[
    {
        "id": "authors:c2ta7-2ts83",
        "collection": "authors",
        "collection_id": "c2ta7-2ts83",
        "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160223-165608841",
        "type": "book_section",
        "title": "Computing with Action Potentials",
        "book_title": "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 10 (NIPS 1997)",
        "author": [
            {
                "family_name": "Hopfield",
                "given_name": "John J.",
                "clpid": "Hopfield-J-J"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Brody",
                "given_name": "Carlos D.",
                "clpid": "Brody-C-D"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Roweis",
                "given_name": "Sam",
                "clpid": "Roweis-S"
            }
        ],
        "contributor": [
            {
                "family_name": "Jordan",
                "given_name": "Michael I.",
                "clpid": "Jordan-M-I"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Kearns",
                "given_name": "Michael J.",
                "clpid": "Kearns-M-J"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Solla",
                "given_name": "Sara A.",
                "clpid": "Solla-S-A"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": "Most computational engineering based loosely on biology uses continuous variables to represent neural activity. Yet most neurons communicate with action potentials. The engineering view is equivalent to using a rate-code for representing information and for computing. An increasing\nnumber of examples are being discovered in which biology may not be using rate codes. Information can be represented using the timing of action potentials, and efficiently computed with in this representation. The \"analog match\" problem of odour identification is a simple problem\nwhich can be efficiently solved using action potential timing and an underlying rhythm. By using adapting units to effect a fundamental change of representation of a problem, we map the recognition of words (having uniform time-warp) in connected speech into the same analog match\nproblem. We describe the architecture and preliminary results of such a recognition system. Using the fast events of biology in conjunction with an underlying rhythm is one way to overcome the limits of an event-driven view of computation. When the intrinsic hardware is much faster\nthan the time scale of change of inputs, this approach can greatly increase the effective computation per unit time on a given quantity of hardware.",
        "isbn": "0-262-10076-2",
        "publisher": "MIT Press",
        "place_of_publication": "Cambridge, MA",
        "publication_date": "1998",
        "pages": "166-172"
    },
    {
        "id": "authors:5n9me-g0407",
        "collection": "authors",
        "collection_id": "5n9me-g0407",
        "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160203-164747715",
        "type": "book_section",
        "title": "A Model of Feedback to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus",
        "book_title": "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 5 (NIPS 1992)",
        "author": [
            {
                "family_name": "Brody",
                "given_name": "Carlos D.",
                "clpid": "Brody-C-D"
            }
        ],
        "contributor": [
            {
                "family_name": "Hanson",
                "given_name": "Stephen Jos\u00e9",
                "clpid": "Hanson-S-J"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Cowan",
                "given_name": "Jack D.",
                "clpid": "Cowan-J-D"
            },
            {
                "family_name": "Giles",
                "given_name": "C. Lee",
                "clpid": "Giles-C-L"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": "Simplified models of the lateral geniculate nucles (LGN) and striate cortex illustrate the possibility that feedback to the LGN may be used for robust, low-level pattern analysis. The information fed back to the LGN is rebroadcast to cortex using the LGN's full fan-out, so the cortex-LGN-cortex pathway mediates extensive cortico-cortical communication while keeping the number of necessary\nconnections small.",
        "isbn": "1-55860-274-7",
        "publisher": "Morgan Kaufmann",
        "place_of_publication": "San Mateo, CA",
        "publication_date": "1993",
        "pages": "409-416"
    }
]