[ { "id": "authors:5h6aw-1yh56", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5h6aw-1yh56", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEQL:EQL-R-21", "type": "monograph", "title": "Deep ocean disposal of sewage sludge off Orange County, California: a research plan", "author": [ { "family_name": "Brooks", "given_name": "Norman H.", "clpid": "Brooks-N-H" }, { "family_name": "Arnold", "given_name": "Robert G.", "clpid": "Arnold-R-G" }, { "family_name": "Koh", "given_name": "Robert C. Y.", "clpid": "Koh-Robert-C-Y" }, { "family_name": "Jackson", "given_name": "George A.", "clpid": "Jackson-G-A" }, { "family_name": "Faisst", "given_name": "William K.", "clpid": "Faisst-W-K" } ], "abstract": "Even though the discharge of sludge into the ocean via an outfall is not now permitted, this research plan has been prepared to show what could be learned with a full scale experimental sludge discharge of 150 dry tons/day by the County Sanitation Districts of Orange County into deep water (over 1000 feet). To provide a wide range of inputs and evaluation, a broad-based Research Planning Committee was established to advise the Environmental Quality Laboratory on the overall content and details of the research plan. Two meetings were held at EQL on: March 4-5, 1982: The entire Committee July 19-20, 1982: A working subgroup of the Committee The entire Committee is listed in Appendix B, with footnotes to indicate meeting attendance. Those unable to come to a meeting were asked to comment on the drafts by mail or telephone. We gratefully acknowledge the members of the Research Planning Committee for their generous help in formulating the research tasks and reviewing report drafts.", "doi": "10.7907/Z9HD7SKS", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "publication_date": "1982-11" }, { "id": "authors:pxbrf-nat68", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "pxbrf-nat68", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180404-130010873", "type": "book_section", "title": "Characterization of Particles in Digested Sewage Sludge", "book_title": "Particulates in Water", "author": [ { "family_name": "Faisst", "given_name": "William K.", "clpid": "Faisst-W-K" } ], "abstract": "Some physical properties of several digested sludges were measured to better characterize the sludge particle system. The particle size distributions of two sludges were measured with a Coulter Counter. Number counts were in excess of 10^(12)/L and the majority of the particles had diameters less than 5 \u00b5m. Particle surface areas were at least 20 m^2/L. Particle sizing by filtration was attempted but proved unsuccessful because of membrane pore clogging. Sedimentation experiments for sludge in artificial seawater showed decreasing sedimentation velocities with increasing dilution (and hence lower particle number concentration). A comparison of sedimentation velocities for four sludges from different sources showed that sedimentation velocities increased with increasing solids content. Data presented suggest that flocculation of the sludges in seawater increased the sedimentation velocities.", "doi": "10.1021/ba-1980-0189.ch012", "isbn": "9780841204997", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "place_of_publication": "Washington, DC", "publication_date": "1980-11-01", "pages": "259-282" }, { "id": "authors:pq7cv-wmf23", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "pq7cv-wmf23", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechEQL:EQL-R-13", "type": "monograph", "title": "Digested sewage sludge: characterization of a residual and modeling for its disposal in the ocean off Southern California", "author": [ { "family_name": "Faisst", "given_name": "William Karl", "clpid": "Faisst-W-K" } ], "abstract": "Sewage sludge is a concentration of the residues that our modern municipal and industrial society discharges to the sewerage system. The sludge solids are removed from the sewage flow by sedimentation and then partially stabilized by biological digestion. Typical digested sludges are 95 to 98 percent water, with the majority of their potential environmental contaminates such as trace metals associated with the two to five percent solids fraction. This particulate matter has usually been characterized only for such gross constituents as total solids, total trace metals, and pesticides. \n\nFor this work, the sludge particle system was approached on a much more detailed level. There is strong evidence that the particles in digested sludge may cause serious deleterious effects when discharged near the productive surface waters of the ocean. Such effects include disruption of light penetration into the water column. This can drastically reduce photosynthesis, the primary productivity in the ocean. Sludge particles discharged to the ocean are heavier than the surrounding water and tend to settle. They may \"blanket\" the bottom, interfering with the normal life cycles of bottom-dwelling organisms. The digested sludge, only partially stabilized by treatment processes before discharge, may also drastically alter the chemistry of the sediments where it settles. \n\nThe very fine material in the sludge does not settle easily and may be carried many kilometers by the prevailing ocean currents. The trace metals and other components incorporated into the particles are also then carried great distances. Since many marine organisms such as bivalves and zooplankton are filter feeders, the presence of sludge-particulate matter of the right size in the water column may lead to uptake of sludge contaminants in the food chain.", "doi": "10.7907/Z94B2Z7C", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "publication_date": "1976-06" } ]