[ { "id": "authors:9xjz2-ntn48", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9xjz2-ntn48", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100823-154128926", "type": "book_section", "title": "Recovery of control of posture and locomotion after a spinal cord injury: solutions staring us in the face", "book_title": "Progress in Brain Research", "author": [ { "family_name": "Fong", "given_name": "Andy J.", "clpid": "Fong-Andy-J" }, { "family_name": "Roy", "given_name": "Roland R.", "clpid": "Roy-R-R" }, { "family_name": "Ichiyama", "given_name": "Ronaldo M.", "clpid": "Ichiyama-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Lavrov", "given_name": "Igor", "clpid": "Lavrov-I" }, { "family_name": "Courtine", "given_name": "Gr\u00e9goire", "clpid": "Courtine-G" }, { "family_name": "Gerasimenko", "given_name": "Yury", "clpid": "Gerasimenko-Y" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Y. C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X", "clpid": "Tai-Yu-Chong" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "Joel", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. Reggie", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Verhaagen", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Verhaagen-J" }, { "family_name": "Hol", "given_name": "Elly", "clpid": "Hol-E" }, { "family_name": "Huitinga", "given_name": "Inge", "clpid": "Huitinga-I" }, { "family_name": "Wijnholds", "given_name": "Jan", "clpid": "Wijnholds-J" }, { "family_name": "Bergen", "given_name": "Arthur", "clpid": "Bergen-A" }, { "family_name": "Boer", "given_name": "Gerard", "clpid": "Boer-G" }, { "family_name": "Swaab", "given_name": "Dick", "clpid": "Swaab-D" } ], "abstract": "Over the past 20 years, tremendous advances have been made in the field of spinal cord injury research. Yet, consumed with individual pieces of the puzzle, we have failed as a community to grasp the magnitude of the sum of our findings. Our current knowledge should allow us to improve the lives of patients suffering from spinal cord injury. Advances in multiple areas have provided tools for pursuing effective combination of strategies for recovering stepping and standing after a severe spinal cord injury. Muscle physiology research has provided insight into how to maintain functional muscle properties after a spinal cord injury.\nUnderstanding the role of the spinal networks in processing sensory information that is important for the generation of motor functions has focused research on developing treatments that sharpen the sensitivity of the locomotor circuitry and that carefully manage the presentation of proprioceptive and cutaneous stimuli to favor recovery. Pharmacological facilitation or inhibition of neurotransmitter systems, spinal cord stimulation, and rehabilitative motor training, which all function by modulating the physiological state of the spinal circuitry, have emerged as promising approaches. Early technological developments, such as robotic training systems and high-density electrode arrays for stimulating the spinal cord, can significantly enhance the precision and minimize the invasiveness of treatment after an injury.\n\nStrategies that seek out the complementary effects of combination treatments and that efficiently integrate relevant technical advances in bioengineering represent an untapped potential and are likely to have an immediate impact. Herein, we review key findings in each of these areas of research and present a unified vision for moving forward. Much work remains, but we already have the capability, and more importantly, the responsibility, to help spinal cord injury patients now.", "doi": "10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17526-X", "isbn": "978-0-12-374511-8", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication_date": "2009", "pages": "393-418" }, { "id": "authors:39jpc-njm05", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "39jpc-njm05", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170419-172819922", "type": "book_section", "title": "High-Density Flexible Parylene-Based Multielectrode Arrays for Retinal and Spinal Cord Stimulation", "book_title": "TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rodger", "given_name": "D. C.", "orcid": "0000-0002-1583-5946", "clpid": "Rodger-D-C" }, { "family_name": "Fong", "given_name": "A. J.", "clpid": "Fong-Andy-J" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2543-2558", "clpid": "Li-Wei" }, { "family_name": "Ameri", "given_name": "H.", "clpid": "Ameri-H" }, { "family_name": "Lavrov", "given_name": "I.", "clpid": "Lavrov-I" }, { "family_name": "Zhong", "given_name": "H.", "clpid": "Zhong-Hui" }, { "family_name": "Saati", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Saati-S" }, { "family_name": "Menon", "given_name": "P.", "clpid": "Menon-P-R" }, { "family_name": "Meng", "given_name": "E.", "clpid": "Meng-E-M" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "J. W.", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Roy", "given_name": "R. R.", "clpid": "Roy-R-R" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. R.", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" }, { "family_name": "Weiland", "given_name": "J. D.", "clpid": "Weiland-J-D" }, { "family_name": "Humayun", "given_name": "M. S.", "clpid": "Humayan-M-S" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Y. C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X", "clpid": "Tai-Yu-Chong" } ], "abstract": "Novel flexible parylene-based high-density electrode arrays have been developed for functional electrical stimulation in retinal and spinal cord applications. These electrode arrays are microfabricated according to single-metal-layer and, most recently, dual-metal-layer processes. A new heat-molding process has been implemented to conform electrode arrays to approximate the curvature of canine retinas, and chronic implantation studies have been undertaken to study the mechanical effects of parylene-based prostheses on the retina, with excellent results to date. Electrode arrays have also been implanted and tested on the spinal cords of murine models, with the ultimate goal of facilitation of locomotion after spinal cord injury; these arrays provide a higher density and better spatial control of stimulation and recording than is typically possible using traditional fine-wire electrodes. Spinal cord stimulation typically elicited three muscle responses, an early (direct), a middle (monosynaptic), and a late (polysynaptic) response, classified based on latency after stimulation. Stimulation at different rostrocaudal levels of the cord yielded markedly different muscle responses, highlighting the need for such high-density arrays.", "doi": "10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300401", "isbn": "1-4244-0841-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2007-06", "pages": "1385-1388" }, { "id": "authors:f8p41-wmg07", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f8p41-wmg07", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110209-103455742", "type": "book_section", "title": "Assist-as-needed training paradigms for robotic rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries", "book_title": "Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "Lance L.", "clpid": "Cai-Lance-L" }, { "family_name": "Fong", "given_name": "Andy J.", "clpid": "Fong-Andy-J" }, { "family_name": "Liang", "given_name": "Yongqiang", "clpid": "Liang-Yongqiang" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "Joel", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. Reggie", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" } ], "abstract": "This paper introduces a new \"assist-as-needed\" (AAN)\ntraining paradigm for rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries via\nrobotic training devices. In the pilot study reported in this paper,\nnine female adult Swiss-Webster mice were divided into three\ngroups, each experiencing a different robotic training control\nstrategy: a fixed training trajectory (Fixed Group, A), an AAN\ntraining method without interlimb coordination (Band Group, B),\nand an AAN training method with bilateral hindlimb coordination\n(Window Group, C). Fourteen days after complete transection at\nthe mid-thoracic level, the mice were robotically trained to step in\nthe presence of an acutely administered serotonin agonist, quipazine,\nfor a period of six weeks. The mice that received AAN training\n(Groups B and C) show higher levels of recovery than Group\nA mice, as measured by the number, consistency, and periodicity\nof steps realized during testing sessions. Group C displays a\nhigher incidence of alternating stepping than Group B. These\nresults indicate that this training approach may be more effective\nthan fixed trajectory paradigms in promoting robust post-injury\nstepping behavior. Furthermore, the constraint of interlimb coordination\nappears to be an important contribution to successful\ntraining.", "doi": "10.1109/ROBOT.2006.1642237", "isbn": "0-7803-9505-0", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2006-05", "pages": "3504-3511" }, { "id": "authors:xhce1-0yr77", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xhce1-0yr77", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110720-113158743", "type": "book_section", "title": "Flexible Microfabricated Parylene Multielectrode Arrays for\n Retinal Stimulation and Spinal Cord Field Modulation", "book_title": "2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rodger", "given_name": "Damien C.", "orcid": "0000-0002-1583-5946", "clpid": "Rodger-D-C" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Wen", "clpid": "Li-Wen" }, { "family_name": "Fong", "given_name": "Andy J.", "clpid": "Fong-Andy-J" }, { "family_name": "Ameri", "given_name": "Hossein", "clpid": "Ameri-H" }, { "family_name": "Meng", "given_name": "Ellis", "clpid": "Meng-E-M" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "Joel W.", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Roy", "given_name": "Roland R.", "clpid": "Roy-R-R" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. Reggie", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" }, { "family_name": "Weiland", "given_name": "James D.", "clpid": "Weiland-J-D" }, { "family_name": "Humayun", "given_name": "Mark S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-5830-5208", "clpid": "Humayun-M-S" }, { "family_name": "Tai", "given_name": "Yu-Chong", "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X", "clpid": "Tai-Yu-Chong" } ], "abstract": "The first flexible parylene-based multielectrode arrays (MEAs) designed for functional electrical stimulation (FES) in retinal prostheses, and the extension of this technology toward enabling reflex-arc neuromodulation in cases of spinal cord damage or transection, are presented. A single metal layer 16 \u00d7 16 retinal electrode array of 125 \u03bcm-diameter thin-film Ti/Pt electrodes and lines\nof 12 \u03bcm-pitch has been fabricated as a demonstration of this technology. To allow for even higher density arrays, a novel dual-layer process has also been implemented that enables leads to pass under overlying electrodes without making electrical contact to them. A biomimetic parylene-based electrode array consisting of 1024 electrodes of highly variable spacing, 60 of which have been connected in this manner, has been fabricated according to this paradigm. A parylene-parylene annealing process has also been developed to increase device longevity under accelerated-lifetime saline soak conditions. Surgical tests of novel anatomically-conformal\ngeometries that enable such parylene-based electrode systems to interact with their neuronal targets of interest while causing minimal mechanical damage to tissues or to the implants are also presented. The use of these flexible electrode arrays in spinal cord stimulation experiments in animal models has proven their efficacy in stimulating neurons.", "doi": "10.1109/MMB.2006.251482", "isbn": "978-1-4244-0337-0", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2006-05", "pages": "31-34" }, { "id": "authors:gk0c0-5bp89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gk0c0-5bp89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110216-142339556", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Robotic Training System for Studies of Post-SCI Stand Rehabilitation", "book_title": "Proceedings of the First IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics BioRob 2006", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liang", "given_name": "Yongqiang", "clpid": "Liang-Yongqiang" }, { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "Lance L.", "clpid": "Cai-Lance-L" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "Joel W.", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. Reggie", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" } ], "abstract": "This paper describes a robotic training system designed to rehabilitate the standing ability of mice after spinal cord injury(SCI). The system is composed of a 6 Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) parallel mechanism, an active weight support system, and other measuring equipments which can monitor the response of the mouse. Preliminary experiments showed that the mouse could generate a certain degree of weight-support stand response during the training.", "doi": "10.1109/BIOROB.2006.1639059", "isbn": "1-4244-0040-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "2006-02", "pages": "51-56" }, { "id": "authors:wedcf-26281", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wedcf-26281", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110223-105021175", "type": "book_section", "title": "Effects of Assist-as-needed Robotic Training Paradigms on the Locomotor Recovery of Adult Spinal Mice", "book_title": "Proceedings of the First IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics BioRob 2006", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "Lance L.", "clpid": "Cai-Lance-L" }, { "family_name": "Fong", "given_name": "Andy J.", "clpid": "Fong-Andy-J" }, { "family_name": "Liang", "given_name": "Yongqiang", "clpid": "Liang-Yongqiang" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "Joel", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Otoshi", "given_name": "Chad K.", "clpid": "Otoshi-Chad-K" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. Reggie", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" } ], "abstract": "This paper introduces a new \"assist-as needed\"\n(AAN) training paradigm for rehabilitation\nof spinal cord injuries via robotic training devices. In\nthe pilot study reported in this paper, nine female\nadult Swiss-Webster mice were divided into three\ngroups, each experiencing a different robotic training\ncontrol strategy: a fixed training trajectory (Fixed\nGroup, A), an AAN training method without inter-limb\ncoordination (Band Group, B), and an AAN\ntraining method with bilateral hindlimb coordination\n(Window Group, C). Fourteen days after complete\ntransection at the mid-thoracic level, the mice were\nrobotically trained to step in the presence of an\nacutely administered serotonin agonist, quipazine, for\na period of six weeks. The mice that received AAN\ntraining (Groups B and C) show higher levels of recovery\nthan Group A mice, as measured by the number,\nconsistency, and periodicity of steps realized during\ntesting sessions. Group C displays a higher incidence\nof alternating stepping than Group B. These\nresults indicate that this training approach may be\nmore effective than fixed trajectory paradigms in promoting\nrobust post-injury stepping behavior. Furthermore,\nthe constraint of inter-limb coordination\nappears to be an important contribution to successful\ntraining. Presented in this paper are also some preliminary\nresults from a recent full-scale study that\ncomplements the conclusions from this pilot study.", "doi": "10.1109/BIOROB.2006.1639061", "isbn": "1-4244-0040-6", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "2006-02", "pages": "62-67" }, { "id": "authors:0zm4b-fzg74", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0zm4b-fzg74", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140611-081051132", "type": "book_section", "title": "Effects of consistency vs. variability in robotically controlled training of stepping in adult spinal mice", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cai", "given_name": "L. L.", "clpid": "Cai-Lance-L" }, { "family_name": "Fong", "given_name": "A. J.", "clpid": "Fong-Andy-J" }, { "family_name": "Otoshi", "given_name": "C. K.", "clpid": "Otoshi-C-K" }, { "family_name": "Liang", "given_name": "Y. Q.", "clpid": "Liang-Yongqiang" }, { "family_name": "Cham", "given_name": "J. G.", "clpid": "Cham-J-G" }, { "family_name": "Zhong", "given_name": "H.", "clpid": "Zhong-Hui" }, { "family_name": "Roy", "given_name": "R. R.", "clpid": "Roy-R-R" }, { "family_name": "Edgerton", "given_name": "V. R.", "clpid": "Edgerton-V-R" }, { "family_name": "Burdick", "given_name": "J. W.", "clpid": "Burdick-J-W" } ], "abstract": "This paper studies the possible benefit that can be obtained by introducing variability into the robotic control of trajectories used to train hindlimb locomotion in adult spinal mice. The spinal cords of adult female Swiss-Webster mice were completely transected at a mid-thoracic level. Fourteen days post-transection, the spinal mice were robotically trained to step in the presence of a 5-HT agonist, quipazine, for a period of six weeks. In this pilot study nine animals were divided into three groups, each receiving a different control strategy: a fixed training trajectory (Group A), a variable training trajectory without interlimb coordination imposed (Group B) and a variable training trajectory with hindlimb bilateral coordination imposed (Group C). Preliminary results indicate that Group A recovers more slowly than the two groups receiving variable modes of robotic training. Groups B and C show higher levels of recovery than Group A in terms of the number of steps performed during testing sessions, as well as in their step periodicity and shape consistency. Group C displays a higher incidence of alternating stepping than Group B. These results indicate that variable trajectory robotic training paradigms may be more effective than fixed trajectory paradigms in promoting robust post-injury stepping behavior. Furthermore, it appears that the inclusion of interlimb coordination is an important contribution to successful training.", "doi": "10.1109/ICORR.2005.1502028", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "2005-06" } ]