Manifolds with nontrivial topology play an essential role in the study of topological phases of matter. In this paper, we study the nontrivial symmetry response of the (2+1)-dimensional \ud835\udc4d2 symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase when the system is put on a nonorientable manifold: the Klein bottle. In particular, we find that when a symmetry defect is inserted along the orientation-reversing cycle of the Klein bottle, the ground state of the system gets an extra charge. This response remains well defined at transition points into the trivial SPT phase, resulting in an exact twofold degeneracy in the ground state independent of the system size. We demonstrate the symmetry response using exactly solvable lattice models of the SPT phase, as well as numerical work across the transition. We explore the connection of this result to the modular transformation of the (3+1)-dimensional \ud835\udc4d2 gauge theory and the emergent nature of the parity symmetry in the \ud835\udc4d2 SPT phase.
", "doi": "10.1103/jkmd-dthk", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2026-05-11", "series_number": "20", "volume": "113", "issue": "20", "pages": "205134" }, { "id": "authors:8xnkk-tdq47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8xnkk-tdq47", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8xnkk-tdq47", "type": "article", "title": "Essay: Generalized Landau Paradigm for Quantum Phases and Phase Transitions", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "The Landau paradigm is a central dogma for understanding phase and phase transitions in condensed matter systems, yet for decades, it has been known that a variety of quantum phases exist beyond the framework. Is there a more general framework that provides a systematic understanding of phases and phase transitions in quantum many-body systems? In this Essay, we discuss how the recently developed notions of generalized symmetry and generalized gauging point to a way to extend the Landau paradigm. In the new framework, beyond-Landau phases and transitions are attributed to the breaking of generalized symmetries, often induced by the generalized gauging procedure facilitated through the symmetry topological field theory formalism. We discuss what needs to be understood to make the generalized Landau paradigm useful in the study of quantum phase and phase transitions.
\nPart of a series of Essays which concisely present author visions for the future of their field.
", "doi": "10.1103/tmvy-vsqd", "issn": "0031-9007", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Letters", "publication_date": "2025-12-17", "series_number": "25", "volume": "135", "issue": "25", "pages": "250001" }, { "id": "authors:yp34f-p3a52", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "yp34f-p3a52", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yp34f-p3a52", "type": "article", "title": "Sequential adiabatic generation of chiral topological states", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0003-2594-1176" }, { "family_name": "Stephen", "given_name": "David", "orcid": "0000-0002-3150-0169", "clpid": "Stephen-David" } ], "abstract": "In previous work, it was shown that non-trivial gapped states can be generated from a product state using a sequential quantum circuit. Explicit circuit constructions were given for a variety of gapped states at exactly solvable fixed points. In this paper, we show that a similar generation procedure can be established for chiral topological states as well, despite the fact that they lack a zero-correlation-length exactly solvable form. Instead of sequentially applying local unitary gates, we sequentially evolve the Hamiltonian by changing local terms in one subregion and then the next. The Hamiltonian remains gapped throughout the process, giving rise to an adiabatic evolution mapping the ground state from a product state to a chiral topological state. We demonstrate such a sequential adiabatic generation process for free fermion chiral states like the Chern Insulator and the p+ip p + i p superconductor. Moreover, we show that coupling a quantum state to a discrete gauge group can be achieved through a sequential quantum circuit, thereby generating interacting chiral topological states from the free fermion ones.
", "doi": "10.21468/scipostphys.19.4.107", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "Stichting SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2025-10-23", "series_number": "4", "volume": "19", "issue": "4", "pages": "107" }, { "id": "authors:ps2wg-wat34", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ps2wg-wat34", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ps2wg-wat34", "type": "article", "title": "Duality via sequential quantum circuit in the topological holography formalism", "author": [ { "family_name": "Vanhove", "given_name": "Robijn", "orcid": "0000-0001-8444-6568", "clpid": "Vanhove-Robijin" }, { "family_name": "Ravindran", "given_name": "Vibhu", "orcid": "0009-0004-0768-5898", "clpid": "Ravindran-Vibhu" }, { "family_name": "Stephen", "given_name": "David T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3150-0169", "clpid": "Stephen-David-T" }, { "family_name": "Wen", "given_name": "Xiao-Gang", "orcid": "0000-0002-5874-581X" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Two quantum theories that look different but are secretly describing the same low-energy physics are said to be dual to each other. When realized in the topological holography formalism, duality corresponds to changing the gapped boundary condition on the top boundary of a topological field theory, which determines the symmetry of the system while not affecting the bottom boundary where all the dynamics take place. In this paper, we show that duality in the topological holography formalism can be realized with a sequential quantum circuit applied to the top boundary. As a consequence, the Hamiltonians before and after the duality mapping have exactly the same spectrum in the corresponding symmetry sectors, and the entanglement in the corresponding low-energy eigenstates differs by at most an area law term. These results reformulate the findings from [Lootens et al., arXiv:2311.01439] for dualities in 1+1\u2062\ud835\udc37 and extend them, using the topological holography framework, to higher dimensions.
", "doi": "10.1103/y9cd-dz5k", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2025-07-31", "series_number": "3", "volume": "112", "issue": "3", "pages": "035173" }, { "id": "authors:d53t6-b1v81", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "d53t6-b1v81", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d53t6-b1v81", "type": "article", "title": "Fusion of low-entanglement excitations in 2D toric code", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Jingyu" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "On top of a D-dimensional gapped bulk state, Low Entanglement Excitations (LEE) on d(< D)-dimensional sub-manifolds can have extensive energy but preserves the entanglement area law of the ground state. Due to their multi-dimensional nature, the LEEs embody a higher-category structure in quantum systems. They are the ground state of a modified Hamiltonian and hence capture the notions of 'defects' of generalized symmetries. In previous works, we studied the low-entanglement excitations in a trivial phase as well as those in invertible phases. We find that LEEs in these phases have the same structure as lower-dimensional gapped phases and their defects within. In this paper, we study the LEEs inside non-invertible topological phases. We focus on the simple example of Z\u2082 toric code and discuss how the fusion result of 1d LEEs with 0d morphisms can depend on both the choice of fusion circuit and the ordering of the fused defects.
", "doi": "10.21468/scipostphys.18.3.106", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "Stichting SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2025-03-20", "series_number": "3", "volume": "18", "issue": "3", "pages": "106" }, { "id": "authors:4m4az-drr39", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4m4az-drr39", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4m4az-drr39", "type": "article", "title": "Fusion of one-dimensional gapped phases and their domain walls", "author": [ { "family_name": "Stephen", "given_name": "David T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3150-0169", "clpid": "Stephen-David-T" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Finite depth quantum circuits provide an equivalence relation between gapped phases. Moreover, there can be nontrivial domain walls either within the same gapped phase or between different gapped phases, whose equivalence relations are given by finite depth quantum circuits in one lower dimension. In this paper, we use such unitary equivalence relations to study the fusion of one-dimensional gapped phases. In particular, we use finite depth circuits to fuse two gapped phases, local unitaries to fuse two domain walls, and a combination of both to fuse gapped phases with domain walls. This provides a concrete illustration of some simple aspects of the higher-category structure of gapped defects in a higher-dimensional trivial gapped bulk state.
", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.110.165144", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2024-10-18", "series_number": "16", "volume": "110", "issue": "16", "pages": "165144" }, { "id": "authors:1wndk-9zd12", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1wndk-9zd12", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1wndk-9zd12", "type": "article", "title": "Composite subsystem symmetries and decoration of sub-dimensional excitations", "author": [ { "family_name": "Vadali", "given_name": "Avi", "orcid": "0000-0001-5434-8131", "clpid": "Vadali-Avinash" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zongyuan", "orcid": "0000-0003-0813-6247", "clpid": "Wang-Zongyuan" }, { "family_name": "Dua", "given_name": "Arpit", "clpid": "Dua-Arpit" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-Wilbur" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Flux binding is a mechanism that is well-understood for global symmetries. Given two systems, each with a global symmetry, gauging the composite symmetry instead of individual symmetries corresponds to the condensation of the composite of gauge charges belonging to individually gauged theories and the binding of the gauge fluxes. The composite charge that is condensed is created by a ``short'' string given by the new minimal coupling corresponding to the composite symmetry. This paper studies what happens when combined subsystem symmetries are gauged, especially when the component charges and fluxes have different sub-dimensional mobilities. We investigate 3+1D systems with planar symmetries where, for example, the planar symmetry of a planon charge is combined with one of the planar symmetries of a fracton charge. We propose the principle of Remote Detectability to determine how the fluxes bind and potentially change their mobility. This understanding can then be used to design fracton models with sub-dimensional excitations that are decorated with excitations having nontrivial statistics or non-Abelian fusion rules.", "doi": "10.21468/scipostphys.17.3.071", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "Stichting SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2024-09-02", "series_number": "3", "volume": "17", "issue": "3", "pages": "071" }, { "id": "authors:m1x4b-aep71", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "m1x4b-aep71", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m1x4b-aep71", "type": "article", "title": "String operators for Cheshire strings in topological phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tantivasadakarn", "given_name": "Nathanan", "orcid": "0000-0001-5295-2124", "clpid": "Tantivasadakarn-Nathanan" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Elementary point charge excitations in three-plus-one-dimensional (3+1\u2062D) topological phases can condense along a line and form a descendant excitation called the Cheshire string. Unlike the elementary flux loop excitations in the system, Cheshire strings do not have to appear as the boundary of a 2D disk and can exist on open line segments. On the other hand, Cheshire strings are different from trivial excitations that can be created with local unitaries in zero dimensions and finite depth quantum circuits in one dimension and higher. In this paper, we show that to create a Cheshire string, one needs a linear depth circuit that acts sequentially along the length of the string. Once a Cheshire string is created, its deformation, movement and fusion can be realized by finite depths circuits. This circuit depth requirement applies to all nontrivial descendant excitations including symmetry-protected topological chains and the Majorana chain.
", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.109.165149", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2024-04-15", "series_number": "16", "volume": "109", "issue": "16", "pages": "165149" }, { "id": "authors:grppp-pza73", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "grppp-pza73", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/grppp-pza73", "type": "article", "title": "Sequential quantum circuits as maps between gapped phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Dua", "given_name": "Arpit", "orcid": "0000-0001-6348-4135", "clpid": "Dua-Arpit" }, { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael" }, { "family_name": "Stephen", "given_name": "David T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3150-0169", "clpid": "Stephen-David-T" }, { "family_name": "Tantivasadakarn", "given_name": "Nathanan", "orcid": "0000-0001-5295-2124", "clpid": "Tantivasadakarn-Nathanan" }, { "family_name": "Vanhove", "given_name": "Robijn", "orcid": "0000-0001-8444-6568", "clpid": "Vanhove-Robijn" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Jing-Yu", "clpid": "Zhao-Jing-Yu" } ], "abstract": "Finite-depth quantum circuits preserve the long-range entanglement structure in quantum states and map between states within a gapped phase. To map between states of different gapped phases, we can use sequential quantum circuits, which apply unitary transformations to local patches, strips, or other subregions of a system in a sequential way. The sequential structure of the circuit, on the one hand, preserves entanglement area law and hence the gappedness of the quantum states. On the other hand, the circuit has generically a linear depth, hence, it is capable of changing the long-range correlation and entanglement of quantum states and the phase they belong to. In this paper, we systematically discuss the definition, basic properties, and prototypical examples of sequential quantum circuits that map product states to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, symmetry-protected topological states, intrinsic topological states, and fracton states. We discuss the physical interpretation of the power of the circuits through connection to condensation, Kramers-Wannier duality, and the notion of foliation for fracton phases.
", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.109.075116", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2024-02-15", "series_number": "7", "volume": "109", "issue": "7", "pages": "075116" }, { "id": "authors:erw06-4rh38", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "erw06-4rh38", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/erw06-4rh38", "type": "article", "title": "Renormalization of Ising cage-net model and generalized foliation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zongyuan", "orcid": "0000-0003-0813-6247", "clpid": "Wang-Zongyuan" }, { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Xiuqi", "orcid": "0000-0001-8294-2277", "clpid": "Ma-Xiuqi" }, { "family_name": "Stephen", "given_name": "David T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3150-0169", "clpid": "Stephen-David-T" }, { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0003-2594-1176", "clpid": "Hermele-Michael" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "A large class of type-I fracton models, including the X-cube model, have been found to be fixed points of the foliated renormalization group (RG). The system size of such foliated models can be changed by adding or removing decoupled layers of 2D topological states and continuous deformation of the Hamiltonian. In this paper, we study a closely related model\u2014the Ising cage-net model\u2014and find that this model is not foliated in the same sense. In fact, we point out certain unnatural restrictions in the foliated RG, and find that removing these restrictions leads to a generalized foliated RG under which the Ising cage-net model is a fixed point, and which includes the original foliated RG as a special case. The Ising cage-net model thus gives a prototypical example of the generalized foliated RG, and its system size can be changed either by condensing/uncondensing bosonic planon excitations near a 2D plane or through a linear-depth quantum circuit in the same plane. We show that these two apparently different RG procedures are closely related, as they lead to the same gapped boundary when implemented in part of a plane. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications for foliated fracton phases, whose universal properties will need to be reexamined in light of the generalized foliated RG.
", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.108.035148", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2023-07-15", "series_number": "3", "volume": "108", "issue": "3", "pages": "035148" }, { "id": "authors:sgw2w-ytk69", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "sgw2w-ytk69", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230726-216909500.5", "type": "article", "title": "Loops in 4+1d topological phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Dua", "given_name": "Arpit", "orcid": "0000-0001-6348-4135", "clpid": "Dua-Arpit" }, { "family_name": "Hsin", "given_name": "Po-Shen", "orcid": "0000-0002-4764-1476", "clpid": "Hsin-Po-Shen" }, { "family_name": "Jian", "given_name": "Chao-Ming", "orcid": "0000-0003-4876-8417", "clpid": "Jian-Chao-Ming" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-Wilbur-E" }, { "family_name": "Xu", "given_name": "Cenke", "orcid": "0000-0002-2304-743X", "clpid": "Xu-Cenke" } ], "abstract": "2+1d topological phases are well characterized by the fusion rules and braiding/exchange statistics of fractional point excitations. In 4+1d, some topological phases contain only fractional loop excitations. What kind of loop statistics exist? We study the 4+1d gauge theory with 2-form \u2124\u2082 gauge field (the loop-only toric code) and find that while braiding statistics between two different types of loops can be nontrivial, the self \"exchange\" statistics are all trivial. In particular, we show that the electric, magnetic, and dyonic loop excitations in the 4+1d toric code are not distinguished by their self-statistics. They tunnel into each other across 3+1d invertible domain walls which in turn give explicit unitary circuits that map the loop excitations into each other. The SL(2, \u2124\u2082) symmetry that permutes the loops, however, cannot be consistently gauged and we discuss the associated obstruction in the process. Moreover, we discuss a gapless boundary condition dubbed the \"fractional Maxwell theory\" and show how it can be Higgsed into gapped boundary conditions. We also discuss the generalization of these results from the \u2124\u2082 gauge group to \u2124N.", "doi": "10.21468/scipostphys.15.1.001", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2023-07-06", "volume": "15", "pages": "Art. No. 001" }, { "id": "authors:0nr94-kqm49", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "0nr94-kqm49", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230321-821105700.9", "type": "article", "title": "Ground state degeneracy of the Ising cage-net model", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Xiuqi", "orcid": "0000-0001-8294-2277", "clpid": "Ma-Xiuqi" }, { "family_name": "Malladi", "given_name": "Ananth", "orcid": "0000-0002-9921-9891", "clpid": "Malladi-Ananth" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zongyuan", "orcid": "0000-0003-0813-6247", "clpid": "Wang-Zongyuan" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zhenghan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5253-6400", "clpid": "Wang-Zhenghan" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "The Ising cage-net model, first proposed by Prem et al. [Phys. Rev. X 9, 021010 (2019)], is a representative type I fracton model with nontrivial non-Abelian features. In this paper, we calculate the ground state degeneracy of this model and find that, even though it follows a similar coupled layer structure as the X-cube model, the Ising cage-net model cannot be \"foliated\" in the same sense as X-cube as defined in Shirley et al. [Phys. Rev. X 8, 031051 (2018)]. A more generalized notion of \"foliation\" is hence needed to understand the renormalization group transformation of the Ising cage-net model. The calculation is done using an operator algebra approach that we develop in this paper, and we demonstrate its validity through a series of examples.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.107.085123", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2023-02-15", "series_number": "8", "volume": "107", "issue": "8", "pages": "Art. No. 085123" }, { "id": "authors:7bhnp-r9z60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7bhnp-r9z60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20221031-575177800.11", "type": "article", "title": "Quantum spin liquids bootstrapped from Ising criticality in Rydberg arrays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-Kevin" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Yue", "orcid": "0000-0002-5965-0644", "clpid": "Liu-Yue" }, { "family_name": "Aasen", "given_name": "David", "orcid": "0000-0002-6552-488X", "clpid": "Aasen-David" }, { "family_name": "Pichler", "given_name": "Hannes", "orcid": "0000-0003-2144-536X", "clpid": "Pichler-Hannes" }, { "family_name": "Mong", "given_name": "Roger S. K.", "clpid": "Mong-Roger-S-K" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Endres", "given_name": "Manuel", "orcid": "0000-0002-4461-224X", "clpid": "Endres-M" }, { "family_name": "Alicea", "given_name": "Jason", "orcid": "0000-0001-9979-3423", "clpid": "Alicea-J" } ], "abstract": "Arrays of Rydberg atoms constitute a highly tunable, strongly interacting venue for the pursuit of exotic states of matter. We develop a strategy for accessing a family of fractionalized phases known as quantum spin liquids in two-dimensional Rydberg arrays. We specifically use effective field theory methods to study arrays assembled from Rydberg chains tuned to an Ising phase transition that famously hosts emergent fermions propagating within each chain. This highly entangled starting point allows us to naturally access spin liquids familiar from Kitaev's honeycomb model \u2014 albeit from an entirely different framework. In particular, we argue that finite-range repulsive Rydberg interactions, which frustrate nearby symmetry-breaking orders, can enable coherent propagation of emergent fermions between the chains in which they were born. Delocalization of emergent fermions across the full two-dimensional Rydberg array yields a gapless \u2124\u2082 spin liquid with a single massless Dirac cone. Here, the Rydberg occupation numbers exhibit universal power-law correlations that provide a straightforward experimental diagnostic of this phase. We further show that explicitly breaking symmetries perturbs the gapless spin liquid into gapped, topologically ordered descendants: Breaking lattice symmetries generates toric-code topological order, whereas introducing Floquet-mediated chirality generates non-Abelian Ising topological order. In the toric-code phase, we analytically construct microscopic incarnations of non-Abelian defects, which can be created and transported by dynamically controlling the atom positions in the array. Our work suggests that appropriately tuned Rydberg arrays provide a cold-atoms counterpart of solid-state \"Kitaev materials\" and, more generally, it spotlights a different angle for pursuing experimental platforms for Abelian and non-Abelian fractionalization.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.106.115122", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2022-09-15", "series_number": "11", "volume": "106", "issue": "11", "pages": "Art. No. 115122" }, { "id": "authors:zmhrn-53496", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zmhrn-53496", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210106-102305508", "type": "article", "title": "Fractonic order in infinite-component Chern-Simons gauge theories", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Xiuqi", "orcid": "0000-0001-8294-2277", "clpid": "Ma-Xiuqi" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-Wilbur-E" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Meng", "clpid": "Cheng-Meng" }, { "family_name": "Levin", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0002-5765-6591", "clpid": "Levin-Michael-A" }, { "family_name": "McGreevy", "given_name": "John", "orcid": "0000-0002-7077-1041", "clpid": "McGreevy-John" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Fracton order features point excitations that either cannot move at all or are only allowed to move in a lower-dimensional submanifold of the whole system. In this paper, we generalize the (2+1)-dimensional [(2+1)D] U(1) Chern-Simons (CS) theory, a powerful tool in the study of (2+1)D topological orders, to include infinite gauge field components and find that they can describe interesting types of (3+1)-dimensional fracton order beyond what is known from exactly solvable models and tensor gauge theories. On the one hand, they can describe foliated fractonic systems for which increasing the system size requires insertion of nontrivial (2+1)D topological states. The CS formulation provides an easier approach to study the phase relation among foliated models. More interestingly, we find simple examples that lie beyond the foliation framework, characterized by 2D excitations of infinite order and irrational braiding statistics. This finding extends our realm of understanding of possible fracton phenomena.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.105.195124", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2022-05-15", "series_number": "19", "volume": "105", "issue": "19", "pages": "Art. No. 195124" }, { "id": "authors:bmxdz-db910", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bmxdz-db910", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211207-393208000", "type": "article", "title": "Microscopic characterization of Ising conformal field theory in Rydberg chains", "author": [ { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-Kevin" }, { "family_name": "Aasen", "given_name": "David", "orcid": "0000-0002-6552-488X", "clpid": "Aasen-David" }, { "family_name": "Pichler", "given_name": "Hannes", "orcid": "0000-0003-2144-536X", "clpid": "Pichler-Hannes" }, { "family_name": "Mong", "given_name": "Roger S. K.", "clpid": "Mong-Roger-S-K" }, { "family_name": "Fendley", "given_name": "Paul", "orcid": "0000-0002-7747-0153", "clpid": "Fendley-Paul" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Endres", "given_name": "Manuel", "orcid": "0000-0002-4461-224X", "clpid": "Endres-M" }, { "family_name": "Alicea", "given_name": "Jason", "orcid": "0000-0001-9979-3423", "clpid": "Alicea-J" } ], "abstract": "Rydberg chains provide an appealing platform for probing conformal field theories (CFTs) that capture universal behavior in a myriad of physical settings. Focusing on a Rydberg chain at the Ising transition separating charge density wave and disordered phases, we establish a detailed link between microscopics and low-energy physics emerging at criticality. We first construct lattice incarnations of primary fields in the underlying Ising CFT including chiral fermions, a nontrivial task given that the Rydberg chain Hamiltonian does not admit an exact fermionization. With this dictionary in hand, we compute correlations of microscopic Rydberg operators, paying special attention to finite, open chains of immediate experimental relevance. We further develop a method to quantify how second-neighbor Rydberg interactions tune the sign and strength of four-fermion couplings in the Ising CFT. Finally, we determine how the Ising fields evolve when four-fermion couplings drive an instability to Ising tricriticality. Our results pave the way to a thorough experimental characterization of Ising criticality in Rydberg arrays, and can inform the design of novel higher-dimensional phases based on coupled critical chains.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.104.235109", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2021-12-15", "series_number": "23", "volume": "104", "issue": "23", "pages": "Art. No. 235109" }, { "id": "authors:fbdr7-2cg41", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fbdr7-2cg41", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210518-074149060", "type": "article", "title": "Quantum connections", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hartnoll", "given_name": "Sean", "clpid": "Hartnoll-Sean" }, { "family_name": "Sachdev", "given_name": "Subir", "orcid": "0000-0002-2432-7070", "clpid": "Sachdev-Subir" }, { "family_name": "Takayanagi", "given_name": "Tadashi", "clpid": "Takayanagi-Tadashi" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Silverstein", "given_name": "Eva", "clpid": "Silverstein-Eva" }, { "family_name": "Sonner", "given_name": "Julian", "orcid": "0000-0002-6179-1729", "clpid": "Sonner-Julian" } ], "abstract": "Theoretical high-energy and condensed-matter physics share various ideas and tools. New connections between the two have been established through quantum information, providing exciting prospects for theoretical advances and even potential experimental studies. Six scientists discuss different directions of research in this inter-disciplinary field.", "doi": "10.1038/s42254-021-00319-0", "issn": "2522-5820", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "publication": "Nature Reviews Physics", "publication_date": "2021-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "3", "issue": "6", "pages": "391-393" }, { "id": "authors:9p103-jwa26", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9p103-jwa26", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211222-591602700", "type": "article", "title": "Screw dislocations in the X-cube fracton model", "author": [ { "family_name": "Manoj", "given_name": "Nandagopal", "clpid": "Manoj-Nandagopal" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-Kevin" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-Wilbur-E" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "The X-cube model, a prototypical gapped fracton model, was shown in Ref. [1] to have a foliation structure. That is, inside the 3+1 D model, there are hidden layers of 2+1 D gapped topological states. A screw dislocation in a 3+1 D lattice can often reveal nontrivial features associated with a layered structure. In this paper, we study the X-cube model on lattices with screw dislocations. In particular, we find that a screw dislocation results in a finite change in the logarithm of the ground state degeneracy of the model. Part of the change can be traced back to the effect of screw dislocations in a simple stack of 2+1 D topological states, hence corroborating the foliation structure in the model. The other part of the change comes from the induced motion of fractons or sub-dimensional excitations along the dislocation, a feature absent in the stack of 2+1D layers.", "doi": "10.21468/scipostphys.10.4.094", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2021-04-29", "series_number": "4", "volume": "10", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 94" }, { "id": "authors:ack3e-vgk06", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ack3e-vgk06", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190807-104405031", "type": "article", "title": "Twisted foliated fracton phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-K" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "In the study of three-dimensional gapped models, two-dimensional gapped states should be considered as a free resource. This is the basic idea underlying the notion of \"foliated fracton order\" proposed in Shirley et al. [Phys. Rev. X 8, 031051 (2018)]. We have found that many of the known type-I fracton models, although they appear very different, have the same foliated fracton order, known as \"X-cube\" order. In this paper, we identify three-dimensional fracton models with different kinds of foliated fracton order. Whereas the X-cube order corresponds to the gauge theory of a simple paramagnet with subsystem planar symmetry, the different orders correspond to twisted versions of the gauge theory for which the system prior to gauging has nontrivial order protected by the planar subsystem symmetry. We present constructions of the twisted models and demonstrate that they possess nontrivial order by studying their fractional excitation contents.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.102.115103", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2020-09-15", "series_number": "11", "volume": "102", "issue": "11", "pages": "Art. No. 115103" }, { "id": "authors:7pw3y-cfe48", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7pw3y-cfe48", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200409-115738925", "type": "article", "title": "Fracton phases of matter", "author": [ { "family_name": "Pretko", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Pretko-M" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "You", "given_name": "Yizhi", "orcid": "0000-0002-8115-8672", "clpid": "You-Yizhi" } ], "abstract": "Fractons are a new type of quasiparticle which are immobile in isolation, but can often move by forming bound states. Fractons are found in a variety of physical settings, such as spin liquids and elasticity theory, and exhibit unusual phenomenology, such as gravitational physics and localization. The past several years have seen a surge of interest in these exotic particles, which have come to the forefront of modern condensed matter theory. In this review, we provide a broad treatment of fractons, ranging from pedagogical introductory material to discussions of recent advances in the field. We begin by demonstrating how the fracton phenomenon naturally arises as a consequence of higher moment conservation laws, often accompanied by the emergence of tensor gauge theories. We then provide a survey of fracton phases in spin models, along with the various tools used to characterize them, such as the foliation framework. We discuss in detail the manifestation of fracton physics in elasticity theory, as well as the connections of fractons with localization and gravitation. Finally, we provide an overview of some recently proposed platforms for fracton physics, such as Majorana islands and hole-doped antiferromagnets. We conclude with some open questions and an outlook on the field.", "doi": "10.1142/s0217751x20300033", "issn": "0217-751X", "publisher": "World Scientific", "publication": "International Journal of Modern Physics A", "publication_date": "2020-02-29", "series_number": "6", "volume": "35", "issue": "6", "pages": "Art. No. 2030003" }, { "id": "authors:1zt94-eam95", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1zt94-eam95", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181023-102132294", "type": "article", "title": "Fractional excitations in foliated fracton phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-K" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Fractional excitations in fracton models exhibit novel features not present in conventional topological phases: their mobility is constrained, there are an infinitude of types, and they bear an exotic sense of 'braiding'. Hence, they require a new framework for proper characterization. Based on our definition of foliated fracton phases in which equivalence between models includes the possibility of adding layers of gapped 2D states, we propose to characterize fractional excitations in these phases up to the addition of quasiparticles with 2D mobility. That is, two quasiparticles differing by a set of quasiparticles that move along 2D planes are considered to be equivalent; likewise, 'braiding' statistics are measured in a way that is insensitive to the attachment of 2D quasiparticles. The fractional excitation types and statistics defined in this way provide a universal characterization of the underlying foliated fracton order which can subsequently be used to establish phase relations. We demonstrate as an example the equivalence between the X-cube model and the semionic X-cube model both in terms of fractional excitations and through an exact mapping.", "doi": "10.1016/j.aop.2019.167922", "issn": "0003-4916", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Annals of Physics", "publication_date": "2019-11", "volume": "410", "pages": "Art. No. 167922" }, { "id": "authors:vssw5-9m678", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vssw5-9m678", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190624-080757714", "type": "article", "title": "Foliated fracton order in the Majorana checkerboard model", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Taige", "orcid": "0000-0001-7227-915X", "clpid": "Wang-Taige" }, { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "We establish the presence of foliated fracton order in the Majorana checkerboard model. In particular, we describe an entanglement renormalization group transformation which utilizes toric code layers as resources of entanglement and furthermore discuss entanglement signatures and fractional excitations of the model. In fact, we give an exact local unitary equivalence between the Majorana checkerboard model and the semionic X-cube model augmented with decoupled fermionic modes. This mapping demonstrates that the model lies within the X-cube foliated fracton phase.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.100.085127", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2019-08-15", "series_number": "8", "volume": "100", "issue": "8", "pages": "Art. No. 085127" }, { "id": "authors:t2234-xx628", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "t2234-xx628", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181023-140032523", "type": "article", "title": "Foliated fracton order from gauging subsystem symmetries", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-K" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Based on several previous examples, we summarize explicitly the general procedure to gauge models with subsystem symmetries, which are symmetries with generators that have support within a sub-manifold of the system. The gauging process can be applied to any local quantum model on a lattice that is invariant under the subsystem symmetry. We focus primarily on simple 3D paramagnetic states with planar symmetries. For these systems, the gauged theory may exhibit foliated fracton order and we find that the species of symmetry charges in the paramagnet directly determine the resulting foliated fracton order. Moreover, we find that gauging linear subsystem symmetries in 2D or 3D models results in a self-duality similar to gauging global symmetries in 1D.", "doi": "10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.4.041", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2019-04-02", "series_number": "4", "volume": "6", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 041" }, { "id": "authors:rcbzk-7d279", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rcbzk-7d279", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181023-135513684", "type": "article", "title": "Foliated fracton order in the checkerboard model", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-K" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "In this work, we show that the checkerboard model exhibits the phenomenon of foliated fracton order. We introduce a renormalization-group transformation for the model that utilizes toric code bilayers as an entanglement resource and show how to extend the model to general three-dimensional manifolds. Furthermore, we use universal properties distilled from the structure of fractional excitations and ground-state entanglement to characterize the foliated fracton phase and find that it is the same as two copies of the X-cube model. Indeed, we demonstrate that the checkerboard model can be transformed into two copies of the X-cube model via an adiabatic deformation.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.99.115123", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2019-03-15", "series_number": "11", "volume": "99", "issue": "11", "pages": "Art. No. 115123" }, { "id": "authors:v5g3k-3xr63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "v5g3k-3xr63", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190109-090932499", "type": "article", "title": "Information scrambling in chaotic systems with dissipation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Yong-Liang", "clpid": "Zhang-Yong-Liang" }, { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Yichen", "clpid": "Huang-Yichen" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Chaotic dynamics in closed local quantum systems scrambles quantum information, which is manifested quantitatively in the decay of the out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOC) of local operators. How is information scrambling affected when the system is coupled to the environment and suffers from dissipation? In this paper, we address this question by defining a dissipative version of OTOC and numerically study its behavior in a prototypical chaotic quantum chain in the presence of dissipation. We find that dissipation leads to not only the overall decay of the scrambled information due to leaking but also structural changes so that the 'information light cone' can only reach a finite distance even when the effect of overall decay is removed. Based on this observation we conjecture a modified version of the Lieb-Robinson bound in dissipative systems.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevb.99.014303", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2019-01-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "99", "issue": "1", "pages": "Art. No. 014303" }, { "id": "authors:n6jb5-h4w65", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n6jb5-h4w65", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180924-141823095", "type": "article", "title": "Universal entanglement signatures of foliated fracton phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-K" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Fracton models exhibit a variety of exotic properties and lie beyond the conventional framework of gapped topological order. In a previous work, we generalized the notion of gapped phase to one of foliated fracton phase by allowing the addition of layers of gapped two-dimensional resources in the adiabatic evolution between gapped three-dimensional models. Moreover, we showed that the X-cube model is a fixed point of one such phase. In this paper, according to this definition, we look for universal properties of such phases which remain invariant throughout the entire phase. We propose multi-partite entanglement quantities, generalizing the proposal of topological entanglement entropy designed for conventional topological phases. We present arguments for the universality of these quantities and show that they attain non-zero constant value in non-trivial foliated fracton phases.", "doi": "10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.1.015", "issn": "2542-4653", "publisher": "SciPost", "publication": "SciPost Physics", "publication_date": "2019-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "6", "issue": "1", "pages": "Art. No. 015" }, { "id": "authors:3e3fc-8wa43", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3e3fc-8wa43", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171108-141516563", "type": "article", "title": "Matrix Product Representation of Locality Preserving Unitaries", "author": [ { "family_name": "\u015eahinoglu", "given_name": "M. Burak", "clpid": "\u015eahinoglu-M-B" }, { "family_name": "Shukla", "given_name": "Sujeet K.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4283-536X", "clpid": "Shukla-S-K" }, { "family_name": "Bi", "given_name": "Feng", "clpid": "Bi-Feng" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Matrix product representation provides a useful formalism to study not only entangled states but also entangled operators in one dimension. In this paper, we focus on unitary transformations and show that matrix product operators that are unitary provide a necessary and sufficient representation of one-dimensional (1D) unitaries that preserve locality. That is, we show that matrix product operators that are unitary are guaranteed to preserve locality by mapping local operators to local operators, while at the same time all locality-preserving unitaries can be represented in a matrix product way. Moreover, we show that matrix product representation gives a straightforward way to extract the index defined by Gross, Nesme, Vogts, and Werner in [D. Gross et al., Commun. Math. Phys. 310, 419 (2012)] for classifying 1D locality-preserving unitaries. The key to our discussion is a set of \"fixed-point\" conditions which characterize the form of the matrix product unitary operators after blocking sites. Finally, we show that if the unitary condition is only required for certain system sizes, then matrix product formalism allows more possibilities. In particular, we give an example of a simple matrix product operator which is unitary only for odd system sizes, does not preserve locality, and carries a \"fractional\" index.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.98.245122", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2018-12-15", "series_number": "24", "volume": "98", "issue": "24", "pages": "Art. No. 245122" }, { "id": "authors:fvxmt-2t683", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "fvxmt-2t683", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161107-095433292", "type": "article", "title": "Boson condensation and instability in the tensor network representation of string-net states", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shukla", "given_name": "Sujeet K.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4283-536X", "clpid": "Shukla-S-K" }, { "family_name": "\u015eahinoglu", "given_name": "M. Burak", "clpid": "\u015eahinoglu-M-B" }, { "family_name": "Pollmann", "given_name": "Frank", "clpid": "Pollmann-F" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "The tensor network representation of many-body quantum states, given by local tensors, provides a promising numerical tool for the study of strongly correlated topological phases in two dimensions. However, the representation may be vulnerable to instabilities caused by small variations in the local tensors. For example, the topological order in the tensor network representations of the toric code ground state has been shown in Chen, Zeng, Gu, Chuang, and Wen, Phys. Rev. B 82, 165119 (2010)to be unstable if the variations break certain Z_2 symmetry of the tensor. In this work, we ask whether other types of topological orders suffer from similar kinds of instability and if so, what is the underlying physical mechanism and whether we can protect the order by enforcing certain symmetries on the tensor. We answer these questions by showing that the tensor network representations of all string-net models are indeed unstable, but the matrix product operator (MPO) symmetries of the tensors identified in \u015eahino\u011flu, Williamson, Bultinck, Mari\u00ebn, Haegeman, Schuch, and Verstraete, arXiv:1409.2150 can help to protect the order. In particular, we show that a subset of variations that break the MPO symmetries lead to instability by inducing the condensation of bosonic quasiparticles, which destroys the topological order in the wave function. Therefore such variations must be forbidden for the encoded topological order to be reliably extracted from the local tensors. On the other hand, if a tensor network based variational algorithm is used to simulate the phase transition due to boson condensation, such variation directions may prove important to access the continuous transition correctly.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.98.125112", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2018-09-15", "series_number": "12", "volume": "98", "issue": "12", "pages": "Art. No. 125112" }, { "id": "authors:tev4b-hhw52", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "tev4b-hhw52", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171023-101545053", "type": "article", "title": "Exactly solvable model for two-dimensional topological superconductors", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zitao", "orcid": "0000-0002-2326-2674", "clpid": "Wang-Zitao" }, { "family_name": "Ning", "given_name": "Shang-Qiang", "clpid": "Ning-Shang-Qiang" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "In this paper, we present an exactly solvable model for two-dimensional topological superconductors with helical Majorana edge modes protected by time-reversal symmetry. Our construction is based on the idea of decorated domain walls and makes use of the Kasteleyn orientation on a two-dimensional lattice, which was used for the construction of the symmetry protected fermion phase with Z_2 symmetry by Tarantino et al. and Ware et al. By decorating the time-reversal domain walls with spinful Majorana chains, we are able to construct a commuting projector Hamiltonian with zero correlation length ground state wave function that realizes a strongly interacting version of the two-dimensional topological superconductor. From our construction, it can be seen that the T_2 = \u22121 transformation rule for the fermions is crucial for the existence of such a nontrivial phase; with T_2 = 1, our construction does not work.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.98.094502", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2018-09-01", "series_number": "9", "volume": "98", "issue": "9", "pages": "Art. No. 094502" }, { "id": "authors:ewtxa-rrj58", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ewtxa-rrj58", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180710-075128971", "type": "article", "title": "Fracton topological order from the Higgs and partial-confinement mechanisms of rank-two gauge theory", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Han", "clpid": "Ma-Han" }, { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Hermele-M" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Fractons are gapped pointlike excitations in d=3 topological ordered phases whose motion is constrained. They have been discovered in several gapped models but a unifying physical mechanism for generating them is still missing. It has been noticed that in symmetric-tensor U(1) gauge theories, charges are fractons and cannot move freely due to, for example, the conservation of not only the charge but also the dipole moment. To connect these theories with fully gapped fracton models, we study Higgs and partial confinement mechanisms in rank-2 symmetric-tensor gauge theories, where charges or magnetic excitations, respectively, are condensed. Specifically, we describe two different routes from the rank-2 U(1) scalar charge theory to the X-cube fracton topological order, finding that a combination of Higgs and partial confinement mechanisms is necessary to obtain the fully gapped fracton model. On the other hand, the rank-2 Z_2 scalar charge theory, which is obtained from the former theory upon condensing charge-2 matter, is equivalent to four copies of the d=3 toric code and does not support fracton excitations. We also explain how the checkerboard fracton model can be viewed as a rank-2 Z_2 gauge theory with two different Gauss' law constraints on different lattice sites.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.98.035111", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2018-07-15", "series_number": "3", "volume": "98", "issue": "3", "pages": "Art. No. 035111" }, { "id": "authors:xz98c-d5t51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xz98c-d5t51", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180829-095556028", "type": "article", "title": "Fracton Models on General Three-Dimensional Manifolds", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shirley", "given_name": "Wilbur", "clpid": "Shirley-W-E" }, { "family_name": "Slagle", "given_name": "Kevin", "orcid": "0000-0002-8036-3447", "clpid": "Slagle-K" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zhenghan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5253-6400", "clpid": "Wang-Zhenghan" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Fracton models, a collection of exotic gapped lattice Hamiltonians recently discovered in three spatial dimensions, contain some \"topological\" features: They support fractional bulk excitations (dubbed fractons) and a ground-state degeneracy that is robust to local perturbations. However, because previous fracton models have been defined and analyzed only on a cubic lattice with periodic boundary conditions, it is unclear to what extent a notion of topology is applicable. In this paper, we demonstrate that the X-cube model, a prototypical type-I fracton model, can be defined on general three-dimensional manifolds. Our construction revolves around the notion of a singular compact total foliation of the spatial manifold, which constructs a lattice from intersecting stacks of parallel surfaces called leaves. We find that the ground-state degeneracy depends on the topology of the leaves and the pattern of leaf intersections. We further show that such a dependence can be understood from a renormalization group transformation for the X-cube model, wherein the system size can be changed by adding or removing 2D layers of topological states. Our results lead to an improved definition of fracton phase and bring to the fore the topological nature of fracton orders.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevx.8.031051", "issn": "2160-3308", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review X", "publication_date": "2018-07", "series_number": "3", "volume": "8", "issue": "3", "pages": "Art. No. 031051" }, { "id": "authors:j2f8j-6xt03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "j2f8j-6xt03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161107-083133279", "type": "article", "title": "Symmetry Fractionalization in Two Dimensional Topological Phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Symmetry fractionalization describes the fascinating phenomena that excitations in a 2D topological system can transform under symmetry in a fractional way. For example in fractional quantum Hall systems, excitations can carry fractional charges while the electrons making up the system have charge one. An important question is to understand what symmetry fractionalization (SF) patterns are possible given different types of topological order and different global symmetries. A lot of progress has been made recently in classifying the SF patterns, providing deep insight into the strongly correlated experimental signatures of systems like spin liquids and topological insulators. We review recent developments on this topic. First, it was shown that the SF patterns need to satisfy some simple consistency conditions. More interestingly, it was realized that some seemingly consistent SF patterns are actually 'anomalous', i.e. they cannot be realized in strictly 2D systems. We review various methods that have been developed to detect such anomalies. Applying such an understanding to 2D spin liquid allows one to enumerate all potentially realizable SF patterns and propose numerical and experimental probing methods to distinguish them. On the other hand, the anomalous SF patterns were shown to exist on the surface of 3D systems and reflect the nontrivial order in the 3D bulk. We review examples of this kind where the bulk states are topological insulators, topological superconductors, or have other symmetry protected topological orders.", "doi": "10.1016/j.revip.2017.02.002", "issn": "2405-4283", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Reviews in Physics", "publication_date": "2017-11", "volume": "2", "pages": "3-18" }, { "id": "authors:rrys4-34112", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rrys4-34112", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161114-153129646", "type": "article", "title": "Out-of-time-ordered correlators in many-body localized systems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Yichen", "clpid": "Huang-Yichen" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Yong-Liang", "clpid": "Zhang-Yong-Liang" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "In many-body localized systems, propagation of information forms a light cone that grows logarithmically with time. However, local changes in energy or other conserved quantities typically spread only within a finite distance. Is it possible to detect the logarithmic light cone generated by a local perturbation from the response of a local operator at a later time? We numerically calculate various correlators in the random-field Heisenberg chain. While the equilibrium retarded correlator A(t = 0)B(t > 0) is not sensitive to the unbounded information propagation, the out-of-time-ordered correlator A(t = 0)B(t > 0)A(t = 0)B(t > 0) can detect the logarithmic light cone. We relate out-of-time-ordered correlators to the Lieb-Robinson bound in many-body localized systems, and show how to detect the logarithmic light cone with retarded correlators in specially designed states. Furthermore, we study the temperature dependence of the logarithmic light cone using out-of-time-ordered correlators.", "doi": "10.1002/andp.201600318", "issn": "0003-3804", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Annalen der Physik", "publication_date": "2017-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "529", "issue": "7", "pages": "Art. No. 1600318" }, { "id": "authors:5ar99-6rh03", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "5ar99-6rh03", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170622-102731134", "type": "article", "title": "Fracton topological order via coupled layers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ma", "given_name": "Han", "clpid": "Ma-Han" }, { "family_name": "Lake", "given_name": "Ethan", "clpid": "Lake-E" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Hermele-M" } ], "abstract": "In this work, we develop a coupled layer construction of fracton topological orders in d=3 spatial dimensions. These topological phases have subextensive topological ground-state degeneracy and possess excitations whose movement is restricted in interesting ways. Our coupled layer approach is used to construct several different fracton topological phases, both from stacked layers of simple d=2 topological phases and from stacks of d=3 fracton topological phases. This perspective allows us to shed light on the physics of the X-cube model recently introduced by Vijay, Haah, and Fu, which we demonstrate can be obtained as the strong-coupling limit of a coupled three-dimensional stack of toric codes. We also construct two new models of fracton topological order: a semionic generalization of the X-cube model, and a model obtained by coupling together four interpenetrating X-cube models, which we dub the 'four color cube model\". The couplings considered lead to fracton topological orders via mechanisms we dub \"p-string condensation\" and \"p-membrane condensation\", in which strings or membranes built from particle excitations are driven to condense. This allows the fusion properties, braiding statistics, and ground-state degeneracy of the phases we construct to be easily studied in terms of more familiar degrees of freedom. Our work raises the possibility of studying fracton topological phases from within the framework of topological quantum field theory, which may be useful for obtaining a more complete understanding of such phases.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.95.245126", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2017-06-15", "series_number": "24", "volume": "95", "issue": "24", "pages": "Art. No. 245126" }, { "id": "authors:xkysx-vdf41", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xkysx-vdf41", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170206-091125776", "type": "article", "title": "Twisted gauge theories in three-dimensional Walker-Wang models", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zitao", "orcid": "0000-0002-2326-2674", "clpid": "Wang-Zitao" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Three-dimensional gauge theories with a discrete gauge group can emerge from spin models as a gapped topological phase with fractional point excitations (gauge charge) and loop excitations (gauge flux). It is known that 3D gauge theories can be \"twisted,\" in the sense that the gauge flux loops can have nontrivial braiding statistics among themselves and such twisted gauge theories are realized in models discovered by Dijkgraaf and Witten. A different framework to systematically construct three-dimensional topological phases was proposed by Walker and Wang and a series of examples have been studied. Can the Walker-Wang construction be used to realize the topological order in twisted gauge theories? This is not immediately clear because the Walker-Wang construction is based on a loop condensation picture while the Dijkgraaf-Witten theory is based on a membrane condensation picture. In this paper, we show that the answer to this question is Yes, by presenting an explicit construction of the Walker-Wang models which realize both the twisted and untwisted gauge theories with gauge group Z_2\u00d7Z_2. We identify the topological order of the models by performing modular transformations on the ground-state wave functions and show that the modular matrices exactly match those for the Z_2\u00d7Z_2 gauge theories. By relating the Walker-Wang construction to the Dijkgraaf-Witten construction, our result opens up a way to study twisted gauge theories with fermonic charges, and correspondingly strongly interacting fermionic symmetry protected topological phases and their surface states, through exactly solvable models.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.95.115142", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2017-03-15", "series_number": "11", "volume": "95", "issue": "11", "pages": "Art. No. 115142" }, { "id": "authors:dwdjr-r4353", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dwdjr-r4353", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160510-094301838", "type": "article", "title": "Symmetry fractionalization and anomaly detection in three-dimensional topological phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Hermele-M" } ], "abstract": "In a phase with fractional excitations, topological properties are enriched in the presence of global symmetry. In particular, fractional excitations can transform under symmetry in a fractionalized manner, resulting in different symmetry enriched topological (SET) phases. While a good deal is now understood in 2D regarding what symmetry fractionalization patterns are possible, the situation in 3D is much more open. A new feature in 3D is the existence of loop excitations, so to study 3D SET phases, first we need to understand how to properly describe the fractionalized action of symmetry on loops. Using a dimensional reduction procedure, we show that these loop excitations exist as the boundary between two 2D SET phases, and the symmetry action is characterized by the corresponding difference in SET orders. Moreover, similar to the 2D case, we find that some seemingly possible symmetry fractionalization patterns are actually anomalous and cannot be realized strictly in 3D. We detect such anomalies using the flux fusion method we introduced previously in 2D. To illustrate these ideas, we use the 3DZ_2 gauge theory with Z_2 global symmetry as an example, and enumerate and describe the corresponding SET phases. In particular, we find four nonanomalous SET phases and one anomalous SET phase, which we show can be realized as the surface of a 4D system with symmetry protected topological order.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.94.195120", "issn": "1098-0121", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2016-11-15", "series_number": "19", "volume": "94", "issue": "19", "pages": "Art. No. 195120" }, { "id": "authors:aamdr-n5230", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "aamdr-n5230", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160623-123437341", "type": "article", "title": "Flux-Fusion Anomaly Test and Bosonic Topological Crystalline Insulators", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hermele", "given_name": "Michael", "clpid": "Hermele-M" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "We introduce a method, dubbed the flux-fusion anomaly test, to detect certain anomalous symmetry fractionalization patterns in two-dimensional symmetry-enriched topological (SET) phases. We focus on bosonic systems with \u2124_2 topological order and a symmetry group of the form G=U(1)\u22caG\u2032, where G\u2032 is an arbitrary group that may include spatial symmetries and/or time reversal. The anomalous fractionalization patterns we identify cannot occur in strictly d=2 systems but can occur at surfaces of d=3 symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases. This observation leads to examples of d=3 bosonic topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) that, to our knowledge, have not previously been identified. In some cases, these d=3 bosonic TCIs can have an anomalous superfluid at the surface, which is characterized by nontrivial projective transformations of the superfluid vortices under symmetry. The basic idea of our anomaly test is to introduce fluxes of the U(1) symmetry and to show that some fractionalization patterns cannot be extended to a consistent action of G\u2032 symmetry on the fluxes. For some anomalies, this can be described in terms of dimensional reduction to d=1 SPT phases. We apply our method to several different symmetry groups with nontrivial anomalies, including G=U(1)\u00d7\u2124^T_2 and G=U(1)\u00d7\u2124^P_2, where \u2124^T_2 and \u2124^P_2 are time-reversal and d=2 reflection symmetry, respectively.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041006", "issn": "2160-3308", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review X", "publication_date": "2016-10", "series_number": "4", "volume": "6", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 041006" }, { "id": "authors:zr4ma-33g67", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zr4ma-33g67", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160623-125613186", "type": "article", "title": "Time reversal invariant gapped boundaries of the double semion state", "author": [ { "family_name": "Burnell", "given_name": "Fiona", "clpid": "Burnell-F-J" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Kitaev", "given_name": "Alexei", "orcid": "0000-0002-5777-642X", "clpid": "Kitaev-A" }, { "family_name": "Metlitski", "given_name": "Max", "clpid": "Metlitski-M-A" }, { "family_name": "Vishwanath", "given_name": "Ashvin", "clpid": "Vishwanath-A" } ], "abstract": "The boundary of a fractionalized topological phase can be gapped by condensing a proper set of bosonic quasiparticles. Interestingly, in the presence of a global symmetry, such a boundary can have different symmetry transformation properties. Here we present an explicit example of this kind, in the double semion state with time reversal symmetry. We find two distinct cases where the semionic excitations on the boundary can transform either as time reversal singlets or as time reversal (Kramers) doublets, depending on the coherent phase factor of the Bose condensate. The existence of these two possibilities are demonstrated using both field-theory argument and exactly solvable lattice models. Furthermore, we study the domain walls between these two types of gapped boundaries and find that the application of time reversal symmetry tunnels a semion between them.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.93.235161", "issn": "2469-9950", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2016-06-15", "series_number": "23", "volume": "93", "issue": "23", "pages": "Art. No. 235161" }, { "id": "authors:aa1ag-k3157", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "aa1ag-k3157", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160104-140519845", "type": "article", "title": "Towards Gauging Time-Reversal Symmetry: A Tensor Network Approach", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Vishwanath", "given_name": "Ashvin", "clpid": "Vishwanath-A" } ], "abstract": "It is well known that unitary symmetries can be \"gauged,\" i.e., defined to act in a local way, which leads to a corresponding gauge field. Gauging, for example, the charge-conservation symmetry leads to electromagnetic gauge fields. It is an open question whether an analogous process is possible for time reversal which is an antiunitary symmetry. Here, we discuss a route to gauging time-reversal symmetry that applies to gapped quantum ground states that admit a tensor network representation. The tensor network representation of quantum states provides a notion of locality for the wave function coefficient and hence a notion of locality for the action of complex conjugation in antiunitary symmetries. Based on that, we show how time reversal can be applied locally and also describe time-reversal symmetry twists that act as gauge fluxes through nontrivial loops in the system. As with unitary symmetries, gauging time reversal provides useful access to the physical properties of the system. We show how topological invariants of certain time-reversal symmetric topological phases in D=1, 2 are readily extracted using these ideas.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevX.5.041034", "issn": "2160-3308", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review X", "publication_date": "2015-11-30", "series_number": "4", "volume": "5", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 041034" }, { "id": "authors:1av46-rn053", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1av46-rn053", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151113-155112359", "type": "article", "title": "Anomalous Symmetry Fractionalization and Surface Topological Order", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Burnell", "given_name": "F. J.", "clpid": "Burnell-F-J" }, { "family_name": "Vishwanath", "given_name": "Ashvin", "clpid": "Vishwanath-A" }, { "family_name": "Fidkowski", "given_name": "Lukasz", "clpid": "Fidkowski-L" } ], "abstract": "In addition to possessing fractional statistics, anyon excitations of a 2D topologically ordered state can realize symmetry in distinct ways, leading to a variety of symmetry-enriched topological (SET) phases. While the symmetry fractionalization must be consistent with the fusion and braiding rules of the anyons, not all ostensibly consistent symmetry fractionalizations can be realized in 2D systems. Instead, certain \"anomalous\" SETs can only occur on the surface of a 3D symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase. In this paper, we describe a procedure for determining whether a SET of a discrete, on-site, unitary symmetry group G is anomalous or not. The basic idea is to gauge the symmetry and expose the anomaly as an obstruction to a consistent topological theory combining both the original anyons and the gauge fluxes. Utilizing a result of Etingof, Nikshych, and Ostrik, we point out that a class of obstructions is captured by the fourth cohomology group H^4 (G,U(1)), which also precisely labels the set of 3D SPT phases, with symmetry group G. An explicit procedure for calculating the cohomology data from a SET is given, with the corresponding physical intuition explained. We thus establish a general bulk-boundary correspondence between the anomalous SET and the 3D bulk SPT whose surface termination realizes it. We illustrate this idea using the chiral spin liquid [U(1)_2] topological order with a reduced symmetry Z_2 \u00d7Z_2 \u2282SO(3) , which can act on the semion quasiparticle in an anomalous way. We construct exactly solved 3D SPT models realizing the anomalous surface terminations and demonstrate that they are nontrivial by computing three-loop braiding statistics. Possible extensions to antiunitary symmetries are also discussed.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevX.5.041013", "issn": "2160-3308", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review X", "publication_date": "2015-10-23", "series_number": "4", "volume": "5", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 041013" }, { "id": "authors:3besp-yyw60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3besp-yyw60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150618-130311270", "type": "article", "title": "Quantum circuit complexity of one-dimensional topological phases", "author": [ { "family_name": "Huang", "given_name": "Yichen", "clpid": "Huang-Yichen" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" } ], "abstract": "Topological quantum states cannot be created from product states with local quantum circuits of constant depth and are in this sense more entangled than topologically trivial states, but how entangled are they? Here we quantify the entanglement in one-dimensional topological states by showing that local quantum circuits of linear depth are necessary to generate them from product states. We establish this linear lower bound for both bosonic and fermionic one-dimensional topological phases and use symmetric circuits for phases with symmetry. We also show that the linear lower bound can be saturated by explicitly constructing circuits generating these topological states. The same results hold for local quantum circuits connecting topological states in different phases.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.91.195143", "issn": "1098-0121", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2015-05-15", "series_number": "19", "volume": "91", "issue": "19", "pages": "Art. No. 195143" }, { "id": "authors:6776c-ncm33", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6776c-ncm33", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150115-095144828", "type": "article", "title": "Exactly soluble model of a three-dimensional symmetry-protected topological phase of bosons with surface topological order", "author": [ { "family_name": "Burnell", "given_name": "F. J.", "clpid": "Burnell-F-J" }, { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Fidkowski", "given_name": "L.", "clpid": "Fidkowski-L" }, { "family_name": "Vishwanath", "given_name": "Ashvin", "clpid": "Vishwanath-A" } ], "abstract": "We construct an exactly soluble Hamiltonian on the D=3 cubic lattice, whose ground state is a topological phase of bosons protected by time-reversal symmetry, i.e., a symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase. In this model, excitations with anyonic statistics are shown to exist at the surface but not in the bulk. The statistics of these surface anyons is explicitly computed and shown to be identical to the three-fermion Z2 model, a variant of Z2 topological order which cannot be realized in a purely D=2 system with time-reversal symmetry. Thus the model realizes a novel surface termination for three-dimensional (3D) SPT phases, that of a fully symmetric gapped surface with topological order. The 3D phase found here was previously proposed from a field theoretic analysis but is outside the group cohomology classification that appears to capture all SPT phases in lower dimensions. Such phases may potentially be realized in spin-orbit-coupled magnetic insulators, which evade magnetic ordering. Our construction utilizes the Walker-Wang prescription to create a 3D confined phase with surface anyons, which can be extended to other topological phases.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.90.245122", "issn": "1098-0121", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2014-12-15", "series_number": "24", "volume": "90", "issue": "24", "pages": "Art. No. 245122" }, { "id": "authors:h78n0-q8d50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "h78n0-q8d50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130509-104730026", "type": "article", "title": "Symmetry protected topological orders and the group cohomology of their symmetry group", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chen", "given_name": "Xie", "orcid": "0000-0003-2215-2497", "clpid": "Chen-Xie" }, { "family_name": "Gu", "given_name": "Zheng-Cheng", "clpid": "Gu-Zheng-Cheng" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Zheng-Xin", "clpid": "Liu-Zheng-Xin" }, { "family_name": "Wen", "given_name": "Xiao-Gang", "clpid": "Wen-Xiao-Gang" } ], "abstract": "Symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases are gapped short-range-entangled quantum phases with a symmetry G. They can all be smoothly connected to the same trivial product state if we break the symmetry. The Haldane phase of spin-1 chain is the first example of SPT phases which is protected by SO(3) spin rotation symmetry. The topological insulator is another example of SPT phases which are protected by U(1) and time-reversal symmetries. In this paper, we show that interacting bosonic SPT phases can be systematically described by group cohomology theory: Distinct d-dimensional bosonic SPT phases with on-site symmetry G (which may contain antiunitary time-reversal symmetry) can be labeled by the elements in H^(1+d)[G,UT(1)], the Borel (1+d)-group-cohomology classes of G over the G module UT(1). Our theory, which leads to explicit ground-state wave functions and commuting projector Hamiltonians, is based on a new type of topological term that generalizes the topological \u03b8 term in continuous nonlinear \u03c3 models to lattice nonlinear \u03c3 models. The boundary excitations of the nontrivial SPT phases are described by lattice nonlinear \u03c3 models with a nonlocal Lagrangian term that generalizes the Wess-Zumino-Witten term for continuous nonlinear \u03c3 models. As a result, the symmetry G must be realized as a non-on-site symmetry for the low-energy boundary excitations, and those boundary states must be gapless or degenerate. As an application of our result, we can use H^(1+d)[U(1)\u22ca Z^(T)_(2),U_T(1)] to obtain interacting bosonic topological insulators (protected by time reversal Z2T and boson number conservation), which contain one nontrivial phase in one-dimensional (1D) or 2D and three in 3D. We also obtain interacting bosonic topological superconductors (protected by time-reversal symmetry only), in term of H^(1+d)[Z^(T)_(2),U_T(1)], which contain one nontrivial phase in odd spatial dimensions and none for even dimensions. Our result is much more general than the above two examples, since it is for any symmetry group. For example, we can use H1+d[U(1)\u00d7Z2T,UT(1)] to construct the SPT phases of integer spin systems with time-reversal and U(1) spin rotation symmetry, which contain three nontrivial SPT phases in 1D, none in 2D, and seven in 3D. Even more generally, we find that the different bosonic symmetry breaking short-range-entangled phases are labeled by the following three mathematical objects: (G_H,G_\u03a8,H^(1+d)[G_\u03a8,U_T(1)]), where G_H is the symmetry group of the Hamiltonian and G_\u03a8 the symmetry group of the ground states.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.87.155114", "issn": "1098-0121", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review B", "publication_date": "2013-04-04", "series_number": "15", "volume": "87", "issue": "15", "pages": "Art. No. 155114" } ]