[ { "id": "authors:qt3cj-11b27", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qt3cj-11b27", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150429-104726958", "type": "article", "title": "The 2012 Brawley swarm triggered by injection-induced aseismic slip", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wei", "given_name": "Shengji", "clpid": "Wei-Shengji" }, { "family_name": "Avouac", "given_name": "Jean-Philippe", "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442", "clpid": "Avouac-J-P" }, { "family_name": "Hudnut", "given_name": "Kenneth W.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3168-4797", "clpid": "Hudnut-K-W" }, { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "Andrea", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" }, { "family_name": "Parker", "given_name": "Jay W.", "clpid": "Parker-J-W" }, { "family_name": "Graves", "given_name": "Robert W.", "clpid": "Graves-R-W" }, { "family_name": "Helmberger", "given_name": "Don", "clpid": "Helmberger-D-V" }, { "family_name": "Fielding", "given_name": "Eric", "orcid": "0000-0002-6648-8067", "clpid": "Fielding-E-J" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Zhen", "orcid": "0000-0002-6313-823X", "clpid": "Liu-Zhen" }, { "family_name": "Cappa", "given_name": "Frederic", "orcid": "0000-0003-4859-8024", "clpid": "Cappa-F" }, { "family_name": "Eneva", "given_name": "Mariana", "clpid": "Eneva-M" } ], "abstract": "It has long been known that fluid injection or withdrawal can induce earthquakes, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. For example, the 2012 Brawley swarm, which produced two strike-slip shocks with magnitudes larger than 5.3 and surface ruptures in the close vicinity of a geothermal field, started with earthquakes about 5 km deeper than the injection depth (\u223c1.5 km). This makes the causality between the injection and seismicity unclear. Here, we jointly analyze broadband and strong motion waveforms, UAVSAR, leveling measurements and field observations to reveal the detailed seismic and aseismic faulting behaviors associated with the 2012 Brawley swarm. In particular, path calibration established from smaller events in the swarm allows waveform inversion to be conducted up to 3 Hz to resolve finite rupture process of the Mw 4.7 normal event. Our results show that the 2012 earthquake sequence was preceded by aseismic slip on a shallow normal fault beneath the geothermal field. Aseismic slip initiated in 2010 when injection rate rapidly increased and triggered the following earthquakes subsequently, including unusually shallow and relatively high frequency seismic excitations on the normal fault. In this example, seismicity is induced indirectly by fluid injection, a result of mediation by aseismic creep, rather than directly by a pore pressure increase at the location of the earthquakes.", "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.054", "issn": "0012-821X", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "publication_date": "2015-07-15", "volume": "422", "pages": "115-125" }, { "id": "authors:qvanb-fgv39", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qvanb-fgv39", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190213-133231585", "type": "monograph", "title": "Gazing at the Solar System: Capturing the Evolution of Dunes, Faults, Volcanoes, and Ice from Space", "author": [ { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "Andrea", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" }, { "family_name": "Hallet", "given_name": "Bernard", "clpid": "Hallet-B" }, { "family_name": "Leprince", "given_name": "S\u00e9bastien", "orcid": "0000-0003-4555-8975", "clpid": "Leprince-S" } ], "abstract": "Gazing imaging holds promise for improved understanding of surface\ncharacteristics and processes of Earth and solar system bodies. Evolution of\nearthquake fault zones, migration of\nsand dunes, and retreat of ice masses\ncan be understood by observing\nchanging features over time.\nTo gaze or stare means to look\nsteadily, intently, and with fixed\nattention, offering the ability to probe\nthe characteristics of a target deeply,\nallowing retrieval of 3D structure and\nchanges on fine and coarse scales.\nObserving surface reflectance and 3D\nstructure from multiple perspectives\nallows for a more complete view of a\nsurface than conventional remote\nimaging. A gaze from low Earth orbit\n(LEO) could last several minutes\nallowing for video capture of dynamic\nprocesses. Repeat passes enable\nmonitoring time scales of days to years.\nNumerous vantage points are available during a gaze (Figure 1). Features in\nthe scene are projected into each image frame enabling the recovery of dense\n3D structure. The recovery is robust to errors in the spacecraft position and\nattitude knowledge, because features are from different perspectives. The\ncombination of a varying look angle and the solar illumination allows recovering\ntexture and reflectance properties and permits the separation of atmospheric\neffects. Applications are numerous and diverse, including, for example, glacier\nand ice sheet flux, sand dune migration, geohazards from earthquakes,\nvolcanoes, landslides, rivers and floods, animal migrations, ecosystem changes,\ngeysers on Enceladus, or ice structure on Europa.\nThe Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) hosted a workshop in June of\n2014 to explore opportunities and challenges of gazing imaging. The goals of the\nworkshop were to develop and discuss the broad scientific questions that can be\naddressed using spaceborne gazing, specific types of targets and applications,\nthe resolution and spectral bands needed to achieve the science objectives, and\npossible instrument configurations for future missions.\nThe workshop participants found that gazing imaging offers the ability to\nmeasure morphology, composition, and reflectance simultaneously and to\nmeasure their variability over time. Gazing imaging can be applied to better\nunderstand the consequences of climate change and natural hazards processes,\nthrough the study of continuous and episodic processes in both domains.", "doi": "10.26206/QZX3-9H37", "publication_date": "2014-06" }, { "id": "authors:bv086-ygy18", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bv086-ygy18", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170808-093821000", "type": "article", "title": "Gutenberg-Richter statistics in topologically realistic system-level earthquake stress-evolution simulations", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rundle", "given_name": "John B.", "clpid": "Rundle-J-B" }, { "family_name": "Rundle", "given_name": "Paul B.", "clpid": "Rundle-P-B" }, { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "Andrea", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" }, { "family_name": "Fox", "given_name": "Geoffrey", "clpid": "Fox-G-C" } ], "abstract": "We discuss the problem of earthquake forecasting in the context of new models for the dynamics based on statistical physics. Here we focus on new, topologically realistic system-level approaches to the modeling of earthquake faults. We show that the frictional failure physics of earthquakes in these complex, topologically realistic models leads to self-organization of the statistical dynamics, and produces statistical distributions characterizing the activity, notably the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency distribution, that are similar to those observed in nature. In particular, we show that a parameterization of friction that includes a simple representation of a dynamic stress intensity factor is needed to organize the dynamics. We also show that the slip distributions for synthetic events obtained in the model are also similar to those observed in nature.", "doi": "10.1186/BF03353084", "issn": "1880-5981", "publisher": "Springer", "publication": "Earth, Planets and Space", "publication_date": "2004-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "56", "issue": "8", "pages": "761-771" }, { "id": "authors:28rk7-y4y38", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "28rk7-y4y38", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130621-135700364", "type": "article", "title": "Plan for living on a restless planet sets NASA's solid Earth agenda", "author": [ { "family_name": "Solomon", "given_name": "Sean C.", "clpid": "Solomon-S-C" }, { "family_name": "Booth", "given_name": "Jeffrey", "clpid": "Booth-J" }, { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "Andrea", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" }, { "family_name": "Elachi", "given_name": "Charles", "clpid": "Elachi-C" }, { "family_name": "Evans", "given_name": "Diane", "clpid": "Evans-D" }, { "family_name": "Rignot", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Rignot-E" }, { "family_name": "Simons", "given_name": "Mark", "orcid": "0000-0003-1412-6395", "clpid": "Simons-M" } ], "abstract": "What are the most important challenges facing solid Earth science today and over the next two decades? And what is the best approach for NASA, in partnership with other agencies, to address those challenges? A new report, Living on a Restless Planet, provides a blueprint for answering these questions. The top priority for a new spacecraft mission in the area of solid Earth science over the next 5 years, according to this report, is a satellite dedicated to Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR).\n\nAt the request of NASA, the Solid Earth Science Working Group (SESWG) developed a strategy for the highest priority objectives in solid Earth science for the space agency over the next 25 years. The strategy addresses six challenges that are of fundamental scientific importance, have strong implications for society, and are amenable to substantial progress through a concerted series of scientific observations from space.", "doi": "10.1029/2003EO450001", "issn": "0096-3941", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "publication": "Eos", "publication_date": "2003-11-11", "series_number": "45", "volume": "84", "issue": "45", "pages": "485-491" }, { "id": "authors:43w2e-vwv80", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "43w2e-vwv80", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140805-154226754", "type": "article", "title": "Co-Seismic Displacements of the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hudnut", "given_name": "K. W.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3168-4797", "clpid": "Hudnut-K-W" }, { "family_name": "Shen", "given_name": "Z.", "clpid": "Shen-Z" }, { "family_name": "Murray", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Murray-M" }, { "family_name": "McClusky", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "McClusky-S" }, { "family_name": "King", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "King-R" }, { "family_name": "Herring", "given_name": "T.", "clpid": "Herring-T" }, { "family_name": "Hager", "given_name": "B. H.", "orcid": "0000-0002-5643-1374", "clpid": "Hager-B-H" }, { "family_name": "Feng", "given_name": "Y.", "clpid": "Feng-Y" }, { "family_name": "Fang", "given_name": "P.", "clpid": "Fang-P" }, { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" }, { "family_name": "Bock", "given_name": "Y.", "clpid": "Bock-Y" } ], "abstract": "The 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake significantly deformed the Earth's crust in the epicentral region. Displacements of 66 survey stations determined from Global Positioning System (GPS) observations collected before and after the earthquake show that individual stations were uplifted by up to 417 \u00b1 5 mm and displaced horizontally by up to 216 \u00b1 3 mm. Using these displacements, we estimate parameters of a uniform-slip model. Fault geometry and slip are estimated independent of seismological information, using Monte Carlo optimization techniques that minimize the model residuals. The plane that best fits the geodetic data lies 1 to 2 km above the plane indicated by aftershock seismicity. Modeling for distributed slip on a coplanar, yet larger model fault indicates that a high-slip patch occurred up-dip and northwest of the mainshock hypocenter and that less than 1 m of slip occurred in the uppermost 5 km of the crust. This finding is consistent with the lack of clear surface rupture and with the notion that the intersection with the fault that ruptured in 1971 formed the up-dip terminus of slip in the Northridge earthquake. Displacements predicted by either of these simple models explain most of the variance in the data within 50 km of the epicenter. On average, however, the scatter of the residuals is twice the data uncertainties, and in some areas, there is significant systematic misfit to either model. The co-seismic contributions of aftershocks are insufficient to explain this mismatch, indicating that the source geometry is more complicated than a single rectangular plane.", "issn": "0037-1106", "publisher": "Seismological Society of America", "publication": "Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America", "publication_date": "1996-02", "series_number": "1B", "volume": "86", "issue": "1B", "pages": "S19-S36" }, { "id": "authors:579x8-mcc53", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "579x8-mcc53", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121120-075947813", "type": "article", "title": "The Magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, Earthquake of 17 January 1994", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jones", "given_name": "L.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2690-3051", "clpid": "Jones-L-M" }, { "family_name": "Aki", "given_name": "K.", "clpid": "Aki-Keiiti" }, { "family_name": "Boore", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Boore-D" }, { "family_name": "Celebi", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Celebi-M" }, { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" }, { "family_name": "Hall", "given_name": "J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7863-5060", "clpid": "Hall-J-F" }, { "family_name": "Harris", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Harris-R" }, { "family_name": "Hauksson", "given_name": "E.", "orcid": "0000-0002-6834-5051", "clpid": "Hauksson-E" }, { "family_name": "Heaton", "given_name": "T.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3363-2197", "clpid": "Heaton-T-H" }, { "family_name": "Hough", "given_name": "S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-5980-2986", "clpid": "Hough-S-E" }, { "family_name": "Hudnut", "given_name": "K.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3168-4797", "clpid": "Hudnut-K-W" }, { "family_name": "Hutton", "given_name": "K.", "clpid": "Hutton-K" }, { "family_name": "Johnston", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Johnston-M-L" }, { "family_name": "Joyner", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Joyner-W" }, { "family_name": "Kanamori", "given_name": "H.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8219-9428", "clpid": "Kanamori-H" }, { "family_name": "Marshall", "given_name": "G.", "clpid": "Marshall-G" }, { "family_name": "Michael", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Michael-A" }, { "family_name": "Mori", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Mori-Jim" }, { "family_name": "Murray", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Murray-M" }, { "family_name": "Ponti", "given_name": "D.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2437-5144", "clpid": "Ponti-D" }, { "family_name": "Reasenberg", "given_name": "P.", "clpid": "Reasenberg-P" }, { "family_name": "Schwartz", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Schwartz-D" }, { "family_name": "Seeber", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Seeber-L" }, { "family_name": "Shakal", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Shakal-A-K" }, { "family_name": "Simpson", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Simpson-R" }, { "family_name": "Thio", "given_name": "H.", "clpid": "Thio-H" }, { "family_name": "Tinsley", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "Tinsley-J" }, { "family_name": "Todorovska", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Todorovska-M" }, { "family_name": "Trifunac", "given_name": "M.", "clpid": "Trifunac-M-D" }, { "family_name": "Wald", "given_name": "D.", "clpid": "Wald-D" }, { "family_name": "Zoback", "given_name": "M. L.", "clpid": "Zoback-M-L" } ], "abstract": "The most costly American earthquake since 1906 struck Los Angeles on 17 January 1994. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake\nresulted from more than 3 meters of reverse slip on a 1 5-kilometer-long south-dipping thrust fault that raised the Santa Susana mountains\nby as much as 70 centimeters. The fault appears to be truncated by the fault that broke in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake at a depth\nof 8 kilometers. Of these two events, the Northridge earthquake caused many times more damage, primarily because its causative fault\nis directly under the city. Many types of structures were damaged, but the fracture of welds in steel-frame buildings was the greatest\nsurprise. The Northridge earthquake emphasizes the hazard posed to Los Angeles by concealed thrust faults and the potential for strong\nground shaking in moderate earthquakes.", "doi": "10.1126/science.266.5184.389", "issn": "0036-8075", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science", "publication_date": "1994-10-21", "series_number": "5184", "volume": "266", "issue": "5184", "pages": "389-397" }, { "id": "authors:s97gp-65783", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "s97gp-65783", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140806-082800700", "type": "article", "title": "1855 and 1991 Surveys of the San Andreas Fault: Implications for Fault Mechanics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Grant", "given_name": "Lisa B.", "clpid": "Grant-L-B" }, { "family_name": "Donnellan", "given_name": "Andrea", "clpid": "Donnellan-A" } ], "abstract": "Two monuments from an 1855 cadastral survey that span the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain have been right-laterally displaced 11.0 \u00b1 2.5 m by the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake and associated seismicity and afterslip. This measurement confirms that at least 9.5 \u00b1 0.5 m of slip occurred along the main fault trace, as suggested by measurements of offset channels near Wallace Creek. The slip varied by 2 to 3 m along a 2.6-km section of the main fault trace. Using radiocarbon dates of the penultimate large earthquake and measurements of slip from the 1857 earthquake, we calculate an apparent slip rate for the last complete earthquake cycle that is at least 25% lower than the late-Holocene slip rate on the main fault trace. Comparison of short-term broad-aperture strain accumulation rates with the narrow-aperture late-Holocene slip rate indicates that the fault behaves nearly elastically over a time scale of several earthquake cycles. Therefore, slip in future earthquakes should compensate the slip-rate deficit from the 1857 earthquake.", "issn": "0037-1106", "publisher": "Seismological Society of America", "publication": "Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America", "publication_date": "1994-04", "series_number": "2", "volume": "84", "issue": "2", "pages": "241-246" } ]