[ { "id": "authors:61g9f-1ek57", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "61g9f-1ek57", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180626-152424518", "type": "book_section", "title": "Noble Gas Ion Lasers", "book_title": "Encyclopedia of Modern Optics (Second Edition)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "W. B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Guenther", "given_name": "Bob D.", "clpid": "Guenther-R-D" }, { "family_name": "Steel", "given_name": "Duncan G.", "clpid": "Steel-D-G" } ], "abstract": "[no abstract]", "doi": "10.1016/B978-0-12-809283-5.01249-0", "isbn": "978-0-12-814982-9", "publisher": "Elsevier", "place_of_publication": "New York, NY", "publication_date": "2005", "pages": "376-383" }, { "id": "authors:985be-kp918", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "985be-kp918", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181107-153927819", "type": "book_section", "title": "Slot-vee antenna-coupled electro-optic modulator", "book_title": "Photonics and Radio Frequency II", "author": [ { "family_name": "Burrows", "given_name": "Lee J.", "clpid": "Burrows-L-J" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Zagar", "given_name": "Gregory J.", "clpid": "Zagar-G-J" }, { "family_name": "Goutzoulis", "given_name": "Anastasios P.", "clpid": "Goutzoulis-A-P" }, { "family_name": "Pirich", "given_name": "Andrew R.", "clpid": "Pirich-A-R" } ], "abstract": "We have demonstrated slot vee antenna-coupled electro-optic modulators at 24 GHz. (optical wavelength 1.3 \u00b5m). The lost vee antenna design allows for a more robust microwave signal feed into the LiNbO_3 chip, where the modulator itself acts as a slab waveguide for the microwave signal. The antenna-coupled design overcomes the velocity mismatch problems inherent in LiNbO_3 traveling-wave electro-optic modulators.", "doi": "10.1117/12.330399", "isbn": "9780819429186", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1998-11-03", "pages": "56-65" }, { "id": "authors:b67n2-ez021", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "b67n2-ez021", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120207-114517822", "type": "book_section", "title": "Antenna-Coupled Millimeter-Wave Electro-optic Modulators for 20 to 100 GHz", "book_title": "1996 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP '96) Technical Digest", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Burrows", "given_name": "Lee J.", "clpid": "Burrows-L-J" }, { "family_name": "Cummings", "given_name": "Uri V.", "clpid": "Cummings-U-V" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Scherer", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2160-9064", "clpid": "Scherer-A" }, { "family_name": "Sheehy", "given_name": "Finbar T.", "clpid": "Sheehy-F-T" } ], "abstract": "Coupling the signal to the electrodes of an integrated electro-optical modulator with an array of antennas is used to velocity-match the modulation and optical waves, greatly extending-the length-to-modulation frequency product of the modulator. In addition, antenna coupling eliminates the parasitic elements associated with coax connectors, matching transformers and bond wires. This paper summarizes the results obtained to date with this technique at 20 to 100 GHz, with phase modulators, Mach-Zehnder modulators, and delta-beta directional coupler modulators.", "doi": "10.1109/MWP.1996.662057", "isbn": "0-7803-3129-X", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1996-12", "pages": "21-24" }, { "id": "authors:wsk9d-q6z44", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wsk9d-q6z44", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120131-142515246", "type": "book_section", "title": "Linearized modulators for analog photonic links", "book_title": "1996 Internatonal Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Technical Digest (MWP '96)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Cummings", "given_name": "Uri V.", "clpid": "Cummings-U-V" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" } ], "abstract": "The potential applications of high dynamic range analog RF photonic links include antenna remoting, photonic-coupled phased-array antennas, and cable-television transmission. This paper compares the results obtained with a number of different electro-optic modulator types and link configurations assuming an ideal velocity-matched modulator. The degrading effects of velocity mismatching are also presented for some of the modulators studied.", "doi": "10.1109/MWP.1996.662067", "isbn": "0-7803-3129-X", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1996-12", "pages": "61-64" }, { "id": "authors:348ef-zxz74", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "348ef-zxz74", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120207-132353277", "type": "book_section", "title": "Effects of Velocity Mismatch and Transit Time on Linearized Electro-Optic Modulators", "book_title": "1996 Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting", "author": [ { "family_name": "Cummings", "given_name": "Uri V.", "clpid": "Cummings-U-V" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "abstract": "The program written for this study allows calculations for periodically-rephased modulators since the modulator is already broken up into a series of incremental matrices. Thus if the modulator is allowed to be mismatched for a few matrices and then rephased for the next few and so on, we have the results shown for a four segment modulator (3 rephasings). modulators are considered.", "doi": "10.1109/LEOS.1996.571608", "isbn": "0-7803-3160-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1996-11", "pages": "174-175" }, { "id": "authors:re95a-bf666", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "re95a-bf666", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120216-075336995", "type": "book_section", "title": "Comparison of Analog R-F Photonic Links Using a Variety of Linearized Electro-Optic Modulators", "book_title": "IEEE/LEOS: 1995 digest of the LEOS summer topical meetings", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" } ], "abstract": "The potential applications of high dynamic range analog r-f photonic links include antenna\nremoting, photonic-coupled phased-array antennas, and cable-television transmission. This\npaper compares the results obtained with a number of different modulator types and link\nconfigurations and gives recent experimental results. Further details on the analysis and results\nfor some of the schemes can be found in a review paper that will appear later this year.", "doi": "10.1109/LEOSST.1995.764166", "isbn": "0-7803-2448-X", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1995-08", "pages": "3-4" }, { "id": "authors:vb6p3-8bq94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vb6p3-8bq94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161019-135908693", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Study of Broadband Microwave Fiber Optic Links with Linearized Integrated-Optic Modulators", "book_title": "Optoelectronic Signal Processing for Phased-Array Antennas IV", "author": [ { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Hendrickson", "given_name": "Brian", "clpid": "Hendrickson-B-M" } ], "abstract": "A universally accepted figure of merit for analog microwave transmission links is the spur-free dynamic range (SFDR), which is the ratio (usually expressed in dB) of the largest to smallest signal a link can transmit and receive without introducing any measurable distortion. This paper presents the result of a study of broadband, microwave fiber optic links that contain high- linearity integrated-optic modulators. This study focused on two distinct modulator forms, the dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator and the linearized directional-coupler modulator. Computer simulations were performed to determine how the SFDR was affected by variations of modulator parameters. In addition, the dynamic range and noise figure of links that included preamplifiers were calculated. The results of the link analysis was that the linearized directional-coupler modulator provided the highest SFDR for a broadband microwave fiber optic link.", "doi": "10.1117/12.177403", "isbn": "0-8194-1450-6", "publisher": "Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1994-06-10", "pages": "218-228" }, { "id": "authors:2cjrt-8gw50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2cjrt-8gw50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120313-101432188", "type": "book_section", "title": "Wave-Coupled W-Band LiNbO_3 Mach-Zehnder Modulator", "book_title": "1992 Digest IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Sheehy", "given_name": "Finbar T.", "clpid": "Sheehy-F-T" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" } ], "abstract": "Summary form only given. Mach-Zehnder amplitude modulators have been designed for W-band operation (94 GHz), at a 1.3-\u03bcm optical wavelength. These modulators use bow-tie antennas, which are relatively insensitive to DC bias connections made to the ends of the antenna elements. The bow-ties should also give a greater bandwidth than the dipole antennas.", "doi": "10.1109/APS.1992.221830", "isbn": "0-7803-0730-5", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, N.J.", "publication_date": "1992-07", "pages": "729-729" }, { "id": "authors:e5ce2-6vy25", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "e5ce2-6vy25", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120417-094042791", "type": "book_section", "title": "Antenna-coupled millimeter-wave LiNbO_3 electro-optic modulator", "book_title": "LEOS 1991 Summer Topical Meetings on Spaceborne Photonics: Aerospace Applications of Lasers and electro-Optics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Sheehy", "given_name": "Finbar T.", "clpid": "Sheehy-F-T" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" } ], "abstract": "The phase-velocity mismatch due to material dispersion in traveling-wave LiNbO_3 optical\nwaveguide modulators may be greatly reduced by breaking the modulation transmission line into short\nsegments and connecting each segment to its own surface antenna. The array of antennas is then\nilluminated by the modulation signal at an angle which produces a delay from antenna to antenna to\nmatch the optical waveguide's delay.", "doi": "10.1109/LEOSST.1991.665296", "isbn": "0879426187", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1991-07", "pages": "16-17" }, { "id": "authors:011e6-bqr89", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "011e6-bqr89", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180726-154040221", "type": "book_section", "title": "Velocity-matched electro-optic modulator", "book_title": "High-Frequency Analog Fiber Optic Systems", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Sheehy", "given_name": "Finbar T.", "clpid": "Sheehy-F-T" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" } ], "contributor": [ { "family_name": "Sierak", "given_name": "Paul", "clpid": "Sierak-P" } ], "abstract": "Partitioning the transmission line on a LiNbO_3 traveling wave modulator into short sections and feeding each section from an antenna integrated to the modulator surface can overcome the frequency limitation from material dispersion. A phase modulator at 5-13 GHz with a peak sensitivity better than 100 deg/(Watt)^(1/2) is demonstrated using an unoptimized microwave feed system. The technique should be scalable to high millimeter-wave frequencies.", "doi": "10.1117/12.24884", "isbn": "9780819404329", "publisher": "Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "place_of_publication": "Bellingham, WA", "publication_date": "1991-02-01", "pages": "68-77" }, { "id": "authors:3bbjx-tbf50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3bbjx-tbf50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120424-144254895", "type": "book_section", "title": "Novel Millimeter-Wave Electro-optic Modulator", "book_title": "1990 IEEE Lasers and Electro-optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS '90)", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Sheehy", "given_name": "Finbar T.", "clpid": "Sheehy-F-T" }, { "family_name": "Schaffner", "given_name": "James H.", "clpid": "Schaffner-J-H" } ], "abstract": "A waveguide LiNbO_3 electro-optic modulator has been demonstrated with a novel wave-coupling technique which greatly reduces phase-velocity mismatch. An 8-12 GHz version produces 48\u00b0 phase modulation with 126 mW of drive power. A 60 GHz version is being built.", "doi": "10.1109/LEOS.1990.690582", "isbn": "0-87942-550-4", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "New York, NY", "publication_date": "1990-11", "pages": "296-298" }, { "id": "authors:vkm8z-bwr96", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vkm8z-bwr96", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200811-151633885", "type": "book_section", "title": "MM-wave dielectric ring resonators", "book_title": "1985 Tenth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bruno", "given_name": "W. M.", "clpid": "Bruno-W-M" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "W. B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "abstract": "Ring resonators fabricated by filling a rectangular cross-section groove in a polypropylene substrate with a dielectric powder exhibit Q's as high as 2400 at 94 GHz in an 8 cm diameter ring. Directional coupling from adjacent straight dielectric guides was used to form a transmission filter. Previously, we demonstrated a mm-wave dielectric channel waveguide with .09 dB/cm loss (Refs. 1,2) consisting of a rectangular groove in the surface of a plastic substrate filled with a low-loss, high dielectric constant powder. Here we describe mm-wave ring resonators made from powder-core dielectric channel waveguide.", "doi": "10.1109/IRMM.1985.9126697", "isbn": "978-1-5386-0872-2", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1985-12", "pages": "307-309" }, { "id": "authors:jgfj5-14s75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jgfj5-14s75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200810-133319021", "type": "book_section", "title": "Flexible MM-wave dielectric waveguides", "book_title": "1985 Tenth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bruno", "given_name": "W. M.", "clpid": "Bruno-W-M" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "W. B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "abstract": "Flexible dielectric waveguides have been demonstrated at 10 GHz and 94 GHz by filling hollow, low-dielectric-constant polymer tubes with low-loss, high-dielectric-constant powders. Flexible guides with losses as low as 0.12 dB/cm were demonstrated at 94 GHz. These guides also exhibited negligible bending loss for radii of curvature greater than 4 cm.", "doi": "10.1109/IRMM.1985.9126696", "isbn": "978-1-5386-0872-2", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1985-12", "pages": "305-306" }, { "id": "authors:jb31n-40477", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jb31n-40477", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210129-120019241", "type": "book_section", "title": "Measurement of the Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent of Thallium Mixed Halide Crystals KRS-5 and KRS-6 at 95GHz", "book_title": "1981 International Conference on Submillimeter Waves and Their Applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Klein", "given_name": "Marvin B.", "clpid": "Klein-Marvin-B" }, { "family_name": "Schweig", "given_name": "Edgard", "clpid": "Schweig-Edgard" } ], "abstract": "We report mesurements of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of KRS-5 and KRS-6 at 95GHz. We describe the sample preparation and the waveguide techniques used, and compare our results with values available in the literature (at other frequencies) and a simple theoretical model.", "doi": "10.1109/icswa.1981.9335189", "isbn": "9781509031856", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1981-12", "pages": "Art. No. Th-3" }, { "id": "authors:01zky-sy256", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "01zky-sy256", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210129-120019300", "type": "book_section", "title": "Computer Analysis of Rectangular Dielectric Waveguide for Millimeter Waves", "book_title": "1981 International Conference on Submillimeter Waves and Their Applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Schweig", "given_name": "Edgard", "clpid": "Schweig-Edgard" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "William B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" } ], "abstract": "High dielectric constant rectangular dielectric waveguides are suitable transmission media for millimeter waves. We have made a finite-difference method study of the electromagnetic modes of such guides and determined the limitations of the commonly-used approximate formulas of Marcatili.", "doi": "10.1109/icswa.1981.9335167", "isbn": "9781509031856", "publisher": "IEEE", "place_of_publication": "Piscataway, NJ", "publication_date": "1981-12", "pages": "Art. No. W-4" }, { "id": "authors:bqevj-ymc86", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "bqevj-ymc86", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120809-073004610", "type": "book_section", "title": "A Study to Identify Hydrogen Maser Failure Modes", "author": [ { "family_name": "Popa", "given_name": "A. E.", "clpid": "Popa-A-E" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "H. T. M.", "clpid": "Wang-H-T-M" }, { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "W. B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Chester", "given_name": "A. N.", "clpid": "Chester-A-N" }, { "family_name": "Etter", "given_name": "J. E.", "clpid": "Etter-J-E" }, { "family_name": "Walsh", "given_name": "B. L.", "clpid": "Walsh-B-L" } ], "abstract": "Technical problem areas are presented that may\nadversely affect the reliability of extended spaceborne\noperation of a hydrogen maser frequency standard in\nthe Navstar Global Positioning System. Included are\nfailures that have occurred in past maser designs\neven though such failures are now understood and\ncould be circumvented in future designs. It is concluded\nthat all the failure mechanisms are amenable\nto space qualification engineering. The greatest\npotential problem areas are dissociator stability and\natom production, storage bulb lifetime in a space\nradiation environment, and radiation damage to the\nelectronics subsystem, particularly sensors.", "doi": "10.1109/FREQ.1976.201356", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1976-06" }, { "id": "authors:vrpfc-sxz53", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vrpfc-sxz53", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120924-144929742", "type": "book_section", "title": "High-power CW ultraviolet ion lasers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bridges", "given_name": "W. B.", "clpid": "Bridges-W-B" }, { "family_name": "Halsted", "given_name": "A. S.", "clpid": "Halsted-A-S" }, { "family_name": "Mercer", "given_name": "G. N.", "clpid": "Mercer-G-N" } ], "abstract": "Over 1 watt of continuous ultraviolet output has been obtained from an argon ion laser in the 3500-3700\u00c5 range. This paper describes the discharge tube structure used and the operating characteristics of high-power ultraviolet laser transitions in argon and other noble gas ions. Operation at new wavelengths as well as CW operation of transitions previously observed only in pulsed operation are reported. Measurements of the dependence of spontaneous emission intensity from different ionization states on current and pressure are related to the excitation mechanisms for visible and uv ion lasers. The technique of population modulation by intracavity interruption has been used to study processes in the throat and uniform bore regions of ion laser discharges. The results of these studies are described. Problems encountered in the CW operation of ion laser discharge tubes at current densities above 1000\u00c5/cm^2 are described.", "doi": "10.1109/IEDM.1968.187991", "publisher": "IEEE", "publication_date": "1968-10" } ]