[ { "id": "authors:y3b3t-32268", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y3b3t-32268", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121005-163952917", "type": "article", "title": "Supernovae and Californium 254", "author": [ { "family_name": "Baade", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Baade-W" }, { "family_name": "Burbidge", "given_name": "G. R.", "clpid": "Burbidge-G-R" }, { "family_name": "Hoyle", "given_name": "F.", "clpid": "Hoyle-Fred" }, { "family_name": "Burbidge", "given_name": "E. M.", "clpid": "Burbidge-E-M" }, { "family_name": "Christy", "given_name": "R. F.", "clpid": "Christy-R-F" }, { "family_name": "Fowler", "given_name": "W. A.", "clpid": "Fowler-W-A" } ], "abstract": "[No abstract]", "issn": "0004-6280", "publisher": "Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication": "Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific", "publication_date": "1956-08", "series_number": "403", "volume": "68", "issue": "403", "pages": "296-300" }, { "id": "authors:y1mb3-vpr44", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "y1mb3-vpr44", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BAApr34", "type": "article", "title": "Remarks on super-novae and cosmic rays", "author": [ { "family_name": "Baade", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Baade-W" }, { "family_name": "Zwicky", "given_name": "F.", "clpid": "Zwicky-F" } ], "abstract": "We have recently called attention to a remarkable type of giant novae.(1) As the subject of super-novae is probably very unfamiliar we give here a few more details which are not contained in our original articles.", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRev.46.76.2", "issn": "0031-899X", "publisher": "Physical Review", "publication": "Physical Review", "publication_date": "1934-07-01", "series_number": "1", "volume": "46", "issue": "1", "pages": "76-77" }, { "id": "authors:jav1f-nqm30", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "jav1f-nqm30", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BAApnas34b", "type": "article", "title": "Cosmic Rays from Super-novae", "author": [ { "family_name": "Baade", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Baade-W" }, { "family_name": "Zwicky", "given_name": "F.", "clpid": "Zwicky-F" } ], "abstract": "With the facts mentioned as a beginning it has become customary to reason approximately as follows. Since none of the objects of our Milky Way seem to produce any cosmic rays, these rays probably are not emitted from any of the extragalactic nebulae either, as the spirals among these nebulae are in most respects similar to our own Milky Way. One arrives therefore at one of two hypotheses, either that cosmic rays originate in intergalactic space or that they are survivors from a time when physical conditions in the universe were entirely different from what they are now (Lemattre). On closer scrutiny both hypotheses prove to be very unsatisfactory. On both views one is forced to assume entirely fantastic processes as regards the mode of creation of the rays. Furthermore, on neither of the two hypotheses can it easily be understood why the ratio of the intensity of cosmic rays to the intensity of visible light from extragalactic space is so much greater than unity, whereas the same ratio for our own galaxy is certainly smaller than one (probably less than 0.005) [1]. \n\nIn the following we make an entirely new proposal, which, we think, removes some of the major difficulties concerning the origin of cosmic rays.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1934-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "20", "issue": "5", "pages": "259-263" }, { "id": "authors:17wyr-1eh66", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "17wyr-1eh66", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BAApnas34a", "type": "article", "title": "On Super-novae", "author": [ { "family_name": "Baade", "given_name": "W.", "clpid": "Baade-W" }, { "family_name": "Zwicky", "given_name": "F.", "clpid": "Zwicky-F" } ], "abstract": "The extensive investigations of extragalactic systems during recent years have brought to light the remarkable fact that there exist two well-defined types of new stars or novae which might be distinguished as common novae and super-novae. No intermediate objects have so far been observed. \n\nCommon novae seem to be a rather frequent phenomenon in certain stellar systems. Thus, according to Bailey [1], ten to twenty novae flash up every year in our own Milky Way. A similar frequency (30 per year) has been found by Hubble in the well-known Andromeda nebula. A characteristic feature of these common novae is their absolute brightness (M) at maximum, which in the mean is -5.8 with a range of perhaps 3 to 4 mags. The maximum corresponds to 20,000 times the radiation of the sun. During maximum light the common novae therefore belong to the absolutely brightest stars in stellar systems. This is in full agreement with the fact that we have been able to discover this type of novae in other stellar systems near enough for us to reach stars of absolute magnitude -5 with our present optical equipment.", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "1934-05-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "20", "issue": "5", "pages": "254-259" } ]