": "Wan", "given_name": "Fangchen", "clpid": "Wan-Fangchen" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Song", "orcid": "0000-0001-8859-7806", "clpid": "Wu-Song" } ], "abstract": "Motile microrobots open a new realm for disease treatment. However, the concerns of possible immune elimination, targeted capability and limited therapeutic avenue of microrobots constrain its practical biomedical applications. Herein, a biogenic macrophage-based microrobot loaded with magnetic nanoparticles and bioengineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), capable of magnetic propulsion, tumor targeting, and multimodal cancer therapy is reported. Such cell robots preserve intrinsic properties of macrophages for tumor suppression and targeting, and bioengineered OMVs for antitumor immune regulation and fused anticancer peptides. Cell robots display efficient magnetic propulsion and directional migration in the confined space. In vivo tests show that cell robots can accumulate at the tumor site upon magnetic manipulation, coupling with tumor tropism of macrophages to greatly improve the efficacy of its multimodal therapy, including tumor inhibition of macrophages, immune stimulation, and antitumor peptides of OMVs. This technology offers an attractive avenue to design intelligent medical microrobots with remote manipulation and multifunctional therapy capabilities for practical precision treatment.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.202301489", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2023-08-14" }, { "id": "authors:370jd-gf894", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "370jd-gf894", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230725-49211000.21", "type": "article", "title": "An autonomous wearable biosensor powered by a perovskite solar cell", "author": [ { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Demchyshyn", "given_name": "Stepan", "orcid": "0000-0003-2089-7348", "clpid": "Demchyshyn-Stepan" }, { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Hailegnaw", "given_name": "Bekele", "orcid": "0000-0003-4427-2772", "clpid": "Hailegnaw-Bekele" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel" }, { "family_name": "Putz", "given_name": "Christoph", "orcid": "0000-0003-2277-6363", "clpid": "Putz-Christoph" }, { "family_name": "Lehner", "given_name": "Lukas E.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2273-6946", "clpid": "Lehner-Lukas-E" }, { "family_name": "Schwarz", "given_name": "Julia Felicitas", "clpid": "Schwarz-Julia-Felicitas" }, { "family_name": "Schwarzinger", "given_name": "Clemens", "orcid": "0000-0002-8421-9063", "clpid": "Schwarzinger-Clemens" }, { "family_name": "Scharber", "given_name": "Markus Clark", "orcid": "0000-0002-4918-4803", "clpid": "Scharber-Markus-Clark" }, { "family_name": "Shirzaei Sani", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-4609-1505", "clpid": "Shirzaei-Sani-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Kaltenbrunner", "given_name": "Martin", "orcid": "0000-0002-7247-9183", "clpid": "Kaltenbrunner-Martin" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sweat sensors can potentially be used to continuously and non-invasively monitor physicochemical biomarkers that contain information related to disease diagnostics and fitness tracking. However, the development of such autonomous sensors faces a number of challenges including achieving steady sweat extraction for continuous and prolonged monitoring and addressing the high power demands of multifunctional and complex analysis. Here we report an autonomous wearable biosensor that is powered by a perovskite solar cell and can provide continuous and non-invasive metabolic monitoring. The device uses a flexible quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cell module that provides ample power under outdoor and indoor illumination conditions (power conversion efficiency exceeding 31% under indoor light illumination). We show that the wearable device can continuously collect multimodal physicochemical data\u2014glucose, pH, sodium ion, sweat rate and skin temperature\u2014across indoor and outdoor physical activities for over 12\u2009h.", "doi": "10.1038/s41928-023-00996-y", "pmcid": "PMC10923186", "issn": "2520-1131", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Electronics", "publication_date": "2023-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "6", "issue": "8", "pages": "630-641" }, { "id": "authors:7ctrv-fng97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7ctrv-fng97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230725-705833000.3", "type": "article", "title": "Physically defined long-term and short-term synapses for the development of reconfigurable analog-type operators capable of performing health care tasks", "author": [ { "family_name": "Choi", "given_name": "Yongsuk", "orcid": "0000-0002-9300-9068", "clpid": "Choi-Yongsuk" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "Dong Hae", "orcid": "0000-0001-7482-0173", "clpid": "Ho-Dong-Hae" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Seongchan", "orcid": "0000-0003-3864-4250", "clpid": "Kim-Seongchan" }, { "family_name": "Choi", "given_name": "Young Jin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8893-0848", "clpid": "Choi-Young-Jin" }, { "family_name": "Roe", "given_name": "Dong Gue", "orcid": "0000-0002-2889-3379", "clpid": "Roe-Dong-Gue" }, { "family_name": "Kwak", "given_name": "In Cheol", "orcid": "0000-0001-5421-7721", "clpid": "Kwak-In-Cheol" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Cho", "given_name": "Jeong Ho", "orcid": "0000-0002-1030-9920", "clpid": "Cho-Jeong-Ho" } ], "abstract": "Extracting valuable information from the overflowing data is a critical yet challenging task. Dealing with high volumes of biometric data, which are often unstructured, nonstatic, and ambiguous, requires extensive computer resources and data specialists. Emerging neuromorphic computing technologies that mimic the data processing properties of biological neural networks offer a promising solution for handling overflowing data. Here, the development of an electrolyte-gated organic transistor featuring a selective transition from short-term to long-term plasticity of the biological synapse is presented. The memory behaviors of the synaptic device were precisely modulated by restricting ion penetration through an organic channel via photochemical reactions of the cross-linking molecules. Furthermore, the applicability of the memory-controlled synaptic device was verified by constructing a reconfigurable synaptic logic gate for implementing a medical algorithm without further weight-update process. Last, the presented neuromorphic device demonstrated feasibility to handle biometric information with various update periods and perform health care tasks.", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adg5946", "pmcid": "PMC10321737", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2023-07-05", "series_number": "27", "volume": "9", "issue": "27", "pages": "Art. No. eadg5946" }, { "id": "authors:be0k6-rc322", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "be0k6-rc322", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230613-155521426", "type": "article", "title": "Immunosuppressant adherence in adult outpatient hematopoietic cell transplant recipients", "author": [ { "family_name": "McCune", "given_name": "Jeannine S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0795-497X", "clpid": "McCune-Jeannine-S" }, { "family_name": "Armenian", "given_name": "Saro H.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2604-8603", "clpid": "Armenian-Saro-H" }, { "family_name": "Nakamura", "given_name": "Ryotaro", "orcid": "0000-0002-6422-4885", "clpid": "Nakamura-Ryotaro" }, { "family_name": "Shan", "given_name": "Haoyue", "clpid": "Shan-Haoyue" }, { "family_name": "Kanakry", "given_name": "Christopher G.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7736-2056", "clpid": "Kanakry-Christopher-G" }, { "family_name": "Mielcarek", "given_name": "Marco", "orcid": "0000-0002-5680-8688", "clpid": "Mielcarek-Marco" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Mager", "given_name": "Donald E.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4848-0440", "clpid": "Mager-Donald-E" } ], "abstract": "Introduction. Medication nonadherence continues to be challenging for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. The risk and severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are associated with low immunosuppressant concentrations (which can be improved with model-informed precision dosing (MIPD)) and with immunosuppressant nonadherence (which can be improved with acceptable interventions). \n\nMethods. With the goals of improving adherence and achieving therapeutic concentrations of immunosuppressants to eliminate GVHD, we characterized the feasibility of using the Medication Event Monitoring (MEMS\u00ae) Cap in adult HCT recipients. \n\nResults. Of the 27 participants offered the MEMS\u00ae Cap at the time of hospital discharge, 7 (25.9%) used it, which is below our a priori threshold of 70%. These data suggest the MEMS\u00ae Cap is not feasible for HCT recipients. The MEMS\u00ae Cap data were available for a median of 35 days per participant per medication (range: 7\u2013109 days). The average daily adherence per participant ranged from 0 to 100%; four participants had an average daily adherence of over 80%. \n\nConclusions. MIPD may be supported by MEMS\u00ae technology to provide the precise time of immunosuppressant self-administration. The MEMS\u00ae Cap was used by only a small percentage (25.9%) of HCT recipients in this pilot study. In accordance with larger studies using less accurate tools to evaluate adherence, immunosuppressant adherence varied from 0% to 100%. Future studies should establish the feasibility and clinical benefit of combining MIPD with newer technology, specifically the MEMS\u00ae Button, which can inform the oncology pharmacist of the time of immunosuppressant self-administration.", "doi": "10.1177/10781552231171607", "issn": "1078-1552", "publisher": "Sage", "publication": "Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice", "publication_date": "2023-06-15" }, { "id": "authors:b8dcc-fgr21", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b8dcc-fgr21", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230615-129155000.9", "type": "article", "title": "Autonomous metal-organic framework nanorobots for active mitochondria-targeted cancer therapy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Peng", "given_name": "Xiqi", "orcid": "0000-0003-4421-5188", "clpid": "Peng-Xiqi" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Songsong", "orcid": "0000-0003-4699-6563", "clpid": "Tang-Songsong" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Daitian", "clpid": "Tang-Daitian" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Dewang", "clpid": "Zhou-Dewang" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yangyang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7443-7286", "clpid": "Li-Yangyang" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Qiwei", "clpid": "Chen-Qiwei" }, { "family_name": "Wan", "given_name": "Fangchen", "clpid": "Wan-Fangchen" }, { "family_name": "Lukas", "given_name": "Heather", "orcid": "0000-0002-8160-9066", "clpid": "Lukas-Heather-L" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Song", "orcid": "0000-0003-3504-1630", "clpid": "Wu-Song" } ], "abstract": "Nanorobotic manipulation to access subcellular organelles remains unmet due to the challenge in achieving intracellular controlled propulsion. Intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria, are an emerging therapeutic target with selective targeting and curative efficacy. We report an autonomous nanorobot capable of active mitochondria-targeted drug delivery, prepared by facilely encapsulating mitochondriotropic doxorubicin-triphenylphosphonium (DOX-TPP) inside zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) nanoparticles. The catalytic ZIF-67 body can decompose bioavailable hydrogen peroxide overexpressed inside tumor cells to generate effective intracellular mitochondriotropic movement in the presence of TPP cation. This nanorobot-enhanced targeted drug delivery induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial dysregulation to improve the in vitro anticancer effect and suppression of cancer cell metastasis, further verified by in vivo evaluations in the subcutaneous tumor model and orthotopic breast tumor model. This nanorobot unlocks a fresh field of nanorobot operation with intracellular organelle access, thereby introducing the next generation of robotic medical devices with organelle-level resolution for precision therapy.", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adh1736", "pmcid": "PMC10256165", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2023-06-09", "series_number": "23", "volume": "9", "issue": "23", "pages": "Art. No. adh1736" }, { "id": "authors:4rrnr-cz980", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4rrnr-cz980", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230404-448520900.8", "type": "article", "title": "Poly\u2010Catecholic Functionalization of Biomolecules for Rapid Gelation, Robust Injectable Bioadhesion, and Near\u2010Infrared Responsiveness", "author": [ { "family_name": "Montazerian", "given_name": "Hossein", "orcid": "0000-0001-6972-2667", "clpid": "Montazerian-Hossein" }, { "family_name": "Hassani Najafabadi", "given_name": "Alireza", "orcid": "0000-0002-8215-4374", "clpid": "Hassani-Najafabadi-Alireza" }, { "family_name": "Davoodi", "given_name": "Elham", "orcid": "0000-0001-8578-9431", "clpid": "Davoodi-Elham" }, { "family_name": "Seyedmahmoud", "given_name": "Rasoul", "clpid": "Seyedmahmoud-Rasoul" }, { "family_name": "Haghniaz", "given_name": "Reihaneh", "orcid": "0000-0003-0033-891X", "clpid": "Haghniaz-Reihaneh" }, { "family_name": "Baidya", "given_name": "Avijit", "orcid": "0000-0001-5215-2856", "clpid": "Baidya-Avijit" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Annabi", "given_name": "Nasim", "orcid": "0000-0003-1879-1202", "clpid": "Annabi-Nassim" }, { "family_name": "Khademhosseini", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0002-2692-1524", "clpid": "Khademhosseini-Ali" }, { "family_name": "Weiss", "given_name": "Paul S.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5527-6248", "clpid": "Weiss-Paul-S" } ], "abstract": "Mussel-inspired catechol-functionalization of degradable natural biomaterials has garnered significant interest as an approach to achieve bioadhesion for sutureless wound closure. However, conjugation capacity in standard coupling reactions, such as carbodiimide chemistry, is limited by low yield and lack of abundant conjugation sites. Here, a simple oxidative polymerization step before conjugation of catechol-carrying molecules (i.e., 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine, l-DOPA) as a potential approach to amplify catechol function in bioadhesion of natural gelatin biomaterials is proposed. Solutions of gelatin modified with poly(l-DOPA) moieties (GelDOPA) are characterized by faster physical gelation and increased viscosity, providing better wound control on double-curved tissue surfaces compared to those of l-DOPA-conjugated gelatin. Physical hydrogels treated topically with low concentrations of NaIO4 solutions are crosslinked on-demand via through-thickness diffusion. Poly(l-DOPA) conjugates enhance crosslinking density compared to l-DOPA conjugated gelatin, resulting in lower swelling and enhanced cohesion in physiological conditions. Together with cohesion, more robust bioadhesion at body temperature is achieved by poly(l-DOPA) conjugates, exceeding those of commercial sealants. Further, poly(l-DOPA) motifs introduced photothermal responsiveness via near-infrared (NIR) irradiation for controlled drug release and potential applications in photothermal therapy. The above functionalities, along with antibacterial activity, render the proposed approach an effective biomaterial design strategy for wound closure applications.", "doi": "10.1002/adhm.202203404", "issn": "2192-2640", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Healthcare Materials", "publication_date": "2023-05-09", "pages": "Art. No. 2203404" }, { "id": "authors:ndgmt-qkr66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ndgmt-qkr66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230725-857152000.46", "type": "article", "title": "Micro- and nanorobots for biomedical applications in the brain", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yoo", "given_name": "Jounghyun", "orcid": "0000-0003-4253-2382", "clpid": "Yoo-Jounghyun" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Songsong", "orcid": "0000-0003-4699-6563", "clpid": "Tang-Songsong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Micro- and nanorobots hold great potential to overcome brain barriers for the treatment of brain diseases. They can be delivered to the brain by local injection, intranasal application, or systemic administration. Combining active propulsion with biological and chemical approaches or external physical stimuli can improve brain targeting.", "doi": "10.1038/s44222-023-00038-4", "issn": "2731-6092", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Reviews Bioengineering", "publication_date": "2023-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "1", "issue": "5", "pages": "308-310" }, { "id": "authors:jgnkd-yjm27", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jgnkd-yjm27", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230516-592783300.7", "type": "article", "title": "Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine", "author": [ { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Lukas", "given_name": "Heather", "orcid": "0000-0002-8160-9066", "clpid": "Lukas-Heather-L" }, { "family_name": "Shin", "given_name": "Soyoung", "clpid": "Shin-Soyoung" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7199-6659", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Mukasa", "given_name": "Daniel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8379-3648", "clpid": "Mukasa-Daniel" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823", "pmcid": "PMC10406569", "issn": "0009-2665", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Chemical Reviews", "publication_date": "2023-04-26", "series_number": "8", "volume": "123", "issue": "8", "pages": "5049-5138" }, { "id": "authors:19mcr-0n267", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "19mcr-0n267", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230328-625234000.1", "type": "article", "title": "A stretchable wireless wearable bioelectronic system for multiplexed monitoring and combination treatment of infected chronic wounds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirzaei Sani", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-4609-1505", "clpid": "Shirzaei-Sani-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "orcid": "0000-0003-3297-9041", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu-Med-Eng" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7199-6659", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "orcid": "0000-0001-7938-9589", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Banks", "given_name": "Jaminelli L.", "clpid": "Banks-Jaminelli-L" }, { "family_name": "Armstrong", "given_name": "David G.", "clpid": "Armstrong-David-G" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Chronic nonhealing wounds are one of the major and rapidly growing clinical complications all over the world. Current therapies frequently require emergent surgical interventions, while abuse and misapplication of therapeutic drugs often lead to an increased morbidity and mortality rate. Here, we introduce a wearable bioelectronic system that wirelessly and continuously monitors the physiological conditions of the wound bed via a custom-developed multiplexed multimodal electrochemical biosensor array and performs noninvasive combination therapy through controlled anti-inflammatory antimicrobial treatment and electrically stimulated tissue regeneration. The wearable patch is fully biocompatible, mechanically flexible, stretchable, and can conformally adhere to the skin wound throughout the entire healing process. Real-time metabolic and inflammatory monitoring in a series of preclinical in vivo experiments showed high accuracy and electrochemical stability of the wearable patch for multiplexed spatial and temporal wound biomarker analysis. The combination therapy enabled substantially accelerated cutaneous chronic wound healing in a rodent model.", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adf7388", "pmcid": "PMC10038347", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2023-03-24", "series_number": "12", "volume": "9", "issue": "12", "pages": "eadf7388" }, { "id": "authors:wenqp-yh155", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wenqp-yh155", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230425-250392700.6", "type": "article", "title": "Precision sirolimus dosing in children: The potential for model-informed dosing and novel drug monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Guofang", "orcid": "0000-0001-6653-0440", "clpid": "Shen-Guofang" }, { "family_name": "Moua", "given_name": "Kao Tang Ying", "orcid": "0000-0001-9779-3817", "clpid": "Moua-Kao-Tang-Ying" }, { "family_name": "Perkins", "given_name": "Kathryn", "clpid": "Perkins-Kathryn" }, { "family_name": "Johnson", "given_name": "Deron", "clpid": "Johnson-Deron" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Arthur", "clpid": "Li-Arthur" }, { "family_name": "Curtin", "given_name": "Peter", "orcid": "0009-0007-1853-3752", "clpid": "Curtin-Peter" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "McCune", "given_name": "Jeannine S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0795-497X", "clpid": "McCune-Jeannine-S" } ], "abstract": "The mTOR inhibitor sirolimus is prescribed to treat children with varying diseases, ranging from vascular anomalies to sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis to transplantation (solid organ or hematopoietic cell). Precision dosing of sirolimus using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of sirolimus concentrations in whole blood drawn at the trough (before the next dose) time-point is the current standard of care. For sirolimus, trough concentrations are only modestly correlated with the area under the curve, with R\u00b2 values ranging from 0.52 to 0.84. Thus, it should not be surprising, even with the use of sirolimus TDM, that patients treated with sirolimus have variable pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and effectiveness. Model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) will be beneficial and should be implemented. The data do not suggest dried blood spots point-of-care sampling of sirolimus concentrations for precision dosing of sirolimus. Future research on precision dosing of sirolimus should focus on pharmacogenomic and pharmacometabolomic tools to predict sirolimus pharmacokinetics and wearables for point-of-care quantitation and MIPD.", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1126981", "pmcid": "PMC10069443", "issn": "1663-9812", "publisher": "Frontiers Media", "publication": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "publication_date": "2023-03-20", "volume": "14", "pages": "Art. No. 1126981" }, { "id": "authors:6kw6y-4cz45", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6kw6y-4cz45", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6kw6y-4cz45", "type": "article", "title": "Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Luo", "given_name": "Yifei", "orcid": "0000-0002-4454-6318" }, { "family_name": "Abidian", "given_name": "Mohammad Reza" }, { "family_name": "Ahn", "given_name": "Jong-Hyun", "orcid": "0000-0002-8135-7719" }, { "family_name": "Akinwande", "given_name": "Deji", "orcid": "0000-0001-7133-5586" }, { "family_name": "Andrews", "given_name": "Anne M.", "orcid": "0000-0002-1961-4833" }, { "family_name": "Antonietti", "given_name": "Markus", "orcid": "0000-0002-8395-7558" }, { "family_name": "Bao", "given_name": "Zhenan", "orcid": "0000-0002-0972-1715" }, { "family_name": "Berggren", "given_name": "Magnus", "orcid": "0000-0001-5154-0291" }, { "family_name": "Berkey", "given_name": "Christopher A." }, { "family_name": "Bettinger", "given_name": "Christopher John", "orcid": "0000-0002-6564-5681" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Jun", "orcid": "0000-0002-3439-0495" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Peng" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Wenlong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2346-4970" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Xu" }, { "family_name": "Choi", "given_name": "Seon-Jin", "orcid": "0000-0001-8567-0668" }, { "family_name": "Chortos", "given_name": "Alex", "orcid": "0000-0003-3976-5257" }, { "family_name": "Dagdeviren", "given_name": "Canan", "orcid": "0000-0002-2032-792X" }, { "family_name": "Dauskardt", "given_name": "Reinhold H." }, { "family_name": "Di", "given_name": "Chong-an", "orcid": "0000-0002-6183-1321" }, { "family_name": "Dickey", "given_name": "Michael D.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1251-1871" }, { "family_name": "Duan", "given_name": "Xiangfeng", "orcid": "0000-0002-4321-6288" }, { "family_name": "Facchetti", "given_name": "Antonio", "orcid": "0000-0002-8175-7958" }, { "family_name": "Fan", "given_name": "Zhiyong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5397-0129" }, { "family_name": "Fang", "given_name": "Yin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4688-6700" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Jianyou" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Xue", "orcid": "0000-0001-9242-8474" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Huajian", "orcid": "0000-0002-8656-846X" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Gong", "given_name": "Xiwen", "orcid": "0000-0003-4004-1299" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Chuan Fei" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Xiaojun" }, { "family_name": "Hartel", "given_name": "Martin C." }, { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Zihan" }, { "family_name": "Ho", "given_name": "John S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9458-9033" }, { "family_name": "Hu", "given_name": "Youfan", "orcid": "0000-0001-9798-1631" }, { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Qiyao" }, { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0003-1793-0741" }, { "family_name": "Huo", "given_name": "Fengwei", "orcid": "0000-0002-5318-4267" }, { "family_name": "Hussain", "given_name": "Muhammad M." }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali" }, { "family_name": "Jeong", "given_name": "Unyong", "orcid": "0000-0002-7519-7595" }, { "family_name": "Jiang", "given_name": "Chen" }, { "family_name": "Jiang", "given_name": "Xingyu", "orcid": "0000-0002-5008-4703" }, { "family_name": "Kang", "given_name": "Jiheong" }, { "family_name": "Karnaushenko", "given_name": "Daniil" }, { "family_name": "Khademhosseini", "given_name": "Ali" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Dae-Hyeong", "orcid": "0000-0002-4722-1893" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Il-Doo", "orcid": "0000-0002-9970-2218" }, { "family_name": "Kireev", "given_name": "Dmitry", "orcid": "0000-0003-1499-5435" }, { "family_name": "Kong", "given_name": "Lingxuan" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Chengkuo", "orcid": "0000-0002-8886-3649" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Nae-Eung", "orcid": "0000-0002-6539-5010" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Pooi See", "orcid": "0000-0003-1383-1623" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Tae-Woo", "orcid": "0000-0002-6449-6725" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Fengyu" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Liang", "given_name": "Cuiyuan" }, { "family_name": "Lim", "given_name": "Chwee Teck", "orcid": "0000-0003-4019-9782" }, { "family_name": "Lin", "given_name": "Yuanjing" }, { "family_name": "Lipomi", "given_name": "Darren J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-5808-7765" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Jia", "orcid": "0000-0003-2217-6982" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Kai", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-7659" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Nan", "orcid": "0000-0002-1793-7372" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Ren" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Yuxin" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Yuxuan", "orcid": "0000-0001-8196-1054" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Zhiyuan", "orcid": "0000-0001-9231-8195" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Zhuangjian" }, { "family_name": "Loh", "given_name": "Xian Jun", "orcid": "0000-0001-8118-6502" }, { "family_name": "Lu", "given_name": "Nanshu", "orcid": "0000-0002-3595-3851" }, { "family_name": "Lv", "given_name": "Zhisheng" }, { "family_name": "Magdassi", "given_name": "Shlomo", "orcid": "0000-0002-6794-0553" }, { "family_name": "Malliaras", "given_name": "George G.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4582-8501" }, { "family_name": "Matsuhisa", "given_name": "Naoji", "orcid": "0000-0002-5978-2778" }, { "family_name": "Nathan", "given_name": "Arokia" }, { "family_name": "Niu", "given_name": "Simiao" }, { "family_name": "Pan", "given_name": "Jieming", "orcid": "0000-0002-9996-2984" }, { "family_name": "Pang", "given_name": "Changhyun", "orcid": "0000-0001-8339-7880" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Qibing", "orcid": "0000-0003-1669-1734" }, { "family_name": "Peng", "given_name": "Huisheng", "orcid": "0000-0003-3746-8494" }, { "family_name": "Qi", "given_name": "Dianpeng", "orcid": "0000-0002-8245-8183" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Huaying", "orcid": "0000-0003-4785-8031" }, { "family_name": "Rogers", "given_name": "John A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2980-3961" }, { "family_name": "Rowe", "given_name": "Aaron" }, { "family_name": "Schmidt", "given_name": "Oliver G." }, { "family_name": "Sekitani", "given_name": "Tsuyoshi", "orcid": "0000-0003-1070-2738" }, { "family_name": "Seo", "given_name": "Dae-Gyo" }, { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Guozhen", "orcid": "0000-0002-9755-1647" }, { "family_name": "Sheng", "given_name": "Xing", "orcid": "0000-0002-8744-1700" }, { "family_name": "Shi", "given_name": "Qiongfeng" }, { "family_name": "Someya", "given_name": "Takao", "orcid": "0000-0003-3051-1138" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yanlin", "orcid": "0000-0002-0267-3917" }, { "family_name": "Stavrinidou", "given_name": "Eleni", "orcid": "0000-0002-9357-776X" }, { "family_name": "Su", "given_name": "Meng" }, { "family_name": "Sun", "given_name": "Xuemei", "orcid": "0000-0002-2583-8593" }, { "family_name": "Takei", "given_name": "Kuniharu", "orcid": "0000-0001-9166-3747" }, { "family_name": "Tao", "given_name": "Xiao-Ming", "orcid": "0000-0002-2406-0695" }, { "family_name": "Tee", "given_name": "Benjamin C. K.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9180-4105" }, { "family_name": "Thean", "given_name": "Aaron Voon-Yew" }, { "family_name": "Trung", "given_name": "Tran Quang" }, { "family_name": "Wan", "given_name": "Changjin" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Huiliang", "orcid": "0000-0003-4063-270X" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Ming" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Sihong" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Ting" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zhong Lin", "orcid": "0000-0002-5530-0380" }, { "family_name": "Weiss", "given_name": "Paul S.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5527-6248" }, { "family_name": "Wen", "given_name": "Hanqi" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Sheng" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856" }, { "family_name": "Yan", "given_name": "Hongping", "orcid": "0000-0001-6235-4523" }, { "family_name": "Yan", "given_name": "Xuzhou", "orcid": "0000-0002-6114-5743" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Hui" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Le", "orcid": "0000-0002-3697-171X" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Shuaijian" }, { "family_name": "Yin", "given_name": "Lan", "orcid": "0000-0001-7306-4628" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Cunjiang" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Guihua", "orcid": "0000-0002-3253-0749" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Jing", "orcid": "0000-0002-4288-951X" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Shu-Hong", "orcid": "0000-0003-3732-1011" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Xinge", "orcid": "0000-0003-0522-1171" }, { "family_name": "Zamburg", "given_name": "Evgeny" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Haixia", "orcid": "0000-0003-4565-4123" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xiangyu" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xiaosheng" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Yihui" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Yu" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Siyuan", "orcid": "0000-0002-2658-3414" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Xuanhe", "orcid": "0000-0001-5387-6186" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Yuanjin" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Yu-Qing", "orcid": "0000-0003-3727-565X" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Zijian" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Tao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6507-8912" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Bowen", "orcid": "0000-0001-7534-9723" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Ming" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Rong", "orcid": "0000-0001-5363-9519" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Yangzhi", "orcid": "0000-0003-2920-3365" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Yong" }, { "family_name": "Zou", "given_name": "Guijin", "orcid": "0000-0003-0047-7012" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xiaodong", "orcid": "0000-0002-3312-1664" } ], "abstract": "

Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.

", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.2c12606", "pmcid": "PMC11223676", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2023-03-09", "series_number": "6", "volume": "17", "issue": "6", "pages": "5211-5295" }, { "id": "authors:zz0z9-9mg83", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zz0z9-9mg83", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230103-817548100.26", "type": "article", "title": "A fibrous neuromorphic device for multi-level nerve pathways implementing knee jerk reflex and cognitive activities", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ni", "given_name": "Yao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6370-4799", "clpid": "Ni-Yao" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Hong", "orcid": "0000-0002-2852-8662", "clpid": "Han-Hong" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Jiaqi", "clpid": "Liu-Jiaqi" }, { "family_name": "Choi", "given_name": "Yongsuk", "orcid": "0000-0002-9300-9068", "clpid": "Choi-Yongsuk" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Lu", "clpid": "Liu-Lu" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Zhipeng", "clpid": "Xu-Zhipeng" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Lu", "clpid": "Yang-Lu" }, { "family_name": "Jiang", "given_name": "Chengpeng", "orcid": "0000-0003-4052-0804", "clpid": "Jiang-Chengpeng" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Wentao", "clpid": "Xu-Wentao" } ], "abstract": "Here, we present fibrous neuromorphic devices (FNDs) that serves as multi-level nerve pathways to implement a biomimetic knee-jerk reflex and cognitive activities. By the tunable charge-carrier polarity of the fibrous electrolyte, FNDs successfully simulate the competition between glutamate and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a multiplexed transmission process in the human nervous system. To emulate action signals that respond to environmental stimuli in a low-level nerve pathway, a fiber-level neurologically integrated muscular system was constructed by cascading with FNDs and artificial muscle fibers; the system realized unconditioned reflex, even under loads of several Newtons. To emulate the high-level nerve pathway, multiple conductive states of FNDs were used to construct flexible neuromorphic networks; the recognition accuracy for the Fashion MNIST dataset was > 83%, with < 0.1% loss of accuracy even after 100 bending cycles, which represents the most stable recognition result for flexible neuromorphic electronics so far. The presented FNDs provide an excellent basis for the development of human-compatible artificial neurological systems.", "doi": "10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107898", "issn": "2211-2855", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Nano Energy", "publication_date": "2022-12-15", "volume": "104, Pt. B", "pages": "Art. No.Art. No. 107898" }, { "id": "authors:fm8ky-38e98", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fm8ky-38e98", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20221130-646774100.17", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Lasalde-Ram\u00edrez", "given_name": "Jos\u00e9 A.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2834-3120", "clpid": "Lasalde-Ram\u00edrez-Jos\u00e9-A" }, { "family_name": "Mahato", "given_name": "Kuldeep", "orcid": "0000-0002-1927-4795", "clpid": "Mahato-Kuldeep" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.", "doi": "10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w", "pmcid": "PMC9666953", "issn": "2397-3358", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Reviews Chemistry", "publication_date": "2022-12", "series_number": "12", "volume": "6", "issue": "12", "pages": "899-915" }, { "id": "authors:6e5ws-37180", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6e5ws-37180", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220815-112698000", "type": "article", "title": "A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabolites and nutrients", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu-Med-Eng" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Mukasa", "given_name": "Daniel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8379-3648", "clpid": "Mukasa-Daniel" }, { "family_name": "Ye", "given_name": "Cui", "orcid": "0000-0001-7689-6825", "clpid": "Ye-Cui" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Heflin", "given_name": "Nicole", "clpid": "Heflin-Nicole" }, { "family_name": "McCune", "given_name": "Jeannine S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0795-497X", "clpid": "McCune-Jeannine-S" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung K.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1734-0792", "clpid": "Hsiai-Tzung-K" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Zhaoping", "clpid": "Li-Zhaoping" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable non-invasive biosensors for the continuous monitoring of metabolites in sweat can detect a few analytes at sufficiently high concentrations, typically during vigorous exercise so as to generate sufficient quantity of the biofluid. Here we report the design and performance of a wearable electrochemical biosensor for the continuous analysis, in sweat during physical exercise and at rest, of trace levels of multiple metabolites and nutrients, including all essential amino acids and vitamins. The biosensor consists of graphene electrodes that can be repeatedly regenerated in situ, functionalized with metabolite-specific antibody-like molecularly imprinted polymers and redox-active reporter nanoparticles, and integrated with modules for iontophoresis-based sweat induction, microfluidic sweat sampling, signal processing and calibration, and wireless communication. In volunteers, the biosensor enabled the real-time monitoring of the intake of amino acids and their levels during physical exercise, as well as the assessment of the risk of metabolic syndrome (by correlating amino acid levels in serum and sweat). The monitoring of metabolites for the early identification of abnormal health conditions could facilitate applications in precision nutrition.", "doi": "10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z", "pmcid": "PMC10432133", "issn": "2157-846X", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Biomedical Engineering", "publication_date": "2022-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "6", "issue": "11", "pages": "1225-1235" }, { "id": "authors:cptm5-jw344", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cptm5-jw344", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20221208-575982500.7", "type": "article", "title": "Microcracked conductors for wearable sensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "A stretchable and conductive micrometre-thick elastic conductor, which has a controlled morphology of microcracks, can be used in on-skin and implantable sensor applications.", "doi": "10.1038/s41928-022-00873-0", "issn": "2520-1131", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Electronics", "publication_date": "2022-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "5", "issue": "11", "pages": "717-718" }, { "id": "authors:nf9sb-7xa18", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nf9sb-7xa18", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220810-254276000", "type": "article", "title": "Engineering viral genomics and nano-liposomes in microfluidic platforms for patient-specific analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants", "author": [ { "family_name": "Satta", "given_name": "Sandro", "clpid": "Satta-Sandro" }, { "family_name": "Shahabipour", "given_name": "Fahimeh", "clpid": "Shahabipour-Fahimeh" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Lentz", "given_name": "Steven R.", "clpid": "Lentz-Steven-R" }, { "family_name": "Perlman", "given_name": "Stanley", "clpid": "Perlman-Stanley" }, { "family_name": "Ashammakhi", "given_name": "Nureddin", "clpid": "Ashammakhi-Nureddin" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung", "orcid": "0000-0003-1734-0792", "clpid": "Hsiai-Tzung-K" } ], "abstract": "New variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuing to spread globally, contributing to the persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing resources have been focused on developing vaccines and therapeutics that target the Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Recent advances in microfluidics have the potential to recapitulate viral infection in the organ-specific platforms, known as organ-on-a-chip (OoC), in which binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of the host cells occurs. As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers, there remains an unmet need to screen emerging mutations, to predict viral transmissibility and pathogenicity, and to assess the strength of neutralizing antibodies following vaccination or reinfection. Conventional detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants relies on two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture methods, whereas simulating the micro-environment requires three-dimensional (3-D) systems. To this end, analyzing SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenicity via microfluidic platforms minimizes the experimental cost, duration, and optimization needed for animal studies, and obviates the ethical concerns associated with the use of primates. In this context, this review highlights the state-of-the-art strategy to engineer the nano-liposomes that can be conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations or genomic sequences in the microfluidic platforms; thereby, allowing for screening the rising SARS-CoV-2 variants and predicting COVID-19-associated coagulation. Furthermore, introducing viral genomics to the patient-specific blood accelerates the discovery of therapeutic targets in the face of evolving viral variants, including B1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617.2 (Delta), c.37 (Lambda), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Thus, engineering nano-liposomes to encapsulate SARS-CoV-2 viral genomic sequences enables rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the long COVID-19 era.", "doi": "10.7150/thno.72339", "pmcid": "PMC9254234", "issn": "1838-7640", "publisher": "Ivyspring International Publisher", "publication": "Theranostics", "publication_date": "2022-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "12", "issue": "10", "pages": "4779-4790" }, { "id": "authors:ht1ah-kvt65", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ht1ah-kvt65", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220603-368910100", "type": "article", "title": "All-printed soft human-machine interface for robotic physicochemical sensing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jiahong", "orcid": "0000-0001-7938-9589", "clpid": "Li-Jiahong" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7199-6659", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Guo", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-0239-3122", "clpid": "Guo-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Ultrasensitive multimodal physicochemical sensing for autonomous robotic decision-making has numerous applications in agriculture, security, environmental protection, and public health. Previously reported robotic sensing technologies have primarily focused on monitoring physical parameters such as pressure and temperature. Integrating chemical sensors for autonomous dry-phase analyte detection on a robotic platform is rather extremely challenging and substantially underdeveloped. Here, we introduce an artificial intelligence\u2013powered multimodal robotic sensing system (M-Bot) with an all-printed mass-producible soft electronic skin\u2013based human-machine interface. A scalable inkjet printing technology with custom-developed nanomaterial inks was used to manufacture flexible physicochemical sensor arrays for electrophysiology recording, tactile perception, and robotic sensing of a wide range of hazardous materials including nitroaromatic explosives, pesticides, nerve agents, and infectious pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. The M-Bot decodes the surface electromyography signals collected from the human body through machine learning algorithms for remote robotic control and can perform in situ threat compound detection in extreme or contaminated environments with user-interactive tactile and threat alarm feedback. The printed electronic skin\u2013based robotic sensing technology can be further generalized and applied to other remote sensing platforms. Such diversity was validated on an intelligent multimodal robotic boat platform that can efficiently track the source of trace amounts of hazardous compounds through autonomous and intelligent decision-making algorithms. This fully printed human-machine interactive multimodal sensing technology could play a crucial role in designing future intelligent robotic systems and can be easily reconfigured toward numerous practical wearable and robotic applications.", "doi": "10.1126/scirobotics.abn0495", "pmcid": "PMC9302713", "issn": "2470-9476", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Robotics", "publication_date": "2022-06-01", "series_number": "67", "volume": "7", "issue": "67", "pages": "Art. No. abn0495" }, { "id": "authors:2d6yn-y2n18", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2d6yn-y2n18", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220113-922790233", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable Bioelectronics for Chronic Wound Management", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "orcid": "0000-0003-3297-9041", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Shirzaei Sani", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-4609-1505", "clpid": "Shirzaei-Sani-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Chronic wounds are a major healthcare issue and can adversely affect the lives of millions of patients around the world. The current wound management strategies have limited clinical efficacy due to labor-intensive lab analysis requirements, need for clinicians' experiences, long-term and frequent interventions, limiting therapeutic efficiency and applicability. The growing field of flexible bioelectronics enables a great potential for personalized wound care owing to its advantages such as wearability, low-cost, and rapid and simple application. Herein, recent advances in the development of wearable bioelectronics for monitoring and management of chronic wounds are comprehensively reviewed. First, the design principles and the key features of bioelectronics that can adapt to the unique wound milieu features are introduced. Next, the current state of wound biosensors and on-demand therapeutic systems are summarized and highlighted. Furthermore, the design criteria of the integrated closed loop devices are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges in wearable bioelectronics for wound care are discussed.", "doi": "10.1002/adfm.202111022", "pmcid": "PMC9518812", "issn": "1616-301X", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Functional Materials", "publication_date": "2022-04-25", "series_number": "17", "volume": "32", "issue": "17", "pages": "2111022" }, { "id": "authors:bq015-thn95", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bq015-thn95", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211213-518563000", "type": "article", "title": "Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human\u2013Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Heng", "given_name": "Wenzheng", "clpid": "Heng-Wenzheng" }, { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Samuel", "clpid": "Solomon-Samuel-A" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human\u2013machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human\u2013machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human\u2013machine interface in medical robotics.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.202107902", "pmcid": "PMC9035141", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2022-04-21", "series_number": "16", "volume": "34", "issue": "16", "pages": "Art. No. 2107902" }, { "id": "authors:3x3nx-62181", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3x3nx-62181", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220202-544220000", "type": "article", "title": "3D Porous Graphene Films with Large\u2010Area In\u2010Plane Exterior Skins", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tay", "given_name": "Roland Yingjie", "orcid": "0000-0002-3341-0984", "clpid": "Tay-Roland-Yingjie" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Hongling", "orcid": "0000-0002-2292-1949", "clpid": "Li-Hongling" }, { "family_name": "Ng", "given_name": "Zhi Kai", "orcid": "0000-0002-7740-8878", "clpid": "Ng-Zhi-Kai" }, { "family_name": "Tsang", "given_name": "Siu Hon", "orcid": "0000-0003-4277-6539", "clpid": "Tsang-Siu-Hon" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Teo", "given_name": "Edwin Hang Tong", "orcid": "0000-0003-0528-1764", "clpid": "Teo-Edwin-Hang-Tong" } ], "abstract": "Construction of macroscopic 3D architectures of graphene is crucial to harness the advantageous properties of planar 2D graphene and to enable integration to many conventional and novel applications. Ideally, the 3D structure of graphene should be free of defects, covalently interconnected, and can be produced at large-scale. Among various assembly techniques, fabrication using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables the production of high-quality graphene where selection of template is the key that determines its consequent crystalline quality and structural morphology. Herein, a new method is presented to synthesize high-quality porous graphene film by incorporating an in situ reduction\u2013oxidation cycling treatment to generate micrometer-sized pores on commercial Ni foil using an all-CVD process route. Owing to the unique morphological features of the modified Ni template, the graphene film exhibits a holey surface with large-area exterior skin coverage of >94% and many interconnected ligaments within its porous interior. This extraordinary configuration gives rise to superior in-plane electrical conductivity despite its low density. In comparison to state-of-the-art materials for electromagnetic interference shielding, this porous graphene film is among the best performing materials with a specific shielding effectiveness of >550 dB cm\u00b3 g\u207b\u00b9 and absolute effectiveness of >220\u2009000 dB cm\u00b2 g\u207b\u00b9.", "doi": "10.1002/admi.202101938", "issn": "2196-7350", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials Interfaces", "publication_date": "2022-02-22", "series_number": "6", "volume": "9", "issue": "6", "pages": "Art. No. 2101938" }, { "id": "authors:mefbx-thh76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mefbx-thh76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211020-223059436", "type": "article", "title": "Wall-induced translation of a rotating particle in a shear-thinning fluid", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Ye", "clpid": "Chen-Ye" }, { "family_name": "Demir", "given_name": "Ebru", "orcid": "0000-0002-2099-1679", "clpid": "Demir-Ebru" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Young", "given_name": "Y.-N.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9771-5480", "clpid": "Younbg-Yuan-Nan" }, { "family_name": "Pak", "given_name": "On Shun", "orcid": "0000-0003-1510-7049", "clpid": "Pak-On-Shun" } ], "abstract": "Particle\u2013wall interactions have broad biological and technological applications. In particular, some artificial microswimmers capitalize on their translation\u2013rotation coupling near a wall to generate directed propulsion. Emerging biomedical applications of these microswimmers in complex biological fluids prompt questions on the impact of non-Newtonian rheology on their propulsion. In this work, we report some intriguing effects of shear-thinning rheology, a ubiquitous non-Newtonian behaviour of biological fluids, on the translation\u2013rotation coupling of a particle near a wall. One particularly interesting feature revealed here is that the wall-induced translation by rotation can occur in a direction opposite to what might be intuitively expected for an object rolling on a solid substrate. We elucidate the underlying physical mechanism and discuss its implications on the design of micromachines and bacterial motion near walls in complex fluids.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2021.775", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2021-11-25", "volume": "927", "pages": "Art. No. R2" }, { "id": "authors:mbyrn-rh948", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mbyrn-rh948", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210630-210203466", "type": "article", "title": "Editorial on \"Wearable biosensors for personalized health monitoring\"", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Digital medicine facilitated by wearable electronics and big data analytics has received tremendous attention owing to its great potential in predictive analytics and preventive intervention toward precision medicine. Despite the urgent quest, the limited availability of wearable analytical biosensors has hindered further progress towards tracking the user's health state at molecular levels. Over the past years, through materials, devices, and system innovations, significant progress has been made in the field of wearable chemical sensors for analyzing biomarkers in body fluids such as saliva and sweat. The wearable biosensors have opened up a wealth of options for utilizing information obtained from sweat and saliva into the monitoring of physiological and pathophysiological conditions and could enable new fundamental and personalized healthcare applications.", "doi": "10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122635", "issn": "0039-9140", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Talanta", "publication_date": "2021-11-01", "volume": "234", "pages": "Art. No. 122635" }, { "id": "authors:9p346-vby48", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9p346-vby48", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211008-183535839", "type": "article", "title": "Laser-engraved graphene for flexible and wearable electronics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Laser-engraved graphene (LEG) has been applied increasingly in flexible electronics over the past decade owing to its unique physical and chemical properties, and has shown great promise in energy controls, chemical and physical sensing, and telemedicine. In situ laser engraving has empowered graphene with additional versatilities such as miniaturized patterning, tunable composition, controllable morphology, and environmental friendliness. In this review, the technological advances of LEG from synthesis to applications in flexible and wearable electronic devices are summarized. Specifically, the use of LEG in designing next-generation nanogenerators, batteries, supercapacitors, physical sensors, gas sensors, biosensors, and wearable/telemedicine systems is discussed. An outlook related to LEG-based flexible electronics and key technological bottlenecks is identified.", "doi": "10.1016/j.trechm.2021.09.001", "issn": "2589-5974", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Trends in Chemistry", "publication_date": "2021-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "3", "issue": "11", "pages": "969-981" }, { "id": "authors:t148b-pbx19", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t148b-pbx19", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201222-143554115", "type": "article", "title": "Electrical impedance tomography for non-invasive identification of fatty liver infiltrate in overweight individuals", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chang", "given_name": "Chih-Chiang", "clpid": "Chang-Chih-Chiang" }, { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Zi-Yu", "clpid": "Huang-Zi-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Shih", "given_name": "Shu-Fu", "clpid": "Shih-Shu-Fu" }, { "family_name": "Luo", "given_name": "Yuan", "clpid": "Luo-Yuan" }, { "family_name": "Ko", "given_name": "Arthur", "orcid": "0000-0002-1523-7225", "clpid": "Ko-Arthur" }, { "family_name": "Cui", "given_name": "Qingyu", "clpid": "Cui-Qingyu" }, { "family_name": "Sumner", "given_name": "Jennifer", "orcid": "0000-0002-0217-7171", "clpid": "Sumner-Jennifer" }, { "family_name": "Cavallero", "given_name": "Susana", "orcid": "0000-0001-5402-8840", "clpid": "Cavallero-Susana" }, { "family_name": "Das", "given_name": "Swarna", "clpid": "Das-Swarna" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sinsheimer", "given_name": "Janet", "orcid": "0000-0001-9540-5956", "clpid": "Sinsheimer-Janet" }, { "family_name": "Bui", "given_name": "Alex", "clpid": "Bui-Alexander" }, { "family_name": "Jacobs", "given_name": "Jonathan P.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4698-0254", "clpid": "Jacobs-Jonathan-P" }, { "family_name": "Pajukanta", "given_name": "P\u00e4ivi", "orcid": "0000-0002-6423-8056", "clpid": "Pajukanta-P\u00e4ivi" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Holden", "orcid": "0000-0002-2585-5916", "clpid": "Wu-Holden" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Yu-Chong", "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X", "clpid": "Tai-Yu-Chong" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Zhaoping", "clpid": "Li-Zhaoping" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung K.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1734-0792", "clpid": "Hsiai-Tzung-K" } ], "abstract": "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of cardiometabolic diseases in overweight individuals. While liver biopsy is the current gold standard to diagnose NAFLD and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive alternative still under clinical trials, the former is invasive and the latter costly. We demonstrate electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as a portable method for detecting fatty infiltrate. We enrolled 19 overweight subjects to undergo liver MRI scans, followed by EIT measurements. The MRI images provided the a priori knowledge of the liver boundary conditions for EIT reconstruction, and the multi-echo MRI data quantified liver proton-density fat fraction (PDFF%) to validate fat infiltrate. Using the EIT electrode belts, we circumferentially injected pairwise current to the upper abdomen, followed by acquiring the resulting surface-voltage to reconstruct the liver conductivity. Pearson's correlation analyses compared EIT conductivity or MRI PDFF with body mass index, age, waist circumference, height, and weight variables. We reveal that the correlation between liver EIT conductivity or MRI PDFF with demographics is statistically insignificant, whereas liver EIT conductivity is inversely correlated with MRI PDFF (R\u2009=\u2009\u22120.69, p\u2009=\u20090.003, n\u2009=\u200916). As a pilot study, EIT conductivity provides a portable method for operator-independent and cost-effective detection of hepatic steatosis.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-99132-z", "pmcid": "PMC8494919", "issn": "2045-2322", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "publication": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2021-10-06", "volume": "11", "pages": "Art. No. 19859" }, { "id": "authors:46zzr-vnx97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "46zzr-vnx97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211001-223114641", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable and Implantable Devices for Healthcare", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Cunjiang", "clpid": "Yu-Cunjiang" } ], "abstract": "Over the past decades, wearable and implantable devices have demonstrated great potential for a wide range of personalized health monitoring and therapeutic applications. This special issue primarily focuses on functional and electronic materials, sensors technologies and capabilities, and the associated energy solutions for wearable and implantable devices toward healthcare applications. We have collected 17 reviews, four research articles, and one perspective, all of which are within the scope of this area and cover the topics in breadth and depth.", "doi": "10.1002/adhm.202101548", "issn": "2192-2640", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Healthcare Materials", "publication_date": "2021-09-08", "series_number": "17", "volume": "10", "issue": "17", "pages": "Art. No. 2101548" }, { "id": "authors:wh8rb-kwg40", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wh8rb-kwg40", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210423-164853265", "type": "article", "title": "Ethical Considerations of Wearable Technologies in Human Research", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable technologies hold great promise for disease diagnosis and patient care. Despite the flourishing research activities in this field, only a handful of wearable devices are commercialized and cleared for medical usage. The successful translation of current proof\u2010of\u2010concept prototypes requires extensive in\u2010human testing. There is a lag between current standards and operation protocols to guide the responsible and ethical conduct of researchers in such in\u2010human studies and the rapid development of the field. This essay presents relevant ethical concerns in early\u2010stage human research from a researcher's perspective.", "doi": "10.1002/adhm.202100127", "pmcid": "PMC8429072", "issn": "2192-2640", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Healthcare Materials", "publication_date": "2021-09-08", "series_number": "7", "volume": "10", "issue": "7", "pages": "Art. No. 2100127" }, { "id": "authors:ytpe8-chj46", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ytpe8-chj46", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210901-195343639", "type": "article", "title": "A soft bioaffinity sensor array for chronic wound monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sani", "given_name": "Ehsan Shirzaei", "clpid": "Sani-Ehsan-Shirzaei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Canran", "clpid": "Wang-Canran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Smart wound care systems that are capable of analyzing biomarkers in the wound microenvironment and reporting data to healthcare professionals and patients can overcome many of the limitations and challenges associated with chronic wound healing. Lim and colleagues reported a novel multiplexed bioaffinity sensor array that could detect multiple inflammatory and physiological biomarkers in the wound bed. The outcome of this work can improve wound management and patient health and potentially reduce healthcare costs.", "doi": "10.1016/j.matt.2021.06.018", "issn": "2590-2385", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Matter", "publication_date": "2021-08-04", "series_number": "8", "volume": "4", "issue": "8", "pages": "2613-2615" }, { "id": "authors:ns7x5-fwq97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ns7x5-fwq97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210217-074206982", "type": "article", "title": "Self-Powered Wearable Biosensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Mukasa", "given_name": "Daniel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8379-3648", "clpid": "Mukasa-Daniel" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Haixia", "clpid": "Zhang-Haixia" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable biosensors hold the potential of revolutionizing personalized healthcare and telemedicine. Advances in chemical sensing, flexible materials, and scalable manufacturing techniques now allow wearables to detect key physiological indicators such as temperature, vital signs, body motion, and molecular biomarkers. With these systems operating on the skin, they enable continuous and noninvasive disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Such complex devices, however, require suitable power sources in order to realize their full capacity. Emerging wearable energy harvesters are attractive for addressing the challenges of a wearable power supply. These harvesters convert various types of ambient energy sources (e.g., biomechanical energy, biochemical energy, and solar energy) into electricity. In some circumstances, the harvested electrical signals can directly be used for active sensing of physiological parameters. On the other hand, single or hybrid wearable energy harvesters, when integrated with power management circuits and energy storage devices, could power additional biosensors as well as signal processing and data transmission electronics. Self-powered sensor systems operate continuously and sustainably without an external power supply are promising candidates in the next generation of wearable electronics and the Internet of Things. \n\nThis Account highlights recent progress in self-powered wearable sensors toward personalized healthcare, covering biosensors, energy harvesters, energy storage, and power supply strategies. The Account begins with an introduction of our wearable biosensors toward an epidermal detection of physiological information. Advances in structural and material innovations enable wearable systems to measure both biophysical and biochemical indicators conformably, accurately, and continuously. We then discuss emerging technologies in wearable energy harvesting, classified according to their capability to scavenge energy from various sources. These include examples of using energy harvesters themselves as active biosensors. Through seamless integration and efficient power management, self-powered wireless wearable sensor systems allow real-time data acquisition, processing, and transmission for health monitoring. The final section of the Account covers the existing challenges and new opportunities for self-powered wearable sensors in health monitoring and human\u2013machine interfaces toward personalized and precision medicine.", "doi": "10.1021/accountsmr.1c00002", "issn": "2643-6728", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Accounts of Materials Research", "publication_date": "2021-03-26", "series_number": "3", "volume": "2", "issue": "3", "pages": "184-197" }, { "id": "authors:ya9qy-vj688", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ya9qy-vj688", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201120-095702860", "type": "article", "title": "A Biofuel-Cell-Based Energy Harvester With 86% Peak Efficiency and 0.25-V Minimum Input Voltage Using Source-Adaptive MPPT", "author": [ { "family_name": "Talkhooncheh", "given_name": "Arian Hashemi", "orcid": "0000-0001-8946-5047", "clpid": "Talkhooncheh-Arian-Hashemi" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Agarwal", "given_name": "Abhinav", "clpid": "Agarwal-Abhinav" }, { "family_name": "Kuo", "given_name": "William Wei-Ting", "clpid": "Kuo-William-Wei-Ting" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kuan-Chang", "orcid": "0000-0003-2968-4656", "clpid": "Chen-Kuan-Chang" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minwo", "clpid": "Wang-Minwo" }, { "family_name": "Hoskuldsdottir", "given_name": "Gudrun", "clpid": "Hoskuldsdottir-Gudrun" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Emami", "given_name": "Azita", "orcid": "0000-0002-6945-9958", "clpid": "Emami-A" } ], "abstract": "This article presents an efficient cold-starting energy harvester system, fabricated in 65-nm CMOS. The proposed harvester uses no external electrical components and is compatible with biofuel-cell (BFC) voltage and power ranges. A power-efficient system architecture is proposed to keep the internal circuitry operating at 0.4 V while regulating the output voltage at 1 V using switched-capacitor dc\u2013dc converters and a hysteretic controller. A startup enhancement block is presented to facilitate cold startup with any arbitrary input voltage. A real-time on-chip 2-D maximum power point tracking with source degradation tracing is also implemented to maintain power efficiency maximized over time. The system performs cold startup with a minimum input voltage of 0.39 V and continues its operation if the input voltage degrades to as low as 0.25 V. Peak power efficiency of 86% is achieved at 0.39 V of input voltage and 1.34 \u03bcW of output power with 220 nW of average power consumption of the chip. The end-to-end power efficiency is kept above 70% for a wide range of loading powers from 1 to 12 \u03bcW. The chip is integrated with a pair of lactate BFC electrodes with 2 mm of diameter on a prototype-printed circuit board (PCB). Integrated operation of the chip with the electrodes and a lactate solution is demonstrated.", "doi": "10.1109/jssc.2020.3035491", "issn": "0018-9200", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits", "publication_date": "2021-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "56", "issue": "3", "pages": "715-728" }, { "id": "authors:q1065-dze64", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "q1065-dze64", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201027-083652858", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable electrochemical biosensors in North America", "author": [ { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Sempionatto", "given_name": "Juliane R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2431-9019", "clpid": "Sempionatto-Juliane-R" }, { "family_name": "Teymourian", "given_name": "Hazhir", "orcid": "0000-0003-0025-4732", "clpid": "Teymourian-Hazhir" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Tremendous research and commercialization efforts around the world are focused on developing novel wearable electrochemical biosensors that can noninvasively and continuously screen for biochemical markers in body fluids for the prognosis, diagnosis and management of diseases, as well as the monitoring of fitness. Researchers in North America are leading the development of innovative wearable platforms that can comfortably comply to the human body and efficiently sample fluids such as sweat, interstitial fluids, tear and saliva for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers through various sensing approaches such as potentiometric ion selective electrodes and amperometric enzymatic sensors. We start this review with a historical timeline overviewing the major milestones in the development of wearable electrochemical sensors by North American institutions. We then describe how such research efforts have led to pioneering developments and are driving the advancement and commercialization of wearable electrochemical sensors: from minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors for chronic disease management to non-invasive sweat electrolyte sensors for dehydration monitoring in fitness applications. While many countries across the globe have contributed significantly to this rapidly emerging field, their contributions are beyond the scope of this review. Furthermore, we share our perspective on the promising future of wearable electrochemical sensors in applications spanning from remote and personalized healthcare to wellness.", "doi": "10.1016/j.bios.2020.112750", "issn": "0956-5663", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Biosensors and Bioelectronics", "publication_date": "2021-01-15", "volume": "172", "pages": "Art. No. 112750" }, { "id": "authors:7cm2m-kkz63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7cm2m-kkz63", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201214-130923880", "type": "article", "title": "Emerging Telemedicine Tools for Remote COVID-19 Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Management", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lukas", "given_name": "Heather", "clpid": "Lukas-Heather" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "The management of the COVID-19 pandemic has relied on cautious contact tracing, quarantine, and sterilization protocols while we await a vaccine to be made widely available. Telemedicine or mobile health (mHealth) is well-positioned during this time to reduce potential disease spread and prevent overloading of the healthcare system through at-home COVID-19 screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. With the rise of mass-fabricated electronics for wearable and portable sensors, emerging telemedicine tools have been developed to address shortcomings in COVID-19 diagnostics, monitoring, and management. In this Perspective, we summarize current implementations of mHealth sensors for COVID-19, highlight recent technological advances, and provide an overview on how these tools may be utilized to better control the COVID-19 pandemic.", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.0c08494", "pmcid": "PMC7754783", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2020-12-22", "series_number": "12", "volume": "14", "issue": "12", "pages": "16180-16193" }, { "id": "authors:e6v3e-hke90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "e6v3e-hke90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201002-102234974", "type": "article", "title": "SARS-CoV-2 RapidPlex: A Graphene-Based Multiplexed Telemedicine Platform for Rapid and Low-Cost COVID-19 Diagnosis and Monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez", "given_name": "Rebeca M.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2153-172X", "clpid": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez-Rebeca-M" }, { "family_name": "Lukas", "given_name": "Heather", "orcid": "0000-0002-8160-9066", "clpid": "Lukas-Heather-L" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Rossiter", "given_name": "Harry B.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7884-0726", "clpid": "Rossiter-Harry-B" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global challenge for public health systems. Ultrasensitive and early identification of infection is critical in preventing widespread COVID-19 infection by presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, especially in the community and in-home settings. We demonstrate a multiplexed, portable, wireless electrochemical platform for ultra-rapid detection of COVID-19: the SARS-CoV-2 RapidPlex. It detects viral antigen nucleocapsid protein, IgM and IgG antibodies, as well as the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein, based on our mass-producible laser-engraved graphene electrodes. We demonstrate ultrasensitive, highly selective, and rapid electrochemical detection in the physiologically relevant ranges. We successfully evaluated the applicability of our SARS-CoV-2 RapidPlex platform with COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative blood and saliva samples. Based on this pilot study, our multiplexed immunosensor platform may allow for high-frequency at-home testing for COVID-19 telemedicine diagnosis and monitoring.", "doi": "10.1016/j.matt.2020.09.027", "pmcid": "PMC7535803", "issn": "2590-2385", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Matter", "publication_date": "2020-12-02", "series_number": "6", "volume": "3", "issue": "6", "pages": "1981-1998" }, { "id": "authors:zb2t4-acw40", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zb2t4-acw40", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200706-101709396", "type": "article", "title": "Medical micro/nanorobots in complex media", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Ye", "clpid": "Chen-Ye" }, { "family_name": "Mukasa", "given_name": "Daniel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8379-3648", "clpid": "Mukasa-Daniel" }, { "family_name": "Pak", "given_name": "On Shun", "clpid": "Pak-On-Shun" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Medical micro/nanorobots have received tremendous attention over the past decades owing to their potential to be navigated into hard-to-reach tissues for a number of biomedical applications ranging from targeted drug/gene delivery, bio-isolation, detoxification, to nanosurgery. Despite the great promise, the majority of the past demonstrations are primarily under benchtop or in vitro conditions. Many developed micro/nanoscale propulsion mechanisms are based on the assumption of a homogeneous, Newtonian environment, while realistic biological environments are substantially more complex. Moving toward practical medical use, the field of micro/nanorobotics must overcome several major challenges including propulsion through complex media (such as blood, mucus, and vitreous) as well as deep tissue imaging and control in vivo. In this review article, we summarize the recent research efforts on investigating how various complexities in biological environments impact the propulsion of micro/nanoswimmers. We also highlight the emerging technological approaches to enhance the locomotion of micro/nanorobots in complex environments. The recent demonstrations of in vivo imaging, control and therapeutic medical applications of such micro/nanorobots are introduced. We envision that continuing materials and technological innovations through interdisciplinary collaborative efforts can bring us steps closer to the fantasy of \"swallowing a surgeon\".", "doi": "10.1039/d0cs00309c", "issn": "0306-0012", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Chemical Society Reviews", "publication_date": "2020-11-21", "series_number": "22", "volume": "49", "issue": "22", "pages": "8088-8112" }, { "id": "authors:9t4s1-4m604", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9t4s1-4m604", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201119-085230422", "type": "article", "title": "Spray-on magnetic skin for robotic actuation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "A minimalist robot construction strategy offers versatility and compatibility in actuating diverse objects on demand.", "doi": "10.1126/scirobotics.abf1390", "issn": "2470-9476", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Robotics", "publication_date": "2020-11-18", "series_number": "48", "volume": "5", "issue": "48", "pages": "Art. No. eabf1390" }, { "id": "authors:nx4hn-e6r27", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nx4hn-e6r27", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201001-100535772", "type": "article", "title": "Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion", "author": [ { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Haobin", "clpid": "Wang-Haobin" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Haixia", "clpid": "Zhang-Haixia" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wireless wearable sweat biosensors have gained huge traction due to their potential for noninvasive health monitoring. As high energy consumption is a crucial challenge in this field, efficient energy harvesting from human motion represents an attractive approach to sustainably power future wearables. Despite intensive research activities, most wearable energy harvesters suffer from complex fabrication procedures, poor robustness, and low power density, making them unsuitable for continuous biosensing. Here, we propose a highly robust, mass-producible, and battery-free wearable platform that efficiently extracts power from body motion through a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB)\u2013based freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG). The judiciously engineered FTENG displays a high power output of ~416 mW m\u207b\u00b2. Through seamless system integration and efficient power management, we demonstrate a battery-free triboelectrically driven system that is able to power multiplexed sweat biosensors and wirelessly transmit data to the user interfaces through Bluetooth during on-body human trials.", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.aay9842", "pmcid": "PMC7527225", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2020-09-30", "series_number": "40", "volume": "6", "issue": "40", "pages": "Art. No. eaay9842" }, { "id": "authors:ttk8a-a8e51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ttk8a-a8e51", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200924-124203056", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable sweat sensor for personalized health monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "The rising research interest in personalized and precision medicine promises to revolutionize traditional medical practices. This presents a tremendous opportunity for developing wearable devices toward predictive analytics and treatment. In this talk, I will introduce fully integrated flexible biosensors for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, which can selectively and accurately measure a wide spectrum of sweat analytes (e.g., metabolites, electrolytes, heavy metals, drugs, and other small molecules). This platform allows us to gain real-time insight into the sweat secretion and gland physiology. I will also demonstrate an integrated wearable sweat extraction and sensing system that can be programmed to induce sweat on demand with various secretion profiles. To demonstrate the clinical value of our wearable sweat-sensing platform, human subject studies were performed toward fitness monitoring, physiologic monitoring, disease diagnosis, and drug monitoring. These wearable and flexible devices open the door to a wide range of personalized monitoring and diagnostic applications.", "doi": "10.1158/1538-7755.MODPOP19-IA06", "issn": "1538-7755", "publisher": "American Association for Cancer Research", "publication": "Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention", "publication_date": "2020-09", "series_number": "9", "volume": "29", "issue": "9", "pages": "Art. No. IA06" }, { "id": "authors:6skbq-mtn67", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6skbq-mtn67", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191114-105819705", "type": "article", "title": "Era of Digital Health: A Review of Portable and Wearable Affinity Biosensors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez", "given_name": "Rebeca M.", "clpid": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Digital health facilitated by wearable/portable electronics and big data analytics holds great potential in empowering patients with real\u2010time diagnostics tools and information. The detection of a majority of biomarkers at trace levels in body fluids using mobile health (mHealth) devices requires bioaffinity sensors that rely on \"bioreceptors\" for specific recognition. Portable point\u2010of\u2010care testing (POCT) bioaffinity sensors have demonstrated their broad utility for diverse applications ranging from health monitoring to disease diagnosis and management. In addition, flexible and stretchable electronics\u2010enabled wearable platforms have emerged in the past decade as an interesting approach in the ambulatory collection of real\u2010time data. Herein, the technological advancements of mHealth bioaffinity sensors evolved from laboratory assays to portable POCT devices, and to wearable electronics, are synthesized. The involved recognition events in the mHealth affinity biosensors enabled by bioreceptors (e.g., antibodies, DNAs, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers) are discussed along with their transduction mechanisms (e.g., electrochemical and optical) and system\u2010level integration technologies. Finally, an outlook of the field is provided and key technological bottlenecks to overcome identified, in order to achieve a new sensing paradigm in wearable bioaffinity platforms.", "doi": "10.1002/adfm.201906713", "issn": "1616-301X", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Functional Materials", "publication_date": "2020-07-16", "series_number": "29", "volume": "30", "issue": "29", "pages": "Art. No. 1906713" }, { "id": "authors:zweyp-xmf81", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zweyp-xmf81", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200603-134306977", "type": "article", "title": "Skin-Interfaced Sensors in Digital Medicine: from Materials to Applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "The recent advances in skin-interfaced wearable sensors have enabled tremendous potential toward personalized medicine and digital health. Compared with traditional healthcare, wearable sensors could perform continuous and non-invasive data collection from the human body and provide an insight into both fitness monitoring and medical diagnostics. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of skin-interfaced wearable sensors along with their integrated systems. We first introduce the strategies of materials selection and structure design that can be accommodated for intimate contact with human skin. Current development of physical and biochemical sensors is then classified and discussed with an emphasis on their sensing mechanisms. System-level integration including power supply, wireless communication, and data analysis are also briefly discussed. We conclude with an outlook of this field and identify the key challenges and opportunities for future wearable devices and systems.", "doi": "10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.020", "pmcid": "PMC7274218", "issn": "2590-2385", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Matter", "publication_date": "2020-06-03", "series_number": "6", "volume": "2", "issue": "6", "pages": "1414-1445" }, { "id": "authors:y1tbs-z4m32", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y1tbs-z4m32", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200422-130006132", "type": "article", "title": "Biofuel-powered soft electronic skin with multiplexed and wireless sensing for human-machine interfaces", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Nassar", "given_name": "Joanna", "orcid": "0000-0003-4463-8877", "clpid": "Nassar-Joanna-M" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Dai", "given_name": "Adam", "orcid": "0000-0002-6823-1046", "clpid": "Dai-Adam" }, { "family_name": "Doshi", "given_name": "Rohan", "clpid": "Doshi-Rohan" }, { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Adrian", "clpid": "Huang-Adrian" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Gehlhar", "given_name": "Rachel", "orcid": "0000-0002-4838-8839", "clpid": "Gehlhar-Rachel" }, { "family_name": "Ames", "given_name": "Aaron D.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0848-3177", "clpid": "Ames-A-D" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Existing electronic skin (e-skin) sensing platforms are equipped to monitor physical parameters using power from batteries or near-field communication. For e-skins to be applied in the next generation of robotics and medical devices, they must operate wirelessly and be self-powered. However, despite recent efforts to harvest energy from the human body, self-powered e-skin with the ability to perform biosensing with Bluetooth communication are limited because of the lack of a continuous energy source and limited power efficiency. Here, we report a flexible and fully perspiration-powered integrated electronic skin (PPES) for multiplexed metabolic sensing in situ. The battery-free e-skin contains multimodal sensors and highly efficient lactate biofuel cells that use a unique integration of zero- to three-dimensional nanomaterials to achieve high power intensity and long-term stability. The PPES delivered a record-breaking power density of 3.5 milliwatt\u00b7centimeter\u207b\u00b2 for biofuel cells in untreated human body fluids (human sweat) and displayed a very stable performance during a 60-hour continuous operation. It selectively monitored key metabolic analytes (e.g., urea, NH\u2084\u207a, glucose, and pH) and the skin temperature during prolonged physical activities and wirelessly transmitted the data to the user interface using Bluetooth. The PPES was also able to monitor muscle contraction and work as a human-machine interface for human-prosthesis walking.", "doi": "10.1126/scirobotics.aaz7946", "pmcid": "PMC7326328", "issn": "2470-9476", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Robotics", "publication_date": "2020-04-22", "series_number": "41", "volume": "5", "issue": "41", "pages": "Art. No. eaaz7946" }, { "id": "authors:6sb0v-r2k58", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6sb0v-r2k58", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190821-145115895", "type": "article", "title": "Flexible Electrochemical Bioelectronics: The Rise of In Situ Bioanalysis", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-Ali" } ], "abstract": "The amalgamation of flexible electronics in biological systems has shaped the way health and medicine are administered. The growing field of flexible electrochemical bioelectronics enables the in situ quantification of a variety of chemical constituents present in the human body and holds great promise for personalized health monitoring owing to its unique advantages such as inherent wearability, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and low cost. It represents a promising alternative to probe biomarkers in the human body in a simpler method compared to conventional instrumental analytical techniques. Various bioanalytical technologies are employed in flexible electrochemical bioelectronics, including ion\u2010selective potentiometry, enzymatic amperometry, potential sweep voltammetry, field\u2010effect transistors, affinity\u2010based biosensing, as well as biofuel cells. Recent key innovations in flexible electrochemical bioelectronics from electrochemical sensing modalities, materials, systems, fabrication, to applications are summarized and highlighted. The challenges and opportunities in this field moving forward toward future preventive and personalized medicine devices are also discussed.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.201902083", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2020-04-16", "series_number": "15", "volume": "32", "issue": "15", "pages": "Art. No. 1902083" }, { "id": "authors:gbc4j-0sz53", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gbc4j-0sz53", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200227-094530814", "type": "article", "title": "Investigation of Cortisol Dynamics in Human Sweat Using a Graphene-Based Wireless mHealth System", "author": [ { "family_name": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez", "given_name": "Rebeca M.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2153-172X", "clpid": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez-Rebeca-M" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "You", "orcid": "0000-0001-7059-7023", "clpid": "Yu-You" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "orcid": "0000-0002-6817-3341", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Ye", "given_name": "Cui", "orcid": "0000-0001-7689-6825", "clpid": "Ye-Cui" }, { "family_name": "IsHak", "given_name": "Waguih William", "orcid": "0000-0003-1970-4756", "clpid": "IsHak-Waguih-William" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Prompt and accurate detection of stress is essential to the monitoring and management of mental health and human performance. Considering that current methods such as questionnaires are very subjective, we propose a highly sensitive, selective, miniaturized mHealth device based on laser-enabled flexible graphene sensor to non-invasively monitor the level of stress hormones (e.g., cortisol). We report a strong correlation between sweat and circulating cortisol and demonstrate the prompt determination of sweat cortisol variation in response to acute stress stimuli. Moreover, we demonstrate, for the first time, the diurnal cycle and stress-response profile of sweat cortisol, revealing the potential of dynamic stress monitoring enabled by this mHealth sensing system. We believe that this platform could contribute to fast, reliable, and decentralized healthcare vigilance at the metabolic level, thus providing an accurate snapshot of our physical, mental, and behavioral changes.", "doi": "10.1016/j.matt.2020.01.021", "pmcid": "PMC7138219", "issn": "2590-2385", "publisher": "Cell Press", "publication": "Matter", "publication_date": "2020-04-01", "series_number": "4", "volume": "2", "issue": "4", "pages": "921-937" }, { "id": "authors:wpzbn-cfv90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wpzbn-cfv90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190917-132535911", "type": "article", "title": "Robotics in the Gut", "author": [ { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Since the advent of ingestible temperature sensors and capsule endoscopes, rapid advances in electronics, robotics, nanotechnology, and material sciences have opened the door for the development of novel medical ingestible robots. The untethered robots provide direct, non\u2010invasive access to the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Furthermore, the tissues, gases, and fluids of the gastrointestinal lumen contain a multitude of biomarkers indicative of gut diseases and health. Ingestible medical robots equipped with advanced imaging and sensing techniques can enable the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, while providing a better pathophysiological understanding of gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, various robotic actuation mechanisms in the macro\u2010 and microscale can realize enhanced drug delivery and surgical interventions for the treatment of diseases. In this paper, an overview of recent advances in ingestible robots toward imaging, sensing, drug delivery, and surgical applications in the GI tract is provided. Key challenges and strategies for the development of novel ingestible robots and future directions of ingestible robots toward precision medicine are also discussed.", "doi": "10.1002/adtp.201900125", "issn": "2366-3987", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Therapeutics", "publication_date": "2020-04", "series_number": "4", "volume": "3", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 1900125" }, { "id": "authors:g3env-6da19", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "g3env-6da19", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200320-122508150", "type": "article", "title": "Motile microelectronics with wireless power", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Changhao", "clpid": "Xu-Changhao" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "A tetherless microelectronic system can be controlled by wireless power to direct locomotion and perform grasp and release tasks.", "doi": "10.1038/s41928-020-0386-z", "issn": "2520-1131", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Electronics", "publication_date": "2020-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "3", "issue": "3", "pages": "139-140" }, { "id": "authors:xcbec-h2487", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xcbec-h2487", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191016-120329675", "type": "article", "title": "A laser-engraved wearable sensor for sensitive detection of uric acid and tyrosine in sweat", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Bo", "given_name": "Xiangjie", "clpid": "Bo-Xiangjie" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Pak", "given_name": "On Shun", "clpid": "Pak-On-Shun" }, { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Lailai", "clpid": "Zhu-Lailai" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Minqiang", "orcid": "0000-0002-7775-8341", "clpid": "Wang-Minqiang" }, { "family_name": "Tu", "given_name": "Jiaobing", "orcid": "0000-0002-7653-6640", "clpid": "Tu-Jiaobing" }, { "family_name": "Kogan", "given_name": "Adam", "clpid": "Kogan-Aadam" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Haixia", "clpid": "Zhang-Haixia" }, { "family_name": "Hsiai", "given_name": "Tzung K.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1734-0792", "clpid": "Hsiai-Tzung-K" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Zhaoping", "clpid": "Li-Zhaoping" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sweat sensors have the potential to provide continuous measurements of useful biomarkers. However, current sensors cannot accurately detect low analyte concentrations, lack multimodal sensing or are difficult to fabricate at large scale. We report an entirely laser-engraved sensor for simultaneous sweat sampling, chemical sensing and vital-sign monitoring. We demonstrate continuous detection of temperature, respiration rate and low concentrations of uric acid and tyrosine, analytes associated with diseases such as gout and metabolic disorders. We test the performance of the device in both physically trained and untrained subjects under exercise and after a protein-rich diet. We also evaluate its utility for gout monitoring in patients and healthy controls through a purine-rich meal challenge. Levels of uric acid in sweat were higher in patients with gout than in healthy individuals, and a similar trend was observed in serum.", "doi": "10.1038/s41587-019-0321-x", "issn": "1087-0156", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Biotechnology", "publication_date": "2020-02", "series_number": "2", "volume": "38", "issue": "2", "pages": "217-224" }, { "id": "authors:vg8sg-xdk72", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vg8sg-xdk72", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191114-134816642", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable and Implantable Electronics: Moving toward Precision Therapy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0002-4185-2256", "clpid": "Song-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Jihong", "orcid": "0000-0002-5788-1473", "clpid": "Min-Jihong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Soft wearable and implantable electronic systems have attracted tremendous attention due to their flexibility, conformability, and biocompatibility. Such favorable features are critical for reliably monitoring key biomedical and physiological information (including both biophysical and biochemical signals) and effective treatment and management of specific chronic diseases. Miniaturized, fully integrated self-powered bioelectronic devices that can harvest energy from the human body represent promising and emerging solutions for long-term, intimate, and personalized therapies. In this Perspective, we offer a brief overview of recent advances in wearable/implantable soft electronic devices and their therapeutic applications ranging from drug delivery to tissue regeneration. We also discuss the key opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this important area needed to fulfill the vision of personalized medicine.", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.9b08323", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2019-11-26", "series_number": "11", "volume": "13", "issue": "11", "pages": "12280-12286" }, { "id": "authors:8f5m7-r5c50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8f5m7-r5c50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190424-091758478", "type": "article", "title": "Physical and Chemical Sensing With Electronic Skin", "author": [ { "family_name": "Takei", "given_name": "Kuniharu", "orcid": "0000-0001-9166-3747", "clpid": "Takei-Kuniharu" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Chuan", "clpid": "Wang-Chuan" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "This paper reviews current progress on flexible and stretchable transistors and sensors for the next-generation multiplex electronics (commonly referred to as \"electronics skin\" or \"e-skin\") that is capable of simultaneous detection of multiple information from a variety of surfaces including human skin. Flexible chemical sensors for sweat analysis as well as physical sensors for detecting tactile force, bending, and temperature will be discussed, with emphasis on materials, detection mechanisms, and device demonstration to realize multiplex human-interactive devices. Next, system integration enabling the real-time monitoring of health conditions is also demonstrated as a proof of concept. Finally, perspectives on e-skin for moving toward realizing practical wearable electronics in the market are discussed. This paper targets the translation of the nano- and flexible technologies from academic innovations to industrial practical applications with high-impact breakthroughs.", "doi": "10.1109/JPROC.2019.2907317", "issn": "0018-9219", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "Proceedings of the IEEE", "publication_date": "2019-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "107", "issue": "10", "pages": "2155-2167" }, { "id": "authors:p7fhp-8z032", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "p7fhp-8z032", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190710-093408046", "type": "article", "title": "Macroscale Chemotaxis from a Swarm of Bacteria-Mimicking Nanoswimmers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ji", "given_name": "Yuxing", "clpid": "Ji-Yuxing" }, { "family_name": "Lin", "given_name": "Xiankun", "clpid": "Lin-Xiankun" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Yingjie", "clpid": "Wu-Yingjie" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Qiang", "clpid": "He-Qiang" } ], "abstract": "Inspired by the dynamics of bacterial swarming, we report a swarm of polymer\u2010brush\u2010grafted, glucose\u2010oxidase\u2010powered Janus gold nanoswimmers with a positive, macroscale chemotactic behavior. These nanoswimmers are prepared through the grafting of polymer brushes onto one side of gold nanoparticles, followed by functionalization with glucose oxidase on the other side. The resulting polymer\u2010brush\u2010functionalized Janus gold nanoswimmers exhibit efficient propulsion with a velocity of up to approximately 120\u2005body\u2005lengths\u2009s\u22121 in the presence of glucose. The comparative analysis of their kinematic behavior reveals that the grafted polymer brushes significantly improve the translational diffusion of Janus gold nanoswimmers. Particularly, these bacteria\u2010mimicking Janus gold nanoswimmers display a collectively chemotactic motion along the concentration gradient of a glucose resource, which could be observed at the macroscale.", "doi": "10.1002/anie.201907733", "issn": "1433-7851", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Angewandte Chemie International Edition", "publication_date": "2019-08-26", "series_number": "35", "volume": "58", "issue": "35", "pages": "12200-12205" }, { "id": "authors:0jam3-d5733", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0jam3-d5733", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190724-151755826", "type": "article", "title": "A microrobotic system guided by photoacoustic computed tomography for targeted navigation in intestines in vivo", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Lei", "orcid": "0000-0001-6164-2646", "clpid": "Li-Lei" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Hu", "given_name": "Peng", "orcid": "0000-0002-2933-1239", "clpid": "Hu-Peng" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Yang", "orcid": "0000-0002-4939-8174", "clpid": "Li-Yang" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "So-Yoon", "clpid": "Yang-So-Yoon" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Lihong V.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9783-4383", "clpid": "Wang-Lihong-V" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Recently, tremendous progress in synthetic micro/nanomotors in diverse environment has been made for potential biomedical applications. However, existing micro/nanomotor platforms are inefficient for deep tissue imaging and motion control in vivo. Here, we present a photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT)\u2013guided investigation of micromotors in intestines in vivo. The micromotors enveloped in microcapsules are stable in the stomach and exhibit efficient propulsion in various biofluids once released. The migration of micromotor capsules toward the targeted regions in intestines has been visualized by PACT in real time in vivo. Near-infrared light irradiation induces disintegration of the capsules to release the cargo-loaded micromotors. The intensive propulsion of the micromotors effectively prolongs the retention in intestines. The integration of the newly developed microrobotic system and PACT enables deep imaging and precise control of the micromotors in vivo and promises practical biomedical applications, such as drug delivery.", "doi": "10.1126/scirobotics.aax0613", "pmcid": "PMC7337196", "issn": "2470-9476", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Robotics", "publication_date": "2019-07-24", "series_number": "32", "volume": "4", "issue": "32", "pages": "Art. No. eaax0613" }, { "id": "authors:n0p3k-wea59", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n0p3k-wea59", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190318-084935045", "type": "article", "title": "Flexible and superwettable bands as a platform toward sweat sampling and sensing", "author": [ { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Xuecheng", "clpid": "He-Xuecheng" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Gu", "given_name": "Zhen", "orcid": "0000-0003-2947-4456", "clpid": "Gu-Zhen" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Li-Ping", "orcid": "0000-0002-2683-7963", "clpid": "Xu-Li-Ping" }, { "family_name": "Pan", "given_name": "Tingrui", "clpid": "Pan-Tingrui" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" } ], "abstract": "Wearable biosensors as a user-friendly measurement platform have become a rapidly growing field of interests due to their possibility in integrating traditional medical diagnostics and healthcare management into miniature lab-on-body analytic devices. This paper demonstrates a flexible and skin-mounted band that combines superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic microarrays with nanodendritic colorimetric biosensors toward in situ sweat sampling and analysis. Particularly, on the superwettable bands, the superhydrophobic background could confine microdroplets into superhydrophilic microwells. On-body investigations further reveal that the secreted sweat is repelled by the superhydrophobic silica coating and precisely collected and sampled onto the superhydrophilic micropatterns with negligible lateral spreading, which provides an independent \"vessel\" toward cellphone-based sweat biodetection (pH, chloride, glucose and calcium). Such wearable, superwettable band-based biosensors with improved interface controllability could significantly enhance epidemical sweat sampling in well-defined sites, holding a great promise for facile and noninvasive biofluids analysis.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05875", "issn": "0003-2700", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Analytical Chemistry", "publication_date": "2019-04-02", "series_number": "7", "volume": "91", "issue": "7", "pages": "4296-4300" }, { "id": "authors:xwb49-2rn49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xwb49-2rn49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190215-102227913", "type": "article", "title": "Flexible Electronics toward Wearable Sensing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Kiriya", "given_name": "Daisuke", "orcid": "0000-0003-0270-3888", "clpid": "Kiriya-Daisuke" }, { "family_name": "Takei", "given_name": "Kuniharu", "orcid": "0000-0001-9166-3747", "clpid": "Takei-Kuniharu" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Conspectus: Wearable sensors play a crucial role in realizing personalized medicine, as they can continuously collect data from the human body to capture meaningful health status changes in time for preventive intervention. However, motion artifacts and mechanical mismatches between conventional rigid electronic materials and soft skin often lead to substantial sensor errors during epidermal measurement. Because of its unique properties such as high flexibility and conformability, flexible electronics enables a natural interaction between electronics and the human body. In this Account, we summarize our recent studies on the design of flexible electronic devices and systems for physical and chemical monitoring. Material innovation, sensor design, device fabrication, system integration, and human studies employed toward continuous and noninvasive wearable sensing are discussed. \n\nA flexible electronic device typically contains several key components, including the substrate, the active layer, and the interface layer. The inorganic-nanomaterials-based active layer (prepared by a physical transfer or solution process) is shown to have good physicochemical properties, electron/hole mobility, and mechanical strength. Flexible electronics based on the printed and transferred active materials has shown great promise for physical sensing. For example, integrating a nanowire transistor array for the active matrix and a conductive pressure-sensitive rubber enables tactile pressure mapping; tactile-pressure-sensitive e-skin and organic light-emitting diodes can be integrated for instantaneous pressure visualization. Such printed sensors have been applied as wearable patches to monitor skin temperature, electrocardiograms, and human activities. In addition, liquid metals could serve as an attractive candidate for flexible electronics because of their excellent conductivity, flexibility, and stretchability. Liquid-metal-enabled electronics (based on liquid\u2013liquid heterojunctions and embedded microchannels) have been utilized to monitor a wide range of physiological parameters (e.g., pulse and temperature). \n\nDespite the rapid growth in wearable sensing technologies, there is an urgent need for the development of flexible devices that can capture molecular data from the human body to retrieve more insightful health information. We have developed a wearable and flexible sweat-sensing platform toward real-time multiplexed perspiration analysis. An integrated iontophoresis module on a wearable sweat sensor could enable autonomous and programmed sweat extraction. A microfluidics-based sensing system was demonstrated for sweat sampling, sensing, and sweat rate analysis. Roll-to-roll gravure printing allows for mass production of high-performance flexible chemical sensors at low cost. These wearable and flexible sweat sensors have shown great promise in dehydration monitoring, cystic fibrosis diagnosis, drug monitoring, and noninvasive glucose monitoring. \n\nFuture work in this field should focus on designing robust wearable sensing systems to accurately collect data from the human body and on large-scale human studies to determine how the measured physical and chemical information relates to the individual's specific health conditions. Further research in these directions, along with the large sets of data collected via these wearable and flexible sensing technologies, will have a significant impact on future personalized healthcare.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00500", "issn": "0001-4842", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Accounts of Chemical Research", "publication_date": "2019-03-19", "series_number": "3", "volume": "52", "issue": "3", "pages": "523-533" }, { "id": "authors:30eds-8xc94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "30eds-8xc94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180403-083334262", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable and flexible electronics for continuous molecular monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential in predictive analytics and treatment toward personalized medicine. Flexible electronics could serve as an ideal platform for personalized wearable devices because of their unique properties such as light weight, low cost, high flexibility and great conformability. Unlike most reported flexible sensors that mainly track physical activities and vital signs, the new generation of wearable and flexible chemical sensors enables real-time, continuous and fast detection of accessible biomarkers from the human body, and allows for the collection of large-scale information about the individual's dynamic health status at the molecular level. In this article, we review and highlight recent advances in wearable and flexible sensors toward continuous and non-invasive molecular analysis in sweat, tears, saliva, interstitial fluid, blood, wound exudate as well as exhaled breath. The flexible platforms, sensing mechanisms, and device and system configurations employed for continuous monitoring are summarized. We also discuss the key challenges and opportunities of the wearable and flexible chemical sensors that lie ahead.", "doi": "10.1039/c7cs00730b", "issn": "0306-0012", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Chemical Society Reviews", "publication_date": "2019-03-18", "series_number": "6", "volume": "48", "issue": "6", "pages": "1465-1491" }, { "id": "authors:y7c6b-3ez97", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y7c6b-3ez97", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190124-073916003", "type": "article", "title": "Glucose-fueled Micromotors with Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Propulsion", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Qinglong", "clpid": "Wang-Qinglong" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Chun", "clpid": "Wang-Chun" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Shuyu", "clpid": "Xu-Shuyu" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Decheng", "clpid": "Chen-Decheng" }, { "family_name": "Liang", "given_name": "Yuying", "clpid": "Liang-Yuying" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Biye", "orcid": "0000-0003-0131-8750", "clpid": "Ren-Biye" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "Yuepeng", "clpid": "Cai-Yuepeng" } ], "abstract": "Synthetic micro/nanomotors fueled by glucose are highly desired for numerous practical applications because of the biocompatibility of their required fuel. However, currently all of the glucose-fueled micro/nanomotors are based on enzyme-catalytic-driven mechanisms, which usually suffer from strict operation conditions and weak propulsion characteristics that greatly limit their applications. Here, we report a highly efficient glucose-fueled cuprous oxide@N-doped carbon nanotube (Cu_2O@N-CNT) micromotor, which can be activated by environment-friendly visible-light photocatalysis. The speeds of such Cu_2O@N-CNT micromotors can reach up to 18.71 \u03bcm/s, which is comparable to conventional Pt-based catalytic Janus micromotors usually fueled by toxic H_2O_2 fuel. In addition, the velocities of such motors can be efficiently regulated by multiple approaches, such as adjusting the N-CNT content within the micromotors, glucose concentrations, or light intensities. Furthermore, the Cu_2O@N-CNT micromotors exhibit a highly controllable negative phototaxis behavior (moving away from light sources). Such motors with outstanding propulsion in biological environments and wireless, repeatable, and light-modulated three-dimensional motion control are extremely attractive for future practical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/acsami.8b17563", "issn": "1944-8244", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces", "publication_date": "2019-02-13", "series_number": "6", "volume": "11", "issue": "6", "pages": "6201-6207" }, { "id": "authors:ej997-6ka05", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ej997-6ka05", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181121-093150229", "type": "article", "title": "A nanozyme tag enabled chemiluminescence imaging immunoassay for multiplexed cytokine monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhong", "given_name": "Yihong", "clpid": "Zhong-Yihong" }, { "family_name": "Tang", "given_name": "Xiao", "clpid": "Tang-Xiao" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Juan", "clpid": "Li-Juan" }, { "family_name": "Lan", "given_name": "Qingchun", "clpid": "Lan-Qingchun" }, { "family_name": "Min", "given_name": "Lingfeng", "clpid": "Min-Lingfeng" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Chuanli", "clpid": "Ren-Chuanli" }, { "family_name": "Hu", "given_name": "Xiaoya", "clpid": "Hu-Xiaoya" }, { "family_name": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez", "given_name": "Rebeca M.", "clpid": "Torrente-Rodr\u00edguez-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Zhanjun", "orcid": "0000-0002-6963-9633", "clpid": "Yang-Zhanjun" } ], "abstract": "We report a new concept of a chemiluminescence imaging nanozyme immunoassay (CINIA), in which nanozymes are exploited as catalytic tags for simultaneous multiplex detection of cytokines. The CINIA provides a novel and universal nanozyme-labeled multiplex immunoassay strategy for high-throughput detection of relevant biomarkers and further disease diagnosis.", "doi": "10.1039/c8cc07779g", "issn": "1359-7345", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Chemical Communications", "publication_date": "2018-12-21", "series_number": "98", "volume": "54", "issue": "98", "pages": "13813-13816" }, { "id": "authors:vb437-bfa03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vb437-bfa03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181109-100743439", "type": "article", "title": "Flexible Superwettable Tapes for On-Site Detection of Heavy Metals", "author": [ { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Xuecheng", "clpid": "He-Xuecheng" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Li-Ping", "orcid": "0000-0002-2683-7963", "clpid": "Xu-Li-Ping" }, { "family_name": "Pan", "given_name": "Tingrui", "clpid": "Pan-Tingrui" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" } ], "abstract": "Bioinspired superwettable micropatterns that combine superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity have been proved to exhibit outstanding capacity in controlling and patterning microdroplets and possessed new functionalities and possibilities in emerging sensing applications. Here, we introduce a flexible tape-based superhydrophilic\u2013superhydrophobic tape toward on-site heavy metals monitoring. On such a superwettable tape, capillarity-assisted superhydrophilic microwells allow directly anchoring indicators in fixed locations and sampling into a test zone via simple dip-pull from an origin specimen solution. In contrast, the superhydrophobic substrate could confine the microdroplets in the superhydrophilic microwells for reducing the amount of analytical solution. The tape-based microchip also displays excellent flexibility against stretching, bending, and torquing for expanding wearable and portable sensing devices. Qualitative and quantitative colorimetric assessments of multiplex heavy metal analyses (chromium, copper, and nickel) by the naked eye are also achieved. The superwettable tape-based platforms with a facile operation mode and accessible signal read-out represent unrevealed potential for on-site environmental monitoring.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04536", "issn": "0003-2700", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Analytical Chemistry", "publication_date": "2018-12-18", "series_number": "24", "volume": "90", "issue": "24", "pages": "14105-14110" }, { "id": "authors:h93js-vwv71", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "h93js-vwv71", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181113-112609045", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable pH sensing beyond the Nernst limit", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "A flexible charge-coupled device can be used to create a sensor capable of measuring the pH of a person's sweat with high sensitivity.", "doi": "10.1038/s41928-018-0166-1", "issn": "2520-1131", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Electronics", "publication_date": "2018-11", "series_number": "11", "volume": "1", "issue": "11", "pages": "580-581" }, { "id": "authors:kt15x-5na75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kt15x-5na75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180829-085807315", "type": "article", "title": "Photocatalytic Micro/Nanomotors: From Construction to Applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "Yuepeng", "clpid": "Cai-Yuepeng" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Yiran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8746", "clpid": "Yang-Yiran" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Biye", "orcid": "0000-0003-0131-8750", "clpid": "Ren-Biye" } ], "abstract": "Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are a particular class of micrometer or nanometer scale devices with controllable motion behavior in solutions by transferring various energies (chemical, optical, acoustic, magnetic, electric, etc.) into mechanical energy. These tiny devices can be functionalized either chemically or physically to accomplish complex tasks in a microcosm. Up to now, MNMs have exhibited great potential in various fields, ranging from environmental remediation, nanofabrication, to biomedical applications.\n\nRecently, light-driven MNMs as classic artificial MNMs have attracted much attention. Under wireless remote control, they can perform reversible and repeatable motion behavior with immediate photoresponse. Photocatalytic micro/nanomotors (PMNMs) based on photocatalysts, one of the most important light-driven MNMs, can utilize energy from both the external light source and surrounding chemicals to achieve efficient propulsion. Unlike other kinds of MNMs, the PMNMs have a unique characteristic: photocatalytic property. On one hand, since photocatalysts can convert both optical and chemical energy inputs into mechanical propulsion of PMNMs via photocatalytic reactions, the propulsion generated can be modulated in many ways, such as through chemical concentration or light intensity. In addition, these PMNMs can be operated at low levels of optical and chemical energy input which is highly desired for more practical scenarios. Furthermore, PMNMs can be operated with custom features, including go/stop motion control through regulating an on/off switch, speed modulation through varying light intensities, direction control through adjusting light source position, and so forth. On the other hand, as superoxide radicals can be generated by photocatalytic reactions of activated photocatalysts, the PMNMs show great potential in environment remediation, especially in organic pollutant degradation.\n\nIn order to construct more practical PMNMs for future applications and further extend their application fields, the ideal PMNMs should be operated in a fully environmentally friendly system with strong propulsion. In the past decade, great progress in the construction, motion regulation, and application of PMNMs has been achieved, but there are still some challenges to realize the perfect system. In this Account, we will summarize our recent efforts and those of other groups in the development toward attractive PMNM systems. First, we will illustrate basic principles about the photocatalytic reactions of photocatalysts and demonstrate how the photocatalytic reactions affect the propulsion of PMNMs. Then, we will illustrate the construction strategies for highly efficient and biocompatible PMNMs from two key aspects: (1) Improvement of energy conversion efficiency to achieve strong propulsion of PMNMs. (2) Expansion of the usable wavelengths of light to operate PMNMs in environment-friendly conditions. Next, potential applications of PMNMs have been described. In particular, environment remediation has taken major attention for the applications of PMNMs due to their photocatalytic properties. Finally, in order to promote the development of PMNMs which can be operated in fully green environments for more practical applications, an outlook of key challenges and opportunities in construction of ideal PMNMs is presented.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00249", "issn": "0001-4842", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Accounts of Chemical Research", "publication_date": "2018-09-18", "series_number": "9", "volume": "51", "issue": "9", "pages": "1940-1947" }, { "id": "authors:fta7g-2dd19", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fta7g-2dd19", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180306-080801388", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable physiological systems and technologies for metabolic monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Brooks", "given_name": "George A.", "clpid": "Brooks-G-A" }, { "family_name": "Klonoff", "given_name": "David C.", "clpid": "Klonoff-D-C" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sensors allow continuous monitoring of metabolites for diabetes, sports medicine, exercise science, and physiology research. These sensors can continuously detect target analytes in skin interstitial fluid (ISF), tears, saliva, and sweat. In this review, we will summarize developments on wearable devices and their potential applications in research, clinical practice, and recreational and sporting activities. Sampling skin ISF can require insertion of a needle into the skin, whereas sweat, tears, and saliva can be sampled by devices worn outside the body. The most widely sampled metabolite from a wearable device is glucose in skin ISF for monitoring diabetes patients. Continuous ISF glucose monitoring allows estimation of the glucose concentration in blood without the pain, inconvenience, and blood waste of fingerstick capillary blood glucose testing. This tool is currently used by diabetes patients to provide information for dosing insulin and determining a diet and exercise plan. Similar technologies for measuring concentrations of other analytes in skin ISF could be used to monitor athletes, emergency responders, warfighters, and others in states of extreme physiological stress. Sweat is a potentially useful substrate for sampling analytes for metabolic monitoring during exercise. Lactate, sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions can be measured in sweat. Tools for converting the concentrations of these analytes sampled from sweat, tears, and saliva into blood concentrations are being developed. As an understanding of the relationships between the concentrations of analytes in blood and easily sampled body fluid increases, then the benefits of new wearable devices for metabolic monitoring will also increase.", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2017", "issn": "8750-7587", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "publication": "Journal of Applied Physiology", "publication_date": "2018-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "124", "issue": "3", "pages": "548-556" }, { "id": "authors:kch4g-se857", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kch4g-se857", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180108-095808109", "type": "article", "title": "Superwettable Electrochemical Biosensor toward Detection of Cancer Biomarkers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Song", "given_name": "Yongchao", "clpid": "Song-Yongchao" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Tingting", "clpid": "Wu-Tingting" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Li-Ping", "orcid": "0000-0002-2683-7963", "clpid": "Xu-Li-Ping" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Shutao", "orcid": "0000-0002-2559-5181", "clpid": "Wang-Shutao" } ], "abstract": "Bioinspired superwettable micropatterns that combine two extreme states of superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity with the ability to enrich and absorb microdroplets are suitable for versatile and robust sensing applications. Here we introduce a superwettable microchip that integrates superhydrophobic\u2013superhydrophilic micropatterns and a nanodendritic electrochemical biosensor toward the detection of prostate cancer biomarkers. On the superwettable microchip, the superhydrophobic area could confine the microdroplets in superhydrophilic microwells; such behavior is extremely helpful for reducing the amount of analytical solution. In contrast, superhydrophilic microwells exhibit a high adhesive force toward microdroplets, and the nanodendritic structures can improve probe-binding capacity and response signals, thus greatly enhancing the sensitivity. Sensitive and selective detection of prostate cancer biomarkers including miRNA-375, miRNA-141, and prostate-specific antigen on a single microchip is also achieved. Such a superwettable microchip with high sensitivity, low sample volume, and upside-down detection capability in a single microdroplet shows great potential to fabricate portable devices toward complex biosensing applications.", "doi": "10.1021/acssensors.7b00868", "issn": "2379-3694", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Sensors", "publication_date": "2018-01-26", "series_number": "1", "volume": "3", "issue": "1", "pages": "72-78" }, { "id": "authors:bfkwa-1wj05", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bfkwa-1wj05", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170920-150055300", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable Microfluidic Diaphragm Pressure Sensor for Health and Tactile Touch Monitoring", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Yuji", "clpid": "Gao-Yuji" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Schaler", "given_name": "Ethan W.", "clpid": "Schaler-E-W" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Allan", "clpid": "Zhao-Allan" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Leng", "given_name": "Yonggang", "clpid": "Leng-Yonggang" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Anzong", "clpid": "Zheng-Anzong" }, { "family_name": "Xiong", "given_name": "Furui", "clpid": "Xiong-Rurui" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Chuchu", "clpid": "Zhang-Chuchu" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Li-Chia", "clpid": "Tai-Li-Chia" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Peida", "clpid": "Zhao-Peida" }, { "family_name": "Fearing", "given_name": "Ronald S.", "clpid": "Fearing-R-S" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Flexible pressure sensors have many potential applications in wearable electronics, robotics, health monitoring, and more. In particular, liquid-metal-based sensors are especially promising as they can undergo strains of over 200% without failure. However, current liquid-metal-based strain sensors are incapable of resolving small pressure changes in the few kPa range, making them unsuitable for applications such as heart-rate monitoring, which require a much lower pressure detection resolution. In this paper, a microfluidic tactile diaphragm pressure sensor based on embedded Galinstan microchannels (70 \u00b5m width \u00d7 70 \u00b5m height) capable of resolving sub-50 Pa changes in pressure with sub-100 Pa detection limits and a response time of 90 ms is demonstrated. An embedded equivalent Wheatstone bridge circuit makes the most of tangential and radial strain fields, leading to high sensitivities of a 0.0835 kPa^(\u22121) change in output voltage. The Wheatstone bridge also provides temperature self-compensation, allowing for operation in the range of 20\u201350 \u00b0C. As examples of potential applications, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) wristband with an embedded microfluidic diaphragm pressure sensor capable of real-time pulse monitoring and a PDMS glove with multiple embedded sensors to provide comprehensive tactile feedback of a human hand when touching or holding objects are demonstrated.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.201701985", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2017-10-18", "series_number": "39", "volume": "29", "issue": "39", "pages": "Art. No. 1701985" }, { "id": "authors:q9qjv-a6t31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "q9qjv-a6t31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170920-143842334", "type": "article", "title": "3D Printed \"Earable\" Smart Devices for Real-Time Detection of Core Body Temperature", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Chao", "given_name": "Minghan", "clpid": "Chao-Minghan" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Yuji", "clpid": "Gao-Yuji" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Wu-Eric-J" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Li-Chia", "clpid": "Tai-Li-Chia" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Matsuoka", "given_name": "Yasutomo", "clpid": "Matsuoka-Yasutomo" }, { "family_name": "Iwai", "given_name": "Kosuke", "clpid": "Iwai-Kosuke" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Lin", "given_name": "Liwei", "clpid": "Lin-Liwei" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Real-time detection of basic physiological parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate is an important target in wearable smart devices for healthcare. Among these, the core body temperature is one of the most important basic medical indicators of fever, insomnia, fatigue, metabolic functionality, and depression. However, traditional wearable temperature sensors are based upon the measurement of skin temperature, which can vary dramatically from the true core body temperature. Here, we demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) printed wearable \"earable\" smart device that is designed to be worn on the ear to track core body temperature from the tympanic membrane (i.e., ear drum) based on an infrared sensor. The device is fully integrated with data processing circuits and a wireless module for standalone functionality. Using this smart earable device, we demonstrate that the core body temperature can be accurately monitored regardless of the environment and activity of the user. In addition, a microphone and actuator are also integrated so that the device can also function as a bone conduction hearing aid. Using 3D printing as the fabrication method enables the device to be customized for the wearer for more personalized healthcare. This smart device provides an important advance in realizing personalized health care by enabling real-time monitoring of one of the most important medical parameters, core body temperature, employed in preliminary medical screening tests.", "doi": "10.1021/acssensors.7b00247", "issn": "2379-3694", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Sensors", "publication_date": "2017-07-28", "series_number": "7", "volume": "2", "issue": "7", "pages": "990-997" }, { "id": "authors:25n0b-58a42", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "25n0b-58a42", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170921-090015534", "type": "article", "title": "Materials, Devices and Systems of Soft Bioelectronics for Precision Therapy", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Hao", "clpid": "Wu-Hao" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Yin", "given_name": "Zhouping", "clpid": "Yin-Zhouping" } ], "abstract": "The potential applications of soft bioelectronics in biomedical research and clinical trials have inspired a great deal of research interest in the past decade. While there has been significant amount of work in the fabrication and characterization of soft and stretchable sensors for monitoring of physical conditions and vital signs of human body, the development of soft bioelectronics based medical treatment and intervention systems has just begun. In addition to health monitoring, active treatments are essential for disease control in the healthcare domain, and medical therapy and surgery realized by sophisticated soft bioelectronic systems are better demonstrations of their utility in healthcare. In this Research News, we summarize recent key research achievements in soft bioelectronics enabled precision therapy, with emphasis on drug delivery, therapeutic and surgical mechanisms and tools enabled by integrated systems. Challenges in technology development and prospects for commercialization are also discussed.", "doi": "10.1002/adhm.201700017", "issn": "2192-2640", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Healthcare Materials", "publication_date": "2017-05-24", "series_number": "10", "volume": "6", "issue": "10", "pages": "Art. No. 1700017" }, { "id": "authors:9a72j-pet53", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9a72j-pet53", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170921-082942611", "type": "article", "title": "Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform", "author": [ { "family_name": "Emaminejad", "given_name": "Sam", "clpid": "Emaminejad-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Wu-Eric-J" }, { "family_name": "Davies", "given_name": "Zoe A.", "clpid": "Davies-Z-A" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Challa", "given_name": "Samyuktha", "clpid": "Challa-S" }, { "family_name": "Ryan", "given_name": "Sean P.", "clpid": "Ryan-S-P" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin" }, { "family_name": "Shahpar", "given_name": "Ziba", "clpid": "Shahpar-Z" }, { "family_name": "Talebi", "given_name": "Salmonn", "clpid": "Talebi-S" }, { "family_name": "Milla", "given_name": "Carlos", "clpid": "Milla-C" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" }, { "family_name": "Davis", "given_name": "Ronald W.", "clpid": "Davis-R-W" } ], "abstract": "Perspiration-based wearable biosensors facilitate continuous monitoring of individuals' health states with real-time and molecular-level insight. The inherent inaccessibility of sweat in sedentary individuals in large volume (\u226510 \u00b5L) for on-demand and in situ analysis has limited our ability to capitalize on this noninvasive and rich source of information. A wearable and miniaturized iontophoresis interface is an excellent solution to overcome this barrier. The iontophoresis process involves delivery of stimulating agonists to the sweat glands with the aid of an electrical current. The challenge remains in devising an iontophoresis interface that can extract sufficient amount of sweat for robust sensing, without electrode corrosion and burning/causing discomfort in subjects. Here, we overcame this challenge through realizing an electrochemically enhanced iontophoresis interface, integrated in a wearable sweat analysis platform. This interface can be programmed to induce sweat with various secretion profiles for real-time analysis, a capability which can be exploited to advance our knowledge of the sweat gland physiology and the secretion process. To demonstrate the clinical value of our platform, human subject studies were performed in the context of the cystic fibrosis diagnosis and preliminary investigation of the blood/sweat glucose correlation. With our platform, we detected the elevated sweat electrolyte content of cystic fibrosis patients compared with that of healthy control subjects. Furthermore, our results indicate that oral glucose consumption in the fasting state is followed by increased glucose levels in both sweat and blood. Our solution opens the possibility for a broad range of noninvasive diagnostic and general population health monitoring applications.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1701740114", "pmcid": "PMC5422810", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "2017-05-02", "series_number": "18", "volume": "114", "issue": "18", "pages": "4625-4630" }, { "id": "authors:y19n2-18g86", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y19n2-18g86", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170921-091115446", "type": "article", "title": "Room temperature multiplexed gas sensing using chemical-sensitive 3.5-nm-thin silicon transistors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain Mohammad", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Shiraki", "given_name": "Hiroshi", "clpid": "Shiraki-Hiroshi" }, { "family_name": "Amani", "given_name": "Matin", "clpid": "Amani-M" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Chuchu", "clpid": "Zhang-Chuchu" }, { "family_name": "Hebbar", "given_name": "Vivek Srinivas", "clpid": "Hebbar-V-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Hettick", "given_name": "Mark", "clpid": "Hettick-M" }, { "family_name": "Kiriya", "given_name": "Daisuke", "orcid": "0000-0003-0270-3888", "clpid": "Kiriya-Daisuke" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Yu-Ze", "clpid": "Chen-Yu-Ze" }, { "family_name": "Chueh", "given_name": "Yu-Lun", "clpid": "Chueh-Yu-Lun" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "There is great interest in developing a low-power gas sensing technology that can sensitively and selectively\nquantify the chemical composition of a target atmosphere. Nanomaterials have emerged as extremely promising\ncandidates for this technology due to their inherent low-dimensional nature and high surface-to-volume ratio.\nAmong these, nanoscale silicon is of great interest because pristine silicon is largely inert on its own in the context of gas sensing, unless functionalized with an appropriate gas-sensitive material. We report a chemical-sensitive field-effect transistor (CS-FET) platform based on 3.5-nm-thin silicon channel transistors. Using industry compatible processing techniques, the conventional electrically active gate stack is replaced by an ultrathin\nchemical-sensitive layer that is electrically conconducting and coupled to the 3.5-nm-thin silicon channel. We demonstrate a low-power, sensitive, and selective multiplexed gas sensing technology using this platform by detecting H_2S, H_2, and NO_2 at room temperature for environment, health, and safety in the oil and gas industry, offering significant advantages over existing technology. Moreover, the system described here can be readily integrated with mobile electronics for distributed sensor networks in environmental pollution mapping and personal air-quality monitors.", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.1602557", "pmcid": "PMC5365249", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2017-03-24", "series_number": "3", "volume": "3", "issue": "3", "pages": "Art. No. e1602557" }, { "id": "authors:f0wm5-6z797", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f0wm5-6z797", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170921-093719633", "type": "article", "title": "Micro/nanorobots for biomedicine: Delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Esteban-Fern\u00e1ndez de \u00c1vila", "given_name": "Berta", "clpid": "Esteban-Fern\u00e1ndez-de-\u00c1vila-B" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Liangfang", "clpid": "Zhang-Liangfang" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Micro- and nanoscale robots that can effectively convert diverse energy sources into movement and force represent a\nrapidly emerging and fascinating robotics research area. Recent advances in the design, fabrication, and operation of micro/nanorobots have greatly enhanced their power, function, and versatility. The new capabilities of these tiny untethered machines indicate immense potential for a variety of biomedical applications. This article reviews recent progress and future perspectives of micro/nanorobots in biomedicine, with a special focus on their potential advantages and applications for directed drug delivery, precision surgery, medical diagnosis, and detoxification. Future success of this technology, to be realized through close collaboration between robotics, medical, and nanotechnology experts, should have a major impact on disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.", "doi": "10.1126/scirobotics.aam6431", "issn": "2470-9476", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Robotics", "publication_date": "2017-03-15", "series_number": "4", "volume": "2", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. eaam6431" }, { "id": "authors:7s1kf-zgy22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7s1kf-zgy22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-080627968", "type": "article", "title": "Visible-Light-Driven BiOI-Based Janus Micromotor in Pure Water", "author": [ { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Hu", "given_name": "Yan", "clpid": "Hu-Yan" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Yefei", "clpid": "Wu-Yefei" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Biye", "orcid": "0000-0003-0131-8750", "clpid": "Ren-Biye" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Qinglong", "clpid": "Wang-Qinglong" }, { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "Yuepeng", "clpid": "Cai-Yuepeng" } ], "abstract": "Light-driven synthetic micro-/nanomotors have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications and unique performances such as remote motion control and adjustable velocity. Utilizing harmless and renewable visible light to supply energy for micro-/nanomotors in water represents a great challenge. In view of the outstanding photocatalytic performance of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI), visible-light-driven BiOI-based Janus micromotors have been developed, which can be activated by a broad spectrum of light, including blue and green light. Such BiOI-based Janus micromotors can be propelled by photocatalytic reactions in pure water under environmentally friendly visible light without the addition of any other chemical fuels. The remote control of photocatalytic propulsion by modulating the power of visible light is characterized by velocity and mean-square displacement analysis of optical video recordings. In addition, the self-electrophoresis mechanism has been confirmed for such visible-light-driven BiOI-based Janus micromotors by demonstrating the effects of various coated layers (e.g., Al_2O_3, Pt, and Au) on the velocity of motors. The successful demonstration of visible-light-driven Janus micromotors holds a great promise for future biomedical and environmental applications.", "doi": "10.1021/jacs.6b09863", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2017-02-08", "series_number": "5", "volume": "139", "issue": "5", "pages": "1722-1725" }, { "id": "authors:7hnjc-4s122", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7hnjc-4s122", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-092448300", "type": "article", "title": "A Wearable Electrochemical Platform for Noninvasive Simultaneous Monitoring of Ca^(2+) and pH", "author": [ { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Shahpar", "given_name": "Ziba", "clpid": "Shahpar-Z" }, { "family_name": "Emaminejad", "given_name": "Sam", "clpid": "Emaminejad-S" }, { "family_name": "Challa", "given_name": "Samyuktha", "clpid": "Challa-S" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Li-Chia", "clpid": "Tai-Li-Chia" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Davis", "given_name": "Ronald W.", "clpid": "Davis-R-W" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Homeostasis of ionized calcium in biofluids is critical for human biological functions and organ systems. Measurement of ionized calcium for clinical applications is not easily accessible due to its strict procedures and dependence on pH. pH balance in body fluids greatly affects metabolic reactions and biological transport systems. Here, we demonstrate a wearable electrochemical device for continuous monitoring of ionized calcium and pH of body fluids using a disposable and flexible array of Ca^(2+) and pH sensors that interfaces with a flexible printed circuit board. This platform enables real-time quantitative analysis of these sensing elements in body fluids such as sweat, urine, and tears. Accuracy of Ca^(2+) concentration and pH measured by the wearable sensors is validated through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technique and a commercial pH meter, respectively. Our results show that the wearable sensors have high repeatability and selectivity to the target ions. Real-time on-body assessment of sweat is also performed, and our results indicate that calcium concentration increases with decreasing pH. This platform can be used in noninvasive continuous analysis of ionized calcium and pH in body fluids for disease diagnosis such as primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones.", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.6b04005", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2016-07-26", "series_number": "7", "volume": "10", "issue": "7", "pages": "7216-7224" }, { "id": "authors:76nbb-4bq36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "76nbb-4bq36", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-120826330", "type": "article", "title": "Wearable Microsensor Array for Multiplexed Heavy Metal Monitoring of Body Fluids", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Y. Y.", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Y-Y" }, { "family_name": "Shahpar", "given_name": "Ziba", "clpid": "Shahpar-Z" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Emaminejad", "given_name": "Sam", "clpid": "Emaminejad-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Yuji", "clpid": "Gao-Yuji" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Li-Chia", "clpid": "Tai-Li-Chia" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Wu-Eric-J" }, { "family_name": "Bullock", "given_name": "James", "clpid": "Bullock-J" }, { "family_name": "Zeng", "given_name": "Yuping", "clpid": "Zeng-Yuping" }, { "family_name": "Lien", "given_name": "Der-Hsien", "clpid": "Lien-Der-Hsien" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "A flexible and wearable microsensor array is described for simultaneous multiplexed monitoring of heavy metals in human body fluids. Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Hg ions are chosen as target analytes for detection via electrochemical square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) on Au and Bi microelectrodes. The oxidation peaks of these metals are calibrated and compensated by incorporating a skin temperature sensor. High selectivity, repeatability, and flexibility of the sensor arrays are presented. Human sweat and urine samples are collected for heavy metal analysis, and measured results from the microsensors are validated through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Real-time on-body evaluation of heavy metal (e.g., zinc and copper) levels in sweat of human subjects by cycling is performed to examine the change in concentrations with time. This platform is anticipated to provide insightful information about an individual's health state such as heavy metal exposure and aid the related clinical investigations.", "doi": "10.1021/acssensors.6b00287", "issn": "2379-3694", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Sensors", "publication_date": "2016-07-22", "series_number": "7", "volume": "1", "issue": "7", "pages": "866-874" }, { "id": "authors:9ja9f-tcy75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9ja9f-tcy75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-093800265", "type": "article", "title": "General Thermal Texturization Process of MoS\u2082 for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kiriya", "given_name": "Daisuke", "orcid": "0000-0003-0270-3888", "clpid": "Kiriya-Daisuke" }, { "family_name": "Lobaccaro", "given_name": "Peter", "clpid": "Lobaccaro-P" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Taheri", "given_name": "Peyman", "clpid": "Taheri-Peyman" }, { "family_name": "Hettick", "given_name": "Mark", "clpid": "Hettick-M" }, { "family_name": "Shiraki", "given_name": "Hiroshi", "clpid": "Shiraki-Hiroshi" }, { "family_name": "Sutter-Fella", "given_name": "Carolin M.", "clpid": "Sutter-Fella-C-M" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Peida", "clpid": "Zhao-Peida" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Maboudian", "given_name": "Roya", "orcid": "0000-0002-5121-6560", "clpid": "Maboudian-R" }, { "family_name": "Ager", "given_name": "Joel W.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9334-9751", "clpid": "Ager-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "
\n

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been widely examined as a catalyst containing no precious metals for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER); however, these examinations have utilized synthesized MoS2 because the pristine MoS2 mineral is known to be a poor catalyst. The fundamental challenge with pristine MoS2 is the inert HER activity of the predominant (0001) basal surface plane. In order to achieve high HER performance with pristine MoS2, it is essential to activate the basal plane. Here, we report a general thermal process in which the basal plane is texturized to increase the density of HER-active edge sites. This texturization is achieved through a simple thermal annealing procedure in a hydrogen environment, removing sulfur from the MoS2 surface to form edge sites. As a result, the process generates high HER catalytic performance in pristine MoS2 across various morphologies such as the bulk mineral, films composed of micron-scale flakes, and even films of a commercially available spray of nanoflake MoS2. The lowest overpotential (η) observed for these samples was η = 170 mV to obtain 10 mA/cm2 of HER current density.

\n
", "doi": "10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00569", "issn": "1530-6984", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Nano Letters", "publication_date": "2016-07-13", "series_number": "7", "volume": "16", "issue": "7", "pages": "4047-4053" }, { "id": "authors:fjh1f-jh007", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fjh1f-jh007", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-135200211", "type": "article", "title": "Printed Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Sensor Systems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Emaminejad", "given_name": "Sam", "clpid": "Emaminejad-S" }, { "family_name": "Kiriya", "given_name": "Daisuke", "orcid": "0000-0003-0270-3888", "clpid": "Kiriya-Daisuke" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Takei", "given_name": "Kuniharu", "orcid": "0000-0001-9166-3747", "clpid": "Takei-Kuniharu" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Printing technologies offer large-area, high-throughput production capabilities for electronics and sensors on mechanically flexible substrates that can conformally cover different surfaces. These capabilities enable a wide range of new applications such as low-cost disposable electronics for health monitoring and wearables, extremely large format electronic displays, interactive wallpapers, and sensing arrays. Solution-processed carbon nanotubes have been shown to be a promising candidate for such printing processes, offering stable devices with high performance. Here, recent progress made in printed carbon nanotube electronics is discussed in terms of materials, processing, devices, and applications. Research challenges and opportunities moving forward from processing and system-level integration points of view are also discussed for enabling practical applications.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.201504958", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2016-06-08", "series_number": "22", "volume": "28", "issue": "22", "pages": "4397-4414" }, { "id": "authors:pw52d-57c43", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "pw52d-57c43", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-140054160", "type": "article", "title": "Application of 3D Printing for Smart Objects with Embedded Electronic Sensors and Systems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Emaminejad", "given_name": "Sam", "clpid": "Emaminejad-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Yuji", "clpid": "Gao-Yuji" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Allan", "clpid": "Zhao-Allan" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Wu-Eric-J" }, { "family_name": "Challa", "given_name": "Samyuktha", "clpid": "Challa-S" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Jha", "given_name": "Amit K.", "clpid": "Jha-Amit-K" }, { "family_name": "Kiriya", "given_name": "Daisuke", "orcid": "0000-0003-0270-3888", "clpid": "Kiriya-Daisuke" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Shiraki", "given_name": "Hiroshi", "clpid": "Shiraki-Hiroshi" }, { "family_name": "Morioka", "given_name": "Kazuhito", "clpid": "Morioka-Kazuhito" }, { "family_name": "Ferguson", "given_name": "Adam R.", "clpid": "Ferguson-A-R" }, { "family_name": "Healy", "given_name": "Kevin E.", "clpid": "Healy-K-E" }, { "family_name": "Davis", "given_name": "Ronald W.", "clpid": "Davis-R-W" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Applications of a 3D printing process are presented. This process integrates liquid-state printed components and interconnects with IC chips in all three dimensions, various orientations, and multiple printing layers to deliver personalized system-level functionalities. As an example application, a form-fitting glove is demonstrated with embedded programmable heater, temperature sensor, and the associated control electronics for thermotherapeutic treatment.", "doi": "10.1002/admt.201600013", "issn": "2365-709X", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials Technologies", "publication_date": "2016-04", "series_number": "1", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "pages": "Art. No. 1600013" }, { "id": "authors:9ya9b-8kx45", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9ya9b-8kx45", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170921-095336725", "type": "article", "title": "Fuel-Free Synthetic Micro-/Nanomachines", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Li-Ping", "orcid": "0000-0002-2683-7963", "clpid": "Xu-Li-Ping" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Shutao", "orcid": "0000-0002-2559-5181", "clpid": "Wang-Shutao" } ], "abstract": "Inspired by the swimming of natural microorganisms, synthetic micro-/nanomachines, which convert energy into movement, are able to mimic the function of these amazing natural systems and help humanity by completing environmental and biological tasks. While offering autonomous propulsion, conventional micro-/nanomachines usually rely on the decomposition of external chemical fuels (e.g., H_2O_2), which greatly hinders their applications in biologically relevant media. Recent developments have resulted in various micro-/nanomotors that can be powered by biocompatible fuels. Fuel-free synthetic micro-/nanomotors, which can move without external chemical fuels, represent another attractive solution for practical applications owing to their biocompatibility and sustainability. Here, recent developments on fuel-free micro-/nanomotors (powered by various external stimuli such as light, magnetic, electric, or ultrasonic fields) are summarized, ranging from fabrication to propulsion mechanisms. The applications of these fuel-free micro-/nanomotors are also discussed, including nanopatterning, targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, and precision nanosurgery. With continuous innovation, future autonomous, intelligent and multifunctional fuel-free micro-/nanomachines are expected to have a profound impact upon diverse biomedical applications, providing unlimited opportunities beyond one's imagination.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.201603250", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2016-03-07", "series_number": "9", "volume": "29", "issue": "9", "pages": "Art. No. 1603250" }, { "id": "authors:yz1a3-d6z82", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yz1a3-d6z82", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-082651286", "type": "article", "title": "Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Emaminejad", "given_name": "Sam", "clpid": "Emaminejad-S" }, { "family_name": "Nyein", "given_name": "Hnin Yin Yin", "clpid": "Nyein-Hnin-Yin-Yin" }, { "family_name": "Challa", "given_name": "Samyuktha", "clpid": "Challa-S" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-6132", "clpid": "Chen-Kevin-Med" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Austin", "clpid": "Peck-Austin" }, { "family_name": "Fahad", "given_name": "Hossain M.", "clpid": "Fahad-H-M" }, { "family_name": "Ota", "given_name": "Hiroki", "clpid": "Ota-Hiroki" }, { "family_name": "Shiraki", "given_name": "Hiroshi", "clpid": "Shiraki-Hiroshi" }, { "family_name": "Kiriya", "given_name": "Daisuke", "orcid": "0000-0003-0270-3888", "clpid": "Kiriya-Daisuke" }, { "family_name": "Lien", "given_name": "Der-Hsien", "clpid": "Lien-Der-Hsien" }, { "family_name": "Brooks", "given_name": "George A.", "clpid": "Brooks-G-A" }, { "family_name": "Davis", "given_name": "Ronald W.", "clpid": "Davis-R-W" }, { "family_name": "Javey", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7214-7931", "clpid": "Javey-A" } ], "abstract": "Wearable sensor technologies are essential to the realization of personalized medicine through continuously monitoring an individual's state of health. Sampling human sweat, which is rich in physiological information, could enable non-invasive monitoring. Previously reported sweat-based and other non-invasive biosensors either can only monitor a single analyte at a time or lack on-site signal processing circuitry and sensor calibration mechanisms for accurate analysis of the physiological state. Given the complexity of sweat secretion, simultaneous and multiplexed screening of target biomarkers is critical and requires full system integration to ensure the accuracy of measurements. Here we present a mechanically flexible and fully integrated (that is, no external analysis is needed) sensor array for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, which simultaneously and selectively measures sweat metabolites (such as glucose and lactate) and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium ions), as well as the skin temperature (to calibrate the response of the sensors). Our work bridges the technological gap between signal transduction, conditioning (amplification and filtering), processing and wireless transmission in wearable biosensors by merging plastic-based sensors that interface with the skin with silicon integrated circuits consolidated on a flexible circuit board for complex signal processing. This application could not have been realized using either of these technologies alone owing to their respective inherent limitations. The wearable system is used to measure the detailed sweat profile of human subjects engaged in prolonged indoor and outdoor physical activities, and to make a real-time assessment of the physiological state of the subjects. This platform enables a wide range of personalized diagnostic and physiological monitoring applications.", "doi": "10.1038/nature16521", "pmcid": "PMC4996079", "issn": "0028-0836", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature", "publication_date": "2016-01-28", "series_number": "7587", "volume": "529", "issue": "7587", "pages": "509-514" }, { "id": "authors:gc597-3s872", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gc597-3s872", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-143057302", "type": "article", "title": "Highly Efficient Light-Driven TiO_2\u2013Au Janus Micromotors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Qilu", "clpid": "Zhang-Qilu" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Biye", "orcid": "0000-0003-0131-8750", "clpid": "Ren-Biye" } ], "abstract": "A highly efficient light-driven photocatalytic TiO_2\u2013Au Janus micromotor with wireless steering and velocity control is described. Unlike chemically propelled micromotors which commonly require the addition of surfactants or toxic chemical fuels, the fuel-free Janus micromotor (diameter \u223c1.0 \u03bcm) can be powered in pure water under an extremely low ultraviolet light intensity (2.5 \u00d7 10^(\u20133) W/cm^2), and with 40 \u00d7 10^(\u20133) W/cm^2, they can reach a high speed of 25 body length/s, which is comparable to common Pt-based chemically induced self-electrophoretic Janus micromotors. The photocatalytic propulsion can be switched on and off by incident light modulation. In addition, the speed of the photocatalytic TiO_2\u2013Au Janus micromotor can be accelerated by increasing the light intensity or by adding low concentrations of chemical fuel H_2O_2 (i.e., 0.1%). The attractive fuel-free propulsion performance, fast movement triggering response, low light energy requirement, and precise motion control of the TiO_2\u2013Au Janus photocatalytic micromotor hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.5b05940", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2016-01-26", "series_number": "1", "volume": "10", "issue": "1", "pages": "839-844" }, { "id": "authors:ka3k9-z4t39", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ka3k9-z4t39", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-151718229", "type": "article", "title": "Vapor-Driven Propulsion of Catalytic Micromotors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Rozen", "given_name": "Isaac", "clpid": "Rozen-I" }, { "family_name": "Ezhilan", "given_name": "Barath", "clpid": "Ezhilan-B" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Christianson", "given_name": "Caleb", "clpid": "Christianson-C" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Saintillan", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Saintillan-D" }, { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Biye", "orcid": "0000-0003-0131-8750", "clpid": "Ren-Biye" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Chemically-powered micromotors offer exciting opportunities in diverse fields, including therapeutic delivery, environmental remediation, and nanoscale manufacturing. However, these nanovehicles require direct addition of high concentration of chemical fuel to the motor solution for their propulsion. We report the efficient vapor-powered propulsion of catalytic micromotors without direct addition of fuel to the micromotor solution. Diffusion of hydrazine vapor from the surrounding atmosphere into the sample solution is instead used to trigger rapid movement of iridium-gold Janus microsphere motors. Such operation creates a new type of remotely-triggered and powered catalytic micro/nanomotors that are responsive to their surrounding environment. This new propulsion mechanism is accompanied by unique phenomena, such as the distinct off-on response to the presence of fuel in the surrounding atmosphere, and spatio-temporal dependence of the motor speed borne out of the concentration gradient evolution within the motor solution. The relationship between the motor speed and the variables affecting the fuel concentration distribution is examined using a theoretical model for hydrazine transport, which is in turn used to explain the observed phenomena. The vapor-powered catalytic micro/nanomotors offer new opportunities in gas sensing, threat detection, and environmental monitoring, and open the door for a new class of environmentally-triggered micromotors.", "doi": "10.1038/srep13226", "pmcid": "PMC4540091", "issn": "2045-2322", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2015-08-18", "volume": "5", "pages": "Art. No. 13226" }, { "id": "authors:yvstt-0bf49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yvstt-0bf49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171005-135555098", "type": "article", "title": "3D-Printed Artificial Microfish", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhu", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0003-4027-4711", "clpid": "Zhu-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Leong", "given_name": "Yew J.", "clpid": "Leong-Yew-J" }, { "family_name": "Rozen", "given_name": "Isaac", "clpid": "Rozen-I" }, { "family_name": "Qu", "given_name": "Xin", "clpid": "Qu-Xin" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Chung", "given_name": "Peter H.", "clpid": "Chung-Peter-H" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Shaochen", "clpid": "Chen-Shaochen" } ], "abstract": "Hydrogel microfish featuring biomimetic structures, locomotive capabilities, and functionalized nanoparticles are engineered using a rapid 3D printing platform: microscale continuous \u00adoptical printing (\u03bcCOP). The 3D-printed \u00admicrofish exhibit chemically powered and magnetically guided propulsion, as well as highly efficient detoxification capabilities that highlight the technical versatility of this platform for engineering advanced functional microswimmers for diverse biomedical applications.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.201501372", "pmcid": "PMC4695322", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2015-08-12", "series_number": "30", "volume": "27", "issue": "30", "pages": "4411-4417" }, { "id": "authors:cd0f4-mk103", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cd0f4-mk103", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171011-143352098", "type": "article", "title": "Cell-Membrane-Coated Synthetic Nanomotors for Effective Biodetoxification", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Tianlong", "clpid": "Li-Tianlong" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez", "given_name": "Beatriz", "clpid": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez-B" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Weiwei", "clpid": "Gao-Weiwei" }, { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Qiang", "clpid": "He-Qiang" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Liangfang", "clpid": "Zhang-Liangfang" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "A red blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanowire that can serve as new generation of biomimetic motor sponge is described. The biomimetic motor sponge is constructed by the fusion of biocompatible gold nanowire motors and RBC nanovesicles. The motor sponge possesses a high coverage of RBC vesicles, which remain totally functional due to its exclusively oriented extracellular functional portion on the surfaces of motor sponge. These biomimetic motors display efficient acoustical propulsion, including controlled movement in undiluted whole blood. The RBC vesicles on the motor sponge remain highly stable during the propulsion process, conferring thus the ability to absorb membrane-damaging toxins and allowing the motor sponge to be used as efficient toxin decoys. The efficient propulsion of the motor sponges under an ultrasound field results in accelerated neutralization of the membrane-damaging toxins. Such motor sponges connect artificial nano\u00admotors with biological entities and hold great promise for treating a variety of injuries and diseases caused by membrane-damaging toxins.", "doi": "10.1002/adfm.201501050", "issn": "1616-301X", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Functional Materials", "publication_date": "2015-07-01", "series_number": "25", "volume": "25", "issue": "25", "pages": "3881-3887" }, { "id": "authors:1dyf9-r5e68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1dyf9-r5e68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171011-144933109", "type": "article", "title": "Motion-based threat detection using microrods: experiments and numerical simulations", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ezhilan", "given_name": "Barath", "clpid": "Ezhilan-B" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Rozen", "given_name": "Isaac", "clpid": "Rozen-I" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Jurado-Sanchez", "given_name": "Beatriz", "clpid": "Jurado-Sanchez-B" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Saintillan", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Saintillan-D" } ], "abstract": "Motion-based chemical sensing using microscale particles has attracted considerable recent attention. In this paper, we report on new experiments and Brownian dynamics simulations that cast light on the dynamics of both passive and active microrods (gold wires and gold\u2013platinum micromotors) in a silver ion gradient. We demonstrate that such microrods can be used for threat detection in the form of a silver ion source, allowing for the determination of both the location of the source and concentration of silver. This threat detection strategy relies on the diffusiophoretic motion of both passive and active microrods in the ionic gradient and on the speed acceleration of the Au\u2013Pt micromotors in the presence of silver ions. A Langevin model describing the microrod dynamics and accounting for all of these effects is presented, and key model parameters are extracted from the experimental data, thereby providing a reliable estimate for the full spatiotemporal distribution of the silver ions in the vicinity of the source.", "doi": "10.1039/C4NR06208F", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2015-05-07", "series_number": "17", "volume": "7", "issue": "17", "pages": "7833-7840" }, { "id": "authors:cd00a-vbf92", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cd00a-vbf92", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171005-144628909", "type": "article", "title": "Microengine-assisted electrochemical measurements at printable sensor strips", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cinti", "given_name": "Stefano", "clpid": "Cinti-S" }, { "family_name": "Vald\u00e9s-Ram\u00edrez", "given_name": "Gabriela", "clpid": "Vald\u00e9s-Ram\u00edrez-G" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Palleschi", "given_name": "Giuseppe", "clpid": "Palleschi-G" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "A new microengine-based built-in-platform exploiting a surprising dual action with solution mixing and control of the reaction parameters, has been applied for accelerating chemical reactions (organophosphorous nerve agents hydrolysis) and electrochemical detection of non-hazardous by-product (p-nitrophenol) using printable sensor strip.", "doi": "10.1039/c5cc02222c", "issn": "1359-7345", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Chemical Communications", "publication_date": "2015-04-20", "series_number": "41", "volume": "51", "issue": "41", "pages": "8668-8671" }, { "id": "authors:kspy8-tfe49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kspy8-tfe49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-100956295", "type": "article", "title": "Reversible Swarming and Separation of Self-Propelled Chemically Powered Nanomotors under Acoustic Fields", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Soto", "given_name": "Fernando", "clpid": "Soto-F" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Garcia-Gradilla", "given_name": "Victor", "clpid": "Garcia-Gradilla-V" }, { "family_name": "Maga\u00f1a", "given_name": "Ernesto", "clpid": "Maga\u00f1a-E" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "The collective behavior of biological systems has inspired efforts toward the controlled assembly of synthetic nanomotors. Here we demonstrate the use of acoustic fields to induce reversible assembly of catalytic nanomotors, controlled swarm movement, and separation of different nanomotors. The swarming mechanism relies on the interaction between individual nanomotors and the acoustic field, which triggers rapid migration and assembly around the nearest pressure node. Such on-demand assembly of catalytic nanomotors is extremely fast and reversible. Controlled movement of the resulting swarm is illustrated by changing the frequency of the acoustic field. Efficient separation of different types of nanomotors, which assemble in distinct swarming regions, is illustrated. The ability of acoustic fields to regulate the collective behavior of catalytic nanomotors holds considerable promise for a wide range of practical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja511012v", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2015-02-18", "series_number": "6", "volume": "137", "issue": "6", "pages": "2163-2166" }, { "id": "authors:pgnxm-9w143", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "pgnxm-9w143", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170922-141422653", "type": "article", "title": "Superfast Near-Infrared Light-Driven Polymer Multilayer Rockets", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Si", "given_name": "Tieyan", "clpid": "Si-Tieyan" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Lin", "given_name": "Xiankun", "clpid": "Lin-Xiankun" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Qiang", "clpid": "He-Qiang" } ], "abstract": "A gold nanoshell-functionalized polymer multilayer nanorocket performs self-propulsion upon the irradiation with NIR light in the absence of chemical fuel. Theoretical simulations reveal that the NIR light-triggered self-thermophoresis drives the propulsion of the nanorocket. The nanorocket also displays \u00adefficient NIR light-triggered propulsion in \u00adbiofluids and thus holds considerable promise for various potential biomedical applications.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.201502605", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2015-02-03", "series_number": "5", "volume": "12", "issue": "5", "pages": "577-582" }, { "id": "authors:h3jzx-sp166", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "h3jzx-sp166", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-111309765", "type": "article", "title": "Self-Propelled Activated Carbon Janus Micromotors for Efficient Water Purification", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez", "given_name": "Beatriz", "clpid": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez-B" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Santos", "given_name": "Luis", "clpid": "Santos-L" }, { "family_name": "Fedorak", "given_name": "Yuri", "clpid": "Fedorak-Y" }, { "family_name": "Singh", "given_name": "Virendra V.", "clpid": "Singh-V-V" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Galarnyk", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Galarnyk-M" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Self-propelled activated carbon-based Janus particle micromotors that display efficient locomotion in environmental matrices and offer effective 'on-the-fly' removal of wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants are described. The new bubble-propelled activated carbon Janus micromotors rely on the asymmetric deposition of a catalytic Pt patch on the surface of activated carbon microspheres. The rough surface of the activated carbon microsphere substrate results in a microporous Pt structure to provide a highly catalytic layer, which leads to an effective bubble evolution and propulsion at remarkable speeds of over 500 \u03bcm/s. Such coupling of the high adsorption capacity of carbon nanoadsorbents with the rapid movement of these catalytic Janus micromotors, along with the corresponding fluid dynamics and mixing, results in a highly efficient moving adsorption platform and a greatly accelerated water purification. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms have been investigated. The remarkable decontamination efficiency of self-propelled activated carbon-based Janus micromotors is illustrated towards the rapid removal of heavy metals, nitroaromatic explosives, organophosphorous nerve agents and azo-dye compounds, indicating considerable promise for diverse environmental, defense, and public health applications.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.201402215", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2015-01-27", "series_number": "4", "volume": "11", "issue": "4", "pages": "499-506" }, { "id": "authors:4jby7-exe48", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4jby7-exe48", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171011-151131854", "type": "article", "title": "Artificial Micromotors in the Mouse's Stomach: A Step toward in Vivo Use of Synthetic Motors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Thamphiwatana", "given_name": "Soracha", "clpid": "Thamphiwatana-S" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Weiwei", "clpid": "Gao-Weiwei" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Liangfang", "clpid": "Zhang-Liangfang" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Artificial micromotors, operating on locally supplied fuels and performing complex tasks, offer great potential for diverse biomedical applications, including autonomous delivery and release of therapeutic payloads and cell manipulation. Various types of synthetic motors, utilizing different propulsion mechanisms, have been fabricated to operate in biological matrices. However, the performance of these man-made motors has been tested exclusively under in vitro conditions (outside the body); their behavior and functionalities in an in vivo environment (inside the body) remain unknown. Herein, we report an in vivo study of artificial micromotors in a living organism using a mouse model. Such in vivo evaluation examines the distribution, retention, cargo delivery, and acute toxicity profile of synthetic motors in mouse stomach via oral administration. Using zinc-based micromotors as a model, we demonstrate that the acid-driven propulsion in the stomach effectively enhances the binding and retention of the motors as well as of cargo payloads on the stomach wall. The body of the motors gradually dissolves in the gastric acid, autonomously releasing their carried payloads, leaving nothing toxic behind. This work is anticipated to significantly advance the emerging field of nano/micromotors and to open the door to in vivo evaluation and clinical applications of these synthetic motors.", "doi": "10.1021/nn507097k", "pmcid": "PMC4310033", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2015-01-27", "series_number": "1", "volume": "9", "issue": "1", "pages": "117-123" }, { "id": "authors:00njf-ah853", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "00njf-ah853", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-132210677", "type": "article", "title": "Turning Erythrocytes into Functional Micromotors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhiguang", "clpid": "Wu-Zhiguang" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Tianlong", "clpid": "Li-Tianlong" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Christianson", "given_name": "Caleb", "clpid": "Christianson-C" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Weiwei", "clpid": "Gao-Weiwei" }, { "family_name": "Galarnyk", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Galarnyk-M" }, { "family_name": "He", "given_name": "Qiang", "clpid": "He-Qiang" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Liangfang", "clpid": "Zhang-Liangfang" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Attempts to apply artificial nano/micromotors for diverse biomedical applications have inspired a variety of strategies for designing motors with diverse propulsion mechanisms and functions. However, existing artificial motors are made exclusively of synthetic materials, which are subject to serious immune attack and clearance upon entering the bloodstream. Herein we report an elegant approach that turns natural red blood cells (RBCs) into functional micromotors with the aid of ultrasound propulsion and magnetic guidance. Iron oxide nanoparticles are loaded into the RBCs, where their asymmetric distribution within the cells results in a net magnetization, thus enabling magnetic alignment and guidance under acoustic propulsion. The RBC motors display efficient guided and prolonged propulsion in various biological fluids, including undiluted whole blood. The stability and functionality of the RBC motors, as well as the tolerability of regular RBCs to the ultrasound operation, are carefully examined. Since the RBC motors preserve the biological and structural features of regular RBCs, these motors possess a wide range of antigenic, transport, and mechanical properties that common synthetic motors cannot achieve and thus hold considerable promise for a number of practical biomedical uses.", "doi": "10.1021/nn506200x", "pmcid": "PMC4386663", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2014-12-23", "series_number": "12", "volume": "8", "issue": "12", "pages": "12041-12048" }, { "id": "authors:0ckj3-8aq29", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0ckj3-8aq29", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-120032441", "type": "article", "title": "Water-Driven Micromotors for Rapid Photocatalytic Degradation of Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Singh", "given_name": "Virendra V.", "clpid": "Singh-V-V" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Kaufmann", "given_name": "Kevin", "clpid": "Kaufmann-K" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez", "given_name": "Beatriz", "clpid": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez-B" }, { "family_name": "Fedorak", "given_name": "Yuri", "clpid": "Fedorak-Y" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Threats of chemical and biological warfare agents (CBWA) represent a serious global concern and require rapid and efficient neutralization methods. We present a highly effective micromotor strategy for photocatalytic degradation of CBWA based on light-activated TiO_2/Au/Mg microspheres that propel autonomously in natural water and obviate the need for external fuel, decontaminating reagent, or mechanical agitation. The activated TiO_2/Au/Mg micromotors generate highly reactive oxygen species responsible for the efficient destruction of the cell membranes of the anthrax simulant Bacillus globigii spore, as well as rapid and complete in situ mineralization of the highly persistent organophosphate nerve agents into nonharmful products. The water-driven propulsion of the TiO_2/Au/Mg micromotors facilitates efficient fluid transport and dispersion of the photogenerated reactive oxidative species and their interaction with the CBWA. Coupling of the photocatalytic surface of the micromotors and their autonomous water-driven propulsion thus leads to a reagent-free operation which holds a considerable promise for diverse \"green\" defense and environmental applications.", "doi": "10.1021/nn505029k", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2014-11-25", "series_number": "11", "volume": "8", "issue": "11", "pages": "11118-11125" }, { "id": "authors:m865g-jx508", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m865g-jx508", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-134118182", "type": "article", "title": "Nanomotor lithography", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "The rapid miniaturization of devices and machines has fuelled the evolution of advanced fabrication techniques. However, the complexity and high cost of the state-of-the-art high-resolution lithographic systems are prompting unconventional routes for nanoscale patterning. Inspired by natural nanomachines, synthetic nanomotors have recently demonstrated remarkable performance and functionality. Here we report a new nano-patterning approach, named 'nanomotor lithography', which translates the autonomous movement trajectories of nanomotors into controlled surface features. As a proof of principle, we use metallic nanowire motors as mobile nanomasks and Janus sphere motors as near-field nanolenses to manipulate light beams for generating a myriad of nanoscale features through modular nanomotor design. The complex spatially defined nanofeatures using these dynamic nanoscale optical elements can be achieved through organized assembly and remote guidance of multiple nanomotors. Such ability to transform predetermined paths of moving nanomachines to defined surface patterns provides a unique nanofabrication platform for creating diverse nanodevices.", "doi": "10.1038/ncomms6026", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2014-09-24", "volume": "5", "pages": "Art. No. 5026" }, { "id": "authors:r5nhh-cdh24", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "r5nhh-cdh24", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-140705351", "type": "article", "title": "Synthetic micro/nanomotors in drug delivery", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Nanomachines offer considerable promise for the treatment of diseases. The ability of man-made nanomotors to rapidly deliver therapeutic payloads to their target destination represents a novel nanomedicine approach. Synthetic nanomotors, based on a multitude of propulsion mechanisms, have been developed over the past decade toward diverse biomedical applications. In this review article, we journey from the use of chemically powered drug-delivery nanovehicles to externally actuated (fuel-free) drug-delivery nanomachine platforms, and conclude with future prospects and challenges for such practical propelling drug-delivery systems. As future micro/nanomachines become more powerful and functional, these tiny devices are expected to perform more demanding biomedical tasks and benefit different drug delivery applications.", "doi": "10.1039/C4NR03124E", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2014-09-21", "series_number": "18", "volume": "6", "issue": "18", "pages": "10486-10494" }, { "id": "authors:w8bmq-0v817", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w8bmq-0v817", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-095921454", "type": "article", "title": "Template electrosynthesis of tailored-made helical nanoswimmers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Tam", "given_name": "Ryan", "clpid": "Tam-Ryan" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Xiaomiao", "clpid": "Feng-Xiaomiao" }, { "family_name": "Ai", "given_name": "Stephen", "clpid": "Ai-Stephen" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We demonstrate a template electrosynthesis for large-scale low-cost preparation of remarkably small magnetically driven tailored-made helical nanoswimmers that display efficient propulsion behavior and hold considerable promise for future miniature devices in the human body.", "doi": "10.1039/C3NR04760A", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2014-08-21", "series_number": "16", "volume": "6", "issue": "16", "pages": "9415-9420" }, { "id": "authors:zat4e-x5c25", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zat4e-x5c25", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-083721087", "type": "article", "title": "Fully Loaded Micromotors for Combinatorial Delivery and Autonomous Release of Cargoes", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Kou", "given_name": "Huanhuan", "clpid": "Kou-Huanhuan" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Thavarajah", "given_name": "Walter", "clpid": "Thavarajah-W" }, { "family_name": "Kaufmann", "given_name": "Kevin", "clpid": "Kaufmann-K" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Liangfang", "clpid": "Zhang-Liangfang" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Integrating functional self-propelled Zinc micromotors are created by coup\u00adling electrodeposition with hard dual-templating synthesis. The micromotors concurrently possess four robust functions including a remarkably high loading capacity, combinatorial delivery of cargoes, autonomous release of encapsulated payloads, and self-destruction. This concept could be expanded to simultaneous encapsulation of various payloads for different functionalities such as therapy, diagnostics, and imaging.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.201303646", "pmcid": "PMC4107182", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2014-07-23", "series_number": "14", "volume": "10", "issue": "14", "pages": "2830-2833" }, { "id": "authors:8jp15-zz181", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8jp15-zz181", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180122-141922167", "type": "article", "title": "Ultrasound-Modulated Bubble Propulsion of Chemically Powered Microengines", "author": [ { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Tailin", "orcid": "0000-0003-4037-2856", "clpid": "Xu-Tailin" }, { "family_name": "Soto", "given_name": "Fernando", "clpid": "Soto-F" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Garcia-Gradilla", "given_name": "Victor", "clpid": "Garcia-Gradilla-V" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Xueji", "orcid": "0000-0002-0035-3821", "clpid": "Zhang-Xueji" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "The use of an ultrasound (US) field for rapid and reversible control of the movement of bubble-propelled chemically powered PEDOT/Ni/Pt microengines is demonstrated. Such operation reflects the US-induced disruption of normal bubble evolution and ejection, essential for efficient propulsion of catalytic microtubular engines. It offers precise speed control, with sharp increases and decreases of the speed at low and high US powers, respectively. A wide range of speeds can thus be generated by tuning the US power. Extremely fast changes in the motor speed (<0.1 s) and reproducible \"On/Off\" activations are observed, indicating distinct advantages compared to motion control methods based on other external stimuli. Such effective control of the propulsion of chemically powered microengines, including remarkable \"braking\" ability, holds considerable promise for diverse applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja504150e", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2014-06-18", "series_number": "24", "volume": "136", "issue": "24", "pages": "8552-8555" }, { "id": "authors:t12rq-40061", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t12rq-40061", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-080904041", "type": "article", "title": "Bubble-Propelled Micromotors for Enhanced Transport of Passive Tracers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez", "given_name": "Beatriz", "clpid": "Jurado-S\u00e1nchez-B" }, { "family_name": "Wagner", "given_name": "Gregory", "clpid": "Wagner-G" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Vazquez-Duhalt", "given_name": "Rafael", "clpid": "Vazquez-Duhalt-R" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Galarnyk", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Galarnyk-M" }, { "family_name": "Cort\u00e9s", "given_name": "Allan", "clpid": "Cort\u00e9s-A" }, { "family_name": "Saintillan", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Saintillan-D" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Fluid convection and mixing induced by bubble-propelled tubular microengines are characterized using passive microsphere tracers. Enhanced transport of the passive tracers by bubble-propelled micromotors, indicated by their mean squared displacement (MSD), is dramatically larger than that observed in the presence of catalytic nanowires and Janus particle motors. Bubble generation is shown to play a dominant role in the effective fluid transport observed in the presence of tubular microengines. These findings further support the potential of using bubble-propelled microengines for mixing reagents and accelerating reaction rates. The study offers useful insights toward understanding the role of the motion of multiple micromotors, bubble generation, and additional factors (e.g., motor density and fuel concentration) upon the observed motor-induced fluid transport.", "doi": "10.1021/la500819r", "issn": "0743-7463", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Langmuir", "publication_date": "2014-05-13", "series_number": "18", "volume": "30", "issue": "18", "pages": "5082-5087" }, { "id": "authors:w9sm7-9b598", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w9sm7-9b598", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-082310995", "type": "article", "title": "The Environmental Impact of Micro/Nanomachines: A Review", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Environmental sustainability represents a major challenge facing our world. Recent advances in synthetic micro/nanomachines have opened new horizons for addressing environmental problems. This review article highlights the opportunities and challenges in translating the remarkable progresses in nanomotor technology toward practical environmental applications. It covers various environmental areas that would benefit from these developments, including nanomachine-enabled degradation and removal of major contaminants or nanomotor-based water quality monitoring. Future operations of autonomous intelligent multifunctional nanomachines, monitoring and responding to hazardous chemicals (in a \"sense and destroy\" mode) and using bioinspired chemotactic search strategies to trace chemical plumes to their source, are discussed, along with the challenges of moving these exciting research efforts to larger-scale pilot studies and eventually to field applications. With continuous innovations, we expect that man-made nano/microscale motors will have profound impact upon the environment.", "doi": "10.1021/nn500077a", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2014-04-22", "series_number": "4", "volume": "8", "issue": "4", "pages": "3170-3180" }, { "id": "authors:gem1v-wer86", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gem1v-wer86", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-095921744", "type": "article", "title": "Catalytic Iridium-Based Janus Micromotors Powered by Ultralow Levels of Chemical Fuels", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Renfeng", "orcid": "0000-0001-7590-5750", "clpid": "Dong-Renfeng" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We describe catalytic micromotors powered by remarkably low concentrations of chemical fuel, down to the 0.0000001% level. These Janus micromotors rely on an iridium hemispheric layer for the catalytic decomposition of hydrazine in connection to SiO_2 spherical particles. The micromotors are self-propelled at a very high speed (of \u223c20 body lengths s^(\u20131)) in a 0.001% hydrazine solution due to osmotic effects. Such a low fuel concentration represents a 10\u2009000-fold decrease in the level required for common catalytic nanomotors. The attractive propulsion performance, efficient catalytic energy-harvesting, environmentally triggered swarming behavior, and magnetic control of the new Janus micromotors hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja413002e", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2014-02-12", "series_number": "6", "volume": "136", "issue": "6", "pages": "2276-2279" }, { "id": "authors:csyq3-9sf58", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "csyq3-9sf58", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-095920633", "type": "article", "title": "Bioinspired Helical Microswimmers Based on Vascular Plants", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Xiaomiao", "clpid": "Feng-Xiaomiao" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Kane", "given_name": "Christopher R.", "clpid": "Kane-C-R" }, { "family_name": "Tam", "given_name": "Ryan", "clpid": "Tam-R" }, { "family_name": "Hennessy", "given_name": "Camille", "clpid": "Hennessy-C" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Plant-based bioinspired magnetically propelled helical microswimmers are described. The helical microstructures are derived from spiral water-conducting vessels of different plants, harnessing the intrinsic biological structures of nature. Geometric variables of the spiral vessels, such as the helix diameter and pitch, can be controlled by mechanical stretching for the precise fabrication and consistent performance of helical microswimmers. Xylem vessels of a wide variety of different plants have been evaluated for the consistency and reproducibility of their helical parameters. Sequential deposition of thin Ti and Ni layers directly on the spiral vessels, followed by dicing, leads to an extremely simple and cost-efficient mass-production of functional helical microswimmers. The resulting plant-based magnetic microswimmers display efficient propulsion, with a speed of over 250 \u03bcm/s, as well as powerful locomotion in biological media such as human serum. The influence of actuation frequencies on the swimming velocity is investigated. Such use of plant vessels results in significant savings in the processing costs and provides an extremely simple, cost-effective fabrication route for the large-scale production of helical magnetic swimmers.", "doi": "10.1021/nl404044d", "issn": "1530-6984", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Nano Letters", "publication_date": "2014-01-08", "series_number": "1", "volume": "14", "issue": "1", "pages": "305-310" }, { "id": "authors:5fksc-t1w33", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5fksc-t1w33", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-113900256", "type": "article", "title": "Toward in vivo detection of hydrogen peroxide with ultrasound molecular imaging", "author": [ { "family_name": "Olson", "given_name": "Emilia S.", "clpid": "Olson-E-S" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Zhe", "clpid": "Wu-Zhe" }, { "family_name": "Malone", "given_name": "Christopher D.", "clpid": "Malone-C-D" }, { "family_name": "Yi", "given_name": "Boemha", "clpid": "Yi-Boemha" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Eghtedari", "given_name": "Mohammad", "clpid": "Eghtedari-M" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Mattrey", "given_name": "Robert F.", "clpid": "Mattrey-R-F" } ], "abstract": "We present a new class of ultrasound molecular imaging agents that extend upon the design of micromotors that are designed to move through fluids by catalyzing hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) and propelling forward by escaping oxygen microbubbles. Micromotor converters require 62 mm of H_2O_2 to move \u2013 1000-fold higher than is expected in vivo. Here, we aim to prove that ultrasound can detect the expelled microbubbles, to determine the minimum H_2O_2 concentration needed for microbubble detection, explore alternate designs to detect the H_2O_2 produced by activated neutrophils and perform preliminary in vivo testing. Oxygen microbubbles were detected by ultrasound at 2.5 mm H_2O_2. Best results were achieved with a 400\u2013500 nm spherical design with alternating surface coatings of catalase and PSS over a silica core. The lowest detection limit of 10\u2013100 \u03bcm was achieved when assays were done in plasma. Using this design, we detected the H2O2 produced by freshly isolated PMA-activated neutrophils allowing their distinction from na\u00efve neutrophils. Finally, we were also able to show that direct injection of these nanospheres into an abscess in vivo enhanced ultrasound signal only when they contained catalase, and only when injected into an abscess, likely because of the elevated levels of H_2O_2 produced by inflammatory mediators.", "doi": "10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.055", "pmcid": "PMC3794895", "issn": "0142-9612", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Biomaterials", "publication_date": "2013-11", "series_number": "35", "volume": "34", "issue": "35", "pages": "8918-8924" }, { "id": "authors:7vm32-keb68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7vm32-keb68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-113859293", "type": "article", "title": "Functionalized Ultrasound-Propelled Magnetically Guided Nanomotors: Toward Practical Biomedical Applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Garcia-Gradilla", "given_name": "Victor", "clpid": "Garcia-Gradilla-V" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Soto", "given_name": "Fernando", "clpid": "Soto-F" }, { "family_name": "Kuralay", "given_name": "Filiz", "clpid": "Kuralay-F" }, { "family_name": "Pourazary", "given_name": "Ashley", "clpid": "Pourazary-A" }, { "family_name": "Katzenberg", "given_name": "Adlai", "clpid": "Katzenberg-A" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Yufeng", "clpid": "Shen-Yufeng" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Magnetically guided ultrasound-powered nanowire motors, functionalized with bioreceptors and a drug-loaded polymeric segment, are described for \"capture and transport\" and drug-delivery processes. These high-performance fuel-free motors display advanced capabilities and functionalities, including magnetic guidance, coordinated aligned movement, cargo towing, capture and isolation of biological targets, drug delivery, and operation in real-life biological and environmental media. The template-prepared three-segment Au\u2013Ni\u2013Au nanowire motors are propelled acoustically by mechanical waves produced by a piezoelectric transducer. An embedded nickel segment facilitates a magnetically guided motion as well as transport of large \"cargo\" along predetermined trajectories. Substantial improvement in the speed and power is realized by the controlled concavity formation at the end of the motor nanowire using a sphere lithography protocol. Functionalization of the Au segments with lectin and antiprotein A antibody bioreceptors allows capture and transport of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, respectively. Potential therapeutic applications are illustrated in connection to the addition of a pH-sensitive drug-loaded polymeric (PPy-PSS) segment. The attractive capabilities of these fuel-free acoustically driven functionalized Au\u2013Ni\u2013Au nanowires, along with the simple preparation procedure and minimal adverse effects of ultrasonic waves, make them highly attractive for diverse in vivo biomedical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/nn403851v", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2013-10-22", "series_number": "10", "volume": "7", "issue": "10", "pages": "9232-9240" }, { "id": "authors:b5yn4-2wj22", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b5yn4-2wj22", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-113900495", "type": "article", "title": "Efficient bubble propulsion of polymer-based microengines in real-life environments", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Template-electrodeposited polymer/Pt microtube engines display efficient propulsion in a wide range of real-life samples ranging from seawater to human serum. Remarkably high speeds are observed in fuel-enhanced raw serum, apple juice, seawater, lake and river water samples. Our results indicate that polymer-based microengines hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications and that real samples exert different effects upon propulsion of different bubble-propelled microtube engines.", "doi": "10.1039/C3NR03254J", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2013-10-07", "series_number": "19", "volume": "5", "issue": "19", "pages": "8909-8914" }, { "id": "authors:tz5et-67432", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tz5et-67432", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-113859697", "type": "article", "title": "Dry-Released Nanotubes and Nanoengines by Particle-Assisted Rolling", "author": [ { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Jing", "clpid": "Zhang-Jing" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Gaoshan", "clpid": "Huang-Gaoshan" }, { "family_name": "Di", "given_name": "Zengfeng", "clpid": "Di-Zengfeng" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Ran", "clpid": "Liu-Ran" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Mei", "given_name": "Yongfeng", "clpid": "Mei-Yongfeng" } ], "abstract": "Surface tension of self-assembled metal nanodroplets can be applied to overcome the deformation barriers of strain-engineered nanomembranes and produce extremely nanoscale tubes. Aggregated nanoparticles stress nanomembranes and subsequently integrate on the walls of rolled-up nanotubes, which can speed up the tubular engines owing to the enhanced electrocatalytic activity.", "doi": "10.1002/adma.201301208", "issn": "0935-9648", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Materials", "publication_date": "2013-07-19", "series_number": "27", "volume": "25", "issue": "27", "pages": "3715-3721" }, { "id": "authors:bg8x9-brk81", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bg8x9-brk81", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-113859936", "type": "article", "title": "Self-propelled chemically-powered plant-tissue biomotors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gu", "given_name": "Yonge", "clpid": "Gu-Yonge" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Kaufmann", "given_name": "Kevin", "clpid": "Kaufmann-K" }, { "family_name": "Vazquez-Duhalt", "given_name": "Rafael", "clpid": "Vazquez-Duhalt-R" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Chunming", "clpid": "Wang-Chunming" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Self-propelled biocatalytic motors based on plant tissues are described. The tissue motors rely on their rich catalase activity towards biocatalytic decomposition of the H_2O_2 fuel and generation of the bubble thrust. These biomotors obviate the need for pure enzymes, and offer a remarkably low cost, good lifetime and thermostability.", "doi": "10.1039/C3CC42782J", "issn": "1359-7345", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "ChemComm", "publication_date": "2013-06-24", "series_number": "66", "volume": "49", "issue": "66", "pages": "7307-7309" }, { "id": "authors:x0714-qef60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "x0714-qef60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-150632984", "type": "article", "title": "Seawater-driven magnesium based Janus micromotors for environmental remediation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Xiaomiao", "clpid": "Feng-Xiaomiao" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Gu", "given_name": "Yonge", "clpid": "Gu-Yonge" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Jinxing", "clpid": "Li-Jinxing" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We describe the use of seawater as fuel to propel Janus micromotors. The new micromotors consist of biodegradable and environmentally friendly magnesium microparticles and a nickel\u2013gold bilayer patch for magnetic guidance and surface modification. Such seawater-driven micromotors, which utilize macrogalvanic corrosion and chloride pitting corrosion processes, eliminate the need for external fuels to offer efficient and prolonged propulsion towards diverse applications in aquatic environments.", "doi": "10.1039/C3NR01458D", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2013-06-07", "series_number": "11", "volume": "5", "issue": "11", "pages": "4696-4700" }, { "id": "authors:bf1fb-rh479", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bf1fb-rh479", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-150633925", "type": "article", "title": "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Catalytic Micromotors for Selective Protein Transport", "author": [ { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Cort\u00e9s", "given_name": "Allan", "clpid": "Cort\u00e9s-A" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Guanzhi", "clpid": "Cheng-Guanzhi" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Xiaomiao", "clpid": "Feng-Xiaomiao" }, { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Yufeng", "clpid": "Shen-Yufeng" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We demonstrate an attractive nanomachine \"capture and transport\" target isolation strategy based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIP-based catalytic microtubular engines are prepared by electropolymerization of the outer polymeric layer in the presence of the target analyte (template). Tailor-made selective artificial recognition sites are thus introduced into the tubular microtransporters through complementary nanocavities in the outer polymeric layer. The new microtransporter concept is illustrated using bilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/Pt\u2013Ni microengines and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled avidin (Av-FITC) as the template. The avidin-imprinted polymeric layer selectively concentrates the fluorescent-tagged protein target onto the moving microengine without the need for additional external functionalization, allowing \"on-the-fly\" extraction and isolation of Av-FITC from raw serum and saliva samples along with real-time visualization of the protein loading and transport. The new micromachine\u2013MIP-based target isolation strategy can be extended to the capture and transport of other important target molecules, leading toward diverse biomedical and environmental applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja4018545", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2013-04-10", "series_number": "14", "volume": "135", "issue": "14", "pages": "5336-5339" }, { "id": "authors:yyx7q-4e908", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yyx7q-4e908", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-084611121", "type": "article", "title": "Micromotor-based lab-on-chip immunoassays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Garc\u00eda", "given_name": "Miguel", "clpid": "Garc\u00eda-M" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Guix", "given_name": "Maria", "clpid": "Guix-M" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Escarpa", "given_name": "Alberto", "clpid": "Escarpa-A" }, { "family_name": "Merko\u00e7i", "given_name": "Arben", "clpid": "Merko\u00e7i-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Here we describe the first example of using self-propelled antibody-functionalized synthetic catalytic microengines for capturing and transporting target proteins between the different reservoirs of a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device. A new catalytic polymer/Ni/Pt microtube engine, containing carboxy moieties on its mixed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/COOH\u2013PEDOT polymeric outermost layer, is further functionalized with the antibody receptor to selectively recognize and capture the target protein. The new motor-based microchip immunoassay operations are carried out without any bulk fluid flow, replacing the common washing steps in antibody-based protein bioassays with the active transport of the captured protein throughout the different reservoirs, where each step of the immunoassay takes place. A first microchip format involving an 'on-the-fly' double-antibody sandwich assay (DASA) is used for demonstrating the selective capture of the target protein, in the presence of excess of non-target proteins. A secondary antibody tagged with a polymeric-sphere tracer allows the direct visualization of the binding events. In a second approach the immuno-nanomotor captures and transports the microsphere-tagged antigen through a microchannel network. An anti-protein-A modified microengine is finally used to demonstrate the selective capture, transport and convenient label-free optical detection of a Staphylococcus aureus target bacteria (containing proteinA in its cell wall) in the presence of a large excess of non-target (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. The resulting nanomotor-based microchip immunoassay offers considerable potential for diverse applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental and security monitoring fields.", "doi": "10.1039/C2NR32400H", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2013-02-21", "series_number": "4", "volume": "5", "issue": "4", "pages": "1325-1331" }, { "id": "authors:cn74q-pfk95", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cn74q-pfk95", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-084109832", "type": "article", "title": "Nanomotor-based biocatalytic patterning of helical metal microstructures", "author": [ { "family_name": "Manesh", "given_name": "Kalayil Manian", "clpid": "Manesh-K-M" }, { "family_name": "Campuzano", "given_name": "Susana", "clpid": "Campuzano-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Lobo-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n", "given_name": "Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas", "clpid": "Lobo-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n-M-J" }, { "family_name": "Shitanda", "given_name": "Isao", "clpid": "Shitanda-Isao" }, { "family_name": "Kiantaj", "given_name": "Kiarash", "clpid": "Kiantaj-Kiarash" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "A new nanomotor-based surface-patterning technique based on the movement of a magnetically powered enzyme-functionalized flexible nanowire swimmer offers the ability to create complex helical metal microstructures.", "doi": "10.1039/C2NR33040G", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2013-02-13", "series_number": "4", "volume": "5", "issue": "4", "pages": "1310-1314" }, { "id": "authors:x58aq-tq294", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "x58aq-tq294", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-150634345", "type": "article", "title": "Organized Self-Assembly of Janus Micromotors with Hydrophobic Hemispheres", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Xiaomiao", "clpid": "Feng-Xiaomiao" }, { "family_name": "Hennessy", "given_name": "Camille", "clpid": "Hennessy-C" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Organized self-assemblies of Janus catalytic motors, induced by hydrophobic surface interactions involving multiple motor/motor and motor/nonmotor particles, display controlled coordinated self-propulsion. The influence of the self-assembled structures upon the motion behavior is investigated. A dynamic 'on-the-fly' assembly is observed during the continuous movement of the individual components, along with changes in the motion behavior. Organized assemblies of multiple motor/nonmotor particles are also illustrated toward optimal cargo transport and delivery. Such controlled structures and motion of chemically powered Janus micromotor assemblies hold considerable promise for the creation of intelligent nanomachines that perform collective tasks.", "doi": "10.1021/ja311455k", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2013-01-23", "series_number": "3", "volume": "135", "issue": "3", "pages": "998-1001" }, { "id": "authors:przpf-e5180", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "przpf-e5180", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180123-150634658", "type": "article", "title": "Artificial Enzyme-Powered Microfish for Water-Quality Testing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Garcia-Gradilla", "given_name": "Victor", "clpid": "Garcia-Gradilla-V" }, { "family_name": "D'Agostino", "given_name": "Mattia", "clpid": "D'Agostino-M" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Cort\u00e9s", "given_name": "Allan", "clpid": "Cort\u00e9s-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We present a novel micromotor-based strategy for water-quality testing based on changes in the propulsion behavior of artificial biocatalytic microswimmers in the presence of aquatic pollutants. The new micromotor toxicity testing concept mimics live-fish water testing and relies on the toxin-induced inhibition of the enzyme catalase, responsible for the biocatalytic bubble propulsion of tubular microengines. The locomotion and survival of the artificial microfish are thus impaired by exposure to a broad range of contaminants, that lead to distinct time-dependent irreversible losses in the catalase activity, and hence of the propulsion behavior. Such use of enzyme-powered biocompatible polymeric (PEDOT)/Au-catalase tubular microengine offers highly sensitive direct optical visualization of changes in the swimming behavior in the presence of common contaminants and hence to a direct real-time assessment of the water quality. Quantitative data on the adverse effects of the various toxins upon the swimming behavior of the enzyme-powered artificial swimmer are obtained by estimating common ecotoxicological parameters, including the EC_(50) (exposure concentration causing 50% attenuation of the microfish locomotion) and the swimmer survival time (lifetime expectancy). Such novel use of artificial microfish addresses major standardization and reproducibility problems as well as ethical concerns associated with live-fish toxicity assays and hence offers an attractive alternative to the common use of aquatic organisms for water-quality testing.", "doi": "10.1021/nn305372n", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2013-01-22", "series_number": "1", "volume": "7", "issue": "1", "pages": "818-824" }, { "id": "authors:2yp8m-cms46", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2yp8m-cms46", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-120326015", "type": "article", "title": "Water-Driven Micromotors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We demonstrate the first example of a water-driven bubble-propelled micromotor that eliminates the requirement for the common hydrogen peroxide fuel. The new water-driven Janus micromotor is composed of a partially coated Al\u2013Ga binary alloy microsphere prepared via microcontact mixing of aluminum microparticles and liquid gallium. The ejection of hydrogen bubbles from the exposed Al\u2013Ga alloy hemisphere side, upon its contact with water, provides a powerful directional propulsion thrust. Such spontaneous generation of hydrogen bubbles reflects the rapid reaction between the aluminum alloy and water. The resulting water-driven spherical motors can move at remarkable speeds of 3 mm s^(\u20131) (i.e., 150 body length s^(\u20131)), while exerting large forces exceeding 500 pN. Factors influencing the efficiency of the aluminum\u2013water reaction and the resulting propulsion behavior and motor lifetime, including the ionic strength and environmental pH, are investigated. The resulting water-propelled Al\u2013Ga/Ti motors move efficiently in different biological media (e.g., human serum) and hold considerable promise for diverse biomedical or industrial applications.", "doi": "10.1021/nn303309z", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2012-09-25", "series_number": "9", "volume": "6", "issue": "9", "pages": "8432-8438" }, { "id": "authors:t9dqt-6dx87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t9dqt-6dx87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-084611710", "type": "article", "title": "Self-Propelled Carbohydrate-Sensitive Microtransporters with Built-In Boronic Acid Recognition for Isolating Sugars and Cells", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kuralay", "given_name": "Filiz", "clpid": "Kuralay-F" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Uygun", "given_name": "Aysegul", "clpid": "Uygun-Aysegul" }, { "family_name": "Katzenberg", "given_name": "Adlai", "clpid": "Katzenberg-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "A new nanomotor-based target isolation strategy, based on a \"built-in\" recognition capability, is presented. The concept relies on a poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) (PAPBA)/Ni/Pt microtube engine coupling the selective monosaccharide recognition of the boronic acid-based outer polymeric layer with the catalytic function of the inner platinum layer. The PAPBA-based microrocket is prepared by membrane-templated electropolymerization of 3-aminophenylboronic acid monomer. The resulting boronic acid-based microengine itself provides the target recognition without the need for additional external functionalization. \"On-the-fly\" binding and transport of yeast cells (containing sugar residues on their wall) and glucose are illustrated. The use of the recognition polymeric layer does not hinder the efficient propulsion of the microengine in aqueous and physiological media. Release of the captured yeast cells is triggered via a competitive sugar binding involving addition of fructose. No such capture and transport are observed in control experiments involving other cells or microengines. Selective isolation of monosaccharides is illustrated using polystyrene particles loaded with different sugars. Such self-propelled nanomachines with a built-in recognition capability hold considerable promise for diverse applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja306080t", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2012-09-19", "series_number": "37", "volume": "134", "issue": "37", "pages": "15217-15220" }, { "id": "authors:ga0vg-vp512", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ga0vg-vp512", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-143805707", "type": "article", "title": "Nano/Microscale Motors: Biomedical Opportunities and Challenges", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" } ], "abstract": "Artificial nano/microscale machines hold great promise for diverse future biomedical applications. This Perspective summarizes recent advances in microscale motors, as exemplified by Hoyos and Mallouk in this issue of ACS Nano, and highlights the challenges and opportunities in translating this remarkable progress toward practical biomedical applications. Various areas of medicine, including targeted drug delivery, precision nanosurgery, biopsy, cell sorting, or diagnostic assays, would benefit from recent developments of efficient fuel-free and fuel-driven nano/microscale machines. Newly introduced ultrasound-driven propulsion mechanisms greatly enhance the prospects for these biomedical applications. With continuous innovation and attention to key challenges, we expect that man-made nano/microscale motors will have profound impact upon different medical areas.", "doi": "10.1021/nn3028997", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2012-07-24", "series_number": "7", "volume": "6", "issue": "7", "pages": "5745-5751" }, { "id": "authors:hj9j7-13t09", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hj9j7-13t09", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-143807141", "type": "article", "title": "Highly ordered tailored three-dimensional hierarchical nano/microporous gold\u2013carbon architectures", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "O'Mahony", "given_name": "Aoife M.", "clpid": "O'Mahony-A-M" }, { "family_name": "Xiao", "given_name": "Xiaoyin", "clpid": "Xiao-Xiaoyin" }, { "family_name": "Brozik", "given_name": "Susan M.", "clpid": "Brozik-S-M" }, { "family_name": "Washburn", "given_name": "Cody M.", "clpid": "Washburn--C-M" }, { "family_name": "Wheeler", "given_name": "David R.", "clpid": "Wheeler-D-R" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Minteer", "given_name": "Shelley", "clpid": "Minteer-Shelley" }, { "family_name": "Cha", "given_name": "Jennifer", "clpid": "Cha-Jennifer-N" }, { "family_name": "Burckel", "given_name": "D. Bruce", "clpid": "Burckel-D-B" }, { "family_name": "Polsky", "given_name": "Ronen", "clpid": "Polsky-Ronen" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "The preparation and characterization of three-dimensional hierarchical architectures, consisting of monolithic nanoporous gold or silver films formed on highly ordered 3D microporous carbon supports, are described. The formation of these nano/microporous structures involves the electrodeposition or sputtering of metal alloys onto the lithographically patterned multi-layered microporous carbon, followed by preferential chemical dealloying of the less noble component. The resulting hierarchical structure displays a highly developed 3D interconnected network of micropores with a nanoporous metal coating. Tailoring the nanoporosity of the metal films and the diameter of the large micropores has been accomplished by systematically changing the alloy compositions via control of the deposition potential, plating solution and coarsening time. SEM imaging illustrates the formation of unique biomimetic nanocoral- or nanocauliflower-like self-supporting structures, depending on the specific preparation conditions. The new 3D hierarchical nano/microporous architectures allow for enhanced mass transport and catalytic activity compared to common nanoporous films prepared on planar substrates. The functionality of this new carbon\u2013gold hierarchical structure is illustrated for the greatly enhanced performance of enzymatic biofuel cells where a substantially higher power output is observed compared to the bare microporous carbon substrate.", "doi": "10.1039/C2JM31485A", "issn": "0959-9428", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Journal of Materials Chemistry", "publication_date": "2012-06-28", "series_number": "24", "volume": "22", "issue": "24", "pages": "11950-11956" }, { "id": "authors:wec3f-src88", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wec3f-src88", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-143806030", "type": "article", "title": "Superhydrophobic Alkanethiol-Coated Microsubmarines for Effective Removal of Oil", "author": [ { "family_name": "Guix", "given_name": "Maria", "clpid": "Guix-M" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Garc\u00eda", "given_name": "Miguel", "clpid": "Garc\u00eda-M" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Merko\u00e7i", "given_name": "Arben", "clpid": "Merko\u00e7i-A" }, { "family_name": "Escarpa", "given_name": "Alberto", "clpid": "Escarpa-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We demonstrate the use of artificial nanomachines for effective interaction, capture, transport, and removal of oil droplets. The simple nanomachine-enabled oil collection method is based on modifying microtube engines with a superhydrophobic layer able to adsorb oil by means of its strong adhesion to a long chain of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols created on the rough gold outer surface of the device. The resultant SAM-coated Au/Ni/PEDOT/Pt microsubmarine displays continuous interaction with large oil droplets and is capable of loading and transporting multiple small oil droplets. The influence of the alkanethiol chain length, polarity, and head functional group and hence of the surface hydrophobicity upon the oil\u2013nanomotor interaction and the propulsion is examined. No such oil\u2013motor interactions were observed in control experiments involving both unmodified microengines and microengines coated with SAM layers containing a polar terminal group. These results demonstrate that such SAM-Au/Ni/PEDOT/Pt micromachines can be useful for a facile, rapid, and efficient collection of oils in water samples, which can be potentially exploited for other water\u2013oil separation systems. The integration of oil-sorption properties into self-propelled microengines holds great promise for the remediation of oil-contaminated water samples and for the isolation of other hydrophobic targets, such as drugs.", "doi": "10.1021/nn301175b", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2012-05-22", "series_number": "5", "volume": "6", "issue": "5", "pages": "4445-4451" }, { "id": "authors:k4ywp-39522", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "k4ywp-39522", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-143806361", "type": "article", "title": "Polymer-based tubular microbots: role of composition and preparation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Uygun", "given_name": "Aysegul", "clpid": "Uygun-Aysegul" }, { "family_name": "Pei", "given_name": "Allen", "clpid": "Pei-Allen" }, { "family_name": "Ponedal", "given_name": "Adam", "clpid": "Ponedal-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "The influence of the composition and electropolymerization conditions upon the propulsion of new template-prepared polymer-based bilayer microtubular microbots is described. The effects of different electropolymerized outer layers, including polypyrrole (PPy), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline (PANI), and of various inner catalytic metal surfaces (Ag, Pt, Au, Ni-Pt alloy), upon the movement of such bilayer microtubes are evaluated and compared. Electropolymerization conditions, such as the monomer concentration and medium (e.g. surfactant, electrolyte), have a profound effect upon the morphology and locomotion of the resulting microtubes. The most efficient propulsion is observed using PEDOT/Pt microbots that offer a record-breaking speed of over 1400 body lengths s\u22121 at physiological temperature, which is the fastest relative speed reported to date for all artificial micro/nanomotors. An inner Pt-Ni alloy surface is shown useful for combining magnetic control and catalytic fuel decomposition within one layer, thus greatly simplifying the preparation of magnetically-guided microbots. Polymer-based microbots with an inner gold layer offer efficient biocatalytic propulsion in low peroxide level in connection to an immobilized catalase enzyme. Metallic Au/Pt bilayer microbots can also be prepared electrochemically to offer high speed propulsion towards potential biomedical applications through functionalization of the outer gold surface. Such rational template preparation and systematic optimization of highly efficient microbots hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications.", "doi": "10.1039/C2NR30138E", "issn": "2040-3364", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Nanoscale", "publication_date": "2012-04-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "4", "issue": "7", "pages": "2447-2453" }, { "id": "authors:q2hm8-eyn84", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "q2hm8-eyn84", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-084611418", "type": "article", "title": "Multi-Fuel Driven Janus Micromotors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "D'Agostino", "given_name": "Mattia", "clpid": "D'Agostino-M" }, { "family_name": "Garcia-Gradilla", "given_name": "Victor", "clpid": "Garcia-Gradilla-V" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Here the first example of a chemically powered micromotor that harvests its energy from the reactions of three different fuels is presented. The new Al/Pd Janus microspheres\u2014prepared by depositing a Pd layer on one side of Al microparticles\u2014are propelled efficiently by the thrust of hydrogen bubbles generated from different reactions of Al in strong acidic and alkaline environments, and by an oxygen bubble thrust produced at their partial Pd coating in hydrogen peroxide media. High speeds and long lifetimes of 200 \u03bcm s^(\u22121) and 8 min are achieved in strong alkaline media and acidic media, respectively. The ability to autonomously adapt to the presence of a new fuel (surrounding environment), without compromising the propulsion behavior is illustrated. These data also represent the first example of a chemically powered micromotor that propels autonomously and efficiently in alkaline environments (pH > 11) without additional fuels. The ability to use multiple fuel sources to power the same micromotor offers a broader scope of operation and considerable promise for diverse applications of micromotors in different chemical environments.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.201201864", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2012-02-11", "series_number": "3", "volume": "9", "issue": "3", "pages": "467-471" }, { "id": "authors:ayv52-3jm20", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ayv52-3jm20", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180126-131405657", "type": "article", "title": "Cargo-Towing Fuel-Free Magnetic Nanoswimmers for Targeted Drug Delivery", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Kagan", "given_name": "Daniel", "clpid": "Kagan-D" }, { "family_name": "Pak", "given_name": "On Shun", "clpid": "Pak-On-Shun" }, { "family_name": "Clawson", "given_name": "Corbin", "clpid": "Clawson-C" }, { "family_name": "Campuzano", "given_name": "Susana", "clpid": "Campuzano-S" }, { "family_name": "Chuluun-Erdene", "given_name": "Erdembileg", "clpid": "Chuluun-Erdene-E" }, { "family_name": "Shipton", "given_name": "Erik", "clpid": "Shipton-E" }, { "family_name": "Fullerton", "given_name": "Eric E.", "clpid": "Fullerton-E-E" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Liangfang", "clpid": "Zhang-Liangfang" }, { "family_name": "Lauga", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Lauga-E" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Fuel-free nanomotors are essential for future in-vivo biomedical transport and drug-delivery applications. Herein, the first example of directed delivery of drug-loaded magnetic polymeric particles using magnetically driven flexible nanoswimmers is described. It is demonstrated that flexible magnetic nickel\u2013silver nanoswimmers (5\u20136 \u03bcm in length and 200 nm in diameter) are able to transport micrometer particles at high speeds of more than 10 \u03bcm s\u22121 (more than 0.2 body lengths per revolution in dimensionless speed). The fundamental mechanism of the cargo-towing ability of these magnetic (fuel-free) nanowire motors is modelled, and the hydrodynamic features of these cargo-loaded motors discussed. The effect of the cargo size on swimming performance is evaluated experimentally and compared to a theoretical model, emphasizing the interplay between hydrodynamic drag forces and boundary actuation. The latter leads to an unusual increase of the propulsion speed at an intermediate particle size. Potential applications of these cargo-towing nanoswimmers are demonstrated by using the directed delivery of drug-loaded microparticles to HeLa cancer cells in biological media. Transport of the drug carriers through a microchannel from the pick-up zone to the release microwell is further illustrated. It is expected that magnetically driven nanoswimmers will provide a new approach for the rapid delivery of target-specific drug carriers to predetermined destinations.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.201101909", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2012-02-06", "series_number": "3", "volume": "8", "issue": "3", "pages": "460-467" }, { "id": "authors:fpk4r-evd92", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fpk4r-evd92", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180126-103221679", "type": "article", "title": "Catalytically propelled micro-/nanomotors: how fast can they move?", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Synthetic micro-/nanomotors represent one of the most exciting challenges facing nanotechnology and hold considerable promise for diverse future applications. This review discusses different strategies to improve the speed of the catalytic nanomotors, summarizing and comparing the maximum absolute and relative speeds obtained with different catalytically propelled micro-/nanomotors. Remarkably ultrafast nanowires and microtube engines, with speeds of 60 and 375 body lengths s\u22121, respectively, have been developed recently. Achieving such amazingly high speed and power has been accomplished through rational optimization of key factors governing the propulsion behavior, including composition of the motor and fuel, the motor morphology and various external stimuli. We hope that our discussion will serve as a guide to the rational design of even faster and more powerful catalytically propelled fuel-efficient micro-/nanomotors, with speed limits that are limited only by our imagination.", "doi": "10.1002/tcr.201100031", "issn": "1527-8999", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Chemical Record", "publication_date": "2012-02", "series_number": "1", "volume": "12", "issue": "1", "pages": "224-231" }, { "id": "authors:gk0cr-as170", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gk0cr-as170", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180124-143806866", "type": "article", "title": "Hydrogen-Bubble-Propelled Zinc-Based Microrockets in Strongly Acidic Media", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Uygun", "given_name": "Aysegul", "clpid": "Uygun-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Tubular polyaniline (PANI)/Zn microrockets are described that display effective autonomous motion in extreme acidic environments, without any additional chemical fuel. These acid-driven hydrogen-bubble-propelled microrockets have been electrosynthesized using the conical polycarbonate template. The effective propulsion in acidic media reflects the continuous thrust of hydrogen bubbles generated by the spontaneous redox reaction occurring at the inner Zn surface. The propulsion characteristics of PANI/Zn microrockets in different acids and in human serum are described. The observed speed\u2013pH dependence holds promise for sensitive pH measurements in extreme acidic environments. The new microrockets display an ultrafast propulsion (as high as 100 body lengths/s) along with attractive capabilities including guided movement and directed cargo transport. Such acid-driven microtubular rockets offer considerable potential for diverse biomedical and industrial applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja210874s", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2012-01-18", "series_number": "2", "volume": "134", "issue": "2", "pages": "897-900" }, { "id": "authors:qt86n-8d402", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qt86n-8d402", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180126-104905077", "type": "article", "title": "Bacterial Isolation by Lectin-Modified Microengines", "author": [ { "family_name": "Campuzano", "given_name": "Susana", "clpid": "Campuzano-S" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Kagan", "given_name": "Daniel", "clpid": "Kagan-D" }, { "family_name": "Guix", "given_name": "Maria", "clpid": "Guix-M" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Claussen", "given_name": "Jonathan C.", "clpid": "Claussen-J-C" }, { "family_name": "Merko\u00e7i", "given_name": "Arben", "clpid": "Merko\u00e7i-A" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "New template-based self-propelled gold/nickel/polyaniline/platinum (Au/Ni/PANI/Pt) microtubular engines, functionalized with the Concanavalin A (ConA) lectin bioreceptor, are shown to be extremely useful for the rapid, real-time isolation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria from fuel-enhanced environmental, food, and clinical samples. These multifunctional microtube engines combine the selective capture of E. coli with the uptake of polymeric drug-carrier particles to provide an attractive motion-based theranostics strategy. Triggered release of the captured bacteria is demonstrated by movement through a low-pH glycine-based dissociation solution. The smaller size of the new polymer-metal microengines offers convenient, direct, and label-free optical visualization of the captured bacteria and discrimination against nontarget cells.", "doi": "10.1021/nl203717q", "issn": "1530-6984", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Nano Letters", "publication_date": "2012-01-11", "series_number": "1", "volume": "12", "issue": "1", "pages": "396-401" }, { "id": "authors:4zjzs-hdy80", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4zjzs-hdy80", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180126-140204071", "type": "article", "title": "Dynamic Isolation and Unloading of Target Proteins by Aptamer-Modified Microtransporters", "author": [ { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Campuzano", "given_name": "Susana", "clpid": "Campuzano-S" }, { "family_name": "Kagan", "given_name": "Daniel", "clpid": "Kagan-D" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Ming", "clpid": "Zhou-Ming" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "We describe here a new strategy for isolating target proteins from complex biological samples based on an aptamer-modified self-propelled microtube engine. For this purpose, a thiolated thrombin or a mixed thrombin\u2013ATP aptamer (prehybridized with a thiolated short DNA) was coassembled with mercaptohexanol onto the gold surface of these microtube engines. The rapid movement of the aptamer-modified microtransporter resulted in highly selective and rapid capture of the target thrombin, with an effective discrimination against a large excess of nontarget proteins. Release of the captured thrombin can be triggered by the addition of ATP that can bind and displace the immobilized mixed thrombin\u2013ATP aptamer in 20 min. The rapid loading and unloading abilities demonstrated by these selective microtransporters are illustrated in complex matrixes such as human serum and plasma. The new motion-driven protein isolation platform represents a new approach in bioanalytical chemistry based on active transport of proteins and offers considerable promise for diverse diagnostic applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ac202029k", "issn": "0003-2700", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Analytical Chemistry", "publication_date": "2011-10-15", "series_number": "20", "volume": "83", "issue": "20", "pages": "7962-7969" }, { "id": "authors:awfdn-fna87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "awfdn-fna87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180129-113228266", "type": "article", "title": "High-speed propulsion of flexible nanowire motors: Theory and experiments", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pak", "given_name": "On Shun", "clpid": "Pak-On-Shun" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" }, { "family_name": "Lauga", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Lauga-E" } ], "abstract": "Micro/nano-scale propulsion has attracted considerable recent attention due to its promise for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery. In this paper, we report on a new experimental design and theoretical modelling of high-speed fuel-free magnetically-driven propellers which exploit the flexibility of nanowires for propulsion. These readily prepared nanomotors display both high dimensional propulsion velocities (up to \u2248 21 \u03bcm s\u22121) and dimensionless speeds (in body lengths per revolution) when compared with natural microorganisms and other artificial propellers. Their propulsion characteristics are studied theoretically using an elastohydrodynamic model which takes into account the elasticity of the nanowire and its hydrodynamic interaction with the fluid medium. The critical role of flexibility in this mode of propulsion is illustrated by simple physical arguments, and is quantitatively investigated with the help of an asymptotic analysis for small-amplitude swimming. The theoretical predictions are then compared with experimental measurements and we obtain good agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the operation of these nanomotors in a real biological environment (human serum), emphasizing the robustness of their propulsion performance and their promise for biomedical applications.", "doi": "10.1039/C1SM05503H", "issn": "1744-683X", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "publication": "Soft Matter", "publication_date": "2011-09-21", "series_number": "18", "volume": "7", "issue": "18", "pages": "8169-8181" }, { "id": "authors:570qs-rwg90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "570qs-rwg90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180126-121818788", "type": "article", "title": "Highly Efficient Catalytic Microengines: Template Electrosynthesis of Polyaniline/Platinum Microtubes", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Orozco", "given_name": "Jahir", "clpid": "Orozco-J" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Highly efficient catalytic microtubular engines are synthesized rapidly and inexpensively using an electrochemical growth of bilayer polyaniline/platinum microtubes within the conically shaped pores of a polycarbonate template membrane. These mass-produced microtubular engines are only 8 \u03bcm long, are self-propelled at an ultrafast speed (of over 350 body lengths s^(\u20131)), and can operate in very low levels of the hydrogen peroxide fuel (down to 0.2%). The propulsion characteristics and optimization of these microtubular engines are described, along with their efficient operation in different biological environments which holds great promise for biomedical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja203773g", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2011-08-10", "series_number": "31", "volume": "133", "issue": "31", "pages": "11862-11864" }, { "id": "authors:mbr64-0wm83", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "mbr64-0wm83", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180129-120429792", "type": "article", "title": "Hybrid Nanomotor: A Catalytically/Magnetically Powered Adaptive Nanowire Swimmer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Manesh", "given_name": "Kalayil Manian", "clpid": "Manesh-Kalayi-Manian" }, { "family_name": "Hua", "given_name": "Joe", "clpid": "Hua-Joe" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "A synthetic hybrid nanomotor, which combines chemically powered propulsion and magnetically driven locomotion, is described. The new catalytic\u2013magnetic nanomotor consists of a flexible multisegment Pt-Au-Agflex-Ni nanowire, with the Pt-Au and Au-Agflex-Ni portions responsible for the catalytic and magnetic propulsion modes, respectively. The experimental data and theoretical considerations indicate that the hybrid design only minimally compromises the individual propulsion modes. Rapid and convenient switching from the catalytic to the magnetic mode is illustrated. The resulting catalytic\u2013magnetic adaptive nanomotor can address the fuel depletion and salt limitation common to chemically powered motors by switching to magnetic propulsion. Reversal of the motion direction is also achieved upon applying the magnetic field. Such use of two sources to power a hybrid device offers a broader scope of operation and holds considerable promise for designing adaptive nanovehicles that reconfigure their operation in response to environmental changes or unexpected events.", "doi": "10.1002/smll.201100213", "issn": "1613-6810", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Small", "publication_date": "2011-07-18", "series_number": "14", "volume": "7", "issue": "14", "pages": "2047-2051" }, { "id": "authors:5je1n-amc82", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5je1n-amc82", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180129-134206117", "type": "article", "title": "Magnetically Powered Flexible Metal Nanowire Motors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Manesh", "given_name": "Kalayil Manian", "clpid": "Manesh-K-M" }, { "family_name": "Weihs", "given_name": "Daniel", "clpid": "Weihs-D" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "Fuel-free magnetically driven propulsion of flexible Au/Ag/Ni nanowires, with a gold 'head' and nickel 'tail', linked by a partially dissolved and weakened silver bridge, is described. The flexible bridge facilitates the cyclic mechanical deformations under an external rotating magnetic field. Under such a field the nickel segment starts to rotate, facilitating the rotation of the gold segment at a different amplitude, hence breaking the system symmetry and inducing the movement. Forward ('pushing') and backward ('pulling') magnetically powered locomotion and a precise On/Off motion control are achieved by tailoring the length of the nickel and gold segments and modulating the magnetic field, respectively. Efficient locomotion in urine samples and in high-salt media is illustrated. The new magnetic nanowire swimmers can be prepared in large scale using a simple template electrodeposition protocol and offer considerable promise for diverse practical applications.", "doi": "10.1021/ja1072349", "issn": "0002-7863", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "Journal of the American Chemical Society", "publication_date": "2010-10-20", "series_number": "41", "volume": "132", "issue": "41", "pages": "14403-14405" }, { "id": "authors:rp502-9bs44", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rp502-9bs44", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180129-105618289", "type": "article", "title": "Electrothermal Driving Microcantilever Resonator as a Platform for Chemical Gas Sensing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Ying", "clpid": "Dong-Ying" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Yi", "clpid": "Zheng-Yi" }, { "family_name": "You", "given_name": "Zheng", "clpid": "You-Zheng" } ], "abstract": "In the current research, the use of a micromachined cantilever resonator as a platform for chemical gas sensing was examined. The microcantilever resonator integrates an electrothermal driving unit and a piezoresistive detecting unit, and it is fabricated by direct bonding a silicon-on-insulator (SOl) wafer. With a particular polymer layer coated on the surface of the microcantilever, a gas sensor for volatile organic components (VOGs) detection can be realized. The operation mechanism provides the microcantilever resonator with integrated circuit (IG) compatibility in terms of both the fabrication process and operating voltage. The configuration of the microcantilever resonator can optimize the performance of the gas sensor. The SOl wafer provides a solution for the integrated fabrication of the microstructure, transducers, electronics, and the precise control of the resonator parameters. In this paper, the principles, design, analysis, process, and demonstration of the gas sensor based on the microcantilever resonator are presented. The experimental results provide confirmation that the polymer-coated microcantilever resonator has excellent performance with regard to VOG detection.", "doi": "10.1016/S1007-0214(10)70091-2", "issn": "1007-0214", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication": "Tsinghua Science and Technology", "publication_date": "2010-10", "series_number": "5", "volume": "15", "issue": "5", "pages": "481-488" }, { "id": "authors:4q4f9-vsq80", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4q4f9-vsq80", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180129-135108761", "type": "article", "title": "Simplified Cost-Effective Preparation of High-Performance Ag-Pt Nanowire Motors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sattayasamitsathit", "given_name": "Sirilak", "clpid": "Sattayasamitsathit-S" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Calvo-Marzal", "given_name": "Percy", "clpid": "Calvo-Marzal-P" }, { "family_name": "Manesh", "given_name": "Kalayil Manian", "clpid": "Manesh-K-M" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Joseph", "clpid": "Wang-Joseph" } ], "abstract": "A simplified cost-effective template approach for preparing efficient gold-free bimetal Ag\u2013Pt nanowire motors, where the silver segment is obtained by a partial removal of the silver sacrificial layer is described (see figure). The unusual behavior, reflecting the 'active' role of the Ag segment and the asymmetry of the catalytic surface provides the ultrafast motion of these nanomotors.", "doi": "10.1002/cphc.201000348", "issn": "1439-4235", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "ChemPhysChem", "publication_date": "2010-09-10", "series_number": "13", "volume": "11", "issue": "13", "pages": "2802-2805" }, { "id": "authors:4rptq-91q47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4rptq-91q47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180129-103520510", "type": "article", "title": "Characterization of the gas sensors based on polymer-coated resonant microcantilevers for the detection of volatile organic compounds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Dong", "given_name": "Ying", "clpid": "Dong-Ying" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "Wei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8503-4562", "clpid": "Gao-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Qin", "clpid": "Zhou-Qin" }, { "family_name": "Zheng", "given_name": "Yi", "clpid": "Zheng-Yi" }, { "family_name": "You", "given_name": "Zheng", "clpid": "You-Zheng" } ], "abstract": "The gas sensors based on polymer-coated resonant microcantilevers for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection are investigated. A method to characterize the gas sensors through sensor calibration is proposed. The expressions for the estimation of the characteristic parameters are derived. The effect of the polymer coating location on the sensor's sensitivity is investigated and the formula to calculate the polymer\u2013analyte partition coefficient without knowing the polymer coating features is presented for the first time. Three polymers: polyethyleneoxide (PEO), polyethylenevinylacetate (PEVA) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA) are used to perform the experiments. Six organic solvents: toluene, benzene, ethanol, acetone, hexane and octane are used as analytes. The response time, reversibility, hydrophilicity, sensitivity and selectivity of the polymer layers are discussed. According to the results, highly sensitive sensors for each of the analytes are proposed. Based on the characterization method, a convenient and flexible way to the construction of electric nose system by the polymer-coated resonant microcantilevers can be achieved.", "doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.007", "issn": "0003-2670", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Analytica Chimica Acta", "publication_date": "2010-06-25", "series_number": "1-2", "volume": "671", "issue": "1-2", "pages": "85-91" } ]