[ { "id": "authors:ke7p7-sp573", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "ke7p7-sp573", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200428-092846029", "type": "article", "title": "Increasing efficiency of high numerical aperture metasurfaces using the grating averaging technique", "author": [ { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Mansouree", "given_name": "Mahdad", "clpid": "Mansouree-Mahdad" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Seunghoon", "clpid": "Han-Seunghoon" }, { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Horie", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0001-7083-1270", "clpid": "Horie-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "One of the important advantages of optical metasurfaces over conventional diffractive optical elements is their capability to efficiently deflect light by large angles. However, metasurfaces are conventionally designed using approaches that are optimal for small deflection angles and their performance for designing high numerical aperture devices is not well quantified. Here we introduce and apply a technique for the estimation of the efficiency of high numerical aperture metasurfaces. The technique is based on a particular coherent averaging of diffraction coefficients of periodic blazed gratings and can be used to compare the performance of different metasurface designs in implementing high numerical aperture devices. Unlike optimization-based methods that rely on full-wave simulations and are only practicable in designing small metasurfaces, the gradient averaging technique allows for the design of arbitrarily large metasurfaces. Using this technique, we identify an unconventional metasurface design and experimentally demonstrate a metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.78 and a measured focusing efficiency of 77%. The grating averaging is a versatile technique applicable to many types of gradient metasurfaces, thus enabling highly efficient metasurface components and systems.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-020-64198-8", "pmcid": "PMC7188898", "issn": "2045-2322", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2020-04-28", "volume": "10", "pages": "Art. No. 7124" }, { "id": "authors:hszw5-r9n14", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hszw5-r9n14", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191007-141649074", "type": "article", "title": "Metasurface-generated complex 3-dimensional optical fields for interference lithography", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Kwon", "given_name": "Hyounghan", "orcid": "0000-0002-9257-687X", "clpid": "Kwon-Hyounghan" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "Fast, large-scale, and robust 3-dimensional (3D) fabrication techniques for patterning a variety of structures with submicrometer resolution are important in many areas of science and technology such as photonics, electronics, and mechanics with a wide range of applications from tissue engineering to nanoarchitected materials. From several promising 3D manufacturing techniques for realizing different classes of structures suitable for various applications, interference lithography with diffractive masks stands out for its potential to fabricate complex structures at fast speeds. However, the interference lithography masks demonstrated generally suffer from limitations in terms of the patterns that can be generated. To overcome some of these limitations, here we propose the metasurface-mask\u2013assisted 3D nanofabrication which provides great freedom in patterning various periodic structures. To showcase the versatility of this platform, we design metasurface masks that generate exotic periodic lattices like gyroid, rotated cubic, and diamond structures. As a proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate a diffractive element that can generate the diamond lattice.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1908382116", "pmcid": "PMC6815187", "issn": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publication_date": "2019-10-22", "series_number": "43", "volume": "116", "issue": "43", "pages": "21379-21384" }, { "id": "authors:dcmj3-z4d60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "dcmj3-z4d60", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181010-105938075", "type": "article", "title": "Compact folded metasurface spectrometer", "author": [ { "family_name": "Faraji-Dana", "given_name": "MohammadSadegh", "clpid": "Faraji-Dana-MohammadSadegh" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Kwon", "given_name": "Hyounghan", "clpid": "Kwon-Hyounghan" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "An optical design space that can highly benefit from the recent developments in metasurfaces is the folded optics architecture where light is confined between reflective surfaces, and the wavefront is controlled at the reflective interfaces. In this manuscript, we introduce the concept of folded metasurface optics by demonstrating a compact spectrometer made from a 1-mm-thick glass slab with a volume of 7 cubic millimeters. The spectrometer has a resolution of ~1.2\u2009nm, resolving more than 80 spectral points from 760 to 860\u2009nm. The device is composed of three reflective dielectric metasurfaces, all fabricated in a single lithographic step on one side of a substrate, which simultaneously acts as the propagation space for light. The folded metasystem design can be applied to many optical systems, such as optical signal processors, interferometers, hyperspectral imagers, and computational optical systems, significantly reducing their sizes and increasing their mechanical robustness and potential for integration.", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-018-06495-5", "pmcid": "PMC6180047", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2018-10-10", "volume": "9", "pages": "Art. No. 4196" }, { "id": "authors:rk44w-39384", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "rk44w-39384", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180702-080339260", "type": "article", "title": "A review of dielectric optical metasurfaces for wavefront control", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "During the past few years, metasurfaces have been used to demonstrate optical elements and systems with capabilities that surpass those of conventional diffractive optics. Here, we review some of these recent developments, with a focus on dielectric structures for shaping optical wavefronts. We discuss the mechanisms for achieving steep phase gradients with high efficiency, simultaneous polarization and phase control, controlling the chromatic dispersion, and controlling the angular response. Then, we review applications in imaging, conformal optics, tunable devices, and optical systems. We conclude with an outlook on future potentials and challenges that need to be overcome.", "doi": "10.1515/nanoph-2017-0129", "issn": "2192-8606", "publisher": "De Gruyter", "publication": "Nanophotonics", "publication_date": "2018-06", "series_number": "6", "volume": "7", "issue": "6", "pages": "1041-1068" }, { "id": "authors:1pj2r-c8586", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "1pj2r-c8586", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180223-112217014", "type": "article", "title": "MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens", "author": [ { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Horie", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0001-7083-1270", "clpid": "Horie-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Faraji-Dana", "given_name": "Mohammad Sadegh", "clpid": "Faraji-Dana-Mohammad-Sadegh" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "Varifocal lenses, conventionally implemented by changing the axial distance between multiple optical elements, have a wide range of applications in imaging and optical beam scanning. The use of conventional bulky refractive elements makes these varifocal lenses large, slow, and limits their tunability. Metasurfaces, a new category of lithographically defined diffractive devices, enable thin and lightweight optical elements with precisely engineered phase profiles. Here we demonstrate tunable metasurface doublets, based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), with more than 60 diopters (about 4%) change in the optical power upon a 1-\u03bcm movement of one metasurface, and a scanning frequency that can potentially reach a few kHz. They can also be integrated with a third metasurface to make compact microscopes (~1\u2009mm thick) with a large corrected field of view (~500\u2009\u03bcm or 40 degrees) and fast axial scanning for 3D imaging. This paves the way towards MEMS-integrated metasurfaces as a platform for tunable and reconfigurable optics.", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-018-03155-6", "pmcid": "PMC5824825", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2018-02-23", "volume": "9", "pages": "Art. No. 812" }, { "id": "authors:xkath-51524", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "xkath-51524", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160430-095824592", "type": "article", "title": "Miniature optical planar camera based on a wide-angle metasurface doublet corrected for monochromatic aberrations", "author": [ { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Horie", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0001-7083-1270", "clpid": "Horie-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Seunghoon", "clpid": "Han-Seunghoon" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of nano-scatterers that modify optical wavefronts at subwavelength spatial resolution. They are poised to revolutionize optics by enabling complex low-cost systems where multiple metasurfaces are lithographically stacked and integrated with electronics. For imaging applications, metasurface stacks can perform sophisticated image corrections and can be directly integrated with image sensors. Here we demonstrate this concept with a miniature flat camera integrating a monolithic metasurface lens doublet corrected for monochromatic aberrations, and an image sensor. The doublet lens, which acts as a fisheye photographic objective, has a small f-number of 0.9, an angle-of-view larger than 60\u00b0 \u00d7 60\u00b0, and operates at 850\u2009nm wavelength with 70% focusing efficiency. The camera exhibits nearly diffraction-limited image quality, which indicates the potential of this technology in the development of optical systems for microscopy, photography, and computer vision.", "doi": "10.1038/NCOMMS13682", "pmcid": "PMC5133709", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2016-11-28", "volume": "7", "pages": "Art. No. 13682" }, { "id": "authors:16s69-wag50", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "16s69-wag50", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160919-101452405", "type": "article", "title": "Orbital Angular Momentum-based Space Division Multiplexing for High-capacity Underwater Optical Communications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Ren", "given_name": "Yongxiong", "clpid": "Ren-Yongxiong" }, { "family_name": "Li", "given_name": "Long", "clpid": "Li-Long" }, { "family_name": "Wang", "given_name": "Zhe", "clpid": "Wang-Zhe" }, { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Zhao", "given_name": "Zhe", "orcid": "0000-0002-2199-5022", "clpid": "Zhao-Zhe" }, { "family_name": "Xie", "given_name": "Guodong", "clpid": "Xie-Guodong" }, { "family_name": "Cao", "given_name": "Yinwen", "orcid": "0000-0002-8225-3364", "clpid": "Cao-Yinwen" }, { "family_name": "Ahmed", "given_name": "Nisar", "clpid": "Ahmed-Nisar" }, { "family_name": "Yan", "given_name": "Yan", "clpid": "Yan-Yan" }, { "family_name": "Liu", "given_name": "Cong", "clpid": "Liu-Cong" }, { "family_name": "Willner", "given_name": "Asher J.", "clpid": "Willner-Asher-J" }, { "family_name": "Ashrafi", "given_name": "Solyman", "clpid": "Ashrafi-Solyman" }, { "family_name": "Tur", "given_name": "Moshe", "clpid": "Tur-Moshe" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" }, { "family_name": "Willner", "given_name": "Alan E.", "orcid": "0000-0002-7339-4376", "clpid": "Willner-Alan-E" } ], "abstract": "To increase system capacity of underwater optical communications, we employ the spatial domain to simultaneously transmit multiple orthogonal spatial beams, each carrying an independent data channel. In this paper, we show up to a 40-Gbit/s link by multiplexing and transmitting four green orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams through a single aperture. Moreover, we investigate the degrading effects of scattering/turbidity, water current, and thermal gradient-induced turbulence, and we find that thermal gradients cause the most distortions and turbidity causes the most loss. We show systems results using two different data generation techniques, one at 1064\u2009nm for 10-Gbit/s/beam and one at 520\u2009nm for 1-Gbit/s/beam; we use both techniques since present data-modulation technologies are faster for infrared (IR) than for green. For the 40-Gbit/s link, data is modulated in the IR, and OAM imprinting is performed in the green using a specially-designed metasurface phase mask. For the 4-Gbit/s link, a green laser diode is directly modulated. Finally, we show that inter-channel crosstalk induced by thermal gradients can be mitigated using multi-channel equalisation processing.", "doi": "10.1038/srep33306", "pmcid": "PMC5018855", "issn": "2045-2322", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2016-09-12", "volume": "6", "pages": "Art. No. 33306" }, { "id": "authors:2n3j9-sm734", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2n3j9-sm734", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160912-084143527", "type": "article", "title": "Multiwavelength metasurfaces through spatial multiplexing", "author": [ { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Horie", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0001-7083-1270", "clpid": "Horie-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrangements of optical scatterers rationally arranged to control optical wavefronts. Despite the significant advances made in wavefront engineering through metasurfaces, most of these devices are designed for and operate at a single wavelength. Here we show that spatial multiplexing schemes can be applied to increase the number of operation wavelengths. We use a high contrast dielectric transmittarray platform with amorphous silicon nano-posts to demonstrate polarization insensitive metasurface lenses with a numerical aperture of 0.46, that focus light at 915 and 1550\u2009nm to the same focal distance. We investigate two different methods, one based on large scale segmentation and one on meta-atom interleaving, and compare their performances. An important feature of this method is its simple generalization to adding more wavelengths or new functionalities to a device. Therefore, it provides a relatively straightforward method for achieving multi-functional and multiwavelength metasurface devices.", "doi": "10.1038/srep32803", "pmcid": "PMC5011735", "issn": "2045-2322", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Scientific Reports", "publication_date": "2016-09-06", "volume": "6", "pages": "Art. No. 32803" }, { "id": "authors:4544p-b2356", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4544p-b2356", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160405-131617866", "type": "article", "title": "Removing orientation-induced localization biases in single-molecule microscopy using a broadband metasurface mask", "author": [ { "family_name": "Backlund", "given_name": "Mikael P.", "clpid": "Backlund-Mikael-P" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Petrov", "given_name": "Peter N.", "clpid": "Petrov-Peter-N" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Saurabh", "given_name": "Saumya", "orcid": "0000-0002-7524-7548", "clpid": "Saurabh-Saumya" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" }, { "family_name": "Moerner", "given_name": "W. E.", "orcid": "0000-0002-2830-209X", "clpid": "Moerner-William-E" } ], "abstract": "Nanoscale localization of single molecules is a crucial function in several advanced microscopy techniques, including single-molecule tracking and wide-field super-resolution imaging. Until now, a central consideration of such techniques is how to optimize the precision of molecular localization. However, as these methods continue to push towards the nanometre size scale, an increasingly important concern is the localization accuracy. In particular, single fluorescent molecules emit with an anisotropic radiation pattern of an oscillating electric dipole, which can cause significant localization biases using common estimators. Here we present the theory and experimental demonstration of a solution to this problem based on azimuthal filtering in the Fourier plane of the microscope. We do so using a high-efficiency dielectric metasurface polarization/phase device composed of nanoposts with subwavelength spacing. The method is demonstrated both on fluorophores embedded in a polymer matrix and in dL5 protein complexes that bind malachite green.", "doi": "10.1038/nphoton.2016.93", "pmcid": "PMC5001689", "issn": "1749-4885", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Photonics", "publication_date": "2016-07", "series_number": "7", "volume": "10", "issue": "7", "pages": "459-462" }, { "id": "authors:4f90k-wwq98", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "4f90k-wwq98", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160601-090500911", "type": "article", "title": "Decoupling optical function and geometrical form using conformal flexible dielectric metasurfaces", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kamali", "given_name": "Seyedeh Mahsa", "orcid": "0000-0002-6968-811X", "clpid": "Kamali-Seyedeh-Mahsa" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Amir", "orcid": "0000-0001-8831-7552", "clpid": "Arbabi-Amir" }, { "family_name": "Arbabi", "given_name": "Ehsan", "orcid": "0000-0002-5328-3863", "clpid": "Arbabi-Ehsan" }, { "family_name": "Horie", "given_name": "Yu", "orcid": "0000-0001-7083-1270", "clpid": "Horie-Yu" }, { "family_name": "Faraon", "given_name": "Andrei", "orcid": "0000-0002-8141-391X", "clpid": "Faraon-A" } ], "abstract": "Physical geometry and optical properties of objects are correlated: cylinders focus light to a line, spheres to a point and arbitrarily shaped objects introduce optical aberrations. Multi-functional components with decoupled geometrical form and optical function are needed when specific optical functionalities must be provided while the shapes are dictated by other considerations like ergonomics, aerodynamics or aesthetics. Here we demonstrate an approach for decoupling optical properties of objects from their physical shape using thin and flexible dielectric metasurfaces which conform to objects' surface and change their optical properties. The conformal metasurfaces are composed of silicon nano-posts embedded in a polymer substrate that locally modify near-infrared (\u03bb=915\u2009nm) optical wavefronts. As proof of concept, we show that cylindrical lenses covered with metasurfaces can be transformed to function as aspherical lenses focusing light to a point. The conformal metasurface concept is highly versatile for developing arbitrarily shaped multi-functional optical devices.", "doi": "10.1038/ncomms11618", "pmcid": "PMC4874029", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2016-05-19", "volume": "7", "pages": "Art. No. 11618" } ]