Resolvent analysis provides a framework to predict coherent spatio-temporal structures of the largest linear energy amplification, through a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the resolvent operator, obtained by linearising the Navier–Stokes equations about a known turbulent mean velocity profile. Resolvent analysis utilizes a Fourier decomposition in time, which has thus far limited its application to statistically stationary or time-periodic flows. This work develops a variant of resolvent analysis applicable to time-evolving flows, and proposes a variant that identifies spatio-temporally sparse structures, applicable to either stationary or time-varying mean velocity profiles. Spatio-temporal resolvent analysis is formulated through the incorporation of the temporal dimension to the numerical domain via a discrete time-differentiation operator. Sparsity (which manifests in localisation) is achieved through the addition of an l\u2081-norm penalisation term to the optimisation associated with the SVD. This modified optimisation problem can be formulated as a nonlinear eigenproblem and solved via an inverse power method. We first showcase the implementation of the sparse analysis on a statistically stationary turbulent channel flow, and demonstrate that the sparse variant can identify aspects of the physics not directly evident from standard resolvent analysis. This is followed by applying the sparse space–time formulation on systems that are time varying: a time-periodic turbulent Stokes boundary layer and then a turbulent channel flow with a sudden imposition of a lateral pressure gradient, with the original streamwise pressure gradient unchanged. We present results demonstrating how the sparsity-promoting variant can either change the quantitative structure of the leading space–time modes to increase their sparsity, or identify entirely different linear amplification mechanisms compared with non-sparse resolvent analysis.
", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2024.955", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press (CUP)", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2024-11-25", "volume": "999", "pages": "A87" }, { "id": "authors:exnfv-qa040", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "exnfv-qa040", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/exnfv-qa040", "type": "article", "title": "Transonic Buffet in Flow Past a Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoil", "author": [ { "family_name": "Jia", "given_name": "Boyang", "clpid": "Jia-Boyang" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Weipeng", "clpid": "Li-Weipeng" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "For propeller-driven Mars airplanes operating at low Reynolds numbers, the speed of the rotor tips may reach transonic. To date, only a few studies have investigated the transonic buffet in flow past low-Reynolds-number airfoils. In this study, direct numerical simulations of high-speed flow (\ud835\udc40=0.2, 0.6, and 0.8) past a NACA 0012 airfoil are performed with a low Reynolds number of \ud835\udc45\u2062\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc50=23,000, where transonic buffet is observed at \ud835\udc40=0.8. We first investigated the effects of Mach number on the aerodynamic performance and flow fields. Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and linear stability analysis (LSA) are used to analyze the flow instability mechanisms of the transonic buffet. Results showed that the multiple high-frequency oscillations are related to the vortex shedding at the trailing edge of the airfoil, and the low-frequency oscillation is caused by Type C shock motions. Both of them are confirmed to be self-sustained in feedback cycles.
", "doi": "10.1061/jaeeez.aseng-4978", "issn": "0893-1321", "publisher": "ASCE", "publication": "Journal of Aerospace Engineering", "publication_date": "2024-11", "series_number": "6", "volume": "37", "issue": "6" }, { "id": "authors:atanr-pmx51", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "atanr-pmx51", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/atanr-pmx51", "type": "article", "title": "Sensitivity analysis of wall-modeled large-eddy simulation for separated turbulent flow", "author": [ { "family_name": "Zhou", "given_name": "Di", "orcid": "0000-0003-3387-1446", "clpid": "Zhou-Di" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "In this study, we conduct a parametric analysis to evaluate the sensitivities of wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (LES) with respect to subgrid-scale (SGS) models, mesh resolution, wall boundary conditions and mesh anisotropy. While such investigations have been conducted for attached/flat-plate flow configurations, systematic studies specifically targeting turbulent flows with separation are notably sparse. To bridge this gap, our study focuses on the flow over a two-dimensional Gaussian-shaped bump at a moderately high Reynolds number, which involves smooth-body separation of a turbulent boundary layer under pressure-gradient and surface-curvature effects. In the simulations, the no-slip condition at the wall is replaced by three different forms of boundary condition based on the thin boundary layer equations and the mean wall-shear stress from high-fidelity numerical simulation to avoid the additional complexity of modeling the wall-shear stress. Various statistics, including the mean separation bubble size, mean velocity profile, and dissipation from SGS model, are compared and analyzed. The results reveal that capturing the separation bubble strongly depends on the choice of SGS model. While simulations approach grid convergence with resolutions nearing those of wall-resolved LES meshes, above this limit, the LES predictions exhibit intricate sensitivities to mesh resolution. Furthermore, both wall boundary conditions and the anisotropy of mesh cells exert discernible impacts on the turbulent flow predictions, yet the magnitudes of these impacts vary based on the specific SGS model chosen for the simulation.
\nWe develop a framework for efficient streaming reconstructions of turbulent velocity fluctuations from limited sensor measurements with the goal of enabling real-time applications. The reconstruction process is simplified by computing linear estimators using flow statistics from an initial training period and evaluating their performance during a subsequent testing period with data obtained from direct numerical simulation. We address cases where (i) no, (ii) limited, and (iii) full-field training data are available using estimators based on (i) resolvent modes, (ii) resolvent-based estimation, and (iii) spectral proper orthogonal decomposition modes. During training, we introduce blockwise inversion to accurately and efficiently compute the resolvent operator in an interpretable manner. During testing, we enable efficient streaming reconstructions by using a temporal sliding discrete Fourier transform to recursively update Fourier coefficients using incoming measurements. We use this framework to reconstruct with minimal time delay the turbulent velocity fluctuations in a minimal channel at Re_τ ≈ 186 from sparse planar measurements. We evaluate reconstruction accuracy in the context of the extent of data required and thereby identify potential use cases for each estimator. The reconstructions capture large portions of the dynamics from relatively few measurement planes when the linear estimators are computed with sufficient fidelity. We also evaluate the efficiency of our reconstructions and show that the present framework has the potential to help enable real-time reconstructions of turbulent velocity fluctuations in an analogous experimental setting.
", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevFluids.8.064612", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2023-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "8", "issue": "6", "pages": "064612" }, { "id": "authors:7xb67-waf13", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7xb67-waf13", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230605-334871000.18", "type": "article", "title": "Machine learning building-block-flow wall model for large-eddy simulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "A wall model for large-eddy simulation (LES) is proposed by devising the flow as a combination of building blocks. The core assumption of the model is that a finite set of simple canonical flows contains the essential physics to predict the wall shear stress in more complex scenarios. The model is constructed to predict zero/favourable/adverse mean pressure gradient wall turbulence, separation, statistically unsteady turbulence with mean flow three-dimensionality, and laminar flow. The approach is implemented using two types of artificial neural networks: a classifier, which identifies the contribution of each building block in the flow, and a predictor, which estimates the wall shear stress via a combination of the building-block flows. The training data are obtained directly from wall-modelled LES (WMLES) optimised to reproduce the correct mean quantities. This approach guarantees the consistency of the training data with the numerical discretisation and the gridding strategy of the flow solver. The output of the model is accompanied by a confidence score in the prediction that aids the detection of regions where the model underperforms. The model is validated in canonical flows (e.g. laminar/turbulent boundary layers, turbulent channels, turbulent Poiseuille\u2013Couette flow, turbulent pipe) and two realistic aircraft configurations: the NASA Common Research Model High-lift and NASA Juncture Flow experiment. It is shown that the building-block-flow wall model outperforms (or matches) the predictions by an equilibrium wall model. It is also concluded that further improvements in WMLES should incorporate advances in subgrid-scale modelling to minimise error propagation to the wall model.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2023.331", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2023-05-25", "volume": "963", "pages": "Art. No. A35" }, { "id": "authors:rk2qv-8sy62", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rk2qv-8sy62", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230602-251566000.18", "type": "article", "title": "Log-law recovery through reinforcement-learning wall model for large eddy simulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Vadrot", "given_name": "Aur\u00e9lien", "orcid": "0000-0003-3107-8110", "clpid": "Vadrot-Aur\u00e9lien" }, { "family_name": "Yang", "given_name": "Xiang I. A.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4940-5976", "clpid": "Yang-Xiang-I-A" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Abkar", "given_name": "Mahdi", "orcid": "0000-0002-6220-870X", "clpid": "Abkar-Mahdi" } ], "abstract": "This paper focuses on the use of reinforcement learning (RL) as a machine-learning (ML) modeling tool for near-wall turbulence. RL has demonstrated its effectiveness in solving high-dimensional problems, especially in domains such as games. Despite its potential, RL is still not widely used for turbulence modeling and is primarily used for flow control and optimization purposes. A new RL wall model (WM) called VYBA23 is developed in this work, which uses agents dispersed in the flow near the wall. The model is trained on a single Reynolds number (Re\u03c4=10\u2074) and does not rely on high-fidelity data, as the backpropagation process is based on a reward rather than an output error. The states of the RLWM, which are the representation of the environment by the agents, are normalized to remove dependence on the Reynolds number. The model is tested and compared to another RLWM (BK22) and to an equilibrium wall model, in a half-channel flow at eleven different Reynolds numbers {Re\u03c4\u2208[180;10\u00b9\u2070]}. The effects of varying agents' parameters, such as actions range, time step, and spacing, are also studied. The results are promising, showing little effect on the average flow field but some effect on wall-shear stress fluctuations and velocity fluctuations. This work offers positive prospects for developing RLWMs that can recover physical laws and for extending this type of ML models to more complex flows in the future.", "doi": "10.1063/5.0147570", "issn": "1070-6631", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Physics of Fluids", "publication_date": "2023-05", "series_number": "5", "volume": "35", "issue": "5", "pages": "Art. No. 055122" }, { "id": "authors:wjsq8-7bv47", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wjsq8-7bv47", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220722-768544000", "type": "article", "title": "Local dynamic gradient Smagorinsky model for large-eddy simulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rozema", "given_name": "Wybe", "clpid": "Rozema-Wybe" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Verstappen", "given_name": "Roel W. C. P.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8565-6188", "clpid": "Verstappen-Roel-W-C-P" } ], "abstract": "This paper introduces a local dynamic model for large-eddy simulation (LES) without averaging in the homogeneous directions. It is demonstrated that the widely used dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM) has a singular dynamic model constant if it is used without averaging. The singularity can cause exceedingly large local values of the dynamic model constant. If these large values are not mitigated by the application of averaging, they can amplify discretization errors and impair the stability of simulations. To improve the local applicability of the DSM, the singularity is removed by replacing the resolved rate-of-strain tensors in the Smagorinsky model with the resolved velocity gradient tensor. This replacement results in the dynamic gradient Smagorinsky model (DGSM). Results of simulations of three canonical turbulent flows (decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence, a temporal mixing layer, and turbulent channel flow) are presented to demonstrate the potential of this model. The DGSM provides improved stability compared to the local DSM and does not require averaging for stability at time step sizes that are typically used for a locally consistent static LES model. Results obtained with the DGSM are generally as accurate as results obtained with the DSM, while the DGSM has lower computational complexity. Moreover, the DGSM is easy to implement and does not require any homogeneous direction in space or time. It is therefore concluded that the DGSM is a promising local dynamic model for LES.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevfluids.7.074604", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2022-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "7", "issue": "7", "pages": "Art. No. 074604" }, { "id": "authors:y0zn0-xky07", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y0zn0-xky07", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220317-189733300", "type": "article", "title": "Scientific multi-agent reinforcement learning for wall-models of turbulent flows", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Koumoutsakos", "given_name": "Petros", "orcid": "0000-0001-8337-2122", "clpid": "Koumoutsakos-Petros" } ], "abstract": "The predictive capabilities of turbulent flow simulations, critical for aerodynamic design and weather prediction, hinge on the choice of turbulence models. The abundance of data from experiments and simulations and the advent of machine learning have provided a boost to turbulence modeling efforts. However, simulations of turbulent flows remain hindered by the inability of heuristics and supervised learning to model the near-wall dynamics. We address this challenge by introducing scientific multi-agent reinforcement learning (SciMARL) for the discovery of wall models for large-eddy simulations (LES). In SciMARL, discretization points act also as cooperating agents that learn to supply the LES closure model. The agents self-learn using limited data and generalize to extreme Reynolds numbers and previously unseen geometries. The present simulations reduce by several orders of magnitude the computational cost over fully-resolved simulations while reproducing key flow quantities. We believe that SciMARL creates unprecedented capabilities for the simulation of turbulent flows.", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-022-28957-7", "pmcid": "PMC8931082", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2022-03-17", "volume": "13", "pages": "Art. No. 1443" }, { "id": "authors:xjg67-b4e50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xjg67-b4e50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210223-153658783", "type": "article", "title": "Resolvent analysis of stratification effects on wall-bounded shear flows", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ahmed", "given_name": "M. A.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3479-6946", "clpid": "Ahmed-M-Arslan" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Thompson", "given_name": "A. F.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0322-4811", "clpid": "Thompson-A-F" }, { "family_name": "McKeon", "given_name": "B. J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4220-1583", "clpid": "McKeon-B-J" } ], "abstract": "The interaction between shear-driven turbulence and stratification is a key process in a wide array of geophysical flows with spatiotemporal scales that span many orders of magnitude. A quick numerical model prediction based on external parameters of stratified boundary layers could greatly benefit the understanding of the interaction between velocity and scalar flux at varying scales. For these reasons, here we use the resolvent framework [McKeon and Sharma, J. Fluid Mech., 658 (2010)] to investigate the effects of an active scalar on incompressible wall-bounded turbulence. We obtain the state of the flow system by applying the linear resolvent operator to the nonlinear terms in the governing Navier-Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation. This extends the formulation to include the scalar advection equation with the scalar component acting in the wall-normal direction in the momentum equations [Dawson, Saxton-Fox and McKeon, AIAA Fluid Dyn. Conf. 4042 (2018)]. We use the mean velocity profiles from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a stably stratified turbulent channel flow at varying friction Richardson number Ri_\u03c4. The results obtained from the resolvent analysis are compared to the premultiplied energy spectra, autocorrelation coefficient, and the energy budget terms obtained from the DNS. It is shown that despite using only a very limited range of representative scales, the resolvent model is able to reproduce the balance of energy budget terms as well as provide meaningful insight into coherent structures occurring in the flow. Computation of the leading resolvent models, despite considering a limited range of scales, reproduces the balance of energy budget terms, provides meaningful predictions of coherent structures in the flow, and is more cost-effective than performing full-scale simulations. This quick model can provide a further understanding of stratified flows with only information about the mean profile and prior knowledge of energetic scales of motion in the neutrally buoyant boundary layers.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.084804", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2021-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "6", "issue": "8", "pages": "Art. No. 084804" }, { "id": "authors:cqw8h-57d63", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cqw8h-57d63", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-141739187", "type": "article", "title": "Life cycle of streaks in the buffer layer of wall-bounded turbulence", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Myoungkyu", "orcid": "0000-0002-5647-6265", "clpid": "Lee-Myoungkyu" } ], "abstract": "Streaks in the buffer layer of wall-bounded turbulence are tracked in time to study their life cycle. Spatially and temporally resolved direct numerical simulation data are used to analyze the strong wall-parallel movements conditioned to low-speed streamwise flow. The analysis of the streaks shows that there is a clear distinction between wall-attached and detached streaks, and that the wall-attached streaks can be further categorized into streaks that are contained in the buffer layer and the ones that reach the outer region. The results reveal that streaks are born in the buffer layer, coalescing with each other to create larger streaks that are still attached to the wall. Once the streak becomes large enough, it starts to meander due to the large streamwise-to-wall-normal aspect ratio, and consequently the elongation in the streamwise direction, which makes it more difficult for the streak to be oriented strictly in the streamwise direction. While the continuous interaction of the streaks allows the superstructure to span extremely long temporal and length scales, individual streak components are relatively small and short-lived. Tall-attached streaks eventually split into wall-attached and wall-detached components. These wall-detached streaks have a strong wall-normal velocity away from the wall, similar to ejections or bursts observed in the literature. Conditionally averaging the flow fields to these split events show that the detached streak has not only a larger wall-normal velocity compared to the wall-attached counterpart, it also has a larger (less negative) streamwise velocity, similar to the velocity field at the tip of a vortex cluster.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.064603", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2021-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "6", "issue": "6", "pages": "Art. No. 064603" }, { "id": "authors:hz1q5-ttm93", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hz1q5-ttm93", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191223-155902555", "type": "article", "title": "Nonlinear mechanism of the self-sustaining process in the buffer and logarithmic layer of wall-bounded flows", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "McKeon", "given_name": "Beverley J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4220-1583", "clpid": "McKeon-B-J" } ], "abstract": "The nonlinear mechanism in the self-sustaining process (SSP) of wall-bounded turbulence is investigated. Resolvent analysis is used to identify the principal forcing mode that produces the maximum amplification of the velocities in numerical simulations of the minimal channel for the buffer layer and a modified logarithmic (log) layer. The wavenumbers targeted in this study are those of the fundamental mode, which is infinitely long in the streamwise direction and once-periodic in the spanwise direction. The identified mode is then projected out from the nonlinear term of the Navier\u2013Stokes equations at each time step from the simulation of the corresponding minimal channel. The results show that the removal of the principal forcing mode of the fundamental wavenumber can inhibit turbulence in both the buffer and log layer, with the effect being greater in the buffer layer. Removing other modes instead of the principal mode of the fundamental wavenumber only marginally affects the flow. Closer inspection of the dyadic interactions in the nonlinear term shows that contributions to the principal forcing mode come from a limited set of wavenumber interactions. Using conditional averaging, the flow structures that are responsible for generating the nonlinear interaction to self-sustain turbulence are identified as spanwise rolls interacting with oblique streaks. This method, based on the equations of motion, validates the similarities in the SSP of the buffer and log layer, and characterises the underlying quadratic interactions in the SSP of the minimal channel.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2020.857", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2021-05-10", "volume": "914", "pages": "Art. No. A3" }, { "id": "authors:4t2cm-zhg75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4t2cm-zhg75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210311-101157248", "type": "article", "title": "Effect of Wall Boundary Conditions on a Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation in a Finite-Difference Framework", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" } ], "abstract": "We studied the effect of wall boundary conditions on the statistics in a wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) of turbulent channel flows. Three different forms of the boundary condition based on the mean stress-balance equations were used to supply the correct mean wall shear stress for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and grid resolutions applicable to WMLES. In addition to the widely used Neumann boundary condition at the wall, we considered a case with a no-slip condition at the wall in which the wall stress was imposed by adjusting the value of the eddy viscosity at the wall. The results showed that the type of boundary condition utilized had an impact on the statistics (e.g., mean velocity profile and turbulence intensities) in the vicinity of the wall, especially at the first off-wall grid point. Augmenting the eddy viscosity at the wall resulted in improved predictions of statistics in the near-wall region, which should allow the use of information from the first off-wall grid point for wall models without additional spatial or temporal filtering. This boundary condition is easy to implement and provides a simple solution to the well-known log-layer mismatch in WMLES.", "doi": "10.3390/fluids6030112", "issn": "2311-5521", "publisher": "MDPI AG", "publication": "Fluids", "publication_date": "2021-03-10", "series_number": "3", "volume": "6", "issue": "3", "pages": "Art. No. 112" }, { "id": "authors:eq3d2-n2j56", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "eq3d2-n2j56", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200701-133438084", "type": "article", "title": "Characterization of vortex regeneration mechanism in the self-sustaining process of wall-bounded flows using resolvent analysis", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "McKeon", "given_name": "Beverley J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4220-1583", "clpid": "McKeon-B-J" } ], "abstract": "The regeneration mechanism of streamwise vortical structures in the self-sustaining process of wall-bounded turbulence is investigated. Resolvent analysis [1] is used to identify the principal forcing mode which produces the maximum amplification of the response modes in the minimal channel for the buffer [2] and logarithmic layer [3]. The identified mode is then projected out from the nonlinear term of the Navier-Stokes equations at each time step from the direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the corresponding minimal channel. The results show that the removal of the principal forcing mode is able to significantly inhibit turbulence for the buffer and logarithmic layer while removing the subsequent modes instead of the principal one only marginally affects the flow. Analysis of the dyadic interactions in the nonlinear term shows that the contributions toward the principal forcing mode come from a limited number of wavenumber interactions. Using conditional averaging, the flow structures that are responsible for generating the principal forcing mode, and thus the nonlinear interaction to self-sustain turbulence, are identified to be spanwise rolls interacting with meandering streaks.", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/1522/1/012001", "issn": "1742-6588", "publisher": "IOP", "publication": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publication_date": "2020-06-10", "volume": "1522", "pages": "Art. No. 012001" }, { "id": "authors:3wz5g-ryp87", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "3wz5g-ryp87", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200128-124558577", "type": "article", "title": "Resolvent-based study of compressibility effects on supersonic turbulent boundary layers", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Dawson", "given_name": "Scott T. M.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0020-2097", "clpid": "Dawson-Scott-T-M" }, { "family_name": "McKeon", "given_name": "Beverley J.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4220-1583", "clpid": "McKeon-B-J" } ], "abstract": "The resolvent formulation of McKeon & Sharma (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 658, 2010, pp. 336\u2013382) is applied to supersonic turbulent boundary layers to study the validity of Morkovin's hypothesis, which postulates that high-speed turbulence structures in zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers remain largely the same as their incompressible counterparts. Supersonic zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers with adiabatic wall boundary conditions at Mach numbers ranging from 2 to 4 are considered. Resolvent analysis highlights two distinct regions of the supersonic turbulent boundary layer in the wave parameter space: the relatively supersonic region and the relatively subsonic region. In the relatively supersonic region, where the flow is supersonic relative to the free-stream, resolvent modes display structures consistent with Mach wave radiation that are absent in the incompressible regime. In the relatively subsonic region, we show that the low-rank approximation of the resolvent operator is an effective approximation of the full system and that the response modes predicted by the model exhibit universal and geometrically self-similar behaviour via a transformation given by the semi-local scaling. Moreover, with the semi-local scaling, we show that the resolvent modes follow the same scaling law as their incompressible counterparts in this region, which has implications for modelling and the prediction of turbulent high-speed wall-bounded flows. We also show that the thermodynamic variables exhibit similar mode shapes to the streamwise velocity modes, supporting the strong Reynolds analogy. Finally, we demonstrate that the principal resolvent modes can be used to capture the energy distribution between momentum and thermodynamic fluctuations.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2019.881", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2020-01-25", "volume": "883", "pages": "Art. No. A29" }, { "id": "authors:r7txx-naf94", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "r7txx-naf94", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191120-001542074", "type": "article", "title": "Causality of energy-containing eddies in wall turbulence", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Encinar", "given_name": "Miguel P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3007-5981", "clpid": "Encinar-Miguel-P" } ], "abstract": "Turbulent flows in the presence of walls may be apprehended as a collection of momentum- and energy-containing eddies (energy-eddies), whose sizes differ by many orders of magnitude. These eddies follow a self-sustaining cycle, i.e. existing eddies are seeds for the inception of new ones, and so forth. Understanding this process is critical for the modelling and control of geophysical and industrial flows, in which a non-negligible fraction of the energy is dissipated by turbulence in the immediate vicinity of walls. In this study, we examine the causal interactions of energy-eddies in wall-bounded turbulence by quantifying how the knowledge of the past states of eddies reduces the uncertainty of their future states. The analysis is performed via direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flows in which time-resolved energy-eddies are isolated at a prescribed scale. Our approach unveils, in a simple manner, that causality of energy-eddies in the buffer and logarithmic layers is similar and independent of the eddy size. We further show an example of how novel flow control and modelling strategies can take advantage of such self-similar causality.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2019.801", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2020-01-10", "volume": "882", "pages": "A2" }, { "id": "authors:jqtwb-snc28", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jqtwb-snc28", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190507-111646634", "type": "article", "title": "Error scaling of large-eddy simulation in the outer region of wall-bounded turbulence", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Hyunji Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "We study the error scaling properties of large-eddy simulation (LES) in the outer region of wall-bounded turbulence at moderately high Reynolds numbers. In order to avoid the additional complexity of wall-modeling, we perform LES of turbulent channel flows in which the no-slip condition at the wall is replaced by a Neumann condition supplying the exact mean wall-stress. The statistics investigated are the mean velocity profile, turbulence intensities, and kinetic energy spectra. The errors follow (\u0394/L)^\u03b1Re_\u03c4^\u03b3, where \u0394 is the characteristic grid resolution, Re\u03c4 is the friction Reynolds number, and L is the meaningful length-scale to normalize \u0394 in order to collapse the errors across the wall-normal distance. We show that \u0394 can be expressed as the L_2-norm of the grid vector and that L is well represented by the ratio of the friction velocity and mean shear. The exponent \u03b1 is estimated from theoretical arguments for each statistical quantity of interest and shown to roughly match the values computed by numerical simulations. For the mean profile and kinetic energy spectra, \u03b1 \u2248 1, whereas the turbulence intensities converge at a slower rate \u03b1 < 1. The exponent \u03b3 is approximately 0, i.e. the LES solution is independent of the Reynolds number. The expected behavior of the turbulence intensities at high Reynolds numbers is also derived and shown to agree with the classic log-layer profiles for grid resolutions lying within the inertial range. Further examination of the LES turbulence intensities and spectra reveals that both quantities resemble their filtered counterparts from direct numerical simulation (DNS) data, but that the mechanism responsible for this similarity is related to the balance between the input power and dissipation rather than to filtering.", "doi": "10.1016/j.jcp.2019.04.063", "pmcid": "PMC6800710", "issn": "0021-9991", "publisher": "Elsevier", "publication": "Journal of Computational Physics", "publication_date": "2019-09-01", "volume": "392", "pages": "532-555" }, { "id": "authors:g9wfe-grx62", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "g9wfe-grx62", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190508-161433596", "type": "article", "title": "Characteristic scales of Townsend's wall-attached eddies", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Hyunji Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "Townsend (The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, 1976, Cambridge University Press) proposed a structural model for the logarithmic layer (log layer) of wall turbulence at high Reynolds numbers, where the dominant momentum-carrying motions are organised into a multiscale population of eddies attached to the wall. In the attached-eddy framework, the relevant length and velocity scales of the wall-attached eddies are the friction velocity and the distance to the wall. In the present work, we hypothesise that the momentum-carrying eddies are controlled by the mean momentum flux and mean shear with no explicit reference to the distance to the wall and propose new characteristic velocity, length and time scales consistent with this argument. Our hypothesis is supported by direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flows driven by non-uniform body forces and modified mean velocity profiles, where the resulting outer-layer flow structures are substantially altered to accommodate the new mean momentum transfer. The proposed scaling is further corroborated by simulations where the no-slip wall is replaced by a Robin boundary condition for the three velocity components, allowing for substantial wall-normal transpiration at all length scales. We show that the outer-layer one-point statistics and spectra of this channel with transpiration agree quantitatively with those of its wall-bounded counterpart. The results reveal that the wall-parallel no-slip condition is not required to recover classic wall-bounded turbulence far from the wall and, more importantly, neither is the impermeability condition at the wall.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2019.209", "pmcid": "PMC6800708", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2019-06-10", "volume": "868", "pages": "698-725" }, { "id": "authors:h9vg3-vea70", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "h9vg3-vea70", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-154630091", "type": "article", "title": "Dynamic slip wall model for large-eddy\u00a0simulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Hyunji Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bose", "given_name": "Sanjeeb T.", "clpid": "Bose-Sanjeeb-T" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "Parviz", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" } ], "abstract": "Wall modelling in large-eddy simulation (LES) is necessary to overcome the prohibitive near-wall resolution requirements in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows. Most existing wall models rely on assumptions about the state of the boundary layer and require a priori prescription of tunable coefficients. They also impose the predicted wall stress by replacing the no-slip boundary condition at the wall with a Neumann boundary condition in the wall-parallel directions while maintaining the no-transpiration condition in the wall-normal direction. In the present study, we first motivate and analyse the Robin (slip) boundary condition with transpiration (non-zero wall-normal velocity) in the context of wall-modelled LES. The effect of the slip boundary condition on the one-point statistics of the flow is investigated in LES of turbulent channel flow and a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. It is shown that the slip condition provides a framework to compensate for the deficit or excess of mean momentum at the wall. Moreover, the resulting non-zero stress at the wall alleviates the well-known problem of the wall-stress under-estimation by current subgrid-scale (SGS) models (Jim\u00e9nez & Moser, AIAA J., vol. 38 (4), 2000, pp. 605\u2013612). Second, we discuss the requirements for the slip condition to be used in conjunction with wall models and derive the equation that connects the slip boundary condition with the stress at the wall. Finally, a dynamic procedure for the slip coefficients is formulated, providing a dynamic slip wall model free of a priori specified coefficients. The performance of the proposed dynamic wall model is tested in a series of LES of turbulent channel flow at varying Reynolds numbers, non-equilibrium three-dimensional transient channel flow and a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. The results show that the dynamic wall model is able to accurately predict one-point turbulence statistics for various flow configurations, Reynolds numbers and grid resolutions.", "doi": "10.1017/jfm.2018.838", "issn": "0022-1120", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "publication": "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", "publication_date": "2019-01-25", "volume": "859", "pages": "400-432" }, { "id": "authors:n0vdj-0yz76", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "n0vdj-0yz76", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210326-121043266", "type": "article", "title": "A minimal flow unit of the logarithmic layer in the absence of near-wall eddies and large scales", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" } ], "abstract": "In the vicinity of walls, turbulent flows are found to be highly organized, consisting\nof streamwise rolls and low- and high-speed streaks (Klebanoff et al. 1962; Kline et al.\n1967; Smith & Metzler 1983; Blackwelder & Eckelmann 1979; Johansson et al. 1987) that\nare involved in a quasi-periodic regeneration cycle (Robinson 1991; Panton 2001; Adrian\n2007; Smits et al. 2011; Jim\u00e9nez 2018). Important progress regarding the study of this\nregeneration cycle was made using the \"minimal flow unit\" approach, which indicated\nthat buffer layer streaks can self-sustain even when motions at larger scales are inhibited\nand that their existence, therefore, relies on an autonomous process (Jim\u00e9nez & Moin\n1991). The observation that the buffer and viscous layers of wall-bounded flows can be\nsimulated in periodic boxes of minimal dimensions has been useful in understanding wall\nturbulence since it enables the study of individual flow features in isolation from their\nmutual interactions.", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2019-01", "pages": "247-256" }, { "id": "authors:08k49-8th65", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "08k49-8th65", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-111745889", "type": "article", "title": "Mandala-inspired representation of the turbulent energy cascade", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bassenne", "given_name": "Maxime", "clpid": "Bassenne-Maxime" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Hyunji Jane", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "Adri\u00e1n", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" } ], "abstract": "This paper is associated with a poster winner of a 2017 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original poster is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2017.GFM.P0026", "doi": "10.1103/physrevfluids.3.100505", "pmcid": "PMC6800704", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2018-10", "series_number": "10", "volume": "3", "issue": "10", "pages": "Art. No. 100505" }, { "id": "authors:w8qj8-qag10", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w8qj8-qag10", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-145613612", "type": "article", "title": "Causal analysis of self-sustaining processes in the logarithmic layer of wall-bounded turbulence", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Encinar", "given_name": "M. P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-3007-5981", "clpid": "Encinar-Miguel-P" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" } ], "abstract": "Despite the large amount of information provided by direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows, their underlying dynamics remain elusive even in the most simple and canonical configurations. Most common approaches to investigate the turbulence phenomena do not provide a clear causal inference between events, which is essential to determine the dynamics of self-sustaining processes. In the present work, we examine the causal interactions between streaks, rolls and mean shear in the logarithmic layer of a minimal turbulent channel flow. Causality between structures is assessed in a non-intrusive manner by transfer entropy, i.e., how much the uncertainty of one structure is reduced by knowing the past states of the others. We choose to represent streaks by the first Fourier modes of the streamwise velocity, while rolls are defined by the wall-normal and spanwise velocity modes. The results show that the process is mainly unidirectional rather than cyclic, and that the log-layer motions are sustained by extracting energy from the mean shear which controls the dynamics and time-scales. The well-known lift-up effect is also identified, but shown to be of secondary importance in the causal network between shear, streaks and rolls.", "doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/1001/1/012013", "pmcid": "PMC6800676", "issn": "1742-6588", "publisher": "IOP", "publication": "Journal of Physics Conference Series", "publication_date": "2018-04-12", "volume": "1001", "pages": "Art. No. 012013" }, { "id": "authors:4wneh-9nd72", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4wneh-9nd72", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-113839281", "type": "article", "title": "DNS-aided explicitly filtered LES of channel flow", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" } ], "abstract": "The equations for large-eddy simulation (LES) are formally derived by applying a low-pass filter to the Navier\u2013Stokes (NS) equations (Leonard 1975). However, in most numerical simulations, no explicit filter form is specified, and the computational grid and the low-pass characteristics of the discrete differentiation operators act as an effective implicit filter. The resulting velocity field is then assumed to be representative of the filtered velocity. Although the discrete operators have a low-pass filtering effect, the associated filter acts only in the single spatial direction in which the derivative is applied (Lund 2003); thus each term in the NS equations takes on a different filter form. In addition, numerical errors and the frequency content are uncontrolled for the implicit filter approach, and the solutions are grid dependent (Kravchenko & Moin 2000; Meyers & Sagaut 2007).", "doi": "10.48550/arXiv.1902.02508", "pmcid": "PMC6800716", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2018-01", "pages": "197-207" }, { "id": "authors:6869c-vnn72", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "6869c-vnn72", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-113239124", "type": "article", "title": "Turbulence intensities in large-eddy simulation of wall-bounded flows", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bose", "given_name": "S. T.", "clpid": "Bose-S-T" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0491-7065", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" } ], "abstract": "A persistent problem in wall-bounded large-eddy simulations (LES) with Dirichlet no-slip boundary conditions is that the near-wall streamwise velocity fluctuations are overpredicted, while those in the wall-normal and spanwise directions are underpredicted. The problem may become particularly pronounced when the near-wall region is underresolved. The prediction of the fluctuations is known to improve for wall-modeled LES, where the no-slip boundary condition at the wall is typically replaced by Neumann and no-transpiration conditions for the wall-parallel and wall-normal velocities, respectively. However, the turbulence intensity peaks are sensitive to the grid resolution and the prediction may degrade when the grid is refined. In the present study, a physical explanation of this phenomena is offered in terms of the behavior of the near-wall streaks. We also show that further improvements are achieved by introducing a Robin (slip) boundary condition with transpiration instead of the Neumann condition. By using a slip condition, the inner energy production peak is damped, and the blocking effect of the wall is relaxed such that the splatting of eddies at the wall is mitigated. As a consequence, the slip boundary condition provides an accurate and consistent prediction of the turbulence intensities regardless of the near-wall resolution.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevfluids.3.014610", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2018-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "3", "issue": "1", "pages": "Art. No. 014610" }, { "id": "authors:ve0a5-feg42", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ve0a5-feg42", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210322-154129661", "type": "article", "title": "Convergence of large-eddy simulation in the outer region of wall-bounded turbulence", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "Most turbulent flows cannot be calculated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations because the range of scales of motions is so large that the computational cost becomes prohibitive. In large-eddy simulation (LES), only the large eddies are resolved and the effect of the small scales on the larger ones is modeled through a subgrid scale (SGS) model. This process enables a reduction of the computational cost by several orders of magnitude.", "pmcid": "PMC6800699", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2017-01", "pages": "257-270" }, { "id": "authors:72ap3-hbw40", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "72ap3-hbw40", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210316-070322625", "type": "article", "title": "Dynamic wall models for the slip boundary condition", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Bose", "given_name": "S. T.", "clpid": "Bose-S-T" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0491-7065", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" } ], "abstract": "The near-wall resolution requirements to accurately resolve the boundary layer in wall-bounded flows remains a pacing item in large-eddy simulation (LES) for high-Reynolds-number engineering applications. Chapman (1979) and Choi & Moin (2012) estimated that the number of grid points necessary for a wall-resolved LES scales as Re^(1.9), where Re is the characteristic Reynolds number of the problem. The computational cost is still too high for many practical problems, especially for external aerodynamics, despite the favorable comparison to the Re^(2.6) scaling required for direct numerical simulation (DNS) where all the relevant scales of motion are resolved.", "pmcid": "PMC6800703", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2017-01", "pages": "229-242" }, { "id": "authors:gazgn-mg645", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "gazgn-mg645", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-142512722", "type": "article", "title": "Minimum-dissipation scalar transport model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows", "author": [ { "family_name": "Abkar", "given_name": "Mahdi", "orcid": "0000-0002-6220-870X", "clpid": "Abkar-Mahdi" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Hyun J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "Parviz", "orcid": "0000-0002-0491-7065", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" } ], "abstract": "Minimum-dissipation models are a simple alternative to the Smagorinsky-type approaches to parametrize the subfilter turbulent fluxes in large-eddy simulation. A recently derived model of this type for subfilter stress tensor is the anisotropic minimum-dissipation (AMD) model [Rozema et al., Phys. Fluids 27, 085107 (2015)], which has many desirable properties. It is more cost effective than the dynamic Smagorinsky model, it appropriately switches off in laminar and transitional flows, and it is consistent with the exact subfilter stress tensor on both isotropic and anisotropic grids. In this study, an extension of this approach to modeling the subfilter scalar flux is proposed. The performance of the AMD model is tested in the simulation of a high-Reynolds-number rough-wall boundary-layer flow with a constant and uniform surface scalar flux. The simulation results obtained from the AMD model show good agreement with well-established empirical correlations and theoretical predictions of the resolved flow statistics. In particular, the AMD model is capable of accurately predicting the expected surface-layer similarity profiles and power spectra for both velocity and scalar concentration.", "doi": "10.1103/physrevfluids.1.041701", "issn": "2469-990X", "publisher": "American Physical Society", "publication": "Physical Review Fluids", "publication_date": "2016-08", "series_number": "4", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "pages": "Art. No. 041701" }, { "id": "authors:wvb5f-apv75", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "wvb5f-apv75", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210317-083626390", "type": "article", "title": "Turbulent channel with slip boundaries as a benchmark for subgrid-scale models in LES", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" } ], "abstract": "Most turbulent flows cannot be calculated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations because the range of scales of motion is so large that the computational cost becomes prohibitive. In large-eddy simulations (LES), only the large eddies are resolved and the effect of the small scales on the larger ones is supplied through a subgrid-scale (SGS) model in order to overcome most of the computational cost. In this sense, the role of SGS models is to provide the missing large-scale Reynolds stresses that can not be resolved in coarser LES computational grids.", "pmcid": "PMC6800701", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2016-01", "pages": "97-103" }, { "id": "authors:e2td0-4w440", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "e2td0-4w440", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-143345631", "type": "article", "title": "Investigation of the slip boundary condition in wall-modeled LES", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n", "given_name": "A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9306-0261", "clpid": "Lozano-Dur\u00e1n-Adri\u00e1n" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0491-7065", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" } ], "abstract": "The near-wall resolution requirement to accurately resolve the boundary layer in wall-bounded flows remains one of the largest obstacles in large-eddy simulation (LES) of high-Reynolds-number engineering applications. Chapman (1979) estimated that the number of grid points necessary for a wall-resolved (WR) LES scales as N_(WR) ~ Re^(9/5), where Re is the characteristic Reynolds number of the problem. A more recent study by Choi & Moin (2012), using more accurate correlations for the skin friction coefficients, concluded that N_(WR) ~ Re^(13/7), which is far too expensive for many practical engineering applications and not very different from the N_(DNS) ~ Re^(37/14) scaling required for direct numerical simulation (DNS) where all the relevant scales of motion are resolved.", "pmcid": "PMC6800698", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2016-01", "pages": "75-86" }, { "id": "authors:kefzd-2py54", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "kefzd-2py54", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210315-152246966", "type": "article", "title": "Minimum-dissipation models for large-eddy simulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Rozema", "given_name": "Wybe", "clpid": "Rozema-Wybe" }, { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "Hyun J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "Parviz", "orcid": "0000-0002-0491-7065", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" }, { "family_name": "Verstappen", "given_name": "Roel", "orcid": "0000-0001-8565-6188", "clpid": "Verstappen-Roel" } ], "abstract": "Minimum-dissipation eddy-viscosity models are a class of sub-filter models for large-eddy simulation that give the minimum eddy dissipation required to dissipate the energy of sub-filter scales. A previously derived minimum-dissipation model is the QR model. This model is based on the invariants of the resolved rate-of-strain tensor and has many desirable properties. It appropriately switches off for laminar and transitional flows, has low computational complexity, and is consistent with the exact sub-filter tensor on isotropic grids. However, the QR model proposed in the literature gives insufficient eddy dissipation. It is demonstrated that this can be corrected by increasing the model constant. The corrected QR model gives good results in simulations of decaying grid turbulence on an isotropic grid. On anisotropic grids the QR model is not consistent with the exact sub-filter tensor and requires an approximation of the filter width. It is demonstrated that the results of the QR model on anisotropic grids are primarily determined by the used filter width approximation, and that no approximation gives satisfactory results in simulations of both a temporal mixing layer and turbulent channel flow. A new minimum-dissipation model for anisotropic grids is proposed. This anisotropic minimum-dissipation (AMD) model generalizes the desirable practical and theoretical properties of the QR model to anisotropic grids and does not require an approximation of the filter width. The AMD model is successfully applied in simulations of decaying grid turbulence on an isotropic grid and in simulations of a temporal mixing layer and turbulent channel flow on anisotropic grids.", "doi": "10.1063/1.4928700", "issn": "1070-6631", "publisher": "American Institute of Physics", "publication": "Physics of Fluids", "publication_date": "2015-08", "series_number": "8", "volume": "27", "issue": "8", "pages": "Art. No. 085107" }, { "id": "authors:9kg9y-xxy62", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9kg9y-xxy62", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210322-151621646", "type": "article", "title": "Multirate time-stepping least squares shadowing method", "author": [ { "family_name": "Bae", "given_name": "H. J.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6789-6209", "clpid": "Bae-Hyunji-Jane" }, { "family_name": "Moin", "given_name": "P.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0491-7065", "clpid": "Moin-Parviz" } ], "abstract": "The recently developed least squares shadowing (LSS) method reformulates unsteady\nturbulent flow simulations to be well-conditioned time-domain boundary-value problems.\nWe see from Wang et al. (2013) that the reformulation from LSS can enable scalable\nparallel in-time simulation of turbulent flows. It utilizes the large number of processors in\nhigh-performance machines in order to find a trajectory that satisfies the given governing\nequation effectively by relaxing the initial condition. This method can speed up the wall\nclock time of finding the solution by effectively parallelizing in the temporal domain as\nwell as the spatial domain. However, the traditional LSS method was limited by the\nsmallest time-step of the entire domain, and thus required solving of extremely large\nblock tri-diagonal systems.", "publisher": "Stanford University", "publication": "Annual Research Briefs", "publication_date": "2014-01", "pages": "69-76" } ]