This thesis is based on three of the five research projects I have worked on during my graduate student years. Each of these projects resulted in a paper a chapter of this thesis is based on. Two other papers I published during my stay at Caltech are not included, as they are not related to the research reported here.
\r\n\r\nAfter a brief introduction in the first chapter, in chapter two I discuss a simple way to greatly reduce tilt instability in Advanced LIGO by changing the mirror shape from nearly-flat previously considered mesa beams to nearly a nearly concentric shape that would provide the beam characteristics without the tilt instability. I also propose a family of hyperboloidal beams that join the nearly-flat and nearly-concentric mesa beams in a continuous manner.
\r\n\r\nIn chapter three I report the results of a recent search for the lowest value of thermal noise that can be achieved in LIGO by changing the mirror shape. I discuss in detail the beam properties and point out some of the characteristics of an advanced LIGO that uses these beams. Such an instrument, if built, would have an event rate roughly three times higher than an advanced LIGO using the Mesa beams introduced in chapter 2.
\r\n\r\nChapter four, which is also the last chapter of this thesis, is based on a Numerical Relativity project. I compute embeddings of general two-dimensional surfaces with spherical topology in flat 3D space using a minimization algorithm. The minimization problem is similar to the one solved in chapter three, albeit in a somewhat different setting.
", "doi": "10.7907/2DKM-A388", "publication_date": "2007", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "2007" }, { "id": "thesis:73", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "73", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01092002-170102", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "thesis.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 3242698, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/73/1/thesis.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Semi-Contained Interactions of Atmospheric Neutrinos in the MACRO Detector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Nolty", "given_name": "Robert G.", "clpid": "Nolty-Robert-G" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" }, { "family_name": "Hughes", "given_name": "Emlyn Willard", "clpid": "Hughes-Emlyn-Willard" }, { "family_name": "Wise", "given_name": "Mark B.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9125-801X", "clpid": "Wise-M-B" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Atmospheric neutrinos arise from the decay of particles (primarily pions, muons and kaons) produced in the collision of high energy cosmic ray particles with the atmosphere. The great distances traveled by atmospheric neutrinos between their production and detection make them useful for studying neutrino oscillations, the predicted phenomenon of massive neutrinos changing flavor in flight. This thesis reports a study of atmospheric neutrinos interacting in the MACRO detector. The results, though somewhat clouded by large theoretical uncertainties, clearly rule out the no-oscillations hypothesis, and are consistent with oscillations with the parameters preferred by other MACRO neutrino analyses, as well as those of other experiments (most notably Super-Kamiokande). Combining this analysis with another MACRO neutrino analysis, some of the theoretical errors cancel, further constraining the region of allowed oscillation parameters", "doi": "10.7907/JHBC-GQ49", "publication_date": "2002", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "2002" }, { "id": "thesis:2982", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "2982", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-07252008-144747", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Kyriazopoulou_s_2002.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 9803358, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/2982/1/Kyriazopoulou_s_2002.pdf", "version": "v4.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A Search for Slow Magnetic Monopoles Below the Parker Bound", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kyriazopoulou", "given_name": "Sophia", "clpid": "Kyriazopoulou-Sophia" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "During the years of high school physics, instructors would tell us how asymmetry in Maxwell's equations express the fact that while there are stable particles carrying electric charge in nature, there are no magnets with a single pole. Yet Dirac had suggested the idea of a magnetic monopole decades before I was born, and around the time I was attending high school, Cabrera was starting his experiments to find one. I first learned about the possibility of the existence of such a particle when in graduate school. The idea of proving wrong something I had learned to take for granted, was exciting. Of course, whether a stable particle which carries magnetic charge does exist or not has profound implications for our understanding of the universe, but still, what makes the very idea of a magnetic monopole so attractive to me is that there are not that many basic, everyday things left -- things like the indivisibility of a magnet -- to be confirmed yet.
\r\n\r\nThis work describes a search for the magnetic monopole, as it is postulated in many Grand Unified Theories (GUT). Such monopoles are expected to be heavy (~10\u00b9\u2077 GeV), may have a large range of velocities and - from current astrophysical constraints - must be very rare. The most widely accepted upper limit to their flux comes from considerations of the survival of the galactic magnetic field (the Parker Bound 1), and it is of the order of ~10\u207b\u00b9\u2075 cm\u207b\u00b2sr\u207b\u00b9s\u207b\u00b9. This flux regime was explored by MACRO (Monopole Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory), a large area detector built in Gran Sasso in Italy.
\r\n\r\nSpecifically, this was a search for slow-moving magnetic monopoles with the MACRO detector. MACRO featured a large acceptance (\u2243 10,000 m\u00b2), and three separate detector systems for monopoles. This search relies primarily on one of these systems: the scintillation detector. A custom-made trigger was developed to detect the passage of slow-moving magnetic monopoles (\u03bd ~ 10\u207b\u2074 c to 4.3 x 10\u207b\u00b3 c) through a scintillator tank. This trigger was employed for the initial selection of events over the data-taking period between June 1995 and May 2000. There were around 28 million relevant triggers during this period. These represent potential monopole events; each must be examined carefully to see if all recorded details are consistent with the signature of monopole passage. Analysis of the events and final selection was performed mainly with the help of a system which digitally sampled and recorded the waveforms of photomultipliers monitoring the scintillation detectors. A specially-designed pattern recognition algorithm, following the philosophy of the slow monopole trigger, was developed, in order to identify the signature of slow monopoles in the waveform system, while suppressing background generated due to cosmic-ray muons or electronic noise.
\r\n\r\nNo events were observed that are consistent with the passage of a slow monopole. Detailed data quality checks were performed for each data run and the resulting actual configuration of the detector was used in a Monte Carlo calculation of the detector's acceptance on a run-by-run basis. Based on the exposure time due to MACRO over these five years of data taking, this search sets an upper limit to the flux of magnetic monopoles of
\r\n\r\nF \u227e 2.5 x 10\u207b\u00b9\u2076 cm\u207b\u00b2 sr\u207b\u00b9 sec\u207b\u00b9
\r\n\r\nfor particles in the velocity range \u03bd ~ 10\u207b\u2074 c to 4.1 x 10\u207b\u00b3 c.
", "doi": "10.7907/DPSY-DP97", "publication_date": "2002", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "2002" }, { "id": "thesis:4806", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "4806", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-12062004-115632", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Evan_m_2002.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 2624121, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/4806/1/Evan_m_2002.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Lock Acquisition in Resonant Optical Interferometers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Evans", "given_name": "Matthew John", "clpid": "Evans-Matthew-John" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Libbrecht", "given_name": "Kenneth George", "orcid": "0000-0002-8744-3298", "clpid": "Libbrecht-K-G" }, { "family_name": "Thorne", "given_name": "Kip S.", "clpid": "Thorne-K-S" }, { "family_name": "Weinstein", "given_name": "Alan Jay", "orcid": "0000-0002-0928-6784", "clpid": "Weinstein-Alan-J-Physics" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "LIGO" }, { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The LIGO (Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory) project, and other projects around the world, are currently planning to use long-baseline (> 1 km) interferometers to directly detect gravitational radiation from astrophysical sources. In this work we present a framework for lock acquisition, the process by which an initially uncontrolled resonant interferometer is brought to its operating point. Our approach begins with the identification of a path which takes the detector from the uncontrolled state to the operational state. The properties of the detector's outputs along this path, embodied in the sensing matrix, must be determined and parameterized in terms of measureables. Finally, a control system which can compute the inverse of the sensing matrix, apply it to the incoming signals, and make the resulting signals available for feedback is needed to close the control loop. This formalism was developed and explored extensively in simulation and was subsequently applied to the LIGO interferometers. Results were in agreement with expectation within error, typically \u00b120% on the sensing matrix elements, and the method proved capable of bringing a high-finesse power-recycled Fabry-Perot-Michelson interferometer (a LIGO detector) to its operating point.", "doi": "10.7907/N1J2-M098", "publication_date": "2002", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "2002" }, { "id": "thesis:17661", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "17661", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:09022025-221121899", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Chadha_M_1998.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 68791616, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/17661/1/Chadha_M_1998.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A Measurement of the Michel Parameters \u03c1 and \u019e in Leptonic Tau Decays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Chadha", "given_name": "Mandeepa", "clpid": "Chadha-Mandeepa" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Hughes", "given_name": "Emlyn Willard", "orcid": "0000-0002-5381-4759", "clpid": "Hughes-Emlyn-Willard" }, { "family_name": "Preskill", "given_name": "John P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2421-4762", "clpid": "Preskill-J" }, { "family_name": "Weinstein", "given_name": "Alan Jay", "orcid": "0000-0002-0928-6784", "clpid": "Weinstein-Alan-J-Physics" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "This thesis describes a precise measurement of the Michel parameters \u03c1 and \u019e using\r\nthe leptonic tau decays recorded by the CLEO II detector. These measurements can\r\nbe used to provide limits on the non-(V - A) contributions to the Lorentz structure\r\nof the charged weak interactions in tau decays.
\r\n\r\nThe electronic decay of the tau lepton, \u03c4 \u2192 evv, is used to measure the spectral\r\nshape Michel parameter:
\r\n\r\n\u03c1\u03b5 = 0.732 \u00b1 0.014 \u00b1 0.009,
\r\n\r\nwhere the first error is statistical and the second systematic. This measurement is\r\nextracted from the electron energy spectrum; the energy spectrum is insensitive to the\r\nlow energy spectral shape Michel parameter \u019e\u03b5, and thus insensitive to the presence\r\nof scalar couplings.
\r\n\r\nThe muonic decay mode of the tau lepton, \u03c4 \u2192 \u00b5vv, is used to measure both the\r\nspectral shape Michel parameters:
\r\n\r\n\u03c1\u00b5 = 0.747 \u00b1 0.048 \u00b1 0.044
\r\n\r\nand \u019e\u00b5 = 0.010 \u00b1 0.149 \u00b1 0.171
\r\n\r\nsimultaneously. Once again, the first errors are statistical and the second systematic.\r\nThe two parameters are strongly correlated; the correlation coefficient C\u03c1\u019e is 0.949.
\r\n\r\nAssuming lepton universality of the vector-like couplings, the two leptonic decay\r\nmodes are simultaneously analyzed to improve the measurement of the \u019e parameter.\r\nSince the electron mode is insensitive to the \u019e parameter, we can measure \u03c1 very\r\nprecisely using the electron mode. This measurement can now be used to constrain
\r\n\r\nthe \u03c1 measurement in the muon analysis, and thus obtain:
\r\n\r\n\u03c1\u03b5\u00b5 = 0.735 \u00b1 0.013 \u00b1 0.008
\r\n\r\nand \u019e\u03b5\u00b5 = -0.015 \u00b1 0.061 \u00b1 0.062,
\r\n\r\nwhere the first errors a.re statistical and the second systematic. The correlation coefficient\r\nis now reduced to 0.615.
\r\n\r\nThese measurements are all more precise than previous measuren1ents; some are\r\nmore precise than previous world average measurements. No indications for any\r\ndeviations from the Minimal Standard Model have been found.
\r\n\r\nThis measurement of the \u019e parameter provides a lower limit on the charged Higgs\r\nmass in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model: mH\u00b1 > (0.97 x tan \u03b2) GeV\r\nat the 90% confidence level. This limit is not very interesting unless tan \u03b2 is very\r\nlarge.
", "doi": "10.7907/xkhh-jq80", "publication_date": "1998", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1998" }, { "id": "thesis:2565", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "2565", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-06122008-082601", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Scholberg_k_1997.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 10117432, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/2565/1/Scholberg_k_1997.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A search for neutrinos from gravitational collapse with the MACRO experiment", "author": [ { "family_name": "Scholberg", "given_name": "Kate", "clpid": "Scholberg-K" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" }, { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The MACRO experiment, an underground scintillator/streamer tube array at the Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, is capable of detecting a burst of neutrinos from a stellar gravitational collapse using its 560 tons of liquid scintillator. The detector is sensitive to a collapse event in or nearby our galaxy. Two redundant circuits trigger on GC neutrino-like events. This thesis will describe a search for a gravitational collapse burst with MACRO over a time period starting July 24, 1995 and ending February 8, 1996, using both trigger systems. No candidate bursts were observed over this time.\n\nSince neutrinos emerge from a collapsing star promptly after core collapse whereas electromagnetic radiation can follow hours or days later, the MACRO detector can provide an early warning to optical astronomers that a supernova event may appear. MACRO's redundant online supernova watch systems will also be described.\n", "doi": "10.7907/NTDF-3V84", "publication_date": "1997", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1997" }, { "id": "thesis:18453", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "18453", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03272026-183325536", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Walker_CW_1997.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 32747270, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/18453/1/Walker_CW_1997.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A Search for Lightly Ionizing Particles with the MACRO Detector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Walter", "given_name": "Christopher W.", "orcid": "0000-0003-2035-2380", "clpid": "Walter-Christopher-W." } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Boehm", "given_name": "Felix H.", "clpid": "Boehm-F-H" }, { "family_name": "Frautschi", "given_name": "Steven C.", "clpid": "Frautschi-S-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "A search for lightly ionizing particles has been performed with the MACRO detector.\r\nA specially designed field programmable gate array based system was used for triggering,\r\nand the data. analysis was performed on data. recorded with a custom 200 MHz\r\nwaveform digitizer system. Many novel techniques were used in the data analysis,\r\nincluding a neural network for timing reconstruction.
\r\n\r\nThis search was sensitive to particles with charges between \u2155e and close to the\r\ncharge of an electron. The detector is sensitive to particles with \u03b2 of between approximately \r\n0.25 and 1.0. Unlike previous searches both single track events and tracks\r\nburied within high multiplicity muon showers were examined.
\r\n\r\nIn a period of approximately one year no candidates were observed. Assuming an\r\nisotropic flux, for the single track sample this corresponds to a 90% C.L. upper flux\r\nlimit in the region of 100% efficiency of \u0278 \u2264 9.2 x 10-15cm-2sec-1sr-1.
", "publication_date": "1997", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1997" }, { "id": "thesis:10191", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "10191", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:05222017-155824164", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Katsavounidis_EC_1996.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 64794205, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/10191/1/Katsavounidis_EC_1996.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Search for GUT magnetic monopoles with the MACRO detector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Katsavounidis", "given_name": "Erotokritos Charalambous", "clpid": "Katsavounidis-Erotokritos-Charalambous" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Grand Unified Theories (GUT) predict the existence of super heavy magnetic monopoles (~1016GeV) as stable particle carrying magnetic charge. The extremely large mass of the GUT monopoles requires that they would have been produced during the early formation of the Universe and would probably have survived until today traveling through the Universe at nonrelativistic velocities. Cosmological arguments regarding the abundance of the magnetic monopoles today yield either too many or too few of them. However, simple arguments regarding the survival of the galactic field may set a reliable upper bound on the monopole flux. This is the so-called Parker bound and places an upper limit on the monopole flux of the order of 10-15cm-2sr-1sec-1 for monopoles with mass ~1016GeV and typical galactic velocities 10-3c.
\r\n\r\n\r\nThe MACRO detector at Gran Sasso (Italy) is a large underground detector offering large acceptance (~10,000m2sr) and high redundancy for a search for magnetic monopoles. The detector's large acceptance and different detection techniques will allow monopole searches ultimately beyond the astrophysical bound with high sensitivity over all the possible \u03b2-range of a monopole. The scintillator system of the full lower MACRO detector has been operational from December 1992 to June 1993 (total live time 160.7 days) and collected data with a trigger specialized to select slow (10-4c \u2013 10-3c) moving particles. The waveforms of the candidate events have been recorded with commercially available waveform digitizers. More than 8,000 events that involved slow particle triggers from at least two different detector faces were found in this data set.
\r\n\r\n\r\nIn analyzing this data set we have adapted the Haar decomposition (one of the simplest examples of the Wavelet Transform) of the candidate events. Our purpose was to build an algorithm that will effectively discriminate background (i.e., muon, radioactivity and noise) from monopole waveforms. Using various features of the Haar decomposition of the waveforms (like the propagation of the wavelet maxima among scales and the energy content of each scale), we derived simple conditions by means of which we can efficiently select candidate waveforms. More than 80% of the initial dataset was thus rejected and the remaining events were visually scanned and classified. No signal was consistent with a slow magnetic monopole signature, and based on that we have established an upper flux limit on the monopole flux.
\r\n\r\n\r\nThe detector's acceptance was obtained via a Monte Carlo simulation on a run-by-run basis, and for the majority of the runs it had an average value of 5200m2sr. The total effective exposure has been 5.6 x 1014cm2sr1sec1, corresponding to an isotropic upper monopole flux limit of 4.1 x 10-15cm-2sr-1sec-1 at the 90% confidence level. This limit is valid for monopoles in the velocity regime 1.5 x 10-4c \u227e v \u227e 4 x 10-3c.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/csng-d312", "publication_date": "1996", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1996" }, { "id": "thesis:4220", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "4220", "cite_using_url": "http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-10232007-094957", "type": "thesis", "title": "A Search for Fast Moving Magnetic Monopoles with the MACRO Detector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Rongzhi", "clpid": "Liu-Rongzhi" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "From Dirac monopole theory to modern GUT's (Grand Unified Theories), magnetic monopoles have attracted much attention from physicists. While Dirac had demonstrated the consistency of magnetic monopoles with quantum eletrodynamics, 't Hooft and Polyakov demonstrated the necessity of monopoles in GUT's. Furthermore, the GUT's supply more clues about magnetic monopoles, including their exceptionally heavy masses ~1016 GeV. Both current theories and previous monopole experiments have suggested that the flux of magnetic monopoles is likely to be very small, so it is necessary to have a large area detector to search for them. This thesis presents a search for fast moving magnetic monopoles with the MACRO detector.
\r\n\r\nThe MACRO detector is a large underground detector located at Gran Sasso, Italy. Its primary goal is to search for magnetic monopoles at a flux level beyond the Parker bound. It is underground at 3,000 meters water equivalent depth, with a nominal acceptance of 10,000 m2 sr. It employs liquid scintillator counters, streamer tubes and track-etch detectors which can supply both independent and cross checks for fast monopole candidate events.
\r\n\r\nThis search is mainly based on the liquid scintillator counters with primary event selection and energy reconstruction from the ERP system. The 6.2 \u03bcs trigger time is based on the time of flight of a fast moving monopole diagonally through one supermodule with a velocity ~10-2c. The search uses the \"six-month-run\" data which were taken from December of 1992 to July of 1993 with the operation of the lower part of the detector. With energy reconstruction ability up to 8 GeV with 22% error, we apply a double-face high energy requirement to reject most muon events from the data sample. We then apply the WFD, streamer tube and strip information to reject non-monopole events.
\r\n\r\nThe live time for this analysis is 5,300 hours, with acceptance of 4050 m2 sr. With no fast monopole candidate event found, we establish an upper flux limit for the fast moving magnetic monopole at 90% confidence level of 3.03 x 10-15 cm-2sr-1s-1 for velocities from 10-2c to 1.0c.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/AHSF-V351", "publication_date": "1995", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1995" }, { "id": "thesis:7332", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "7332", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:12122012-144727492", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Hong_j_1993.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 31406038, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/7332/1/Hong_j_1993.pdf", "version": "v6.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Search for GUT magnetic monopoles and other supermassive particles with the MACRO detector", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hong", "given_name": "Jiangtao", "clpid": "Hong-J" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Magnetic monopoles naturally arise in grand unified gauge theories and are believed\r\nto carry a mass of ~ 10^(17) GeV/c^2. Strange quark matter (nuclearites) may be the true\r\nQCD ground state and its mass could vary from ~ 100 GeV/c^2 to the neutron star mass.\r\nBoth of them could travel at any velocities from 3.7 x 10^(-5)c to ~ 10^(-2)c. Experimental\r\ndiscovery of either one would have profound implications. This thesis presents a search\r\nwith the MACRO detector for both of them and any other supermassive particles that are\r\nscintillating, slow-moving and highly-penetrating.
\r\n\r\nThe MACRO detector is a large underground detector located at Gran Sasso, Italy,\r\nwith the primary goal of searching for magnetic monopoles at a flux level beyond the\r\nastrophysical Parker bound. It employs liquid scintillator counters, streamer tubes and\r\ntrack-etch detectors. When completed, it will have an acceptance of 10,000 m^2sr.
\r\n\r\nThis search is conducted with the large liquid scintillator detector in the first supermodule\r\nof the MACRO detector, which has an acceptance of 870 m^2sr. A specialized slow\r\nmonopole trigger is based on the time of passage of slow particles through each scintillator\r\ncounter and enables the detection of supermassive particles with velocities as low\r\nas ~ 10^(-4)c. A second trigger is based on the time of flight between different scintillator\r\nlayers and covers relatively fast velocity range up to 2 x 10^(-2)c. The scintillator waveforms\r\nare recorded for both triggers. Both triggers collected data over a period of two years from\r\nOctober 1989 to November 1991. The data were analyzed to search for slow particles. The\r\nabsence of candidates establishes an upper limit on the flux of supermassive particles at 8.7 x 10^(-15) cm^(-2)sr^(-1)sec^(-1) for 3 x 10^(-3) < \u03b2 < 2 X 10^(-2) and at 5.6 x 10 ^(-15)cm^(-2)sr^(-1)sec^(-1) for \u03b2_0 < \u03b2 < 3 x 10^(-3). The low velocity cutoff \u03b2_0 depends on the type of supermassive particles. For magnetic monopoles, the cutoff based on the Ficenec et al. slow proton scintillation measurement is \u03b2_0 = 1.8 x 10^(-4) , and the pessimistic cutoff based on the most conservative Ahlen-Tarle light yield model is \u03b2_0 = 7 x 10^(-4). For dyons or monopoleproton composites, the model independent cutoff is \u03b2_0 = 9 x 10^(-5). Bracci et al. have argued that most likely bare monopoles have bound protons in the early universe, making this dyon search more significant. The application of this flux limit to other supermassiveparticles including nuclearites is described in Chapter 5.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/j8xq-4a10", "publication_date": "1993", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1993" }, { "id": "thesis:6297", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "6297", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:04112011-140008694", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Soderstrom_e_1991.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 59891431, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/6297/1/Soderstrom_e_1991.pdf", "version": "v5.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A search for heavy stable charged particles produced in pairs in the decay of the neutral intermediate vector boson z", "author": [ { "family_name": "Soderstrom", "given_name": "Eric", "clpid": "Soderstrom-E" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "A search for new stable charged particles produced in pairs in the decays of the\r\nintermediate vector boson Z is performed with the MARK II detector at the SLAC\r\nLinear Collider. Particle masses are determined from momentum, ionization energy\r\nloss and time-of-flight measurements. No candidates for new particles are found. A\r\nlimit excluding the production of pairs of stable fourth generation charged leptons\r\nand stable mirror fermions with masses between the muon mass and 36.3 GeV/c^2 is\r\nset at the 95% confidence level. The production of pairs of stable supersymmetric\r\nscalar leptons with masses between the muon mass and 32.6 GeV/c^2 is also excluded\r\nat the 95% confidence level under the assumption that the left- and right-handed\r\nscalar leptons are degenerate in mass.\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/bjf6-6e30", "publication_date": "1991", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1991" }, { "id": "thesis:8786", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "8786", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03182015-134751312", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "WU_DYT_1990.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 28949021, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/8786/1/WU_DYT_1990.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Radiative tau production and decay", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Dolly Yu-ting", "clpid": "Wu-D-Y-T" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "A study of the muon decay channel of the \u03c4 lepton with the presence of a photon has been carried out to verify theoretical predictions for the production rate of e+e- \u2192 \u03c4+\u03c4-\u03b3 and for the branching ratio of \u03c4- \u2192 \u03bd\u03c4 \u00b5-\u03bd\u00b5\u03b3. Included in this study is the first direct measurement of radiative tau decay. Using e+e- annihilation data taken at 29 GeV center-of-mass energy with the Mark II detector, we find the ratio of the measured \u03c4- \u2192 \u03bd\u03c4 \u00b5-\u03bd\u00b5\u03b3 branching fraction to the expected value from QED to be 1.03 \u00b1 0.42. The ratio of measured-to-predicted number of events from radiative T production, e+e- \u2192 \u03c4+\u03c4-\u03b3, where one of the \u03c4's decay to \u03bc\u03bd\u03bd is found to be 0.91 \u00b1 0.20. We have not seen an indication of anomalous behavior in radiative tau events.
", "doi": "10.7907/dcsz-tr25", "publication_date": "1990", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1990" }, { "id": "thesis:8784", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "8784", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03182015-110658435", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "WEIR_AJ_1990.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 26267481, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/8784/1/WEIR_AJ_1990.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A measurement of B0-B0 mixing in e+e- annihilation at 29 GeV", "author": [ { "family_name": "Weir", "given_name": "Andrew J.", "clpid": "Weir-A-J" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "This thesis describes a measurement of B0- B0 mixing in events produced by electron-positron annihilation at a center of mass energy of 29 GeV. The data were taken by the Mark II detector in the PEP storage ring at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center between 1981 and 1987, and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 224pb-1.
\r\n\r\nWe used a new method, based on the kinematics of hadronic events containing two leptons, to provide a measurement of the probability, x, that a hadron, initially containing a b (b) quark decays to a positive (negative) lepton to be X = 0.17+0.15-0.08, with 90% confidence level upper and lower limits of 0.38 and 0.06, respectively, including all estimated systematic errors. Because of the good separation of signal and background, this result is relatively insensitive to various systematic effects which have complicated previous measurements.
\r\n\r\nWe interpret this result as evidence for the mixing of neutral B mesons. Based on existing B0d mixing rate measurements, and some assumptions about the fractions of B0d and B0s mesons present in the data, this result favors maximal mixing of B0s mesons, although it cannot rule out zero B0s mixing at the 90% confidence level.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/v1j6-2c14", "publication_date": "1990", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1990" }, { "id": "thesis:7526", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "7526", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03192013-082028179", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Liu_g_1988.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 16637767, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/7526/1/Liu_g_1988.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "In Search of Slow-Moving Ionizing Massive Particles", "author": [ { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Gang", "clpid": "Liu-Gang" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Drever", "given_name": "Ronald W. P.", "clpid": "Drever-R-W-P" }, { "family_name": "Preskill", "given_name": "John P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2421-4762", "clpid": "Preskill-J" }, { "family_name": "Porter", "given_name": "Frank C.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1948-8889", "clpid": "Porter-F-C" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Many particles proposed by theories, such as GUT monopoles, nuclearites and 1/5 charge superstring particles, can be categorized as Slow-moving, Ionizing, Massive Particles (SIMPs).
\r\n\r\nDetailed calculations of the signal-to-noise ratios in vanous acoustic and mechanical methods for detecting such SIMPs are presented. It is shown that the previous belief that such methods are intrinsically prohibited by the thermal noise is incorrect, and that ways to solve the thermal noise problem are already within the reach of today's technology. In fact, many running and finished gravitational wave detection ( GWD) experiments are already sensitive to certain SIMPs. As an example, a published GWD result is used to obtain a flux limit for nuclearites.
\r\n\r\nThe result of a search using a scintillator array on Earth's surface is reported. A flux limit of 4.7 x 10\u207b\u00b9\u00b2 cm\u207b\u00b2 sr\u207b\u00b9 s\u207b\u00b9 (90% c.l.) is set for any SIMP with 2.7 x 10\u207b\u2074 < \u03b2 < 5 x 10\u207b\u00b3 and ionization greater than 1/3 of minimum ionizing muons. Although this limit is above the limits from underground experiments for typical supermassive particles (10\u00b9\u2076 GeV), it is a new limit in certain \u03b2 and ionization regions for less massive ones (~10\u2079 GeV) not able to penetrate deep underground, and implies a stringent limit on the fraction of the dark matter that can be composed of massive electrically and/or magnetically charged particles.
\r\n\r\nThe prospect of the future SIMP search in the MACRO detector is discussed. The special problem of SIMP trigger is examined and a circuit proposed, which may solve most of the problems of the previous ones proposed or used by others and may even enable MACRO to detect certain SIMP species with \u03b2 as low as the orbital velocity around the earth.
\r\n\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/nqqm-xy79", "publication_date": "1988", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1988" }, { "id": "thesis:7495", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "7495", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:02252013-121827558", "type": "thesis", "title": "GUT Monopole Detection with Scintillator", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lane", "given_name": "Charles E.", "clpid": "Lane-Charles-E" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" }, { "family_name": "Preskill", "given_name": "John P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2421-4762", "clpid": "Preskill-J" }, { "family_name": "Prince", "given_name": "Thomas A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8850-3627", "clpid": "Prince-T-A" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Searches for the monopoles predicted by Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) have required new approaches, since these monopoles should be both slow and highly penetrating. The ability of scintillator to respond to particles of velocity < 10\u207b\u00b3 c has been demonstrated, indicating that scintillator detectors should be useful in GUT monopole searches.
\r\n\r\nA small monopole detector prototype at the Earth's surface was operated in an effort to understand the problems and possibilities of monopole detection. The design philosophy, techniques, and the lessons learned from the prototype detector could then be applied to much larger monopole detectors. The prototype was not able to set new limits for the GUT monopole flux in cosmic rays, but in a more general analysis it was found that new limits could be set on the flux of lightly ionizing particles of mass ~ 10\u00b9\u2070 GeV.
\r\n\r\nWhen GUT monopole detectors are scaled up to the size needed to challenge astrophysical limits, it becomes more likely that a flux could be found. This motivates a more careful examination of the scintillator counters, since their signal should be clear and unambiguous for a monopole candidate. The performance of the liquid scintillator counters for the MACRO (Monopole And Cosmic Ray Observatory) experiment was given considerable scrutiny, both to try to understand the observed behavior of these counters, and also to improve them for monopole detection.
\r\n\r\nThe results of these tests indicate that MACRO should be able either to establish a monopole flux or to limit it to a small fraction of the 'missing mass' of the universe.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/TYAF-0T74", "publication_date": "1988", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1988" }, { "id": "thesis:17527", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "17527", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:07152025-155435040", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Rivkin_LZ_1986.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 31977647, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/17527/1/Rivkin_LZ_1986.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Damping Ring for the SLAC Linear Collider", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rivkin", "given_name": "Leonid Zinovy", "orcid": "0000-0003-1671-4844", "clpid": "Rivkin-Leonid-Zinovy" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Peck", "given_name": "Charles W.", "clpid": "Peck-C-W" }, { "family_name": "Barnes", "given_name": "Charles A.", "clpid": "Barnes-C-A" }, { "family_name": "Politzer", "given_name": "Hugh David", "orcid": "0000-0002-4983-6621", "clpid": "Politzer-H-D" }, { "family_name": "Rees", "given_name": "Douglas C.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4073-1185", "clpid": "Rees-D-C" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The results of a comprehensive set of measurements on the first purposeful 1.21\r\nGe V high tune, high field damping ring for the SLAC Linear Collider are reported.
\r\n\r\nCurrent dependent effects such as parasitic mode losses, head tail instabilities,\r\nsynchrotron and betatron frequency shifts were measured to estimate the\r\nimpedance. All results agree reasonably well with expectations and indicate no\r\nlimitations to the design performance. A current of 55 mA (4 \u00b7 1010 particles),\r\nwhich represents 80% of the design intensity, has been successfully stored in the\r\nring with no sign of instabilities.
\r\n\r\nSome changes to the optics design that are being incorporated into the positron\r\nand electron damping rings now under construction are described. They are based\r\non the operating experience with the present electron damping ring and include\r\nan improvement of the bending magnets and strengthening of the chromaticity\r\ncorrection scheme. As a consequence, the normalized equilibrium transverse\r\nemittance of the beam is expected to be 16 \u03bc mrad.
\r\n\r\nSome properties of possible lattices for a future very high energy linear collider\r\ndamping ring are discussed in the appendices.
", "doi": "10.7907/bgaj-xg03", "publication_date": "1986", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1986" }, { "id": "thesis:11470", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "11470", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:04162019-142819748", "type": "thesis", "title": "Charged Kaon Production in Tau Lepton Decays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mills", "given_name": "Geoffrey Blount", "clpid": "Mills-Geoffrey-Blount" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Gomez", "given_name": "Ricardo", "clpid": "Gomez-R" }, { "family_name": "Preskill", "given_name": "John P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2421-4762", "clpid": "Preskill-J" }, { "family_name": "Phillips", "given_name": "Thomas G.", "clpid": "Phillips-T-G" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The result of an experiment performed at the PEP e+e- storage ring which\r\noperated at 29.0 GeV/c2 is presented. The DELCO detector, which emphasizes\r\nCherenkov particle identification, is used to measured the production of charged\r\nkaons in \u03c4 decays. The branching ratio of the Cabibbo-suppressed decays b(\u03c4\u00b1 \u2192\r\nK\u00b1 \u03bd\u03c4) = (0.57 \u00b1 0.15)%, b(\u03c4\u00b1 \u2192 K\u00b1 \u03bd\u03c4 + n\u03c00) = (1.59 \u00b1 0.23)% n \u2265 0, and\r\nb(\u03c4\u00b1 \u2192 K\u00b1\u03c0+\u03c0-\u03bd\u03c4(\u03c00)) = (0.22+0.16-0.13)% are measured, and the branching ratio\r\nof the Cabibbo-favored decay b(\u03c4\u00b1 \u2192 K+K-\u03c0\u00b1\u03bd\u03c4) = (0.22+0.17-0.11)% is measured.\r\nThese branching ratio measurements provide a test e - \u00b5 - \u03c4 universality and are\r\nin agreement with and the predictions of SU(3) sum rules. The invariant mass\r\ndistribution of the K+K-\u03c0 system in the exclusive \u03c4\u00b1 \u2192 K+K-\u03c0\u00b1\u03bd\u03c4 channel is\r\nused to set a limit of 157 MeV/c2 at 95% CL on the \u03c4 neutrino mass.
", "doi": "10.7907/n2rv-ma10", "publication_date": "1986", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1986" }, { "id": "thesis:11460", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "11460", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:04152019-093410294", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Yamamoto_H_1986.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 65509459, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/11460/1/Yamamoto_H_1986.pdf", "version": "v4.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A Study of Charged D* Mesons Produced in e\u207ae\u207b Annihilation at E\ua700\u2098 = 29 GeV", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yamamoto", "given_name": "Hitoshi", "orcid": "0000-0002-8620-0665", "clpid": "Yamamoto-Hitoshi" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Hitlin", "given_name": "David G.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4028-6982", "clpid": "Hitlin-D-G" }, { "family_name": "Wise", "given_name": "Mark B.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9125-801X", "clpid": "Wise-M-B" }, { "family_name": "McKeon", "given_name": "Beverley J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4220-1583", "clpid": "McKeon-B-J" }, { "family_name": "Gottshalk", "given_name": "Thomas D.", "clpid": "Gottshalk-Thomas-D" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Charged D* mesons produced in e+e- annihilation at a center-of-mass energy of 29 GeV have been studied with the DELCO detector at the PEP storage ring. The selection criteria of D* candidates exploit the \u03c0/K separation capability in the momentum range from 2.6 GeV/c to 9.2 Ge VIc provided by the gas \u010cerenkov counter. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 147 pb-1.
\r\n\r\nWe have measured the total production cross section of D*\u00b1 to be [0.16\u00b10.02(statistical)\u00b10.02(systematic)] nb [x \u2261 PD*/(E2beam-M2D*)1/2 > 0.35], and (0.18 \u00b1 0.02 \u00b1 0.03) nb (x > 0) if the contribution from bottom quarks is subtracted. The branching fractions used are Br(D*+ \u2192 D0\u03c0+) = 64% and Br(D0 \u2192 K-\u03c0+) = 3%. The systematic errors due to the branching ratios are not included in the errors. With Br(D0 \u2192 K-\u03c0+) = 4.9%, which is a recent measurement by the MARK III group, the above two cross sections become 0.10\u00b10.02\u00b10.02 nb (x > 0.35) and 0.11\u00b10.02\u00b10.02 nb (x > 0 and after the subtraction of the contribution from b quarks).
\r\n\r\nThe charm fragmentation function is harder than that for light quarks, and the shape is found to be consistent with the prediction of the string model with a uniform string-breaking probability. Assuming the string model, the string-breaking probability is determined to be (0.019 \u00b1 0.05 \u00b1 0.09) GeV2.
\r\n\r\nWe have also determined the lifetime of D0 meson which is detected in the D* decay, with the result \u03c4D0 = (5.3 \u00b1 1.7+0.6-0.5) x 10-13 sec. Together with the semileptonic branching fraction of D0 measured elsewhere, the semileptonic decay rate of D0 is estimated to be (1.4 \u00b1 0.5) x 1011 sec-1, which corresponds to an effective charm quark mass of (1.54 \u00b1 0.12) GeV/c2.
\r\n\r\nUsing part of the D* candidates, we have set an upper limit on D0-D̅0 mixing: r \u2261 P(D0 \u2192 D̅0)/P(D0 \u2192 D0 or D̅0) < 8.3% (90% c.l.), leading to a stringent limit on charm-changing neutral currents.
", "doi": "10.7907/nms8-7v38", "publication_date": "1986", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1986" }, { "id": "thesis:11278", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "11278", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:11202018-125614284", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Koop_DE_1984.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 50963650, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/11278/1/Koop_DE_1984.pdf", "version": "v4.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Prompt Electron Production in Electron-Positron Annihilations at 29 GeV", "author": [ { "family_name": "Koop", "given_name": "Dale E.", "clpid": "Koop-Dale-E" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Wise", "given_name": "Mark B.", "orcid": "0000-0002-9125-801X", "clpid": "Wise-M-B" }, { "family_name": "Newman", "given_name": "Harvey B.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0964-1480", "clpid": "Newman-H-B" }, { "family_name": "Kavanagh", "given_name": "Ralph William", "clpid": "Kavanagh-R-W" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "We have studied the production of prompt electrons in high statistics sample (118 pb-1) of multihadron events produced in electron positron annihilations at 29 Gev. The experiment was performed using the DELCO facility on the PEP storage ring at SLAC. Electron identification was done primarily with a large acceptance threshold \u010cerenkov counter. Both the momentum and the transverse momentum spectra are measured in terms of a differential cross section for electrons having momenta in the range 0.5 < P < 5.5 Gev/c. We measure the inclusive cross section in this momentum range to be 35.8\u00b13.1 pb. The final distribution of candidates in the P \u2013 P\u22a5 plane are fit well using a Monte Carlo having a combination of bottom and charm quark decays with the semielectronic branching ratios of (15.0\u00b12.9)% and (8.9\u00b11.4)%. We observe no evidence of electron production from new sources and determine a cross section upper limit of 11.6 pb (90% CL) for this process. We find that the fragmentation functions are hard for both b and c quarks, characterized by the values <zb> = 0.77\u00b10.05 and <zc> = 0.68\u00b10.06, where z is the fraction of the heavy quark's energy that is retained by the primary hadron containing the heavy quark. The fragmentation function is fit well by the form Dq(z) = N/[z(1- (1/z) \u2013 (\u2208q/1-z))2] with \u2208b = .018+.024-.011 and \u2208c = .053+.061-.029. Finally we observe events having two electrons with an inclusive cross section of 2.8\u00b11.3 pb for this process, which is consistent with the rate expected from the measured semielectronic rates.
\r\n\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/x378-b766", "publication_date": "1984", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1984" }, { "id": "thesis:5303", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "5303", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:10162009-153203198", "type": "thesis", "title": "A Total Cross Section and Y Distribution Measurement for Muon Type Neutrinos and Antineutrinos on Iron", "author": [ { "family_name": "Blair", "given_name": "Robert Eugene", "clpid": "Blair-Robert-Eugene" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Sciulli", "given_name": "Frank J.", "clpid": "Sciulli-F-J" }, { "family_name": "McKeown", "given_name": "Robert D.", "clpid": "McKeown-R-D" }, { "family_name": "Fox", "given_name": "Geoffrey C.", "clpid": "Fox-G-C" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The measurement of the total charged current cross section for neutrinos and antineutrinos on iron is described. The data consist of 55,000 neutrino and 17,000 antinuetrino events taken in the N30 Dichromatic train at Fermi National Laboratory. The events cover the energy range 30-230 GeV. The slope of the cross section is consistent with flat over this energy range but favors a rise with energy. The results of fits to the y distribution of the form \u03b2((1-\u03b1)+\u03b1(1-\u03b3)2 - R\u03b32/2(1+R) for neutrinos and \u03b2((1-\u03b1)(1-\u03b3)2 + \u03b1 - R\u03b32/2(1+R) for antineutrinos (with R = 1) are reported. A comparison is made between the measured cross sections and the level of e d and \u00b5Fe scattering cross sections. The effect of a W propagator, QCD and neutrino oscillations on the cross section is described. The level of effects allowed by the data for oscillations and a propagator are estimated.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/t0ve-vp84", "publication_date": "1982", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1982" }, { "id": "thesis:10864", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "10864", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:05082018-150004002", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Lee_JR_1981.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 73311180, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/10864/1/Lee_JR_1981.pdf", "version": "v3.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Measurements of \u03bdN Charged Current Cross Sections from E\u03bd = 25 GEV to E\u03bd = 260 GEV", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "James Roy", "clpid": "Lee-James-Roy" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Sciulli", "given_name": "Frank J.", "clpid": "Sciulli-F-J" }, { "family_name": "Feynman", "given_name": "Richard Phillips", "clpid": "Feynman-R-P" }, { "family_name": "Barnes", "given_name": "Charles A.", "clpid": "Barnes-C-A" }, { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The primary objective of this experiment was to measure normalized cross sections for the interaction \u03bdN \u2192 \u03bc-X at energies up to E\u03bd = 260 GEV.
\r\n\r\nThe Fermilab dichromatic neutrino beam is made by focusing 400 GEV protons onto a BeO target to produce a secondary beam containing pions and kaons. Pions and kaons decay into neutrinos in a 340m evacuated decay pipe. The absolute \u03c0 and K flux was determined by measuring the total flux of secondary particles with an ionization chamber and by measuring relative particle composition with a Cherenkov counter. The decay of pions and kaons into neutrinos was calculated to obtain the normalized \u03bd flux at the detector.
\r\n\r\nWe observed 6500 charged current interactions in an 1100 ton iron \u03bd target. Hadron energy deposited in the detector was measured with calorimetric techniques. Muon trajectories were measured with spark chambers. Muon momenta were measured with an iron toroidal magnet.
\r\n\r\nThe total charged current cross section was measured to be \u03c3/E\u03bd = (.700 \u00b1. 038) x 10-38 cm2/GEV independent of energy from E\u03bd = 25 GEV to E\u03bd = 260 GEV. This sets a lower bound on the mass of the W boson of MW > 27 GEV at the 90% confidence level. The mean inelasticity is < y > = .484 \u00b1 .012 independent of energy. The antiquark fraction of the nucleon is \u03b1 = .21 \u00b1 .07 at a mean neutrino energy of E\u03bd = 226 GEV. The x distributions were measured in the region .1 < y < .4 at E\u03bd = 67 GEV and at E\u03bd = 226 GEV. Scaling violations were found at low x, but they can be removed by using the scaling variable x' = x/(1 + M2N/Q2).
\r\n\r\nThese results are in good agreement with a simple quark-parton model of deep inelastic scattering.
", "doi": "10.7907/5mvb-k724", "publication_date": "1981", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1981" }, { "id": "thesis:18445", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "18445", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03252026-155947576", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Siskind_EJ_1979.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 30681904, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/18445/1/Siskind_EJ_1979.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Production of the \u03a8(3100) in 400 GeV Proton - Iron Interactions", "author": [ { "family_name": "Siskind", "given_name": "Eric Jonathan", "orcid": "0000-0002-2872-2553", "clpid": "Siskind-Eric-Jonathan" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The production and subsequent dimuon decay of the vector meson\r\nresonance \u03a8(3100) have been studied in the collisions of a 400 GeV\r\nproton beam incident on an iron target-calorimeter. The apparatus\r\nfeatured a large acceptance iron muon spectrometer, and observed the \u03a8\r\nover a range of transverse momentum (Pt)from 0 to 4 GeV and of\r\nFeynman x (xF) from -.25 to .40
\r\n\r\nThe best fits to the data gave E d\u03c3/dxF \u221e (1 - |xF|)2.96 \u00b1 .27\r\n(x2 = 12.9 for 11 degrees of freedom), and 1/Pt d\u03c3/dPt \u221e e-2.23 \u00b1 .05 Pt\r\n(x2 = 8.6 for 12 degrees of freedom) Pt > 1.2 GeV. The angular\r\ndistribution of \u03a8 decays, as measured in the s channel helicity frame,\r\nwas consistent with a flat spectrum.
\r\n\r\nThe observed values of dimuon branching ratio (B) times zero\r\nrapidity (y) and total cross sections (B d\u03c3/dy|y=0 and B\u03c3) were 14.0 \u00b1\r\n2.9 and 22.9 \u00b1 4.7 nanobarns per nucleon respectively.
\r\n\r\nThe observed cross sections and differential distributions are\r\npresented in the light of existing world data on hadronic \u03a8 production.
", "doi": "10.7907/6hjy-kj76", "publication_date": "1979", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1979" }, { "id": "thesis:17768", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "17768", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:11182025-232600471", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Merritt_FS_1977.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 43189648, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/17768/1/Merritt_FS_1977.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "The Structure of the Neutral Current Coupling in High Energy Neutrino-Nucleon Interactions", "author": [ { "family_name": "Merritt", "given_name": "Frank Smith", "clpid": "Merrit-Frank-Smith" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the\r\nLorentz structure of the neutral current coupling -- that is, to\r\ndetermine what combination of V-A and V+A (or possibly S, P, and T)\r\ncomponents make up the neutral coupling.
\r\n\r\nThe experiment used the Fermilab narrow band neutrino beam to\r\nprovide separated neutrino and antineutrino fluxes, each consisting of\r\ntwo energy bands at \u224855 and \u2248150 Gev. Deep inelastic inclusive\r\nneutrino-nucleon interactions of the form
\r\n\r\nv(v) + N = \u00b5-(\u00b5+) + hadrons (CC event)
\r\n\r\nv(v) + N = v(v) + hadrons (NC event)
\r\n\r\nwere observed in an instrumented steel target-calorimeter, which\r\nmeasured the total energy of the hadrons produced in each event. The\r\nneutral current coupling was determined by comparing the hadron energy\r\ndistributions of neutrino and antineutrino neutral current events.
\r\n\r\nAn analysis of the charged-current data was carried out in order\r\nto determine the background of charged-current events with unobserved\r\nmuons, and to provide a normalization for the neutral current data.\r\nVarious parameterizations of the CC interaction were tested, and their\r\neffects on the neutral current analysis were studied in detail.
\r\n\r\nThe neutral current analysis indicates that, if only vector and\r\naxial-vector components exist, then the neutral current coupling lies\r\nbetween V and V-A. A pure scalar coupling is excluded. The data have\r\nbeen compared to the Weinberg-Salam theory (extended to semileptonic\r\ninteractions), and are in very good agreement with its predictions.\r\nComparison of this data to the low-energy Gargamelle data indicates\r\nconsistency with a scaling hypothesis.
", "doi": "10.7907/rtyt-zq54", "publication_date": "1977", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1977" }, { "id": "thesis:16229", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "16229", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:10312023-221618547", "type": "thesis", "title": "Zero Degree Hadron Production from an Aluminum Target at 300 GEV", "author": [ { "family_name": "Humphrey", "given_name": "Thomas F.", "clpid": "Humphrey-Thomas-F" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" }, { "family_name": "Sciulli", "given_name": "Frank J.", "clpid": "Sciulli-F-J" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "[Not transcribed]", "doi": "10.7907/h3kd-q835", "publication_date": "1975", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1975" }, { "id": "thesis:9708", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "9708", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:05092016-111120208", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Loken_sc_1972.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 28506187, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/9708/1/Loken_sc_1972.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "Inelastic K\u207ap Reactions at Incident Momenta from 1.37 GeV/c to 2.17 GeV/c", "author": [ { "family_name": "Loken", "given_name": "Stewart Christian", "clpid": "Loken-Stewart-Christian" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "A number of recent experiments have suggested the possibility of a highly inelastic resonance in K+p scattering. To study the inelastic K+p reactions, a 400 K exposure has been taken at the L.R.L. 25 inch bubble chamber. The data are spread over seven K+ momenta between 1.37 and 2.17 GeV/c.
\r\n\r\nCross-sections have been measured for the reaction K+p \u2192 pK\u00b0\u03c0+ which is dominated by the quasi-two body channels K\u2206 and K*N. Both these channels are strongly peripheral, as at other momenta. The decay of the \u2206 is in good agreement with the predictions of the rho-photon analogy of Stodolsky and Sakurai. The data on the K*p channel show evidence of both pseudo scalar and vector exchange.
\r\n\r\nCross-sections for the final state pK+\u03c0+\u03c0- shows a strong contribution from the quasi-two body channel K*\u2206. This reaction is also very peripheral even at threshold. The decay angular distributions indicate the reaction is dominated as at higher momenta by a pion exchange mechanism. The data are also in good agreement with the quark model predictions of Bialas and Zalewski for the K* and \u2206 decay.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/ZKRE-V355", "publication_date": "1972", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1972" }, { "id": "thesis:11065", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "11065", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:06112018-112047312", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Nicholson_HW_Jr_1971.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 70156853, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/11065/1/Nicholson_HW_Jr_1971.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A Study of the Reactions p\u0305p \u2192 \u03c0\u207a\u03c0\u207b, and p\u0305p \u2192 k\u207ak\u207b from 0.7 to 2.4 GeV/c", "author": [ { "family_name": "Nicholson", "given_name": "Howard White, Jr.", "clpid": "Nicholson-Howard-White" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "Differential cross sections for the annihilation reactions \u207bpp \u2192 \u03c0\u207a\u03c0\u207b, and \u207bpp \u2192 k\u207ak\u207b have been measured in the angular region 0.65\u227e cos \u03b8cm \u227e 1.0 at 14 incident antiproton moments at intervals of approximately .1 GeV/c between 0.7 and 2.4 GeV/c. In the angular region .90 \u227e cos \u03b8cm \u227e 1.00 the forward going particle traversed a magnet and the differential cross sections for its charge sign could be measured. In the remaining angular region only the folded cross sections [d\u03c3/d\u03a9 (\u03b8cm) + d\u03c3/d\u03a9 (\u03c0 \u2013 \u03b8cm)] could be obtained. The data which, when binned in cos \u03b8cm bins which varied between .02 and .05 gave differential cross sections with statistical errors between 10 and 30%, were obtained in a counter experiment at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron of the Brookhaven National Laboratory during the fall and winter of 1968.
\r\n\r\nAt extreme angles the two pion annihilations show considerable structure, while the two kaon annihilations fall approximately exponentially. Between 0.7 and 1.34 GeV/c the positive meson has a larger cross section for moving in the p beam direction; between 1.34 and 2.40 GeV/c the situation reverses. The data from this experiment have been combined with the data from a previous Caltech experiment to give complete folded angular distributions and total annihilation cross sections at 12 momenta. The folded pion cross sections show dramatic energy dependence changing from a single dipped distribution at low momenta to a doubled dipped distribution at the higher momenta. The folded two kaon cross sections also show considerable energy dependence but its distribution remains predominately single dipped over the momentum range of this experiment.
\r\n\r\nThe folded two pion annihilation data have been fit by a simple resonance model with two resonances. The two kaon data have been interpreted in terms of particle exchanges.
\r\n", "doi": "10.7907/EX75-KA90", "publication_date": "1971", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1971" }, { "id": "thesis:9129", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "9129", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:09012015-105054487", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Yoh_jk_1970.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 45283472, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/9129/1/Yoh_jk_1970.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "P\u0305P Backward Elastic Scattering Between 0.70 and 2.37 Gev/c", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yoh", "given_name": "John Kzun-Ke", "clpid": "Yoh-John-Kzun-Ke" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "\u0304pp backward elastic scattering has been measured for the cos \u03b8cm region between \u2013 1.00 and \u2013 0.88 and for the incident \u0304p laboratory momentum region between 0.70 and 2.37 GeV/c. These measurements, done in intervals of approximately 0.1 GeV/c, have been performed at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory during the winter of 1968. The measured differential cross sections, binned in cos \u03b8cm intervals of 0.02, have statistical errors of about 10%. Backward dipping exists below 0.95 GeV/c and backward peaking above 0.95 GeV/c. The 180\u02da differential cross section extrapolated from our data shows a sharp dip centered at 0.95 GeV/c and a broad hump centered near 1.4 GeV/c. Our data have been interpreted in terms of resonance effects and in terms of diffraction dominance effects.
", "doi": "10.7907/TA1E-VN55", "publication_date": "1970", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1970" }, { "id": "thesis:10119", "collection": "thesis", "collection_id": "10119", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:03292017-144558554", "primary_object_url": { "basename": "Mar_J_1969.pdf", "content": "final", "filesize": 47218289, "license": "other", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "url": "/10119/1/Mar_J_1969.pdf", "version": "v2.0.0" }, "type": "thesis", "title": "A Comparison of Electron-Proton and Positron-Proton Elastic Scattering at Four-Momentum Transfers up to 5.0 (GeV/c)\u00b2", "author": [ { "family_name": "Mar", "given_name": "Jerry", "clpid": "Mar-Jerry" } ], "thesis_advisor": [ { "family_name": "Pine", "given_name": "Jerome", "clpid": "Pine-J" }, { "family_name": "Barish", "given_name": "Barry C.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6386-7371", "clpid": "Barish-B-C" } ], "thesis_committee": [ { "family_name": "Unknown", "given_name": "Unknown" } ], "local_group": [ { "literal": "div_pma" } ], "abstract": "A comparison of elastic electron-proton and positron-proton\r\nscattering has been made at eight different values of 4-momentum\r\ntransfer squared, ranging from 0.20 to 5.0 (GeV/c)2. The object of\r\nthe comparison is to determine whether the ratio (R) of the radiatively\r\ncorrected positron-proton cross section to the electron-proton cross\r\nsection differs measurably from 1.
\r\n\r\n\r\nAn R \u2260 1 result can be interpreted as being due to the two-photon\r\nexchange contribution, since the interference between the first order\r\nscattering amplitude and the two-photon exchange amplitude occurs with\r\nopposite signs for electrons and positrons.
\r\n\r\n\r\nThe data were obtained using positron and electron beams from the\r\nStanford Linear Accelerator at two energies. Comparisons were made at\r\n4 GeV for scattering angles of 12.5, 20.0, 27.5, and 35.0 degrees, and\r\nat 10 GeV for 2.6, 5.0, 12.5, and 15.0 degrees. The incident beam was\r\npassed through a liquid hydrogen target and the scattered electrons detected\r\nin either the SLAC 8-GeV/c or 20-GeV/c magnetic spectrometers.
\r\n\r\n\r\nThe accuracy to which R was determined ranged from \u00b11.6% for the\r\nmeasurement at 4 GeV, 12.5\u00b0 to \u00b110.8% at 4 GeV, 35\u00b0. The measurements,\r\nafter radiative corrections, are consistent with R=1 within one standard\r\nerror. Limits for the size of the two-photon amplitude and the\r\nconsequences of these limits on theoretical two-photon estimates, are\r\ngiven.
", "doi": "10.7907/K4KS-FQ69", "publication_date": "1969", "thesis_type": "phd", "thesis_year": "1969" } ]