[ { "id": "authors:nne5m-p8b77", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "nne5m-p8b77", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230206-9037800.10", "type": "article", "title": "Numerical simulation of turbulent, plane parallel Couette-Poiseuille flow", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" }, { "family_name": "Luo", "given_name": "X.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4303-8290", "clpid": "Luo-Xisheng" } ], "abstract": "We present numerical simulation and mean-flow modelling of statistically stationary plane Couette\u2013Poiseuille flow in a parameter space (Re,\u03b8) with Re = \u221a[Re\ua700\u00b2 + Re\u00b2_M] and \u03b8 = arctan (Re_M/Re\ua700, where Re\ua700, Re_M are independent Reynolds numbers based on the plate speed U\ua700 and the volume flow rate per unit span, respectively. The database comprises direct numerical simulations (DNS) at Re = 4000, 6000, wall-resolved large-eddy simulations at Re = 10000, 20000, and some wall-modelled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) up to Re = 10\u00b9\u2070. Attention is focused on the transition (from Couette-type to Poiseuille-type flow), defined as where the mean skin-friction Reynolds number on the bottom wall Re_(\u03c4,b), changes sign at \u03b8 = \u03b8\ua700(Re). The mean flow in the (Re,\u03b8) plane is modelled with combinations of patched classical log-wake profiles. Several model versions with different structures are constructed in both the Couette-type and Poiseuille-type flow regions. Model calculations of Re_(\u03c4,b)(Re,\u03b8), Re_(\u03c4,t)(Re,\u03b8) (the skin-friction Reynolds number on the top wall) and \u03b8\ua700 show general agreement with both DNS and large-eddy simulations. Both model and simulation indicate that, as \u03b8 is increased at fixed Re, Re_(\u03c4,t) passes through a peak at approximately \u03b8 = 45\u00b0, while Re_(\u03c4,b) increases monotonically. Near the bottom wall, the flow laminarizes as \u03b8 passes through \u03b8_(c) and then re-transitions to turbulence. As Re increases, \u03b8\ua700 increases monotonically. The transition from Couette-type to Poiseuille-type flow is accompanied by the rapid attenuation of streamwise rolls observed in pure Couette flow. A subclass of flows with Re_(\u03c4,b) = 0 is investigated. Combined WMLES with modelling for these flows enables exploration of the Re \u2192 \u221e limit, giving \u03b8\ua700 \u2192 45\u00b0 as Re \u2192 \u221e.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2022.1023", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2023-01-25", "volume": "955", "pages": "Art. No. A4" }, { "id": "authors:cyzmg-25126", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cyzmg-25126", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220309-965615000", "type": "article", "title": "Wall-resolved and wall-modelled large-eddy simulation of plane Couette flow", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" } ], "abstract": "We describe wall-resolved and wall-modelled large-eddy simulation (LES) of plane Couette (PC) flow. Subgrid-scale (SGS) motion is represented using the Re_\u03c4 = 220$, wall-resolved LES at Re_\u03c4 ~ 500-3600 and wall-modelled LES at Re_\u03c4 ~ 3600-- 2.8 x 10\u2075. All LES performed show the presence of approximately spanwise periodic sets of streamwise rolls. Averaged (including spanwise) wall-normal profiles of the mean streamwise velocity show a consistent log region across all Reynolds numbers. Two distinct measures of turbulent intensity are explored, one of which recognizes the roll structure and one that does not. The spanwise variation of turbulence flow metrics is investigated. Mean streamwise velocity profiles show substantial spanwise variation but collapse well when normalized by local skin-friction velocities. Similar collapse is found for streamwise turbulent intensities. For all present LES, the mean skin-friction variation with the plate Reynolds number is found to match a simple analytical form (Pirozzoli et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 758, 2014, pp. 327\u2013343) while the scaled centre-plane, mean-velocity gradient exhibits an inverse ProductLog dependence. Both the mean-flow roll energy and circulation, scaled with outer variables, decrease monotonically for Re_\u03c4 \u2273 500. At lower Re_\u03c4, the mean streamwise zero-velocity line follows a wavy form in the spanwise direction, while at our larger Re_\u03c4, a mushroom shape emerges which could potentially enhance local momentum transport in the spanwise direction and be responsible for the weakening of the spanwise rolls.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2021.1046", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2022-03-10", "volume": "934", "pages": "Art. No. A19" }, { "id": "authors:ecd02-rgm88", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ecd02-rgm88", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200423-101015762", "type": "article", "title": "Large-eddy simulation and modelling of Taylor\u2013Couette flow", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" } ], "abstract": "Wall-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of the incompressible Navier\u2013Stokes equations together with empirical modelling for turbulent Taylor\u2013Couette (TC) flow are presented. LES were performed with the inner cylinder rotating at angular velocity \u03a9_i and the outer cylinder stationary. With R_i, R_\u2080 the inner and outer radii respectively, the radius ratio is \u03b7 = 0.909 . The subgrid-scale stresses are represented using the stretched-vortex subgrid-scale model while the flow is resolved close to the wall. LES is implemented in the range Re_i = 10\u2075-10\u2076 where Re_i = \u03a9_iR_id/v and d = R\u2080-R_i is the cylinder gap. It is shown that the LES can capture the salient features of the flow, including the quantitative behaviour of spanwise Taylor rolls, the log variation in the inner-cylinder mean-velocity profile and the angular momentum redistribution due to the presence of Taylor rolls. A simple empirical model is developed for the turbulent, TC flow for both a stationary outer cylinder and also for co-rotating cylinders. This consists of near-wall, log-like turbulent wall layers separated by an annulus of constant angular momentum. Model results include the Nusselt number Nu (torque required to maintain the flow) and measures of the wall-layer thickness as functions of both the Taylor number Ta and \u03b7. These are compared with results from measurement, direct numerical simulation and the LES. A model extension to rough-wall turbulent flow is described. This shows an asymptotic, fully rough-wall state where the torque is independent of Re_i/Ta, and where Nu ~ Ta^(1/2).", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2020.101", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2020-05-10", "volume": "890", "pages": "Art. No. A17" }, { "id": "authors:166a3-rxq89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "166a3-rxq89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181008-151606899", "type": "article", "title": "Large-eddy simulation of flow over a rotating cylinder: the lift crisis at Re_D = 6 \u00d7 10^4", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" } ], "abstract": "We present wall-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) of flow with free-stream velocity U\u221e over a cylinder of diameter D rotating at constant angular velocity \u03a9, with the focus on the lift crisis, which takes place at relatively high Reynolds number Re_D = U\u221eD/\u03bd, where \u03bd is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Two sets of LES are performed within the (ReD, \u03b1)-plane with \u03b1 = \u03a9D/(2U\u221e) the dimensionless cylinder rotation speed. One set, at Re_D = 5000, is used as a reference flow and does not exhibit a lift crisis. Our main LES varies \u03b1 in 0 \u2a7d \u03b1 \u2a7d 2.0 at fixed Re_D = 6\u00d710^4. For \u03b1 in the range \u03b1 = 0.48\u22120.6 we find a lift crisis. This range is in agreement with experiment although the LES shows a deeper local minimum in the lift coefficient than the measured value. Diagnostics that include instantaneous surface portraits of the surface skin-friction vector field C_f, spanwise-averaged flow-streamline plots, and a statistical analysis of local, near-surface flow reversal show that, on the leeward-bottom cylinder surface, the flow experiences large-scale reorganization as \u03b1 increases through the lift crisis. At \u03b1 = 0.48 the primary-flow features comprise a shear layer separating from that side of the cylinder that moves with the free stream and a pattern of oscillatory but largely attached flow zones surrounded by scattered patches of local flow separation/reattachment on the lee and underside of the cylinder surface. Large-scale, unsteady vortex shedding is observed. At \u03b1 = 0.6 the flow has transitioned to a more ordered state where the small-scale separation/reattachment cells concentrate into a relatively narrow zone with largely attached flow elsewhere. This induces a low-pressure region which produces a sudden decrease in lift and hence the lift crisis. Through this process, the boundary layer does not show classical turbulence behaviour. As \u03b1 is further increased at constant Re_D, the localized separation zone dissipates with corresponding attached flow on most of the cylinder surface. The lift coefficient then resumes its increasing trend. A logarithmic region is found within the boundary layer at \u03b1 = 1.0.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2018.644", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2018-11-25", "volume": "855", "pages": "371-407" }, { "id": "authors:qj1vy-vv233", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qj1vy-vv233", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171214-160643790", "type": "article", "title": "Large-eddy simulation of flow over a grooved cylinder up to transcritical Reynolds numbers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" } ], "abstract": "We report wall-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) of flow over a grooved cylinder up to the transcritical regime. The stretched-vortex subgrid-scale model is embedded in a general fourth-order finite-difference code discretization on a curvilinear mesh. In the present study grooves are equally distributed around the circumference of the cylinder, each of sinusoidal shape with height \u03b5, invariant in the spanwise direction. Based on the two parameters, \u03b5/D and the Reynolds number Re_D = U_\u221eD/\u03bd where U_\u221e is the free-stream velocity, D the diameter of the cylinder and \u03bd the kinematic viscosity, two main sets of simulations are described. The first set varies from 0 to 1/32 while fixing Re_D = 3.9 x 10^3. We study the flow deviation from the smooth-cylinder case, with emphasis on several important statistics such as the length of the mean-flow recirculation bubble L_B, the pressure coefficient C_P, the skin-friction coefficient C_f\u03b8 and the non-dimensional pressure gradient parameter \u03b2. It is found that, with increasing \u03b5/D at fixed Re_D , some properties of the mean flow behave somewhat similarly to changes in the smooth-cylinder flow when Re_D is increased. This includes shrinking L_B and nearly constant minimum pressure coefficient. In contrast, while the non-dimensional pressure gradient parameter \u03b2 remains nearly constant for the front part of the smooth cylinder flow, \u03b2 shows an oscillatory variation for the grooved-cylinder case. The second main set of LES varies Re_D from 3.9 x 10^3 to 6 x 10^4 with fixed \u03b5/D = 1/32. It is found that this Re_D range spans the subcritical and supercritical regimes and reaches the beginning of the transcritical flow regime. Mean-flow properties are diagnosed and compared with available experimental data including C_P and the drag coefficient C_D. The timewise variation of the lift and drag coefficients are also studied to elucidate the transition among three regimes. Instantaneous images of the surface, skin-friction vector field and also of the three-dimensional Q-criterion field are utilized to further understand the dynamics of the near-surface flow structures and vortex shedding. Comparison of the grooved-cylinder flow with the equivalent flow over a smooth-wall cylinder shows structural similarities but significant differences. Both flows exhibit a clear common signature, which is the formation of mean-flow secondary separation bubbles that transform to other local flow features upstream of the main separation region (prior separation bubbles) as is increased through the respective drag crises. Based on these similarities it is hypothesized that the drag crises known to occur for flow past a cylinder with different surface topographies is the result of a change in the global flow state generated by an interaction of primary flow separation with secondary flow recirculating motions that manifest as a mean-flow secondary bubble. For the smooth-wall flow this is accompanied by local boundary-layer flow transition to turbulence and a strong drag crisis, while for the grooved-cylinder case the flow remains laminar but unsteady through its drag crisis and into the early transcritical flow range.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2017.767", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2018-01-25", "volume": "835", "pages": "327-362" }, { "id": "authors:xvggv-mcb73", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xvggv-mcb73", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170602-084638629", "type": "article", "title": "Large-eddy simulation of flow over a cylinder with Re_D from to 3.9 x 10^3 to 8.5 x 10^5: a skin-friction perspective", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Zhang-W" }, { "family_name": "Gao", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Gao-W" } ], "abstract": "We present wall-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of flow over a smooth-wall circular cylinder up to Re_D = 8.5 \u00d7 10^5, where Re_D is Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter D and the free-stream speed U_\u221e. The stretched-vortex subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used in the entire simulation domain. For the sub-critical regime, six cases are implemented with 3.9 \u00d7 10^3 \u2a7d Re_D \u2a7d 10^5. Results are compared with experimental data for both the wall-pressure-coefficient distribution on the cylinder surface, which dominates the drag coefficient, and the skin-friction coefficient, which clearly correlates with the separation behaviour. In the super-critical regime, LES for three values of Re_D are carried out at different resolutions. The drag-crisis phenomenon is well captured. For lower resolution, numerical discretization fluctuations are sufficient to stimulate transition, while for higher resolution, an applied boundary-layer perturbation is found to be necessary to stimulate transition. Large-eddy simulation results at Re_D = 8.5 \u00d7 10^5, with a mesh of 8192 \u00d7 1024 \u00d7 256, agree well with the classic experimental measurements of Achenbach (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 34, 1968, pp. 625\u2013639) especially for the skin-friction coefficient, where a spike is produced by the laminar\u2013turbulent transition on the top of a prior separation bubble. We document the properties of the attached-flow boundary layer on the cylinder surface as these vary with ReDReD . Within the separated portion of the flow, mean-flow separation\u2013reattachment bubbles are observed at some values of Re_D, with separation characteristics that are consistent with experimental observations. Time sequences of instantaneous surface portraits of vector skin-friction trajectory fields indicate that the unsteady counterpart of a mean-flow separation\u2013reattachment bubble corresponds to the formation of local flow-reattachment cells, visible as coherent bundles of diverging surface streamlines.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2017.172", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2017-06", "volume": "820", "pages": "121-158" }, { "id": "authors:w1k2v-pq664", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w1k2v-pq664", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170428-133814936", "type": "article", "title": "Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers with constant skin friction", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sridhar", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2642-8246", "clpid": "Sridhar-Akshay" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" } ], "abstract": "A semi-empirical model is presented that describes the development of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer in the presence of surface roughness with length scale k_s that varies with streamwise distance x. Interest is centred on flows for which all terms of the von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n integral relation, including the ratio of outer velocity to friction velocity U^+_\u221e\u2261U_\u221e/u_\u03c4, are streamwise constant. For Re_x assumed large, use is made of a simple log-wake model of the local turbulent mean-velocity profile that contains a standard mean-velocity correction for the asymptotic fully rough regime and with assumed constant parameter values. It is then shown that, for a general power-law external velocity variation U_\u221e\u223cx^m, all measures of the boundary-layer thickness must be proportional to x and that the surface sand-grain roughness scale variation must be the linear form k_s(x)=\u03b1x, where x is the distance from the boundary layer of zero thickness and \u03b1 is a dimensionless constant. This is shown to give a two-parameter (m,\u03b1) family of solutions, for which U^+_\u221e (or equivalently C_f) and boundary-layer thicknesses can be simply calculated. These correspond to perfectly self-similar boundary-layer growth in the streamwise direction with similarity variable z/(\u03b1x), where z is the wall-normal coordinate. Results from this model over a range of \u03b1 are discussed for several cases, including the zero-pressure-gradient (m=0) and sink-flow (m=\u22121) boundary layers. Trends observed in the model are supported by wall-modelled large-eddy simulation of the zero-pressure-gradient case for Re_x in the range 10^8\u221210^(10) and for four values of \u03b1. Linear streamwise growth of the displacement, momentum and nominal boundary-layer thicknesses is confirmed, while, for each \u03b1, the mean-velocity profiles and streamwise turbulent variances are found to collapse reasonably well onto z/(\u03b1x)z. For given \u03b1, calculations of U^+_\u221e obtained from large-eddy simulations are streamwise constant and independent of Re_x when this is large. The present results suggest that, in the sense that U^+_\u221e(\u03b1,m) is constant, these flows can be interpreted as the fully rough limit for boundary layers in the presence of small-scale linear roughness.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2017.132", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2017-05", "volume": "818", "pages": "26-45" }, { "id": "authors:rdm1f-15s89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rdm1f-15s89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160105-124250245", "type": "article", "title": "Large-eddy simulation of separation and reattachment of a flat plate turbulent boundary layer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Pullin", "given_name": "D. I.", "orcid": "0009-0007-5991-2863", "clpid": "Pullin-D-I" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" } ], "abstract": "We present large-eddy simulations (LES) of separation and reattachment of a flat-plate turbulent boundary-layer flow. Instead of resolving the near wall region, we develop a two-dimensional virtual wall model which can calculate the time- and space-dependent skin-friction vector field at the wall, at the resolved scale. By combining the virtual-wall model with the stretched-vortex subgrid-scale (SGS) model, we construct a self-consistent framework for the LES of separating and reattaching turbulent wall-bounded flows at large Reynolds numbers. The present LES methodology is applied to two different experimental flows designed to produce separation/reattachment of a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer at medium Reynolds number Re_\u03b8 based on the momentum boundary-layer thickness \u03b8. Comparison with data from the first case at Re_\u03b8=2000 demonstrates the present capability for accurate calculation of the variation, with the streamwise co-ordinate up to separation, of the skin friction coefficient, Re_\u03b8, the boundary-layer shape factor and a non-dimensional pressure-gradient parameter. Additionally the main large-scale features of the separation bubble, including the mean streamwise velocity profiles, show good agreement with experiment. At the larger Re_\u03b8=11000 of the second case, the LES provides good postdiction of the measured skin-friction variation along the whole streamwise extent of the experiment, consisting of a very strong adverse pressure gradient leading to separation within the separation bubble itself, and in the recovering or reattachment region of strongly-favourable pressure gradient. Overall, the present two-dimensional wall model used in LES appears to be capable of capturing the quantitative features of a separation-reattachment turbulent boundary-layer flow at low to moderately large Reynolds numbers.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2015.604", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2015-12", "volume": "785", "pages": "78-108" }, { "id": "authors:30k9r-1gs60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "30k9r-1gs60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140320-094105064", "type": "article", "title": "Power-law versus log-law in wall-bounded turbulence: A large-eddy simulation perspective", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3960-4162", "clpid": "Cheng-Wan" }, { "family_name": "Samtaney", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4702-6473", "clpid": "Samtaney-Ravi" } ], "abstract": "The debate whether the mean streamwise velocity in wall-bounded turbulent flows obeys a log-law or a power-law scaling originated over two decades ago, and continues to ferment in recent years. As experiments and direct numerical simulation can not provide sufficient clues, in this study we present an insight into this debate from a large-eddy simulation (LES) viewpoint. The LES organically combines state-of-the-art models (the stretched-vortex model and inflow rescaling method) with a virtual-wall model derived under different scaling law assumptions (the log-law or the power-law by George and Castillo [\"Zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer,\" Appl. Mech. Rev.50, 689 (1997)]). Comparison of LES results for Re \u03b8 ranging from 10^5 to 10^(11) for zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer flows are carried out for the mean streamwise velocity, its gradient and its scaled gradient. Our results provide strong evidence that for both sets of modeling assumption (log law or power law), the turbulence gravitates naturally towards the log-law scaling at extremely large Reynolds numbers.", "doi": "10.1063/1.4862919", "issn": "1070-6631", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Physics of Fluids", "publication_date": "2014-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "26", "issue": "1", "pages": "Art. No. 011703" } ]