[ { "id": "authors:qzxyh-jt494", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qzxyh-jt494", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qzxyh-jt494", "type": "article", "title": "Annotated Coadds: Concise Metrics for Characterizing Survey Cadence and for Discovering Variable and Transient Sources", "author": [ { "family_name": "Shupe", "given_name": "David L.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4401-0430", "clpid": "Shupe-David-L" }, { "family_name": "Masci", "given_name": "Frank J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8532-9395", "clpid": "Masci-Frank" }, { "family_name": "Chary", "given_name": "Ranga Ram", "orcid": "0000-0001-7583-0621", "clpid": "Chary-Ranga Ram" }, { "family_name": "Helou", "given_name": "George", "orcid": "0000-0003-3367-3415", "clpid": "Helou-G" }, { "family_name": "Faisst", "given_name": "Andreas L.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9382-9832", "clpid": "Faisst-Andreas-L" }, { "family_name": "Cutri", "given_name": "Roc M.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0077-2305", "clpid": "Cutri-Roc-M" }, { "family_name": "Brooke", "given_name": "Tim Y.", "clpid": "Brooke-Timothy-Y" }, { "family_name": "Surace", "given_name": "Jason A", "orcid": "0000-0001-7291-0087", "clpid": "Surace-Jason-A" }, { "family_name": "Marsh", "given_name": "Ken A", "orcid": "0000-0003-0107-7803", "clpid": "Marsh-Kenneth" } ], "abstract": "

In order to study transient phenomena in the Universe, existing and forthcoming imaging surveys are covering wide areas of sky repeatedly over time, with a range of cadences, point spread functions, and depths. We describe here a framework that allows an efficient search for different types of time-varying astrophysical phenomena in current and future, large data repositories. We first present a methodology to generate and store key survey parameters that enable researchers to determine if a survey, or a combination of surveys, allows specific time-variable astrophysical phenomena to be discovered. To facilitate further exploration of sources in regions of interest, we then generate a few sample metrics that capture the essential brightness characteristics of a sky pixel at a specific wavelength. Together, we refer to these as \"annotated coadds.\" The techniques presented here for WISE/NEOWISE-R data are sensitive to 10% brightness variations at around 12th Vega magnitude at 4.5 μm wavelength. Application of the technique to Zwicky Transient Factory data also enabled the detection of 0.5 mag variability at 20 AB mag in the r-band. We demonstrate the capabilities of these metrics for different classes of sources: high proper-motion stars, periodic variable stars, and supernovae, and find that each metric has its advantages depending on the nature of variability. We also present a data structure which will ease the search for temporally varying phenomena in future surveys.

", "doi": "10.1088/1538-3873/aceeb6", "issn": "0004-6280", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "publication": "Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication_date": "2023-08", "series_number": "1050", "volume": "135", "issue": "1050", "pages": "084503" }, { "id": "authors:qr7vb-95k31", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "qr7vb-95k31", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190213-135514906", "type": "article", "title": "The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives", "author": [ { "family_name": "Graham", "given_name": "Matthew J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3168-0139", "clpid": "Graham-M-J" }, { "family_name": "Kulkarni", "given_name": "S. R.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5390-8563", "clpid": "Kulkarni-S-R" }, { "family_name": "Bellm", "given_name": "Eric C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8018-5348", "clpid": "Bellm-Eric-C" }, { "family_name": "Adams", "given_name": "S. M.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5855-5939", "clpid": "Adams-Scott-M" }, { "family_name": "Barbarino", "given_name": "Cristina", "orcid": "0000-0002-3821-6144", "clpid": "Barbarino-Cristina" }, { "family_name": "Blagorodnova", "given_name": "N.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0901-1606", "clpid": "Blagorodnova-Nadejda" }, { "family_name": "Bodewits", "given_name": "Dennis", "orcid": "0000-0002-2668-7248", "clpid": "Bodewits-Dennis" }, { "family_name": "Bolin", "given_name": "Bryce", "orcid": "0000-0002-4950-6323", "clpid": "Bolin-Bryce-T" }, { "family_name": "Brady", "given_name": "Patrick R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4611-9387", "clpid": "Brady-Patrick-R" }, { "family_name": "Cenko", "given_name": "S. B.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1673-970X", "clpid": "Cenko-S-Bradley" }, { "family_name": "Chang", "given_name": "Chan-Kao", "orcid": "0000-0003-1656-4540", "clpid": "Chang-Chan-Kao" }, { "family_name": "Coughlin", "given_name": "M. W.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8262-2924", "clpid": "Coughlin-Michael-W" }, { "family_name": "De", "given_name": "Kishalay", "orcid": "0000-0002-8989-0542", "clpid": "De-Kishalay" }, { "family_name": "Eadie", "given_name": "Gwendolyn", "orcid": "0000-0003-3734-8177", "clpid": "Eadie-Gwendolyn" }, { "family_name": "Farnham", "given_name": "Tony L.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4767-9861", "clpid": "Farnham-Tony-L" }, { "family_name": "Feindt", "given_name": "U.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9435-2167", "clpid": "Feindt-Ulrich" }, { "family_name": "Franckowiak", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Franckowiak-A" }, { "family_name": "Fremling", "given_name": "C.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4223-103X", "clpid": "Fremling-Christoffer" }, { "family_name": "Gezari", "given_name": "Suvi", "orcid": "0000-0003-3703-5154", "clpid": "Gezari-Suvi" }, { "family_name": "Ghosh", "given_name": "Shaon", "orcid": "0000-0001-9901-6253", "clpid": "Ghosh-Shaon" }, { "family_name": "Goldstein", "given_name": "Daniel A.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3461-8661", "clpid": "Goldstein-Daniel-A" }, { "family_name": "Golkhou", "given_name": "V. 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"clpid": "Frederick-Sara" }, { "family_name": "Gal-Yam", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3653-5598", "clpid": "Gal-Yam-Avishay" }, { "family_name": "Giomi", "given_name": "Matteo", "clpid": "Giomi-Matteo" }, { "family_name": "Groom", "given_name": "Steven L.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5668-3507", "clpid": "Groom-Steven-L" }, { "family_name": "Hacopians", "given_name": "Eugean", "clpid": "Hacopians-Eugean" }, { "family_name": "Hale", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Hale-David-D-S" }, { "family_name": "Helou", "given_name": "G.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3367-3415", "clpid": "Helou-G" }, { "family_name": "Henning", "given_name": "John", "clpid": "Henning-John" }, { "family_name": "Hover", "given_name": "David", "clpid": "Hover-David-J" }, { "family_name": "Hillenbrand", "given_name": "Lynne A.", "clpid": "Hillenbrand-L-A" }, { "family_name": "Howell", "given_name": "Justin", "orcid": "0000-0002-5924-0629", "clpid": "Howell-Justin" }, { "family_name": "Hung", "given_name": "Tiara", "orcid": "0000-0002-9878-7889", "clpid": "Hung-Tiara" }, { "family_name": "Imel", "given_name": "David", "orcid": "0000-0002-6118-7396", "clpid": "Imel-David-A" }, { "family_name": "Ip", "given_name": "Wing-Huen", "orcid": "0000-0002-3140-5014", "clpid": "Ip-Wing-Huen" }, { "family_name": "Jackson", "given_name": "Edward", "clpid": "Jackson-Edward" }, { "family_name": "Kaspi", "given_name": "S.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9925-534X", "clpid": "Kaspi-Shai" }, { "family_name": "Kaye", "given_name": "Stephen", "clpid": "Kaye-Stephen" }, { "family_name": "Kowalski", "given_name": "Marek", "orcid": "0000-0001-8594-8666", "clpid": "Kowalski-Marek" }, { "family_name": "Kramer", "given_name": "Emily", "orcid": "0000-0003-0457-2519", "clpid": "Kramer-Emily-A" }, { "family_name": "Kuhn", "given_name": "Michael A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0631-7514", "clpid": "Kuhn-Michael-A" }, { "family_name": "Landry", "given_name": "Walter", "clpid": "Landry-Walter" }, { "family_name": "Laher", "given_name": "Russ R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2451-5482", "clpid": "Laher-Russ-R" }, { "family_name": "Mao", "given_name": "Peter H.", "clpid": "Mao-Peter-H" }, { "family_name": "Masci", "given_name": "Frank J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8532-9395", "clpid": "Masci-Frank-J" }, { "family_name": "Monkewitz", "given_name": "Serge", "clpid": "Monkewitz-Serge-M" }, { "family_name": "Murphy", "given_name": "Patrick", "clpid": "Murphy-Patrick" }, { "family_name": "Nordin", "given_name": "Jakob", "orcid": "0000-0001-8342-6274", "clpid": "Nordin-Jakob" }, { "family_name": "Patterson", "given_name": "Maria T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4753-3387", "clpid": "Patterson-Maria-T" }, { "family_name": "Penprase", "given_name": "B. E.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7000-3181", "clpid": "Penprase-Bryan-E" }, { "family_name": "Porter", "given_name": "Michael", "orcid": "0000-0003-3168-5586", "clpid": "Porter-Michael-D" }, { "family_name": "Rebbapragada", "given_name": "U. D.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2560-3495", "clpid": "Rebbapragada-Umaa-D" }, { "family_name": "Reiley", "given_name": "Daniel J.", "clpid": "Reiley-Daniel-J" }, { "family_name": "Riddle", "given_name": "Reed", "orcid": "0000-0002-0387-370X", "clpid": "Riddle-Reed-L" }, { "family_name": "Rigault", "given_name": "M.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8121-2560", "clpid": "Rigault-Mickael" }, { "family_name": "Rodriguez", "given_name": "Hector", "clpid": "Rodriguez-Hector" }, { "family_name": "Rusholme", "given_name": "B.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7648-4142", "clpid": "Rusholme-Benjamin" }, { "family_name": "van Santen", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "van-Santen-J" }, { "family_name": "Shupe", "given_name": "D. L.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4401-0430", "clpid": "Shupe-David-L" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "Roger M.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7062-9726", "clpid": "Smith-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Soumagnac", "given_name": "Maayane T.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6753-1488", "clpid": "Soumagnac-Maayane-T" }, { "family_name": "Stein", "given_name": "Robert", "clpid": "Stein-Robert-M" }, { "family_name": "Surace", "given_name": "Jason", "orcid": "0000-0001-7291-0087", "clpid": "Surace-Jason-A" }, { "family_name": "Szkody", "given_name": "Paula", "orcid": "0000-0003-4373-7777", "clpid": "Szkody-Paula" }, { "family_name": "Terek", "given_name": "Scott", "clpid": "Terek-Scott" }, { "family_name": "Van Sistine", "given_name": "Angela", "orcid": "0000-0003-4131-173X", "clpid": "Van-Sistine-Angela" }, { "family_name": "van Velzen", "given_name": "Sjoert", "orcid": "0000-0002-3859-8074", "clpid": "van-Velzen-Sjoert" }, { "family_name": "Vestrand", "given_name": "W. T.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7120-7234", "clpid": "Vestrand-W-Thomas" }, { "family_name": "Walters", "given_name": "Richard", "orcid": "0000-0002-1835-6078", "clpid": "Walters-Richard-S" }, { "family_name": "Ward", "given_name": "Charlotte A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4557-6682", "clpid": "Ward-Charlotte-A" }, { "family_name": "Zhang", "given_name": "Chaoran", "orcid": "0000-0001-8288-5823", "clpid": "Zhang-Chaoran" }, { "family_name": "Zolkower", "given_name": "Jeffry", "clpid": "Zolkower-Jeffry-N" } ], "abstract": "The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), a public\u2013private enterprise, is a new time-domain survey employing a dedicated camera on the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt telescope with a 47 deg^2 field of view and an 8 second readout time. It is well positioned in the development of time-domain astronomy, offering operations at 10% of the scale and style of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) with a single 1-m class survey telescope. The public surveys will cover the observable northern sky every three nights in g and r filters and the visible Galactic plane every night in g and r. Alerts generated by these surveys are sent in real time to brokers. A consortium of universities that provided funding (\"partnership\") are undertaking several boutique surveys. The combination of these surveys producing one million alerts per night allows for exploration of transient and variable astrophysical phenomena brighter than r ~ 20.5 on timescales of minutes to years. We describe the primary science objectives driving ZTF, including the physics of supernovae and relativistic explosions, multi-messenger astrophysics, supernova cosmology, active galactic nuclei, and tidal disruption events, stellar variability, and solar system objects.", "doi": "10.1088/1538-3873/ab006c", "issn": "0004-6280", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication": "Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication_date": "2019-07", "series_number": "1001", "volume": "131", "issue": "1001", "pages": "Art. No. 078001" }, { "id": "authors:f58y4-9tk79", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "f58y4-9tk79", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181207-084047368", "type": "article", "title": "The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bellm", "given_name": "Eric C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8018-5348", "clpid": "Bellm-Eric-C" }, { "family_name": "Kulkarni", "given_name": "Shrinivas R.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5390-8563", "clpid": "Kulkarni-S-R" }, { "family_name": "Graham", "given_name": "Matthew J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3168-0139", "clpid": "Graham-M-J" }, { "family_name": "Dekany", "given_name": "Richard", "orcid": "0000-0002-5884-7867", "clpid": "Dekany-Richard-G" }, { "family_name": "Smith", "given_name": "Roger M.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7062-9726", "clpid": "Smith-R-M" }, { "family_name": "Riddle", "given_name": "Reed", "orcid": "0000-0002-0387-370X", "clpid": "Riddle-Reed-L" }, { "family_name": "Masci", "given_name": "Frank J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8532-9395", "clpid": "Masci-Frank-J" }, { "family_name": "Helou", "given_name": "George", "orcid": "0000-0003-3367-3415", "clpid": "Helou-G" }, { "family_name": "Prince", "given_name": "Thomas A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8850-3627", "clpid": "Prince-T-A" }, { "family_name": "Adams", "given_name": "Scott M.", "orcid": "0000-0001-5855-5939", "clpid": "Adams-Scott-M" }, { "family_name": "Barbarino", "given_name": "C.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3821-6144", "clpid": "Barbarino-Cristina" }, { "family_name": "Barlow", "given_name": "Tom A.", "clpid": "Barlow-Thomas-A" }, { "family_name": "Bauer", "given_name": "James M.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9542-0953", "clpid": "Bauer-James-M" }, { "family_name": "Beck", "given_name": "R.", "clpid": "Beck-R" }, { "family_name": "Belicki", "given_name": "Justin", "clpid": "Belicki-Justin" }, { "family_name": "Biswas", "given_name": "Rahul", "orcid": "0000-0002-5741-7195", "clpid": "Biswas-Rahul" }, { "family_name": "Blagorodnova", "given_name": "N.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0901-1606", "clpid": "Blagorodnova-Nadejda" }, { "family_name": "Bodewits", "given_name": "Dennis", "orcid": "0000-0002-2668-7248", "clpid": "Bodewits-Dennis" }, { "family_name": "Bolin", "given_name": "Bryce", "orcid": "0000-0002-4950-6323", "clpid": "Bolin-Bryce-T" }, { "family_name": "Brinnel", "given_name": "V.", "clpid": "Brinnel-Valery" }, { "family_name": "Brooke", "given_name": "T. 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D.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2560-3495", "clpid": "Rebbapragada-Umaa-D" }, { "family_name": "Reiley", "given_name": "Daniel J.", "clpid": "Reiley-Daniel-J" }, { "family_name": "Rigault", "given_name": "Michael" }, { "family_name": "Rodriguez", "given_name": "Hector", "clpid": "Rodriguez-Hector" }, { "family_name": "van Roestel", "given_name": "J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2626-2872", "clpid": "van-Roestel-Jan" }, { "family_name": "Rusholme", "given_name": "B.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7648-4142", "clpid": "Rusholme-Benjamin" }, { "family_name": "van Santen", "given_name": "J.", "clpid": "van-Santen-J" }, { "family_name": "Schulze", "given_name": "S.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6797-1889", "clpid": "Schulze-Steve" }, { "family_name": "Shupe", "given_name": "D. L.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4401-0430", "clpid": "Shupe-David-L" }, { "family_name": "Singer", "given_name": "Leo P.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9898-5597", "clpid": "Singer-Leo-P" }, { "family_name": "Soumagnac", "given_name": "Maayane T.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6753-1488", "clpid": "Soumagnac-Maayane-T" }, { "family_name": "Stein", "given_name": "Robert", "clpid": "Stein-Robert-M" }, { "family_name": "Surace", "given_name": "Jason", "orcid": "0000-0001-7291-0087", "clpid": "Surace-Jason-A" }, { "family_name": "Sollerman", "given_name": "J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1546-6615", "clpid": "Sollerman-J" }, { "family_name": "Szkody", "given_name": "Paula", "orcid": "0000-0003-4373-7777", "clpid": "Szkody-Paula" }, { "family_name": "Taddia", "given_name": "F.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2387-6801", "clpid": "Taddia-Francesco" }, { "family_name": "Terek", "given_name": "Scott", "clpid": "Terek-Scott" }, { "family_name": "Van Sistine", "given_name": "Angela", "orcid": "0000-0003-4131-173X", "clpid": "Van-Sistine-Angela" }, { "family_name": "van Velzen", "given_name": "Sjoert", "orcid": "0000-0002-3859-8074", "clpid": "van-Velzen-Sjoert" }, { "family_name": "Vestrand", "given_name": "W. T.", "orcid": "0000-0001-7120-7234", "clpid": "Vestrand-W-Thomas" }, { "family_name": "Walters", "given_name": "Richard", "orcid": "0000-0002-1835-6078", "clpid": "Walters-Richard-S" }, { "family_name": "Ward", "given_name": "Charlotte", "orcid": "0000-0002-4557-6682", "clpid": "Ward-Charlotte-A" }, { "family_name": "Yi", "given_name": "Quan-Zhi", "clpid": "Yi-Quan-Zhi" }, { "family_name": "Yu", "given_name": "Po-Chieh", "orcid": "0000-0001-8894-0854", "clpid": "Yu-Po-Chieh" }, { "family_name": "Yan", "given_name": "Lin", "orcid": "0000-0003-1710-9339", "clpid": "Yan-Lin" } ], "abstract": "The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new optical time-domain survey that uses the Palomar 48 inch Schmidt telescope. A custom-built wide-field camera provides a 47 deg^2 field of view and 8 s readout time, yielding more than an order of magnitude improvement in survey speed relative to its predecessor survey, the Palomar Transient Factory. We describe the design and implementation of the camera and observing system. The ZTF data system at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center provides near-real-time reduction to identify moving and varying objects. We outline the analysis pipelines, data products, and associated archive. Finally, we present on-sky performance analysis and first scientific results from commissioning and the early survey. ZTF's public alert stream will serve as a useful precursor for that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.", "doi": "10.1088/1538-3873/aaecbe", "issn": "0004-6280", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication": "Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication_date": "2019-01", "series_number": "995", "volume": "131", "issue": "995", "pages": "Art. No. 018002" } ]