[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9jqh1-w6t02", "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-12-01 17:52:09", "lastmod": "2024-01-09 22:22:34", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Griggs-Whitney-S", "name": { "family": "Griggs", "given": "Whitney S." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2941-6803" }, { "id": "Norman-Sumner-L", "name": { "family": "Norman", "given": "Sumner L." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9945-697X" }, { "id": "Deffieux-Thomas", "name": { "family": "Deffieux", "given": "Thomas" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9114-2028" }, { "id": "Segura-Florian", "name": { "family": "Segura", "given": "Florian" } }, { "id": "Osmanski-Bruno-F\u00e9lix", "name": { "family": "Osmanski", "given": "Bruno-F\u00e9lix" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1198-5303" }, { "id": "Chau-Geeling", "name": { "family": "Chau", "given": "Geeling" } }, { "id": "Christopoulos-Vasileios", "name": { "family": "Christopoulos", "given": "Vasileios" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0541-8700" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Tanter-Mickael", "name": { "family": "Tanter", "given": "Mickael" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-7739-8051" }, { "id": "Shapiro-M-G", "name": { "family": "Shapiro", "given": "Mikhail G." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0291-4215" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Decoding motor plans using a closed-loop ultrasonic brain\u2013machine interface", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "General Neuroscience", "note": "
\u00a9 The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
\n\nWe thank K. Pejsa for assistance with animal care, surgeries and training. We thank C. Rabut and L. Lin for helpful discussions. We thank K. Passanante for her illustrations. W.S.G. was supported by an NEI F30 (NEI F30 EY032799), the Josephine de Karman Fellowship and the UCLA-Caltech MSTP (NIGMS T32 GM008042). S.L.N. was supported by the Della Martin Foundation. G.C. was supported by an NINDS T32 (T32 NS105595). This research was supported by the National Institute of Health BRAIN Initiative (grant 1R01NS123663-01 to R.A.A., M.G.S. and M.T.), the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center and the Boswell Foundation (R.A.A.). M.G.S. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
\n\nThese authors contributed equally: Whitney S. Griggs, Sumner L. Norman.
W.S.G., S.L.N., V.C., M.T., M.G.S. and R.A.A. conceived the study. S.L.N. established the fUS neuroimaging sequences and T.D., B.-F.O., F.S. and M.T. wrote the acquisition software for 2-Hz real-time fUS neuroimaging. W.S.G. and S.L.N. wrote the code for the fUS-BMI. W.S.G. trained the monkeys and acquired the data. W.S.G., S.L.N. and G.C. performed the data processing and analysis. W.S.G. and S.L.N. drafted the manuscript with substantial contributions from M.G.S. and R.A.A., and all authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript. V.C., C.L., M.T., M.G.S. and R.A.A. supervised the research.
\n\nKey data used in this paper are archived at https://doi.org/10.22002/pa710-cdn95.
\n\nCode used to generate key figures and results is available at https://github.com/wsgriggs2/rt_fUS_BMI and archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8414598.
\n\nB.-F.O. is an employee of Iconeus. T.D., B.-F.O. and M.T. are co-founders and shareholders of Iconeus, which commercializes ultrasonic neuroimaging scanners. S.L.N. is the co-founder and CEO of Forest Neurotech, a nonprofit research organization creating tools for neuroscience and clinical research. The other authors declare no competing interests.
", "abstract": "Brain\u2013machine interfaces (BMIs) enable people living with chronic paralysis to control computers, robots and more with nothing but thought. Existing BMIs have trade-offs across invasiveness, performance, spatial coverage and spatiotemporal resolution. Functional ultrasound (fUS) neuroimaging is an emerging technology that balances these attributes and may complement existing BMI recording technologies. In this study, we use fUS to demonstrate a successful implementation of a closed-loop ultrasonic BMI. We streamed fUS data from the posterior parietal cortex of two rhesus macaque monkeys while they performed eye and hand movements. After training, the monkeys controlled up to eight movement directions using the BMI. We also developed a method for pretraining the BMI using data from previous sessions. This enabled immediate control on subsequent days, even those that occurred months apart, without requiring extensive recalibration. These findings establish the feasibility of ultrasonic BMIs, paving the way for a new class of less-invasive (epidural) interfaces that generalize across extended time periods and promise to restore function to people with neurological impairments.
", "date": "2023-11-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Neuroscience", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "issn": "1097-6256", "official_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9jqh1-w6t02", "funders": { "items": [ { "grant_number": "F30EY032799" }, {}, { "grant_number": "T32 GM008042" }, { "grant_number": "T32 NS105595" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "grant_number": "1R01NS123663-01" }, { "agency": "T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, {} ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s41593-023-01500-7", "primary_object": { "basename": "41593_2023_1500_MOESM1_ESM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9jqh1-w6t02/files/41593_2023_1500_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "s41593-023-01500-7.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9jqh1-w6t02/files/s41593-023-01500-7.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2023", "author_list": "Griggs, Whitney S.; Norman, Sumner L.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/w0y36-p8x60", "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-10-31 17:27:21", "lastmod": "2024-01-09 22:22:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lim-Jeffrey", "name": { "family": "Lim", "given": "Jeffrey" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4775-1867" }, { "id": "Wang-Po-T", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Po T." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6611-3863" }, { "id": "Bashford-Luke", "name": { "family": "Bashford", "given": "Luke" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4391-2491" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Shaw-Susan-J", "name": { "family": "Shaw", "given": "Susan J." } }, { "id": "Gong-Hui", "name": { "family": "Gong", "given": "Hui" } }, { "id": "Armacost-Michelle", "name": { "family": "Armacost", "given": "Michelle" } }, { "id": "Heydari-Payam", "name": { "family": "Heydari", "given": "Payam" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1008-1559" }, { "id": "Do-An-H", "name": { "family": "Do", "given": "An H." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." } }, { "id": "Nenadic-Zoran", "name": { "family": "Nenadic", "given": "Zoran" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5569-3797" } ] }, "title": "Suppression of cortical electrostimulation artifacts using pre-whitening and null projection", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience; Biomedical Engineering", "note": "\u00a9 2023 IOP Publishing.
\n\nThis work was funded by the National Science Foundation (Award Nos. 1446908, 1646275).
\n\nThe data cannot be made publicly available upon publication because no suitable repository exists for hosting data in this field of study. The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors.
\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interests concerning the publication of this manuscript.
", "abstract": "Objective. Invasive brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) have shown promise in restoring motor function to those paralyzed by neurological injuries. These systems also have the ability to restore sensation via cortical electrostimulation. Cortical stimulation produces strong artifacts that can obscure neural signals or saturate recording amplifiers. While front-end hardware techniques can alleviate this problem, residual artifacts generally persist and must be suppressed by back-end methods.
Approach. We have developed a technique based on pre-whitening and null projection (PWNP) and tested its ability to suppress stimulation artifacts in electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocorticogram (ECoG) and microelectrode array (MEA) signals from five human subjects.
Main results. In EEG signals contaminated by narrow-band stimulation artifacts, the PWNP method achieved average artifact suppression between 32 and 34\u2009dB, as measured by an increase in signal-to-interference ratio. In ECoG and MEA signals contaminated by broadband stimulation artifacts, our method suppressed artifacts by 78%\u201380% and 85%, respectively, as measured by a reduction in interference index. When compared to independent component analysis, which is considered the state-of-the-art technique for artifact suppression, our method achieved superior results, while being significantly easier to implement.
Significance. PWNP can potentially act as an efficient method of artifact suppression to enable simultaneous stimulation and recording in bi-directional BCIs to biomimetically restore motor function.
", "date": "2023-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "20", "number": "5", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "pagerange": "056018", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/w0y36-p8x60", "funders": { "items": [ { "grant_number": "CNS-1446908" }, { "grant_number": "CNS-1646275" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/acf68b", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2023", "author_list": "Lim, Jeffrey; Wang, Po T.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6ghxf-nat94", "eprint_id": 121720, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 21:03:15", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:38:27", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Guan-Charles", "name": { "family": "Guan", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8040-8844" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Kadlec-Kelly", "name": { "family": "Kadlec", "given": "Kelly" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8765-7253" }, { "id": "G\u00e1mez-de-Leon-Jorge", "name": { "family": "G\u00e1mez de Leon", "given": "Jorge" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9481-4915" }, { "id": "Rosario-Emily-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily R." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1540-197X" }, { "id": "Bari-Ausaf-A", "name": { "family": "Bari", "given": "Ausaf A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5279-5023" }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Decoding and geometry of ten finger movements in human posterior parietal cortex and motor cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience; Biomedical Engineering", "note": "\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. \n\nWe thank participant NS and participant JJ for making this research possible. We also thank Kelsie Pejsa and Viktor Scherbatyuk for administrative and technical assistance; Spencer Kellis for assistance with the robot hand.\n\nThis work was supported by an Amazon AI4Science Fellowship, National Eye Institute Awards UG1EY032039 and R01EY015545, the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, and the James G. Boswell Foundation. \n\nData availability statement. The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at the following URL: https://dandiarchive.org/dandiset/000252.\n\nPublished - Guan_2023_J._Neural_Eng._20_036020.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective. Enable neural control of individual prosthetic fingers for participants with upper-limb paralysis. Approach. Two tetraplegic participants were each implanted with a 96-channel array in the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC). One of the participants was additionally implanted with a 96-channel array near the hand knob of the left motor cortex (MC). Across tens of sessions, we recorded neural activity while the participants attempted to move individual fingers of the right hand. Offline, we classified attempted finger movements from neural firing rates using linear discriminant analysis with cross-validation. The participants then used the neural classifier online to control individual fingers of a brain\u2013machine interface (BMI). Finally, we characterized the neural representational geometry during individual finger movements of both hands. Main Results. The two participants achieved 86% and 92% online accuracy during BMI control of the contralateral fingers (chance = 17%). Offline, a linear decoder achieved ten-finger decoding accuracies of 70% and 66% using respective PPC recordings and 75% using MC recordings (chance = 10%). In MC and in one PPC array, a factorized code linked corresponding finger movements of the contralateral and ipsilateral hands. Significance. This is the first study to decode both contralateral and ipsilateral finger movements from PPC. Online BMI control of contralateral fingers exceeded that of previous finger BMIs. PPC and MC signals can be used to control individual prosthetic fingers, which may contribute to a hand restoration strategy for people with tetraplegia.", "date": "2023-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "20", "number": "3", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 036020", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20230605-334819000.10", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230605-334819000.10", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Amazon AI4Science Fellowship" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "UG1EY032039" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/acd3b1", "primary_object": { "basename": "Guan_2023_J._Neural_Eng._20_036020.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6ghxf-nat94/files/Guan_2023_J._Neural_Eng._20_036020.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2023", "author_list": "Guan, Charles; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qy2y0-pb111", "eprint_id": 121916, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 20:44:30", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:38:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Rosenthal-Isabelle-A", "name": { "family": "Rosenthal", "given": "Isabelle A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9791-3820" }, { "id": "Bashford-Luke", "name": { "family": "Bashford", "given": "Luke" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4391-2491" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "S1 represents multisensory contexts and somatotopic locations within and outside the bounds of the cortical homunculus", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology", "note": "\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nWe thank S. Wandelt and D. Bj\u00e5nes for helpful discussions and insights, S. Norman for invaluable assistance building the pressure-sensing equipment, and participant F.G. for his effort and dedication to the study. This research was supported by the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, the Boswell Foundation, NIH/NRSA grant T32 NS105595, and NIH/NINDS grants U01NS098975 and U01NS123127. \n\nAuthor contributions: I.A.R., L.B., S.K., and R.A.A. designed the study. I.A.R. developed the experimental tasks. I.A.R. and L.B. collected data. I.A.R. analyzed the results. I.A.R. and L.B. interpreted the results. I.A.R. wrote the paper. I.A.R., L.B., and R.A.A. reviewed and edited the paper. K.P. coordinated regulatory requirements of clinical trials. C.L. and B.L. performed the surgery to implant the microelectrode arrays. \n\nThe authors declare no competing interests. \n\nInclusion and diversity: We support inclusive, diverse, and equitable conduct of research. \n\nData and code availability: Original data is available at Zenodo and is publically available as of the date of publication. The DOI is listed in the key resources table.\nAll original code has been deposited at Zenodo and is publically available as of the date of publication. The DOI is listed in the key resources table.\nAny additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request.\n\nPublished - 1-s2.0-S2211124723003236-main.pdf
", "abstract": "Recent literature suggests that tactile events are represented in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) beyond its long-established topography; in addition, the extent to which S1 is modulated by vision remains unclear. To better characterize S1, human electrophysiological data were recorded during touches to the forearm or finger. Conditions included visually observed physical touches, physical touches without vision, and visual touches without physical contact. Two major findings emerge from this dataset. First, vision strongly modulates S1 area 1, but only if there is a physical element to the touch, suggesting that passive touch observation is insufficient to elicit neural responses. Second, despite recording in a putative arm area of S1, neural activity represents both arm and finger stimuli during physical touches. Arm touches are encoded more strongly and specifically, supporting the idea that S1 encodes tactile events primarily through its topographic organization but also more generally, encompassing other areas of the body.", "date": "2023-04-25", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Cell Reports", "volume": "42", "number": "4", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "112312", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20230615-812805000.12", "issn": "2211-1247", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230615-812805000.12", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH Predoctoral Fellowship", "grant_number": "T32 NS105595" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01NS098975" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01NS123127" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112312", "pmcid": "PMC10544688", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S2211124723003236-main.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qy2y0-pb111/files/1-s2.0-S2211124723003236-main.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2023", "author_list": "Rosenthal, Isabelle A.; Bashford, Luke; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7ngyv-wmb50", "eprint_id": 119251, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 18:43:32", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:39:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sohn-Won-Joon", "name": { "family": "Sohn", "given": "Won Joon" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0992-4555" }, { "id": "Lim-Jeffrey", "name": { "family": "Lim", "given": "Jeffrey" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4775-1867" }, { "id": "Wang-Po-T", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Po T." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6611-3863" }, { "id": "Pu-Haoran", "name": { "family": "Pu", "given": "Haoran" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6787-5907" }, { "id": "Malekzadeh-Arasteh-Omid", "name": { "family": "Malekzadeh-Arasteh", "given": "Omid" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2481-7077" }, { "id": "Shaw-Susan-J", "name": { "family": "Shaw", "given": "Susan J." } }, { "id": "Armacost-Michelle", "name": { "family": "Armacost", "given": "Michelle" } }, { "id": "Gong-Hui", "name": { "family": "Gong", "given": "Hui" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5519-6248" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Heydari-Payam", "name": { "family": "Heydari", "given": "Payam" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1008-1559" }, { "id": "Nenadic-Zoran", "name": { "family": "Nenadic", "given": "Zoran" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-5569-3797" }, { "id": "Do-An-H", "name": { "family": "Do", "given": "An H." } } ] }, "title": "Benchtop and bedside validation of a low-cost programmable cortical stimulator in a testbed for bi-directional brain-computer-interface research", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "General Neuroscience", "note": "\u00a9 2023 Sohn, Lim, Wang, Pu, Malekzadeh-Arasteh, Shaw, Armacost, Gong, Kellis, Andersen, Liu, Heydari, Nenadic and Do. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. \n\nThis study was supported by the National Science Foundation awards 1646275.\n\nWe acknowledge the contribution from the participants in this study. \n\nData availability statement. The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the human data from the participant of this study may not be disclosed to the public. However, the benchtop analysis data may be available upon reasonable request. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to ude.icu@dna. \n\nEthics statement. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee is UCI and Rancho IRB. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.\n\nAuthor contributions. WS, PW, CL, RA, HP, ZN, and AD conceived and designed the study. WS, PW, JL, and AD developed the software and hardware of the BD-BCI system. WS, PW, and JL performed the benchtop tests and data analysis. WS, JL, PW, SS, MA, HG, and AD conducted the bedside tests. WS drafted the manuscript. AD critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\n\nPublished - fnins-16-1075971.pdf
", "abstract": "Introduction: Bi-directional brain-computer interfaces (BD-BCI) to restore movement and sensation must achieve concurrent operation of recording and decoding of motor commands from the brain and stimulating the brain with somatosensory feedback. \n\nMethods: A custom programmable direct cortical stimulator (DCS) capable of eliciting artificial sensorimotor response was integrated into an embedded BCI system to form a safe, independent, wireless, and battery powered testbed to explore BD-BCI concepts at a low cost. The BD-BCI stimulator output was tested in phantom brain tissue by assessing its ability to deliver electrical stimulation equivalent to an FDA-approved commercial electrical cortical stimulator. Subsequently, the stimulator was tested in an epilepsy patient with subcortical electrocorticographic (ECoG) implants covering the sensorimotor cortex to assess its ability to elicit equivalent responses as the FDA-approved counterpart. Additional safety features (impedance monitoring, artifact mitigation, and passive and active charge balancing mechanisms) were also implemeneted and tested in phantom brain tissue. Finally, concurrent operation with interleaved stimulation and BCI decoding was tested in a phantom brain as a proof-of-concept operation of BD-BCI system. \n\nResults: The benchtop prototype BD-BCI stimulator's basic output features (current amplitude, pulse frequency, pulse width, train duration) were validated by demonstrating the output-equivalency to an FDA-approved commercial cortical electrical stimulator (R\u00b2 > 0.99). Charge-neutral stimulation was demonstrated with pulse-width modulation-based correction algorithm preventing steady state voltage deviation. Artifact mitigation achieved a 64.5% peak voltage reduction. Highly accurate impedance monitoring was achieved with R\u00b2 > 0.99 between measured and actual impedance, which in-turn enabled accurate charge density monitoring. An online BCI decoding accuracy of 93.2% between instructional cues and decoded states was achieved while delivering interleaved stimulation. The brain stimulation mapping via ECoG grids in an epilepsy patient showed that the two stimulators elicit equivalent responses. \n\nSignificance: This study demonstrates clinical validation of a fully-programmable electrical stimulator, integrated into an embedded BCI system. This low-cost BD-BCI system is safe and readily applicable as a testbed for BD-BCI research. In particular, it provides an all-inclusive hardware platform that approximates the limitations in a near-future implantable BD-BCI. This successful benchtop/human validation of the programmable electrical stimulator in a BD-BCI system is a critical milestone toward fully-implantable BD-BCI systems.", "date": "2023-01-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Frontiers in Neuroscience", "volume": "16", "publisher": "Frontiers", "pagerange": "Art. No. 1075971", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20230213-466109600.28", "issn": "1662-453X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230213-466109600.28", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CNS-1646275" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2022.1075971", "pmcid": "PMC9878125", "primary_object": { "basename": "fnins-16-1075971.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7ngyv-wmb50/files/fnins-16-1075971.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2023", "author_list": "Sohn, Won Joon; Lim, Jeffrey; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nk8jn-2as58", "eprint_id": 117534, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 17:43:38", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:39:52", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Guan-Charles", "name": { "family": "Guan", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8040-8844" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Zhang-Carey-Y", "name": { "family": "Zhang", "given": "Carey Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510" }, { "id": "Amoruso-Elena", "name": { "family": "Amoruso", "given": "Elena" } }, { "id": "Rosario-Emily-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily R." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1540-197X" }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Stability of motor representations after paralysis", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "General Immunology and Microbiology; General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; General Medicine; General Neuroscience", "note": "Funding:\n\nNational Eye Institute (R01EY015545),\nCharles Guan,\nRichard A Andersen.\n\nNational Eye Institute (UG1EY032039).\nCharles Guan.\nRichard A Andersen.\n\nTianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech,\nTyson Aflalo,\nRichard A Andersen.\n\nBoswell Foundation,\nRichard A Andersen.\n\nAmazon AI4Science Fellowship,\nCharles Guan.\n\nThe funders had no role in study design, data collection, and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.\n\nWe thank NS for her dedicated participation in the study. Kelsie Pejsa and Viktor Scherbatyuk for administrative and technical assistance. Paulina Kieliba and Tamar Makin for sharing their fMRI data. Tamar Makin and Whitney Griggs for their helpful feedback on the manuscript. J\u00f6rn Diedrichsen and Spencer Arbuckle for sharing their fMRI data and models.", "abstract": "Neural plasticity allows us to learn skills and incorporate new experiences. What happens when our lived experiences fundamentally change, such as after a severe injury? To address this question, we analyzed intracortical population activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of a tetraplegic adult as she controlled a virtual hand through a brain\u2013computer interface (BCI). By attempting to move her fingers, she could accurately drive the corresponding virtual fingers. Neural activity during finger movements exhibited robust representational structure similar to fMRI recordings of able-bodied individuals' motor cortex, which is known to reflect able-bodied usage patterns. The finger representational structure was consistent throughout multiple sessions, even though the structure contributed to BCI decoding errors. Within individual BCI movements, the representational structure was dynamic, first resembling muscle activation patterns and then resembling the anticipated sensory consequences. Our results reveal that motor representations in PPC reflect able-bodied motor usage patterns even after paralysis, and BCIs can re-engage these stable representations to restore lost motor functions.", "date": "2022-09-20", "date_type": "published", "publication": "eLife", "volume": "11", "publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications", "pagerange": "Art. No. 74478", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20221024-114419100.1", "issn": "2050-084X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20221024-114419100.1", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "UG1EY032039" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Amazon AI4Science Fellowship" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.7554/elife.74478", "pmcid": "PMC9555862", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Guan, Charles; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pdhqk-y2m86", "eprint_id": 116396, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-15 07:43:29", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:25:21", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Simonyan-Kristina", "name": { "family": "Simonyan", "given": "Kristina" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-7444-0437" }, { "id": "Ehrlich-Stefan-K", "name": { "family": "Ehrlich", "given": "Stefan K." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Brumberg-Jonathan", "name": { "family": "Brumberg", "given": "Jonathan" } }, { "id": "Guenther-Frank", "name": { "family": "Guenther", "given": "Frank" } }, { "id": "Hallett-Mark", "name": { "family": "Hallett", "given": "Mark" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3180-6811" }, { "id": "Howard-Matthew-A", "name": { "family": "Howard", "given": "Matthew A." } }, { "id": "Mill\u00e1n-Jos\u00e9-del-R", "name": { "family": "Mill\u00e1n", "given": "Jos\u00e9 del R." } }, { "id": "Reilly-Richard-B", "name": { "family": "Reilly", "given": "Richard B." } }, { "id": "Schultz-Tanja", "name": { "family": "Schultz", "given": "Tanja" } }, { "id": "Valeriani-Davide", "name": { "family": "Valeriani", "given": "Davide" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9866-0063" } ] }, "title": "Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces for Treatment of Focal Dystonia", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Neurology (clinical); Neurology", "note": "Research funding:\n\nNational Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Grant Number: R01DC019353.\n\nRadcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at the Harvard University.", "abstract": "Task-specificity in isolated focal dystonias is a powerful feature that may successfully be targeted with therapeutic brain\u2013computer interfaces. While performing a symptomatic task, the patient actively modulates momentary brain activity (disorder signature) to match activity during an asymptomatic task (target signature), which is expected to translate into symptom reduction.", "date": "2022-08-25", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Movement Disorders", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220823-625642500.748", "issn": "0885-3185", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220823-625642500.748", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01DC019353" }, { "agency": "Harvard University" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/mds.29178", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Simonyan, Kristina; Ehrlich, Stefan K.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zhxb7-5k650", "eprint_id": 116227, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 17:19:27", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:39:11", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Simonyan-Kristina", "name": { "family": "Simonyan", "given": "Kristina" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-7444-0437" }, { "id": "Ehrlich-Stefan-K", "name": { "family": "Ehrlich", "given": "Stefan K." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Brumberg-Jonathan", "name": { "family": "Brumberg", "given": "Jonathan" } }, { "id": "Guenther-Frank", "name": { "family": "Guenther", "given": "Frank" } }, { "id": "Hallett-Mark", "name": { "family": "Hallett", "given": "Mark" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3180-6811" }, { "id": "Howard-Matthew-A-III", "name": { "family": "Howard", "given": "Matthew A." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-3935-8889" }, { "id": "Mill\u00e1n-Jos\u00e9-del-R", "name": { "family": "Mill\u00e1n", "given": "Jos\u00e9 del R." } }, { "id": "Reilly-Richard-B", "name": { "family": "Reilly", "given": "Richard B." } }, { "id": "Schultz-Tanja", "name": { "family": "Schultz", "given": "Tanja" } }, { "id": "Valeriani-Davide", "name": { "family": "Valeriani", "given": "Davide" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9866-0063" } ] }, "title": "Brain-Computer Interfaces for Treatment of Focal Dystonia", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Neurology (clinical); Neurology", "note": "\u00a9 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. \n\nVersion of Record online: 10 August 2022. Manuscript accepted: 19 July 2022. Manuscript revised: 20 June 2022. Manuscript received: 28 March 2022 .\n\nData Availability Statement. Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. \n\nResearch Funding. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Grant Number: R01DC019353. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at the Harvard University.\n\nRelevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: Nothing to report.", "abstract": "Task-specificity in isolated focal dystonias is a powerful feature that may successfully be targeted with therapeutic brain\u2013computer interfaces. While performing a symptomatic task, the patient actively modulates momentary brain activity (disorder signature) to match activity during an asymptomatic task (target signature), which is expected to translate into symptom reduction.", "date": "2022-08-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Movement Disorders", "publisher": "Wiley", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220810-402968000", "issn": "0885-3185", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220810-402968000", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01DC019353" }, { "agency": "Harvard University" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1002/mds.29178", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Simonyan, Kristina; Ehrlich, Stefan K.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2g6g3-vqe14", "eprint_id": 111726, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 16:09:17", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:39:49", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wandelt-Sarah-K", "name": { "family": "Wandelt", "given": "Sarah K." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9551-8491" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Bj\u00e5nes-David-A", "name": { "family": "Bj\u00e5nes", "given": "David A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1208-5916" }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Decoding grasp and speech signals from the cortical grasp circuit in a tetraplegic human", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain-machine interfaces; single-unit recording; grasp decoding; speech decoding; supramarginal gyrus; ventral premotor cortex; somatosensory cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). \n\nReceived 3 November 2021, Revised 1 February 2022, Accepted 8 March 2022, Available online 31 March 2022. \n\nWe wish to thank L. Bashford, H. Jo, and I. Rosenthal for helpful discussions and data collection. We wish to thank our study participant F.G. for his dedication to the study which made this work possible. This research was supported by the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant U01: U01NS098975 (S.K.W., S.K., D.A.B., K.P., C.L., and R.A.A.) and by the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center (S.K.W., D.A.B., and R.A.A.). \n\nAuthor contributions: S.K., S.K.W., and R.A.A. designed the study. S.K.W. and S.K. developed the experimental tasks. S.K.W., S.K., and D.A.B. analyzed the results. S.K.W., S.K., D.A.B., and R.A.A. interpreted the results and wrote the paper. K.P. coordinated regulatory requirements of clinical trials. C.L. and B.L. performed the surgery to implant the recording arrays. \n\nThe authors declare no competing interests. \n\nData and code availability: All analyses were conducted in MATLAB using previously published methods and packages. MATLAB analysis scripts and preprocessed data are available on GitHub (Grasp and speech decoding: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6330179).\n\nPublished - 1-s2.0-S0896627322002458-main.pdf
Submitted - 2021.10.29.466528v1.full.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0896627322002458-mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "The cortical grasp network encodes planning and execution of grasps and processes spoken and written aspects of language. High-level cortical areas within this network are attractive implant sites for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). While a tetraplegic patient performed grasp motor imagery and vocalized speech, neural activity was recorded from the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), ventral premotor cortex (PMv), and somatosensory cortex (S1). In SMG and PMv, five imagined grasps were well represented by firing rates of neuronal populations during visual cue presentation. During motor imagery, these grasps were significantly decodable from all brain areas. During speech production, SMG encoded both spoken grasp types and the names of five colors. Whereas PMv neurons significantly modulated their activity during grasping, SMG's neural population broadly encoded features of both motor imagery and speech. Together, these results indicate that brain signals from high-level areas of the human cortex could be used for grasping and speech BMI applications.", "date": "2022-06-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "110", "number": "11", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "1777-1787", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20211103-170317858", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211103-170317858", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01NS098975" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.009", "pmcid": "PMC9186423", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0896627322002458-main.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2g6g3-vqe14/files/1-s2.0-S0896627322002458-main.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0896627322002458-mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2g6g3-vqe14/files/1-s2.0-S0896627322002458-mmc1.pdf" }, { "basename": "2021.10.29.466528v1.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2g6g3-vqe14/files/2021.10.29.466528v1.full.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Wandelt, Sarah K.; Kellis, Spencer; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g0wkw-g4h04", "eprint_id": 114750, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 15:52:57", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:39:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" } ] }, "title": "Preserved cortical somatotopic and motor representations in tetraplegic humans", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "General Neuroscience", "note": "\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier. Under a Creative Commons license - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) \n\nAvailable online 6 May 2022, Version of Record 6 May 2022. \n\nThis review comes from a themed issue on Neuroscience of Somatosensation; Edited by Miriam Goodman and Diana Bautista. \n\nWe would like to thank Charles Guan for feedback on this manuscript. \n\nThis work was supported by the NIH (R01EY015545, UG1EY032039), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, and the Boswell Foundation. \n\nConflict of interest statement: Nothing declared.\n\nPublished - 1-s2.0-S0959438822000411-main.pdf
", "abstract": "A rich literature has documented changes in cortical representations of the body in somatosensory and motor cortex. Recent clinical studies of brain\u2013machine interfaces designed to assist paralyzed patients have afforded the opportunity to record from and stimulate human somatosensory, motor, and action-related areas of the posterior parietal cortex. These studies show considerable preserved structure in the cortical somato-motor system. Motor cortex can immediately control assistive devices, stimulation of somatosensory cortex produces sensations in an orderly somatotopic map, and the posterior parietal cortex shows a high-dimensional representation of cognitive action variables. These results are strikingly similar to what would be expected in a healthy subject, demonstrating considerable stability of adult cortex even after severe injury and despite potential plasticity-induced new activations within the same region of cortex. Clinically, these results emphasize the importance of targeting cortical areas for BMI control signals that are consistent with their normal functional role.", "date": "2022-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Opinion in Neurobiology", "volume": "74", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "Art. No. 102547", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220513-557982000", "issn": "0959-4388", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220513-557982000", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "UG1EY032039" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.conb.2022.102547", "pmcid": "PMC9167753", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0959438822000411-main.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/g0wkw-g4h04/files/1-s2.0-S0959438822000411-main.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A. and Aflalo, Tyson" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5q905-pz985", "eprint_id": 114184, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 15:32:10", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:40:27", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Zhang-Carey-Y", "name": { "family": "Zhang", "given": "Carey" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510" }, { "id": "Revechkis-Boris", "name": { "family": "Revechkis", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Rosario-Emily-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1540-197X" }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Implicit mechanisms of intention", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "posterior parietal cortex; brain-machine interface; awareness of intent; motor planning; Libet; volition; readiness potential; self-initiated action; decision; General Agricultural and Biological Sciences; General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology", "note": "\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.\nThis is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).\n\nReceived 6 August 2021, Revised 3 February 2022, Accepted 15 March 2022, Available online 6 April 2022. \n\nWe thank N.S. and E.S. for their bravery and hard work in making this work possible. This work was funded by NIH R01-EY015545, UG1-EY032039, the Della Martin Foundation, and the Boswell Foundation. \n\nAuthor contributions. T.A. designed experiments with assistance from R.A.A., B.R., and C.Z. T.A., B.R., and C.Z. collected data. N.P. performed the surgery on N.S. T.A. analyzed the data. T.A. wrote the paper. T.A. and R.A.A. revised the paper. \n\nData and code availability: \n\u2022 The data that support the findings of this study are available from the lead contact upon reasonable request. \n\n\u2022 This paper does not report original code, but our custom MATLAB code is available from the authors upon reasonable request. \n\n\u2022 Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request. \n\nDeclaration of interests. N.P. consults for Second Sight Medical Products and Abbott Laboratories. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\n\nPublished - 1-s2.0-S0960982222004420-main.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0960982222004420-mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "High-level cortical regions encode motor decisions before or even absent awareness, suggesting that neural processes predetermine behavior before conscious choice. Such early neural encoding challenges popular conceptions of human agency. It also raises fundamental questions for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that traditionally assume that neural activity reflects the user's conscious intentions. Here, we study the timing of human posterior parietal cortex single-neuron activity recorded from implanted microelectrode arrays relative to the explicit urge to initiate movement. Participants were free to choose when to move, whether to move, and what to move, and they retrospectively reported the time they felt the urge to move. We replicate prior studies by showing that posterior parietal cortex (PPC) neural activity sharply rises hundreds of milliseconds before the reported urge. However, we find that this \"preconscious\" activity is part of a dynamic neural population response that initiates much earlier, when the participant first chooses to perform the task. Together with details of neural timing, our results suggest that PPC encodes an internal model of the motor planning network that transforms high-level task objectives into appropriate motor behavior. These new data challenge traditional interpretations of early neural activity and offer a more holistic perspective on the interplay between choice, behavior, and their neural underpinnings. Our results have important implications for translating BMIs into more complex real-world environments. We find that early neural dynamics are sufficient to drive BMI movements before the participant intends to initiate movement. Appropriate algorithms ensure that BMI movements align with the subject's awareness of choice.", "date": "2022-05-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Biology", "volume": "32", "number": "9", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "2051-2060", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220406-992841873", "issn": "0960-9822", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220406-992841873", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01-EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "UG1-EY032039" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.047", "pmcid": "PMC9090994", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0960982222004420-main.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5q905-pz985/files/1-s2.0-S0960982222004420-main.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0960982222004420-mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5q905-pz985/files/1-s2.0-S0960982222004420-mmc1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Aflalo, Tyson; Zhang, Carey; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wj7t6-0ms53", "eprint_id": 113063, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-22 22:33:02", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:32:45", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Feinsinger-Ashley", "name": { "family": "Feinsinger", "given": "Ashley" } }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Ebadi-Hamasa", "name": { "family": "Ebadi", "given": "Hamasa" } }, { "id": "Adolphs-R", "name": { "family": "Adolphs", "given": "Ralph" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8053-9692" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Beauchamp-Michael-S", "name": { "family": "Beauchamp", "given": "Michael S." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7599-9934" }, { "id": "Chang-Edward-F", "name": { "family": "Chang", "given": "Edward F." } }, { "id": "Crone-Nathn-E", "name": { "family": "Crone", "given": "Nathan E." } }, { "id": "Collinger-Jennifer-L", "name": { "family": "Collinger", "given": "Jennifer L." } }, { "id": "Fried-Itzhak", "name": { "family": "Fried", "given": "Itzhak" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5962-2678" }, { "id": "Mamelak-Adam-N", "name": { "family": "Mamelak", "given": "Adam" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4245-6431" }, { "id": "Richardson-Mark", "name": { "family": "Richardson", "given": "Mark" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2620-7387" }, { "id": "Rutishauser-Ueli", "name": { "family": "Rutishauser", "given": "Ueli" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9207-7069" }, { "id": "Sheth-Sameer-A", "name": { "family": "Sheth", "given": "Sameer A." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-8770-8965" }, { "id": "Suthana-Nanthia", "name": { "family": "Suthana", "given": "Nanthia" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8796-3277" }, { "id": "Tandon-Nitin", "name": { "family": "Tandon", "given": "Nitin" } }, { "id": "Yoshor-Daniel", "name": { "family": "Yoshor", "given": "Daniel" } } ] }, "title": "Ethical commitments, principles, and practices guiding intracranial neuroscientific research in humans", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "General Neuroscience", "note": "\u00a9 2021 Elsevier. \n\nAvailable online 19 January 2022. \n\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge the support of NIH BRAIN Initiative program officers and staff who organized the Research Opportunities in Humans (ROH) Consortium, including Karen David, Jim Gnadt, and Khara Ramos. We also acknowledge the contributions of other ROH Consortium members who contributed perspectives to the manuscript. Finally, we acknowledge the patients who have participated in relevant studies that have helped form the experiences and perspectives included in the current report. \n\nAll investigators were supported by BRAIN Initiative and NIH funding, including U01 NS098961 (A.F. and N.P.), R01 MH121373 (A.F. and N.P.), U01 NS118739 (U.R. and A.M.), U01 NS117765 (E.C.), U01 NS103082 (N.S.), U01 NS117838 (N.S.), R01 MH110831 (A.M.), P50 MH094258 (R. Adolphs and A.M.), U01 NS103780 (R. Adolphs), U01 NS113339 (M.S.B.), R01 NS065395 (M.S.B.), U01 NS108922 (J.C.), U01 NS123125 (J.C.), U01 NS108930 (I.F.), R01 NS084017 (I.F.), U01 NS123127 (R. Andersen), U01 NS121472 (S.S.), U01 NS108923 (S.S.), R01 NS110424 (M.R.), U01 NS117836 (M.R.), U01 NS098969 (M.R.), R01 NS115929 (N.E.C.), UH3 NS114439 (N.E.C.), U01 DC016696 (N.E.C.), U01 NS117836 (N.E.C.), and U01 NS098981 (N.T. and N.E.C.). Additional support provided by NSF 1756473 (I.F.) and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CLIN2-12319, A.M.). S.S. received funding from McNair Foundation. R. Adolphs received funding from Simons Foundation Collaboration on the Global Brain. N.S. received funding from the McKnight Foundation. \n\nAuthor contributions. A.F. and N.P. led discussions, abstracted principles, and drafted, edited, and finalized the manuscript. H.E. documented discussions and edited the manuscript. All other authors significantly contributed to content and perspectives and edited the manuscript. \n\nDeclaration of interests. S.S. is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Neuropace, and ZimmerBiomet. N.P. is a consultant for Abbott Laboratories. N.T. is a surgical committee member for the Medtronic SLATE trial.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms-1814659.pdf
", "abstract": "Leveraging firsthand experience, BRAIN-funded investigators conducting intracranial human neuroscience research propose two fundamental ethical commitments: (1) maintaining the integrity of clinical care and (2) ensuring voluntariness. Principles, practices, and uncertainties related to these commitments are offered for future investigation.", "date": "2022-01-19", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "110", "number": "2", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "188-194", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220121-968267000", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220121-968267000", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS098961" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 MH121373" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS118739" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS117765" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS103082" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS117838" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 MH110831" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50 MH094258" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS103780" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS113339" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 NS065395" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS108922" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS123125" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS108930" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 NS084017" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS123127" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS121472" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS108923" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 NS110424" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS117836" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS098969" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 NS115929" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "UH3 NS114439" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 DC016696" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS117836" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01 NS098981" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "BCS-1756473" }, { "agency": "California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)", "grant_number": "CLIN2-12319" }, { "agency": "Robert and Janice McNair Foundation" }, { "agency": "Simons Foundation" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "corp_creators": { "items": [ "NIH Research Opportunities in Humans Consortium" ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.011", "pmcid": "PMC9417025", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms-1814659.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wj7t6-0ms53/files/nihms-1814659.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Feinsinger, Ashley; Pouratian, Nader; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mtfsn-gsw90", "eprint_id": 112823, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:06:29", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:40:31", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Bashford-Luke", "name": { "family": "Bashford", "given": "Luke" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4391-2491" }, { "id": "Bj\u00e5nes-David", "name": { "family": "Bj\u00e5nes", "given": "David" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" } ] }, "title": "Exploring Cognition with Brain\u2013Machine Interfaces", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain\u2013machine interface, cognition, posterior parietal cortex, learning, semantics, somatosensation; General Psychology", "note": "\u00a9 2022 Annual Reviews.", "abstract": "Traditional brain\u2013machine interfaces decode cortical motor commands to control external devices. These commands are the product of higher-level cognitive processes, occurring across a network of brain areas, that integrate sensory information, plan upcoming motor actions, and monitor ongoing movements. We review cognitive signals recently discovered in the human posterior parietal cortex during neuroprosthetic clinical trials. These signals are consistent with small regions of cortex having a diverse role in cognitive aspects of movement control and body monitoring, including sensorimotor integration, planning, trajectory representation, somatosensation, action semantics, learning, and decision making. These variables are encoded within the same population of cells using structured representations that bind related sensory and motor variables, an architecture termed partially mixed selectivity. Diverse cognitive signals provide complementary information to traditional motor commands to enable more natural and intuitive control of external devices.", "date": "2022-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Psychology", "volume": "73", "publisher": "Annual Reviews", "pagerange": "131-158", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20220111-619892800", "issn": "0066-4308", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220111-619892800", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1146/annurev-psych-030221-030214", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2022", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/aehgw-0y010", "eprint_id": 109114, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 04:25:44", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:38:23", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Szymanski-Linda-J", "name": { "family": "Szymanski", "given": "Linda J." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4783-9906" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Jones-Kymry-T", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "Kymry T." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Commins-Deborah", "name": { "family": "Commins", "given": "Deborah" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "McCreery-Douglas-B", "name": { "family": "McCreery", "given": "Douglas B." } }, { "id": "Miller-Carol-A", "name": { "family": "Miller", "given": "Carol A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9411-3027" } ] }, "title": "Neuropathological effects of chronically implanted, intracortical microelectrodes in a tetraplegic patient", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "postmortem human neuropathology, neuroport intracortical microelectrode arrays, electrical stimulation, tetraplegic,\nrecording of neuronal action potentials", "note": "\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. \n\nReceived 12 May 2021; Accepted 8 July 2021; Published 27 July 2021. \n\nWe wish to acknowledge the family of the research participant for graciously allowing the histological studies. This work was funded by NINDS Grants 5U01NS098975-02 and 5R01NS088379-05. \n\nData availability statement: All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files). \n\nThe authors declare that no competing interests exist. \n\nAuthor Contributions: Neuropathology, L J S, C A M, K T J, D M; Device Engineers, S K and R A A; Neurosurgery, C Y L and B L.\n\nPublished - Szymanski_2021_J._Neural_Eng._18_0460b9.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective. Intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEA) can be used as part of a brain\u2013machine interface system to provide sensory feedback control of an artificial limb to assist persons with tetraplegia. Variability in functionality of electrodes has been reported but few studies in humans have examined the impact of chronic brain tissue responses revealed postmortem on electrode performance in vivo. \n\nApproach. In a tetraplegic man, recording MEAs were implanted into the anterior intraparietal area and Brodmann's area 5 (BA5) of the posterior parietal cortex and a recording and stimulation array was implanted in BA1 of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The participant expired from unrelated causes seven months after MEA implantation. The underlying tissue of two of the three devices was processed for histology and electrophysiological recordings were assessed. Main results. Recordings of neuronal activity were obtained from all three MEAs despite meningeal encapsulation. However, the S1 array had a greater encapsulation, yielded lower signal quality than the other arrays and failed to elicit somatosensory percepts with electrical stimulation. Histological examination of tissues underlying S1 and BA5 implant sites revealed localized leptomeningeal proliferation and fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltrates, astrogliosis, and foreign body reaction around the electrodes. The BA5 recording site showed focal cerebral microhemorrhages and leptomeningeal vascular ectasia. The S1 site showed focal tissue damage including vascular recanalization, neuronal loss, and extensive subcortical white matter necrosis. The tissue response at the S1 site included hemorrhagic-induced injury suggesting a likely mechanism for reduced function of the S1 implant. \n\nSignificance. Our findings are similar to those from animal studies with chronic intracortical implants and suggest that vascular disruption and microhemorrhage during device implantation are important contributors to overall array and individual electrode performance and should be a topic for future device development to mitigate tissue responses. Neurosurgical considerations are also discussed.", "date": "2021-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "18", "number": "4", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 0460b9", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20210513-111744586", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210513-111744586", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5U01NS098975-02" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5R01NS088379-05" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/ac127e", "primary_object": { "basename": "Szymanski_2021_J._Neural_Eng._18_0460b9.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/aehgw-0y010/files/Szymanski_2021_J._Neural_Eng._18_0460b9.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2021", "author_list": "Szymanski, Linda J.; Kellis, Spencer; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/va8et-d4k10", "eprint_id": 103226, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 09:49:36", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:43:56", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Norman-Sumner-L", "name": { "family": "Norman", "given": "Sumner L." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9945-697X" }, { "id": "Maresca-David", "name": { "family": "Maresca", "given": "David" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4921-6406" }, { "id": "Christopoulos-Vasileios-N", "name": { "family": "Christopoulos", "given": "Vasileios N." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0541-8700" }, { "id": "Griggs-Whitney-S", "name": { "family": "Griggs", "given": "Whitney S." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-2941-6803" }, { "id": "Demen\u00e9-Charlie", "name": { "family": "Demen\u00e9", "given": "Charlie" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5329-700X" }, { "id": "Tanter-Micka\u00ebl", "name": { "family": "Tanter", "given": "Micka\u00ebl" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-7739-8051" }, { "id": "Shapiro-M-G", "name": { "family": "Shapiro", "given": "Mikhail G." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0291-4215" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Single-trial decoding of movement intentions using functional ultrasound neuroimaging", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "functional ultrasound neuroimaging; single-trial decoding; movement planning; Brain-machine interface; Posterior parietal Cortex; Saccade; Reach; Non-human primate", "note": "\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. \n\nReceived 2 July 2020, Revised 29 December 2020, Accepted 1 March 2021, Available online 22 March 2021. \n\nWe thank Kelsie Pejsa for assistance with animal care, surgeries, and training. We thank Thomas Deffieux for his contributions to the ultrasound neuroimaging methods that made this work possible. We thank Igor Kagan for assisting in implantation planning. We thank Charles Liu and Claire Rabut for helpful discussions. Finally, we thank Krissta Passanante for her illustrations. S.N. was supported by a Della Martin Postdoctoral Fellowship. D.M. was supported by a Human Frontiers Science Program Cross-Disciplinary Postdoctoral Fellowship (award LT000637/2016). W.G. was supported by the UCLA-Caltech MSTP (NIGMS T32 GM008042). This research was supported by the National Institute of Health BRAIN Initiative (grant U01NS099724 to M.G.S.), the T&C Chen Brain-machine Interface Center, and the Boswell Foundation (R.A.A.). Related research in the Shapiro lab is supported by the Heritage Medical Research Institute. \n\nAuthor contributions: S.L.N., D.M., V.N.C., M.T., M.G.S., and R.A.A. conceived the study; D.M. and C.D. established the imaging sequences; S.L.N., V.N.C., and W.G. trained the animals; S.L.N., V.N.C., D.M., and W.G. acquired the data; S.L.N., D.M., and V.N.C. performed the data processing; S.L.N., D.M., and V.N.C. drafted the manuscript with substantial contribution from M.G.S. and R.A.A., and all authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript; M.T., M.G.S., and R.A.A. supervised the research. \n\nDeclaration of interests: M.T. is a co-founder and shareholder of Iconeus Company, which commercializes ultrasonic neuroimaging scanners. D.M. is now affiliated with T.U. Delft, Netherlands. V.C. is now affiliated with University of California, Riverside.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms-1683074.pdf
Submitted - 2020.05.12.086132v1.full.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0896627321001513-mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "New technologies are key to understanding the dynamic activity of neural circuits and systems in the brain. Here, we show that a minimally invasive approach based on ultrasound can be used to detect the neural correlates of movement planning, including directions and effectors. While non-human primates (NHPs) performed memory-guided movements, we used functional ultrasound (fUS) neuroimaging to record changes in cerebral blood volume with 100 \u03bcm resolution. We recorded from outside the dura above the posterior parietal cortex, a brain area important for spatial perception, multisensory integration, and movement planning. We then used fUS signals from the delay period before movement to decode the animals' intended direction and effector. Single-trial decoding is a prerequisite to brain-machine interfaces, a key application that could benefit from this technology. These results are a critical step in the development of neuro-recording and brain interface tools that are less invasive, high resolution, and scalable.", "date": "2021-05-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "109", "number": "9", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "1554-1566", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200515-085712838", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200515-085712838", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program", "grant_number": "LT000637/2016" }, { "agency": "NIH Predoctoral Fellowship", "grant_number": "T32 GM008042" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01NS099724" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Heritage Medical Research Institute" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Heritage-Medical-Research-Institute" }, { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.003", "pmcid": "PMC8105283", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms-1683074.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/va8et-d4k10/files/nihms-1683074.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0896627321001513-mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/va8et-d4k10/files/1-s2.0-S0896627321001513-mmc1.pdf" }, { "basename": "2020.05.12.086132v1.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/va8et-d4k10/files/2020.05.12.086132v1.full.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2021", "author_list": "Norman, Sumner L.; Maresca, David; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/syt7v-h7h38", "eprint_id": 107666, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 09:13:41", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:07:34", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bashford-Luke", "name": { "family": "Bashford", "given": "Luke" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4391-2491" }, { "id": "Rosenthal-Isabelle-A", "name": { "family": "Rosenthal", "given": "Isabelle" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9791-3820" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Kramer-Daniel-Richard", "name": { "family": "Kramer", "given": "Daniel" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4551-2977" }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The Neurophysiological Representation of Imagined Somatosensory Percepts in Human Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain-machine interface; human; intracortical microstimulation; sensation; somatosensation", "note": "\u00a9 2021 Bashford et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. \n\nReceived Sep. 19, 2020; revised Jan. 4, 2021; accepted Jan. 6, 2021. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant 5U01NS098975-02 (to L.B., I.R., S.K., K.P., D.K., B.L., C.L., and R.A.A.), the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center (L.B., I.R., S.K., K.P., and R.A.A.), the USC Neurorestoration Center (S.K., D.K., B.L., C.L.), the California Institute of Technology Biology and Biological Engineering Postdoctoral Fellowship (L.B.), and the James G. Boswell Foundation (R.A.A.). We thank the continued contribution from our study participant F.G. \n\nAuthor contributions: L.B., I.R., S.K., K.P., and R.A.A. designed research; L.B. and I.R. performed research; L.B., I.R., S.K., D.K., B.L., and C.L. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; L.B. and I.R. analyzed data; L.B., I.R., S.K., and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\n\nPublished - 2177.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) has been used to successfully evoke naturalistic sensations. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the evoked sensations remain unknown. To understand how specific stimulation parameters elicit certain sensations we must first understand the representation of those sensations in the brain. In this study we record from intracortical microelectrode arrays implanted in S1, premotor cortex, and posterior parietal cortex of a male human participant performing a somatosensory imagery task. The sensations imagined were those previously elicited by ICMS of S1, in the same array of the same participant. In both spike and local field potential recordings, features of the neural signal can be used to classify different imagined sensations. These features are shown to be stable over time. The sensorimotor cortices only encode the imagined sensation during the imagery task, while posterior parietal cortex encodes the sensations starting with cue presentation. These findings demonstrate that different aspects of the sensory experience can be individually decoded from intracortically recorded human neural signals across the cortical sensory network. Activity underlying these unique sensory representations may inform the stimulation parameters for precisely eliciting specific sensations via ICMS in future work.", "date": "2021-03-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "41", "number": "10", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "2177-2185", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20210122-144955862", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210122-144955862", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5U01NS098975-02" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "University of Southern California" }, { "agency": "Caltech Division of Biology and Biological Engineering" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.2460-20.2021", "pmcid": "PMC8018772", "primary_object": { "basename": "2177.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/syt7v-h7h38/files/2177.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2021", "author_list": "Bashford, Luke; Rosenthal, Isabelle; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f04yf-40y52", "eprint_id": 104656, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 02:08:26", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:38:21", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Chivukula-Srinivas", "name": { "family": "Chivukula", "given": "Srinivas" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3570-162X" }, { "id": "Zhang-Carey-Y", "name": { "family": "Zhang", "given": "Carey Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Jafari-Matiar", "name": { "family": "Jafari", "given": "Matiar" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-2224-4896" }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9059-0523" } ] }, "title": "Neural encoding of actual and imagined touch within human posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2021 Chivukula et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. \n\nReceived: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 08 February 2021; Published: 01 March 2021. \n\nThe authors thank subject NS for participating in the studies, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, and Kelsie Pejsa for administrative and regulatory assistance. This work was supported by the National Institute of Health (R01EY015545), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Conte Center for Social Decision Making at Caltech (P50MH094258), and the Boswell Foundation. \n\nThe funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. \n\nEthics: Clinical trial registration NCT01958086. \n\nHuman subjects: All procedures were approved by the California Institute of Technology (IRB #18-0401), University of California, Los Angeles (IRB #13-000576-AM-00027), and Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare (IRB #00002372) Institutional Review Boards. Informed consent was obtained after the nature of the study and possible risks were explained. \n\nAuthor contributions: Srinivas Chivukula, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Validation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing; Carey Y Zhang, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing; Tyson Aflalo, Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Validation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Project administration, Writing - review and editing; Matiar Jafari, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Writing - review and editing; Kelsie Pejsa, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Methodology;\nNader Pouratian, Resources, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing - review and editing; Richard A Andersen, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Validation, Project administration, Writing - review and editing. \n\nData availability: Data and analysis for key figures will be made available on github: https://github.com/tysonnsa/eLifePPCTouch copy archived at https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:rev:aead504c828568a46cf9555598211f1800f2187d/.\n\nPublished - elife-61646-v1.pdf
Submitted - 2020.07.27.223636v1.full.pdf
Supplemental Material - elife-61646-transrepform-v1.docx
", "abstract": "In the human posterior parietal cortex (PPC), single units encode high-dimensional information with partially mixed representations that enable small populations of neurons to encode many variables relevant to movement planning, execution, cognition, and perception. Here, we test whether a PPC neuronal population previously demonstrated to encode visual and motor information is similarly engaged in the somatosensory domain. We recorded neurons within the PPC of a human clinical trial participant during actual touch presentation and during a tactile imagery task. Neurons encoded actual touch at short latency with bilateral receptive fields, organized by body part, and covered all tested regions. The tactile imagery task evoked body part-specific responses that shared a neural substrate with actual touch. Our results are the first neuron-level evidence of touch encoding in human PPC and its cognitive engagement during a tactile imagery task, which may reflect semantic processing, attention, sensory anticipation, or imagined touch.", "date": "2021-03-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "eLife", "volume": "10", "publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications", "pagerange": "Art. No. e61646", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200730-111737023", "issn": "2050-084X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200730-111737023", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "Caltech Conte Center for the Neurobiology of Social Decision Making" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.7554/eLife.61646", "pmcid": "PMC7924956", "primary_object": { "basename": "2020.07.27.223636v1.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f04yf-40y52/files/2020.07.27.223636v1.full.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "elife-61646-transrepform-v1.docx", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f04yf-40y52/files/elife-61646-transrepform-v1.docx" }, { "basename": "elife-61646-v1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f04yf-40y52/files/elife-61646-v1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2021", "author_list": "Chivukula, Srinivas; Zhang, Carey Y.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ter27-h9221", "eprint_id": 106807, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 01:39:48", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:23:19", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Saif-ur-Rehman-Muhammad", "name": { "family": "Saif-ur-Rehman", "given": "Muhammad" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1774-7330" }, { "id": "Ali-Omair", "name": { "family": "Ali", "given": "Omair" } }, { "id": "Dyck-Susanne", "name": { "family": "Dyck", "given": "Susanne" } }, { "id": "Lienk\u00e4mper-Robin", "name": { "family": "Lienk\u00e4mper", "given": "Robin" } }, { "id": "Metzler-Marita", "name": { "family": "Metzler", "given": "Marita" } }, { "id": "Parpaley-Yaroslav", "name": { "family": "Parpaley", "given": "Yaroslav" } }, { "id": "Wellmer-J\u00f6rg", "name": { "family": "Wellmer", "given": "J\u00f6rg" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Iossifidis-Ioannis", "name": { "family": "Iossifidis", "given": "Ioannis" } }, { "id": "Glasmachers-Tobias", "name": { "family": "Glasmachers", "given": "Tobias" } }, { "id": "Klaes-Christian", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" } ] }, "title": "SpikeDeep-classifier: a deep-learning based fully automatic offline spike sorting algorithm", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "tunable hyperparameters, deep-learning, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, automatic spike sorting", "note": "\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.\nOriginal content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to\nthe author(s) and the title of the work, journal\ncitation and DOI. \n\nReceived 18 September 2020; Accepted 9 November 2020; Published 5 February 2021. \n\nThis study was funded by the Deustche Forschungsgemeinschafts (DFG, German Research Foundation) under projects number KL 2990/1-1 \u2013 Emmy Noether Program, and 122679504 \u2013 SFB 874. We would also like to acknowledge Nina Misselwithz for providing clinical support during the recording sessions of the epilepsy patients.\n\nPublished - Saif-ur-Rehman_2021_J._Neural_Eng._18_016009.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective. Advancements in electrode design have resulted in micro-electrode arrays with hundreds of channels for single cell recordings. In the resulting electrophysiological recordings, each implanted electrode can record spike activity (SA) of one or more neurons along with background activity (BA). The aim of this study is to isolate SA of each neural source. This process is called spike sorting or spike classification. Advanced spike sorting algorithms are time consuming because of the human intervention at various stages of the pipeline. Current approaches lack generalization because the values of hyperparameters are not fixed, even for multiple recording sessions of the same subject. In this study, a fully automatic spike sorting algorithm called \"SpikeDeep-Classifier\" is proposed. The values of hyperparameters remain fixed for all the evaluation data. Approach. The proposed approach is based on our previous study (SpikeDeeptector) and a novel background activity rejector (BAR), which are both supervised learning algorithms and an unsupervised learning algorithm (K-means). SpikeDeeptector and BAR are used to extract meaningful channels and remove BA from the extracted meaningful channels, respectively. The process of clustering becomes straight-forward once the BA is completely removed from the data. Then, K-means with a predefined maximum number of clusters is applied on the remaining data originating from neural sources only. Lastly, a similarity-based criterion and a threshold are used to keep distinct clusters and merge similar looking clusters. The proposed approach is called cluster accept or merge (CAOM) and it has only two hyperparameters (maximum number of clusters and similarity threshold) which are kept fixed for all the evaluation data after tuning. Main Results. We compared the results of our algorithm with ground-truth labels. The algorithm is evaluated on data of human patients and publicly available labeled non-human primates (NHPs) datasets. The average accuracy of BAR on datasets of human patients is 92.3% which is further reduced to 88.03% after (K-means + CAOM). In addition, the average accuracy of BAR on a publicly available labeled dataset of NHPs is 95.40% which reduces to 86.95% after (K-mean + CAOM). Lastly, we compared the performance of the SpikeDeep-Classifier with two human experts, where SpikeDeep-Classifier has produced comparable results. Significance. The results demonstrate that \"SpikeDeep-Classifier\" possesses the ability to generalize well on a versatile dataset and henceforth provides a generalized well on a versatile dataset and henceforth provides a generalized and fully automated solution to offline spike sorting.", "date": "2021-02", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "18", "number": "1", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 016009", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20201124-102126060", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201124-102126060", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)", "grant_number": "KL2990/1-1" }, { "agency": "Deustche Forschungsgemeinschafts (DFG)", "grant_number": "122679504-SFB 874" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/abc8d4", "primary_object": { "basename": "Saif-ur-Rehman_2021_J._Neural_Eng._18_016009.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ter27-h9221/files/Saif-ur-Rehman_2021_J._Neural_Eng._18_016009.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2021", "author_list": "Saif-ur-Rehman, Muhammad; Ali, Omair; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v20e6-90p18", "eprint_id": 107035, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:00:25", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:38:25", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Jafari-Matiar", "name": { "family": "Jafari", "given": "Matiar" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-2224-4896" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Chivukula-Srinivas", "name": { "family": "Chivukula", "given": "Srinivas" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3570-162X" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer Sterling" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Salas-Michelle-Armenta", "name": { "family": "Salas", "given": "Michelle Armenta" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0634-2891" }, { "id": "Norman-Sumner-Lee", "name": { "family": "Norman", "given": "Sumner Lee" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9945-697X" }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard Alan" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The human primary somatosensory cortex encodes imagined movement in the absence of sensory information", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Brain\u2013machine interface; Cognitive neuroscience; Cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. \n\nReceived 26 February 2020; Accepted 15 November 2020; Published 11 December 2020. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institute of Health (R01EY015545, 5U01NS098975-02), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Conte Center for Social Decision Making at Caltech (P50MH094258), the David Geffen Medical Scholarship, and the Boswell Foundation. The authors would also like to thank subject FG for participating in the studies, and Viktor Scherbatyuk for technical assistance. \n\nData availability: All primary behavioral and neurophysiological data are archived in the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering at the California Institute of Technology and are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Source data underlying plots shown in figures are provided in Supplementary Data 1. \n\nCode availability: All custom-written analysis code is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. \n\nAuthor Contributions: M.J., T.A., and R.A.A designed the study. M.J. and T.A developed experimental tasks, designed analysis and analyzed the data. M.J., S.C., S.S.K, and M.A.S. collected the data. S.L.N contributed code. M.J. and T.A. interpreted results and wrote the original draft. M.J., T.A., S.C., and R.A.A. reviewed and edited the paper. T.A. and R.A.A. provided mentorship. T.A., S.K., and R.A.A. acquired funding. K.P. provided administrative and regulatory assistance. C.Y.L. performed implantation surgery. \n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nPublished - s42003-020-01484-1.pdf
Supplemental Material - 42003_2020_1484_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Supplemental Material - 42003_2020_1484_MOESM2_ESM.pdf
Supplemental Material - 42003_2020_1484_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx
", "abstract": "Classical systems neuroscience positions primary sensory areas as early feed-forward processing stations for refining incoming sensory information. This view may oversimplify their role given extensive bi-directional connectivity with multimodal cortical and subcortical regions. Here we show that single units in human primary somatosensory cortex encode imagined reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not other sensory\u2013motor variables such as movement plans or imagined arm position. A population reference-frame analysis demonstrates coding relative to the cued starting hand location suggesting that imagined reaching movements are encoded relative to imagined limb position. These results imply a potential role for primary somatosensory cortex in cognitive imagery, engagement during motor production in the absence of sensation or expected sensation, and suggest that somatosensory cortex can provide control signals for future neural prosthetic systems.", "date": "2020-12-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Communications Biology", "volume": "3", "number": "1", "publisher": "Springer Nature", "pagerange": "Art. No. 757", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20201211-103009385", "issn": "2399-3642", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201211-103009385", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5U01NS098975-02" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "David Geffen Medical Scholarship" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s42003-020-01484-1", "primary_object": { "basename": "42003_2020_1484_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v20e6-90p18/files/42003_2020_1484_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "s42003-020-01484-1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v20e6-90p18/files/s42003-020-01484-1.pdf" }, { "basename": "42003_2020_1484_MOESM1_ESM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v20e6-90p18/files/42003_2020_1484_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" }, { "basename": "42003_2020_1484_MOESM2_ESM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v20e6-90p18/files/42003_2020_1484_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2020", "author_list": "Jafari, Matiar; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7cq75-wct59", "eprint_id": 102702, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 23:57:46", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:40:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "T." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Zhang-Carey-Y", "name": { "family": "Zhang", "given": "C. Y." } }, { "id": "Rosario-E-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "E. R." } }, { "id": "Pouratian-N", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "N." } }, { "id": "Orban-G-A", "name": { "family": "Orban", "given": "G. A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A shared neural substrate for action verbs and observed actions in human posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee\nAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). \n\nSubmitted 25 February 2020; Accepted 3 September 2020; Published 23 October 2020. \n\nWe would like to thank N.S. and E.G.S. for participating in the studies, V. Scherbatyuk for technical assistance, and K. Pejsa for administrative and regulatory assistance. We would also like to thank M. Rugg for helpful comments on an early version of this manuscript. \n\nThis work was supported by the NIH (R01EY015545), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Conte Center for Social Decision Making at Caltech (P50MH094258), the Boswell Foundation, and ERC (Parietal action) VII FP (323606). \n\nAuthor contributions: Conceptualization: T.A. Methodology: T.A. and G.A.O. Investigation: T.A. and C.Y.Z. Formal analysis: T.A. Writing (original draft): T.A. Writing (review and editing): T.A., G.A.O., and R.A.A. Funding acquisition: T.A., G.A.O., and R.A.A. Resources: E.R.R. and N.P. Supervision: T.A., G.A.O., and R.A.A. \n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. \n\nData and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.\n\nPublished - eabb3984.full.pdf
Submitted - 2020.04.20.039529v1.full.pdf
Supplemental Material - abb3984_SM.pdf
", "abstract": "High-level sensory and motor cortical areas are activated when processing the meaning of language, but it is unknown whether, and how, words share a neural substrate with corresponding sensorimotor representations. We recorded from single neurons in human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) while participants viewed action verbs and corresponding action videos from multiple views. We find that PPC neurons exhibit a common neural substrate for action verbs and observed actions. Further, videos were encoded with mixtures of invariant and idiosyncratic responses across views. Action verbs elicited selective responses from a fraction of these invariant and idiosyncratic neurons, without preference, thus associating with a statistical sampling of the diverse sensory representations related to the corresponding action concept. Controls indicated that the results are not the product of visual imagery or arbitrary learned associations. Our results suggest that language may activate the consolidated visual experience of the reader.", "date": "2020-10-23", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science Advances", "volume": "6", "number": "43", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "Art. No. eabb3984", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200421-131805901", "issn": "2375-2548", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200421-131805901", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "Caltech Conte Center for the Neurobiology of Social Decision Making" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "European Research Council (ERC)", "grant_number": "323606" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.abb3984", "primary_object": { "basename": "2020.04.20.039529v1.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7cq75-wct59/files/2020.04.20.039529v1.full.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "abb3984_SM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7cq75-wct59/files/abb3984_SM.pdf" }, { "basename": "eabb3984.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7cq75-wct59/files/eabb3984.full.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2020", "author_list": "Aflalo, T.; Zhang, C. Y.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/37tym-wkz52", "eprint_id": 102174, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 20:44:24", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:22:28", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pu-Haoran", "name": { "family": "Pu", "given": "Haoran" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6787-5907" }, { "id": "Lim-Jeffrey", "name": { "family": "Lim", "given": "Jeffrey" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Do-An-H", "name": { "family": "Do", "given": "An H." } }, { "id": "Heydari-P", "name": { "family": "Heydari", "given": "Payam" } }, { "id": "Nenadic-Z", "name": { "family": "Nenadic", "given": "Zoran" } } ] }, "title": "Optimal artifact suppression in simultaneous electrocorticography stimulation and recording for bi-directional brain-computer interface applications", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. \n\nReceived 26 October 2019; Revised 15 February 2020; Accepted 24 March 2020; Accepted Manuscript online 24 March 2020.", "abstract": "Objective. Electrocorticogram (ECoG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a promising platform for the restoration of motor and sensory functions to those with neurological deficits. Such bi-directional BCI operation necessitates simultaneous ECoG recording and stimulation, which is challenging given the presence of strong stimulation artifacts. This problem is exacerbated if the BCI's analog front-end operates in an ultra-low power regime, which is a basic requirement for fully implantable medical devices. In this study, we developed a novel method for the suppression of stimulation artifacts before they reach the analog front-end. Approach. Using elementary biophysical considerations, we devised an artifact suppression method that employs a weak auxiliary stimulation delivered between the primary stimulator and the recording grid. The exact location and amplitude of this auxiliary stimulating dipole were then found through a constrained optimization procedure. The performance of our method was tested in both simulations and phantom brain tissue experiments. Main Results. The solution found through the optimization procedure matched the optimal canceling dipole in both simulations and experiments. Artifact suppression as large as 28.7 dB and 22.9 dB were achieved in simulations and brain phantom experiments, respectively. Significance. We developed a simple constrained optimization-based method for finding the parameters of an auxiliary stimulating dipole that yields optimal artifact suppression. Our method suppresses stimulation artifacts before they reach the analog front-end and may prevent the front-end amplifiers from saturation. Additionally, it can be used along with other artifact mitigation techniques to further reduce stimulation artifacts.", "date": "2020-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "17", "number": "2", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 026038", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200330-151432453", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200330-151432453", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CNS-1646275" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/ab82ac", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2020", "author_list": "Pu, Haoran; Lim, Jeffrey; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1f8t7-nbn97", "eprint_id": 100859, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 04:10:24", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:39:51", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zhang-Carey-Y", "name": { "family": "Zhang", "given": "Carey Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" } }, { "id": "Revechkis-Boris", "name": { "family": "Revechkis", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Rosario-Emily-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily" } }, { "id": "Ouellette-Debra", "name": { "family": "Ouellette", "given": "Debra" } }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Preservation of partially mixed selectivity in human posterior parietal cortex across changes in task context", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "bimanual; context; Imagery; Movement; Neural Prosthetic; Parietal Cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2020 Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. \n\nReceived June 10, 2019; Accepted December 17, 2019; Published online January 22, 2020. \n\nWe thank subject NS for participating in the studies, and Kelsie Pejsa, Tessa Yao, and Viktor Scherbatyuk for technical and administrative assistance. \n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant R01-EY-015545), the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Della Martin Foundation, the Conte Center for Social Decision Making at Caltech (Grant P50MH094258), and the Boswell Foundation.\n\nPublished - ENEURO.0222-19.2019.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Recent studies in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have found multiple effectors and cognitive strategies represented within a shared neural substrate in a structure termed \"partially mixed selectivity\" (Zhang et al., 2017). In this study, we examine whether the structure of these representations is preserved across changes in task context and is thus a robust and generalizable property of the neural population. Specifically, we test whether the structure is conserved from an open-loop motor imagery task (training) to a closed-loop cortical control task (online), a change that has led to substantial changes in neural behavior in prior studies in motor cortex. Recording from a 4 \u00d7 4 mm electrode array implanted in PPC of a human tetraplegic patient participating in a brain\u2013machine interface (BMI) clinical trial, we studied the representations of imagined/attempted movements of the left/right hand and compare their individual BMI control performance using a one-dimensional cursor control task. We found that the structure of the representations is largely maintained between training and online control. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the structure observed in the context of an open-loop motor imagery task is maintained and accessible in the context of closed-loop BMI control. These results indicate that it is possible to decode the mixed variables found from a small patch of cortex in PPC and use them individually for BMI control. Furthermore, they show that the structure of the mixed representations is maintained and robust across changes in task context.", "date": "2020-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "eNeuro", "volume": "7", "number": "2", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "Art. No. 0222-19.2019", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200122-161431225", "issn": "2373-2822", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200122-161431225", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01-EY-015545" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" }, { "id": "Division-of-Biology-and-Biological-Engineering" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/eneuro.0222-19.2019", "pmcid": "PMC7070450", "primary_object": { "basename": "ENEURO.0222-19.2019.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1f8t7-nbn97/files/ENEURO.0222-19.2019.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2020", "author_list": "Zhang, Carey Y.; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fsrqf-fqz38", "eprint_id": 100430, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 19:16:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 19:57:22", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" } ] }, "title": "From thought to action: The brain\u2013machine interface in posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "posterior parietal cortex | brain\u2013machine interface | monkey | tetraplegia | intention", "note": "\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published under the PNAS license. \n\nEdited by Robert H. Wurtz, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved July 25, 2019 (received for review February 28, 2019).\n\nWe wish to thank participants E.G.S., N.S., L.D., F.G., and J.J. for their work and dedication, Kelsie Pejsa for administrative assistance, and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance. We thank the NIH, the NSF, the Department of Defense, the T&C Chen Institute, the Boswell Foundation, and the Swartz Foundation for support.\n\nAuthor contributions: R.A.A., T.A., and S.K. designed research; T.A. and S.K. performed research; T.A. and S.K. analyzed data; and R.A.A., T.A., and S.K. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. \n\nThis paper results from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, \"Using Monkey Models to Understand and Develop Treatments for Human Brain Disorders,\" held January 7\u20138, 2019, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering in Irvine, CA. NAS colloquia began in 1991 and have been published in PNAS since 1995. From February 2001 through May 2019 colloquia were supported by a generous gift from The Dame Jillian and Dr. Arthur M. Sackler Foundation for the Arts, Sciences, & Humanities, in memory of Dame Sackler's husband, Arthur M. Sackler. The complete program and video recordings of most presentations are available on the NAS website at http://www.nasonline.org/using-monkey-models. \n\nThis article is a PNAS Direct Submission.\n\nPublished - 26274.full.pdf
", "abstract": "A dramatic example of translational monkey research is the development of neural prosthetics for assisting paralyzed patients. A neuroprosthesis consists of implanted electrodes that can record the intended movement of a paralyzed part of the body, a computer algorithm that decodes the intended movement, and an assistive device such as a robot limb or computer that is controlled by these intended movement signals. This type of neuroprosthetic system is also referred to as a brain\u2013machine interface (BMI) since it interfaces the brain with an external machine. In this review, we will concentrate on BMIs in which microelectrode recording arrays are implanted in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a high-level cortical area in both humans and monkeys that represents intentions to move. This review will first discuss the basic science research performed in healthy monkeys that established PPC as a good source of intention signals. Next, it will describe the first PPC implants in human patients with tetraplegia from spinal cord injury. From these patients the goals of movements could be quickly decoded, and the rich number of action variables found in PPC indicates that it is an appropriate BMI site for a very wide range of neuroprosthetic applications. We will discuss research on learning to use BMIs in monkeys and humans and the advances that are still needed, requiring both monkey and human research to enable BMIs to be readily available in the clinic.", "date": "2019-12-26", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "116", "number": "52", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "26274-26279", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20191224-093207859", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191224-093207859", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ECCS-1533589" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "U01NS098975" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation", "grant_number": "580065" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "Department of Defense" }, { "agency": "Dame Jillian and Dr. Arthur M. Sackler Foundation for the Arts, Sciences, & Humanities" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1902276116", "pmcid": "PMC6936686", "primary_object": { "basename": "26274.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fsrqf-fqz38/files/26274.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r34ar-tc443", "eprint_id": 99262, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:54:37", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 18:11:06", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wang-Po-T", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Po T." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6611-3863" }, { "id": "Camacho-Everardo", "name": { "family": "Camacho", "given": "Everardo" } }, { "id": "Wang-Ming", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Ming" } }, { "id": "Li-Yongcheng", "name": { "family": "Li", "given": "Yongcheng" } }, { "id": "Shaw-Susan-J", "name": { "family": "Shaw", "given": "Susan J." } }, { "id": "Armacost-Michelle", "name": { "family": "Armacost", "given": "Michelle" } }, { "id": "Gong-Hui", "name": { "family": "Gong", "given": "Hui" } }, { "id": "Kramer-Daniel-R", "name": { "family": "Kramer", "given": "Daniel" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4551-2977" }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." } }, { "id": "Heydari-Payam", "name": { "family": "Heydari", "given": "Payam" } }, { "id": "Nenadic-Zoran", "name": { "family": "Nenadic", "given": "Zoran" } }, { "id": "Do-An-H", "name": { "family": "Do", "given": "An H." } } ] }, "title": "A benchtop system to assess the feasibility of a fully independent and implantable brain-machine interface", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. \n\nReceived 19 June 2019; Revised 23 September 2019; Accepted 4 October 2019; Accepted Manuscript online 4 October 2019. \n\nThe authors would like to thank Angelica Nguyen for her assistance in setting up the experiments. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation awards 1446908 and 1646275.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms-1587425.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective: State-of-the-art invasive brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have shown significant promise, but rely on external electronics and wired connections between the brain and these external components. This configuration presents health risks and limits practical use. These limitations can be addressed by designing a fully implantable BMI similar to existing FDA-approved implantable devices. Here, a prototype BMI system whose size and power consumption are comparable to those of fully implantable medical devices was designed and implemented, and its performance was tested at the benchtop and bedside. Approach: A prototype of a fully implantable BMI system was designed and implemented as a miniaturized embedded system. This benchtop analogue was tested in its ability to acquire signals, train a decoder, perform online decoding, wirelessly control external devices, and operate independently on battery. Furthermore, performance metrics such as power consumption were benchmarked. Main results: An analogue of a fully implantable BMI was fabricated with a miniaturized form factor. A patient undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluation with an electrocorticogram (ECoG) grid implanted over the primary motor cortex was recruited to operate the system. Seven online runs were performed with an average binary state decoding accuracy of 87.0% (lag optimized, or 85.0% at fixed latency). The system was powered by a wirelessly rechargeable battery, consumed ~150 mW, and operated for >60 hours on a single battery cycle. Significance: The BMI analogue achieved immediate and accurate decoding of ECoG signals underlying hand movements. A wirelessly rechargeable battery and other supporting functions allowed the system to function independently. In addition to the small footprint and acceptable power and heat dissipation, these results suggest that fully implantable BMI systems are feasible.", "date": "2019-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "16", "number": "6", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 066043", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20191014-144810554", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191014-144810554", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CNS-1446908" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CNS-1646275" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/ab4b0c", "pmcid": "PMC7271898", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms-1587425.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r34ar-tc443/files/nihms-1587425.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Wang, Po T.; Camacho, Everardo; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jc3p8-bae72", "eprint_id": 95423, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:01:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 20:13:16", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Saif-ur-Rehman-M", "name": { "family": "Saif-ur-Rehman", "given": "Muhammad" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-1774-7330" }, { "id": "Lienk\u00e4mper-R", "name": { "family": "Lienk\u00e4mper", "given": "Robin" } }, { "id": "Parpaley-Y", "name": { "family": "Parpaley", "given": "Yaroslav" } }, { "id": "Wellmer-J", "name": { "family": "Wellmer", "given": "J\u00f6rg" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Iossifidis-I", "name": { "family": "Iossifidis", "given": "Ioannis" } }, { "id": "Glasmachers-T", "name": { "family": "Glasmachers", "given": "Tobias" } }, { "id": "Klaes-C", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" } ] }, "title": "SpikeDeeptector: A deep-learning based method for detection of neural spiking activity", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. \n\nReceived 10 December 2018; Accepted 1 May 2019; Accepted Manuscript online 1 May 2019; Published 23 July 2019. \n\nThis study was funded by the Deustche Forschungsgemeinschafts (DFG, German Research Foundation) under projects number KL 2990/1-1\u2014Emmy Noether Program, and 122679504\u2014SFB 874. We would also like to acknowledge Nina Misselwitz for providing clinical support during the recording sessions of the epilepsy patients.\n\nPublished - Saif-ur-Rehman_2019_J._Neural_Eng._16_056003.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective. In electrophysiology, microelectrodes are the primary source for recording neural data (single unit activity). These microelectrodes can be implanted individually or in the form of arrays containing dozens to hundreds of channels. Recordings of some channels contain neural activity, which are often contaminated with noise. Another fraction of channels does not record any neural data, but only noise. By noise, we mean physiological activities unrelated to spiking, including technical artifacts and neural activities of neurons that are too far away from the electrode to be usefully processed. For further analysis, an automatic identification and continuous tracking of channels containing neural data is of great significance for many applications, e.g. automated selection of neural channels during online and offline spike sorting. Automated spike detection and sorting is also critical for online decoding in brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) applications, in which only simple threshold crossing events are often considered for feature extraction. To our knowledge, there is no method that can universally and automatically identify channels containing neural data. In this study, we aim to identify and track channels containing neural data from implanted electrodes, automatically and more importantly universally. By universally, we mean across different recording technologies, different subjects and different brain areas. Approach. We propose a novel algorithm based on a new way of feature vector extraction and a deep learning method, which we call SpikeDeeptector. SpikeDeeptector considers a batch of waveforms to construct a single feature vector and enables contextual learning. The feature vectors are then fed to a deep learning method, which learns contextualized, temporal and spatial patterns, and classifies them as channels containing neural spike data or only noise. Main results. We trained the model of SpikeDeeptector on data recorded from a single tetraplegic patient with two Utah arrays implanted in different areas of the brain. The trained model was then evaluated on data collected from six epileptic patients implanted with depth electrodes, unseen data from the tetraplegic patient and data from another tetraplegic patient implanted with two Utah arrays. The cumulative evaluation accuracy was 97.20% on 1.56 million hand labeled test inputs. Significance. The results demonstrate that SpikeDeeptector generalizes not only to the new data, but also to different brain areas, subjects, and electrode types not used for training. Clinical trial registration number. The clinical trial registration number for patients implanted with the Utah array is NCT 01849822. For the epilepsy patients, approval from the local ethics committee at the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, was obtained prior to implantation.", "date": "2019-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "16", "number": "5", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 056003", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190513-090157838", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190513-090157838", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Deustche Forschungsgemeinschafts (DFG)", "grant_number": "KL 2990/1-1" }, { "agency": "Deustche Forschungsgemeinschafts (DFG)", "grant_number": "122679504-SFB 874" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2552/ab1e63", "primary_object": { "basename": "Saif-ur-Rehman_2019_J._Neural_Eng._16_056003.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jc3p8-bae72/files/Saif-ur-Rehman_2019_J._Neural_Eng._16_056003.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Saif-ur-Rehman, Muhammad; Lienk\u00e4mper, Robin; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/k1zxa-j9s79", "eprint_id": 97046, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:05:04", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:52:58", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Miller-C", "name": { "family": "Miller", "given": "Carol" } }, { "id": "Szymanski-L", "name": { "family": "Szymanski", "given": "Linda" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Commins-D", "name": { "family": "Commins", "given": "Debra" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Jones-Kymry", "name": { "family": "Jones", "given": "Kymry" } }, { "id": "McCreery-D", "name": { "family": "McCreery", "given": "Doug" } } ] }, "title": "Neuropathology of chronically implanted, intracortical electrodes in a tetraplegic patient with robotic arm interface", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2019 American Association of Neuropathologists, Inc. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model). \n\nPublished: 05 April 2019.", "abstract": "Objective: Literature documenting histopathology of implanted, intracortical electrodes into the human brain is limited. Therefore, we determined the neuropathological\nchanges after chronic intracortical placement of microelectrode arrays within the cortex of a 64- year-old tetraplegic man.", "date": "2019-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology", "volume": "78", "number": "6", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "pagerange": "578-579", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190711-080140209", "issn": "0022-3069", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190711-080140209", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1093/jnen/nlz034", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Miller, Carol; Szymanski, Linda; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s36my-hk448", "eprint_id": 93612, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:34:04", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 17:16:45", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sakellaridi-Sofia", "name": { "family": "Sakellaridi", "given": "Sofia" } }, { "id": "Christopoulos-Vassilios-N", "name": { "family": "Christopoulos", "given": "Vassilios N." } }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" } }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie W." } }, { "id": "Rosario-Emily-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily R." } }, { "id": "Ouellette-Debra", "name": { "family": "Ouellette", "given": "Debra" } }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Intrinsic Variable Learning for Brain-Machine Interface Control by Human Anterior Intraparietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain-machine interface; intrinsic-variable learning; individual-neuron learning; anterior intraparietal cortex; posterior parietal cortex; spinal cord injury", "note": "\u00a9 2019 Elsevier. \n\nReceived 17 May 2018, Revised 5 November 2018, Accepted 6 February 2019, Available online 7 March 2019. \n\nData and Software Availability: Data and MATLAB analysis scripts available upon request from Sofia Sakellaridi (sofia@caltech.edu). \n\nAdditional Resources: This study was conducted as part of NIH clinical trial NCT01958086.\n\nThis work was supported by the National Institute of Health (5R01EY01554512), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Boswell Foundation, and the Swartz Foundation. The authors would also like to thank subject N.S. for participating in the studies and Viktor Scherbatyuk for technical assistance. \n\nAuthor Contributions: S.S., V.N.C., T.A., and R.A.A. designed the study. S.S., V.N.C., and T.A. developed the experimental tasks. S.S. and V.N.C. collected the data. S.S., V.N.C., and T.A. analyzed the results. S.S., V.N.C., T.A., and R.A.A. interpreted results and wrote the paper. E.R.R. provided experimental facilities, administrative assistance, and coordination with Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare. K.W.P. provided administrative assistance. D.O. provided onsite assistance during experimental sessions. N.P. performed the surgery implanting the recording arrays in subject N.S. \n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms-1523068.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0896627319301217-mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "Although animal studies provided significant insights in understanding the neural basis of learning and adaptation, they often cannot dissociate between different learning mechanisms due to the lack of verbal communication. To overcome this limitation, we examined the mechanisms of learning and its limits in a human intracortical brain-machine interface (BMI) paradigm. A tetraplegic participant controlled a 2D computer cursor by modulating single-neuron activity in the anterior intraparietal area (AIP). By perturbing the neuron-to-movement mapping, the participant learned to modulate the activity of the recorded neurons to solve the perturbations by adopting a target re-aiming strategy. However, when no cognitive strategies were adequate to produce correct responses, AIP failed to adapt to perturbations. These findings suggest that learning is constrained by the pre-existing neuronal structure, although it is possible that AIP needs more training time to learn to generate novel activity patterns when cognitive re-adaptation fails to solve the perturbations.", "date": "2019-05-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "102", "number": "3", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "694-705", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190307-092211759", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190307-092211759", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5R01EY01554512" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.012", "pmcid": "PMC6922088", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0896627319301217-mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s36my-hk448/files/1-s2.0-S0896627319301217-mmc1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms-1523068.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s36my-hk448/files/nihms-1523068.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Sakellaridi, Sofia; Christopoulos, Vassilios N.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/my33a-ehx28", "eprint_id": 92539, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:27:48", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 15:49:32", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Kramer-D-R", "name": { "family": "Kramer", "given": "Daniel R." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4551-2977" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Barbaro-M-F", "name": { "family": "Barbaro", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Armenta-Salas-M", "name": { "family": "Armenta Salas", "given": "Michelle" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0634-2891" }, { "id": "Nune-George", "name": { "family": "Nune", "given": "George" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } } ] }, "title": "Technical considerations for generating somatosensation via cortical stimulation in a closed-loop sensory/motor brain-computer interface system in humans", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Somatosensory; Brain computer interface (BCI); Brain machine interface (BMI); Electrocorticography; Cortical stimulation", "note": "\u00a9 2019 Elsevier. \n\nReceived 25 October 2018, Accepted 18 January 2019, Available online 31 January 2019. \n\nWe wish to acknowledge the generous support of Cal-BRAIN: A Neurotechnology Program for California, National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (KL2TR001854), National Institutes of Health (R25 NS099008-01), The Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation (NREF), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Boswell Foundation and the Della Martin Foundation. \n\nThe authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.\n\nPublished - 1-s2.0-S096758681831823X-main.pdf
Accepted Version - nihms-1026930.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S096758681831823X-mmc1.xml
", "abstract": "Somatosensory feedback is the next step in brain computer interface (BCI). Here, we compare three cortical stimulating array modalities for generating somatosensory percepts in BCI. We compared human subjects with either a 64-channel \"mini\"-electrocorticography grid (mECoG; 1.2-mm diameter exposed contacts with 3-mm spacing, N\u202f=\u202f1) over the hand area of primary somatosensory cortex (S1), or a standard grid (sECoG; 1.5-mm diameter exposed contacts with 1-cm spacing, N\u202f=\u202f1), to generate artificial somatosensation through direct electrical cortical stimulation. Finally, we reference data in the literature from a patient implanted with microelectrode arrays (MEA) placed in the S1 hand area. We compare stimulation results to assess coverage and specificity of the artificial percepts in the hand. Using the mECoG array, hand mapping revealed coverage of 41.7% of the hand area versus 100% for the sECoG array, and 18.8% for the MEA. On average, stimulation of a single electrode corresponded to sensation reported in 4.42 boxes (range 1\u201311 boxes) for the mECoG array, 19.11 boxes (range 4\u201348 boxes) for the sECoG grid, and 2.3 boxes (range 1\u20135 boxes) for the MEA. Sensation in any box, on average, corresponded to stimulation from 2.65 electrodes (range 1\u20135 electrodes) for the mECoG grid, 3.58 electrodes for the sECoG grid (range 2\u20134 electrodes), and 11.22 electrodes (range 2\u201317 electrodes) for the MEA. Based on these findings, we conclude that mECoG grids provide an excellent balance between spatial cortical coverage of the hand area of S1 and high-density resolution.", "date": "2019-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Clinical Neuroscience", "volume": "63", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "116-121", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190131-104830101", "issn": "0967-5868", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190131-104830101", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "KL2TR001854" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R25 NS099008-01" }, { "agency": "Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.027", "pmcid": "PMC7330927", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S096758681831823X-main.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/my33a-ehx28/files/1-s2.0-S096758681831823X-main.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1-s2.0-S096758681831823X-mmc1.xml", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/my33a-ehx28/files/1-s2.0-S096758681831823X-mmc1.xml" }, { "basename": "nihms-1026930.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/my33a-ehx28/files/nihms-1026930.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Kramer, Daniel R.; Kellis, Spencer; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/z0j3m-3g621", "eprint_id": 96898, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:14:38", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:36:32", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The Intention Machine", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2019 Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc.", "abstract": "Brain-machine interfaces, or BMIs, can send and receive messages to and from neural circuits.\nExisting BMIs tend to provide imprecise or sluggish performance.\nNew research puts the interfaces in brain areas that formulate a person's intentions to move,\nmaking the technology more versatile for those with spinal cord injuries.", "date": "2019-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Scientific American", "volume": "320", "number": "4", "publisher": "Scientific American", "pagerange": "24-31", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190708-081935065", "issn": "0036-8733", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190708-081935065", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/scientifcamerican0419-24", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2019", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dkgrd-6xy16", "eprint_id": 90069, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 12:57:19", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 23:10:52", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Reutskaja-Elena", "name": { "family": "Reutskaja", "given": "Elena" } }, { "id": "Lindner-Axel", "name": { "family": "Lindner", "given": "Axel" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8201-788X" }, { "id": "Nagel-Rosemarie", "name": { "family": "Nagel", "given": "Rosemarie" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Camerer-C-F", "name": { "family": "Camerer", "given": "Colin F." }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4049-1871" } ] }, "title": "Choice overload reduces neural signatures of choice set value in dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2018 Springer Nature Limited. \n\nReceived: 22 January 2017; Accepted: 23 August 2018; Published online: 01 October 2018. \n\nThe authors acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, grants nos. ECO2011-29865 (to E.R.), SEJ2005-08391 and ECO2008-01768 (to R.N.), the German Research Council (DFG CIN) (to A.L.), Generalitat de Catalunya, and BGSE (to R.N.), the Moore Foundation (to C.F.C. and R.A.A.), the Human Frontier Science Program (to C.F.C., R.N. and E.R.), the National Institutes of Health (Conte to C.F.C. and R.A.A.), the National Science Foundation and Boswell Foundation (to R.A.A), Caltech T&C Chen Social and Decision Neuroscience Center (to C.F.C.) and Caltech T&C Chen Brain\u2013Machine Interface Center (to R.A.A.). The funders had no role in the conceptualization, design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The authors thank K. Quinn, A. Tank and A. Miro for help on previous versions of the manuscript. \n\nThese authors contributed equally: Elena Reutskaja, Axel Lindner. \n\nAuthor Contributions: Design was carried out by E.R., R.N., A.L., C.F.C. and R.A.A., fMRI collection by A.L. and E.R., fMRI analysis by A.L. and E.R. and other data analysis by E.R., A.L. and R.N. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript. \n\nData availability: The data that support the findings of this study as well as the data underlying our power calculations are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Unthresholded statistical maps of our main fMRI-results are available at NeuroVault.org6 https://neurovault.org/collections/4117/). \n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nSupplemental Material - 41562_2018_440_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Supplemental Material - 41562_2018_440_MOESM2_ESM.pdf
Supplemental Material - 41562_2018_440_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx
", "abstract": "Modern societies offer a large variety of choices, which is generally thought to be valuable. But having too much choice can be detrimental if the costs of choice outweigh its benefits due to 'choice overload'. Current explanatory models of choice overload mainly derive from behavioural studies. A neuroscientific investigation could further inform these models by revealing the covert mental processes during decision-making. We explored choice overload using functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects were either choosing from varying-sized choice sets or were browsing them. When choosing from sets of 6, 12 or 24 items, functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in the striatum and anterior cingulate cortex resembled an inverted U-shaped function of choice set size. Activity was highest for 12-item sets, which were perceived as having 'the right amount' of options and was lower for 6-item and 24-item sets, which were perceived as 'too small' and 'too large', respectively. Enhancing choice set value by adding a dominant option led to an overall increase of activity. When subjects were browsing, the decision costs were diminished and the inverted U-shaped activity patterns vanished. Activity in the striatum and anterior cingulate reflects choice set value and can serve as neural indicator of choice overload.", "date": "2018-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Human Behaviour", "volume": "2", "number": "12", "publisher": "Springer Nature America, Inc", "pagerange": "925-935", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20181001-113521255", "issn": "2397-3374", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20181001-113521255", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia (MEC)", "grant_number": "ECO2011-29865" }, { "agency": "Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia (MEC)", "grant_number": "SEJ2005" }, { "agency": "Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia (MEC)", "grant_number": "ECO2008-01768" }, { "agency": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)" }, { "agency": "Generalitat de Catalunya" }, { "agency": "Barcelona Graduate School of Economics" }, { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s41562-018-0440-2", "primary_object": { "basename": "41562_2018_440_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dkgrd-6xy16/files/41562_2018_440_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "41562_2018_440_MOESM1_ESM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dkgrd-6xy16/files/41562_2018_440_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" }, { "basename": "41562_2018_440_MOESM2_ESM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dkgrd-6xy16/files/41562_2018_440_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Reutskaja, Elena; Lindner, Axel; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/28fpp-c1t76", "eprint_id": 86794, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:42:22", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 20:35:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Christopoulos-V-N", "name": { "family": "Christopoulos", "given": "Vassilios N." } }, { "id": "Kagan-I", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is largely effector-specific in free-choice decisions", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2018 The Author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. \n\nReceived: 27 October 2017; Accepted: 8 May 2018; Published online: 05 June 2018. \n\nData availability: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. \n\nThis work was supported by National Institute of Health (R01 EY007492), the Boswell Foundation, and Swartz Foundation. We thank K. Pejsa for animal care and Dr. V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support. \n\nAuthor Contributions: V.N.C., I.K. and R.A.A. designed the experiment; V.N.C. performed the research, V.N.C. and I.K. analyzed the data, V.N.C., I.K. and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.\n\nPublished - s41598-018-26366-9.pdf
", "abstract": "Despite many years of intense research, there is no strong consensus about the role of the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in decision making. One view of LIP function is that it guides spatial attention, providing a \"saliency map\" of the external world. If this were the case, it would contribute to target selection regardless of which action would be performed to implement the choice. On the other hand, LIP inactivation has been shown to influence spatial selection and oculomotor metrics in free-choice decisions, which are made using eye movements, arguing that it contributes to saccade decisions. To dissociate between a more general attention role and a more effector specific saccade role, we reversibly inactivated LIP while non-human primates freely selected between two targets, presented in the two hemifields, with either saccades or reaches. Unilateral LIP inactivation induced a strong choice bias to ipsilesional targets when decisions were made with saccades. Interestingly, the inactivation also caused a reduction of contralesional choices when decisions were made with reaches, albeit the effect was less pronounced. These findings suggest that LIP is part of a network for making oculomotor decisions and is largely effector-specific in free-choice decisions.", "date": "2018-06-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Scientific Reports", "volume": "8", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "Art. No. 8611", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180605-110431147", "issn": "2045-2322", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180605-110431147", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 EY007492" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-018-26366-9", "pmcid": "PMC5988653", "primary_object": { "basename": "s41598-018-26366-9.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/28fpp-c1t76/files/s41598-018-26366-9.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Christopoulos, Vassilios N.; Kagan, Igor; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/65nk6-xkx90", "eprint_id": 87352, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 23:29:58", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 21:05:59", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Kramer-D", "name": { "family": "Kramer", "given": "Daniel" } }, { "id": "Armenta-Salas-M", "name": { "family": "Armenta Salas", "given": "Michelle" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0634-2891" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Brown-D", "name": { "family": "Brown", "given": "David" } }, { "id": "Dobreva-T", "name": { "family": "Dobreva", "given": "Tatyana" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-2625-8873" }, { "id": "Klaes-C", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" }, { "id": "Heck-C-N", "name": { "family": "Heck", "given": "Christi" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-T", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4314-8713" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Engineering Artificial Somatosensation Through Cortical Stimulation in Humans", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain machine interface (BMI); cortical stimulation; electrocorticography (ECoG); sensory feedback control; somatosensation", "note": "\u00a9 2018 Lee, Kramer, Armenta Salas, Kellis, Brown, Dobreva, Klaes, Heck, Liu and Andersen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. \n\nReceived: 11 October 2017; Accepted: 04 May 2018; Published: 04 June 2018. \n\nEdited by: Jonathan B. Fritz, University of Maryland, College Park, United States \n\nReviewed by: \nRobert N. S. Sachdev, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Germany\nKevin J. Otto, University of Florida, United States\nJeff Ojemann, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States\n\nWe wish to acknowledge the generous support of Cal-BRAIN: A Neurotechnology Program for California, National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (KL2TR001854), The Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation (NREF), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Boswell Foundation and the Della Martin Foundation. \n\nAuthor Contributions: BL, CL and RA conceived the original idea and experiments. BL, DK, MAS, SK, DB, TD, CK and CH planned and operationalized the experiments. BL, DK and MAS carried out the experiments. BL, DK, MAS, SK and CL contributed to the interpretation of the results. BL, DK, MAS, SK and RA took the lead in writing the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. \n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\n\nPublished - fnsys-12-00024.pdf
Supplemental Material - 4121894.zip
", "abstract": "Sensory feedback is a critical aspect of motor control rehabilitation following paralysis or amputation. Current human studies have demonstrated the ability to deliver some of this sensory information via brain-machine interfaces, although further testing is needed to understand the stimulation parameters effect on sensation. Here, we report a systematic evaluation of somatosensory restoration in humans, using cortical stimulation with subdural mini-electrocorticography (mini-ECoG) grids. Nine epilepsy patients undergoing implantation of cortical electrodes for seizure localization were also implanted with a subdural 64-channel mini-ECoG grid over the hand area of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). We mapped the somatotopic location and size of receptive fields evoked by stimulation of individual channels of the mini-ECoG grid. We determined the effects on perception by varying stimulus parameters of pulse width, current amplitude, and frequency. Finally, a target localization task was used to demonstrate the use of artificial sensation in a behavioral task. We found a replicable somatotopic representation of the hand on the mini-ECoG grid across most subjects during electrical stimulation. The stimulus-evoked sensations were usually of artificial quality, but in some cases were more natural and of a cutaneous or proprioceptive nature. Increases in pulse width, current strength and frequency generally produced similar quality sensations at the same somatotopic location, but with a perception of increased intensity. The subjects produced near perfect performance when using the evoked sensory information in target acquisition tasks. These findings indicate that electrical stimulation of somatosensory cortex through mini-ECoG grids has considerable potential for restoring useful sensation to patients with paralysis and amputation.", "date": "2018-06-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience", "volume": "12", "publisher": "Frontiers", "pagerange": "Art. No. 24", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180626-132706950", "issn": "1662-5137", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180626-132706950", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Cal-BRAIN" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "KL2TR001854" }, { "agency": "Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.3389/fnsys.2018.00024", "pmcid": "PMC5994581", "primary_object": { "basename": "4121894.zip", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/65nk6-xkx90/files/4121894.zip" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "fnsys-12-00024.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/65nk6-xkx90/files/fnsys-12-00024.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Lee, Brian; Kramer, Daniel; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mstyj-zrj27", "eprint_id": 85743, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:45:02", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:53:46", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Armenta-Salas-M", "name": { "family": "Armenta Salas", "given": "Michelle" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0634-2891" }, { "id": "Bashford-L", "name": { "family": "Bashford", "given": "Luke" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4391-2491" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Jafari-M", "name": { "family": "Jafari", "given": "Matiar" } }, { "id": "Jo-HyeongChan", "name": { "family": "Jo", "given": "HyeongChan" } }, { "id": "Kramer-D", "name": { "family": "Kramer", "given": "Daniel" } }, { "id": "Shanfield-K", "name": { "family": "Shanfield", "given": "Kathleen" } }, { "id": "Pejsa-K", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles Y." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations in humans elicited by intracortical microstimulation", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2018 Armenta Salas et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,\nwhich permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.\n\nReceived: 18 October 2017; Accepted: 20 February 2018;\nPublished: 10 April 2018.\n\nWe would like to thank FG for his efforts and engagement in the clinical study, and the clinical staff at Rancho Los Amigos for their work and dedication during the experimental sessions.\n\nThe funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.\n\nAuthor Contributions: Michelle Armenta Salas, Luke Bashford, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing\u2014original draft, Writing\u2014review and editing; Spencer Kellis, Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Supervision,\nFunding acquisition, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing\u2014original draft,\nWriting\u2014review and editing; Matiar Jafari, Software, Investigation, Methodology; HyeongChan Jo, Methodology; Daniel Kramer, Resources, Investigation; Kathleen Shanfield, Resources; Kelsie Pejsa, Resources, Project administration; Brian Lee, Resources, Methodology; Charles Y Liu, Conceptualization, Resources, Funding acquisition, Methodology; Richard A Andersen, Conceptualization, Resour-\nces, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Validation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing\u2014review and editing.\n\nCompeting interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.\n\nEthics:\nClinical trial registration: NCT01964261.\nHuman subjects: This study was conducted in accordance with a protocol reviewed and approved by the FDA as well as Institutional Review Boards at Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center and the University of Southern California (associated protocol numbers: Caltech IRB #15-0501, USC IRB #HS-13-00492 and RLA IRB #154). The subject provided informed consent to participate in the study, and also gave informed consent to publish.\n\nPublished - elife-32904-v1.pdf
Supplemental Material - elife-32904-code1-v1.zip
Supplemental Material - elife-32904-transrepform-v1.pdf
", "abstract": "Pioneering work with nonhuman primates and recent human studies established intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) as a method of inducing discriminable artificial sensation. However, these artificial sensations do not yet provide the breadth of cutaneous and proprioceptive percepts available through natural stimulation. In a tetraplegic human with two microelectrode arrays implanted in S1, we report replicable elicitations of sensations in both the cutaneous and proprioceptive modalities localized to the contralateral arm, dependent on both amplitude and frequency of stimulation. Furthermore, we found a subset of electrodes that exhibited multimodal properties, and that proprioceptive percepts on these electrodes were associated with higher amplitudes, irrespective of the frequency. These novel results demonstrate the ability to provide naturalistic percepts through ICMS that can more closely mimic the body's natural physiological capabilities. Furthermore, delivering both cutaneous and proprioceptive sensations through artificial somatosensory feedback could improve performance and embodiment in brain-machine interfaces.", "date": "2018-04-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "eLife", "volume": "7", "publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications", "pagerange": "Art. No. e32904", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180411-101957403", "issn": "2050-084X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180411-101957403", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5U01NS098975-02" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "UCLA" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "1028725" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "NS099008-01" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.7554/eLife.32904.001", "pmcid": "PMC5896877", "primary_object": { "basename": "elife-32904-code1-v1.zip", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mstyj-zrj27/files/elife-32904-code1-v1.zip" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "elife-32904-transrepform-v1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mstyj-zrj27/files/elife-32904-transrepform-v1.pdf" }, { "basename": "elife-32904-v1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mstyj-zrj27/files/elife-32904-v1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Armenta Salas, Michelle; Bashford, Luke; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3s2bs-reg08", "eprint_id": 84064, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:34:24", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 14:39:19", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Rutishauser-U", "name": { "family": "Rutishauser", "given": "Ueli" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-9207-7069" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Rosario-E-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily R." } }, { "id": "Pouratian-N", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Single-Neuron Representation of Memory Strength and Recognition Confidence in Left Human Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "episodic memory; recognition memory; confidence; posterior parietal cortex; memory retrieval; single neuron; human", "note": "\u00a9 2017 Elsevier. \n\nReceived 24 July 2017, Revised 17 October 2017, Accepted 17 November 2017, Available online 14 December 2017. \n\nWe thank both patients for participating in these studies and Ralph Adolphs for facilitating this collaboration through the Conte Center. This work was supported by NIH (EY015545 to R.A.A., the NIMH Conte Center at CaltechP50MH094258 to R.A.A. and U.R., and R01MH110831 to U.R.), the National Science Foundation (CAREER Award BCS-1554105 to U.R.), the T & C Chen BMI Center at Caltech, the Della Martin Foundation, and the Boswell Foundation. \n\nData and Software Availability: The spike detection and sorting toolbox OSort was used for data processing, which is available as open source. Data and custom MATLAB analysis scripts are available upon reasonable request from Ueli Rutishauser (urut@caltech.edu). \n\nAdditional Resources: This study was conducted as part of NIH clinical trial NCT01958086. \n\nAuthor Contributions: U.R., T.A., and R.A.A. designed the study. U.R. and T.A. collected data and analyzed the results. U.R., T.A., and R.A.A. wrote the paper. E.R.R. provided experimental facilities and administrative assistance and coordination with Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare. N.P. performed surgery.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms922234.pdf
Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "The human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to contribute to memory retrieval, but little is known about its specific role. We recorded single PPC neurons of two human tetraplegic subjects implanted with microelectrode arrays, who performed a recognition memory task. We found two groups of neurons that signaled memory-based choices. Memory-selective neurons preferred either novel or familiar stimuli, scaled their response as a function of confidence, and signaled subjective choices regardless of truth. Confidence-selective neurons signaled confidence regardless of stimulus familiarity. Memory-selective signals appeared 553 ms after stimulus onset, but before action onset. Neurons also encoded spoken numbers, but these number-tuned neurons did not carry recognition signals. Together, this functional separation reveals action-independent coding of declarative memory-based familiarity and confidence of choices in human PPC. These data suggest that, in addition to sensory-motor integration, a function of human PPC is to utilize memory signals to make choices.", "date": "2018-01-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "97", "number": "1", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "209-220", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20180103-135910298", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180103-135910298", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01MH110831" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "BCS-1554105" }, { "agency": "Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.029", "pmcid": "PMC5754243", "primary_object": { "basename": "mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3s2bs-reg08/files/mmc1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms922234.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3s2bs-reg08/files/nihms922234.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Rutishauser, Ueli; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8z5p1-5xb47", "eprint_id": 79265, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:33:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 14:44:51", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zhang-Carey-Y", "name": { "family": "Zhang", "given": "Carey Y." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-9867-4510" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Revechkis-Boris", "name": { "family": "Revechkis", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Rosario-Emily-R", "name": { "family": "Rosario", "given": "Emily R." } }, { "id": "Ouellette-Debra", "name": { "family": "Ouellette", "given": "Debra" } }, { "id": "Pouratian-Nader", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0426-3241" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Partially Mixed Selectivity in Human Posterior Parietal Association Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Mixed selectivity; anterior intraparietal cortex; brain-machine interfaces; posterior parietal cortex; spinal cord injury; motor imagery; functional segregation", "note": "\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. \n\nReceived 16 February 2017, Revised 5 June 2017, Accepted 24 June 2017, Available online 20 July 2017. Published: July 20, 2017. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institute of Health (R01EY015545), the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-machine Interface Center at Caltech, the Della Martin Foundation, the Conte Center for Social Decision Making at Caltech (P50MH094258), and the Boswell Foundation. The authors would also like to thank subject N.S. for participating in the studies and Kelsie Pejsa, Tessa Yao, and Viktor Scherbatyuk for technical and administrative assistance. \n\nAuthor Contributions: C.Y.Z., T.A., and R.A.A. designed the study. C.Y.Z. and T.A developed the experimental tasks, collected data, and analyzed the results. C.Y.Z., T.A., and R.A.A. interpreted results and wrote the paper. B.R. provided technical support. E.R.R. provided experimental facilities and administrative assistance and coordination with Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare. D.O. provided onsite assistance during experimental sessions. N.P. performed the surgery implanting the recording arrays in N.S.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms889205.pdf
Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf
Supplemental Material - mmc2.pdf
", "abstract": "To clarify the organization of motor representations in posterior parietal cortex, we test how three motor variables (body side, body part, cognitive strategy) are coded in the human anterior intraparietal cortex. All tested movements were encoded, arguing against strict anatomical segregation of effectors. Single units coded for diverse conjunctions of variables, with different dimensions anatomically overlapping. Consistent with recent studies, neurons encoding body parts exhibited mixed selectivity. This mixed selectivity resulted in largely orthogonal coding of body parts, which \"functionally segregate\" the effector responses despite the high degree of anatomical overlap. Body side and strategy were not coded in a mixed manner as effector determined their organization. Mixed coding of some variables over others, what we term \"partially mixed coding,\" argues that the type of functional encoding depends on the compared dimensions. This structure is advantageous for neuroprosthetics, allowing a single array to decode movements of a large extent of the body.", "date": "2017-08-02", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "95", "number": "3", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "697-708", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170721-073238920", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170721-073238920", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY015545" }, { "agency": "Caltech" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH094258" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Tianqiao-and-Chrissy-Chen-Institute-for-Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.040", "pmcid": "PMC5572762", "primary_object": { "basename": "mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8z5p1-5xb47/files/mmc1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "mmc2.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8z5p1-5xb47/files/mmc2.pdf" }, { "basename": "nihms889205.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8z5p1-5xb47/files/nihms889205.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2017", "author_list": "Zhang, Carey Y.; Aflalo, Tyson; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vymrt-ceg43", "eprint_id": 62278, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 16:52:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 17:01:01", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Klaes-Christian", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Shanfield-Kathleen", "name": { "family": "Shanfield", "given": "Kathleen" } }, { "id": "Hayes-Jackson-Stephanie", "name": { "family": "Hayes-Jackson", "given": "Stephanie" } }, { "id": "Aisen-Mindy", "name": { "family": "Aisen", "given": "Mindy" } }, { "id": "Heck-Christianne--N", "name": { "family": "Heck", "given": "Christi" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Hand Shape Representations in the Human Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "audio processing; brain\u2013machine interface; grasping; hand shaping; motor imagery; posterior parietal cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2015 the authors. Beginning six months after publication the Work will be made freely available to the public on SfN's website to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nReceived July 20, 2015. Revision received September 22, 2015. Accepted October 16, 2015. \n\nThis work was supported by the NIH (grants EY013337, EY015545, and P50 MH942581A), the Boswell Foundation, the USC Neurorestauration Center, and DoD contract N66001-10-C-4056. We thank Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer assistance, Tessa Yao, Alicia Berumen, and Sandra Oviedo for administrative support; Kirsten Durkin for nursing assistance; and our colleagues from the Applied Physics Laboratory at John Hopkins University for technical support with the robotic limb. \n\nAuthor contributions: C.K. and R.A.A. designed research; C.K., S.K., T.A., B.L., K.P., K.S., S.H.-J., M.A., C.H., and C.L. performed research; C.K. analyzed data; C.K. and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\n\nPublished - 15466.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Humans shape their hands to grasp, manipulate objects, and to communicate. From nonhuman primate studies, we know that visual and motor properties for grasps can be derived from cells in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Are non-grasp-related hand shapes in humans represented similarly? Here we show for the first time how single neurons in the PPC of humans are selective for particular imagined hand shapes independent of graspable objects. We find that motor imagery to shape the hand can be successfully decoded from the PPC by implementing a version of the popular Rock-Paper-Scissors game and its extension Rock-Paper-Scissors-Lizard-Spock. By simultaneous presentation of visual and auditory cues, we can discriminate motor imagery from visual information and show differences in auditory and visual information processing in the PPC. These results also demonstrate that neural signals from human PPC can be used to drive a dexterous cortical neuroprosthesis.", "date": "2015-11-18", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "35", "number": "46", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "15466-15476", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20151120-091934442", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151120-091934442", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50 MH942581A" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "USC Neurorestoration Center" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)", "grant_number": "N66001-10-C-4056" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2747-15.2015", "pmcid": "PMC4649012", "primary_object": { "basename": "15466.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vymrt-ceg43/files/15466.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Klaes, Christian; Kellis, Spencer; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/az95r-h2523", "eprint_id": 61720, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 07:48:28", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 15:41:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Christopoulos-Vassilios-N", "name": { "family": "Christopoulos", "given": "Vassilios N." } }, { "id": "Bonaiuto-James-J", "name": { "family": "Bonaiuto", "given": "James" } }, { "id": "Kagan-Igor", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Inactivation of Parietal Reach Region Affects Reaching But Not Saccade Choices in Internally Guided Decisions", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2015 the authors. Beginning six months after publication the Work will be made freely available to the public on SfN's website to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nReceived March 18, 2015; revised June 5, 2015; accepted July 7, 2015. \n\nThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health (R01 EY007492), Boswell Foundation, and Sloan-Swartz Foundation. We thank K. Pejsa for animal care, Dr. V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support, and Dr. M Hauschild and Dr. E Hwang for their valuable advice and support. \n\nAuthor contributions: V.N.C., J.B., I.K., and R.A.A. designed research; V.N.C. performed research; V.N.C. and J.B. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; V.N.C. analyzed data; V.N.C., J.B., I.K., and R.A.A. wrote the paper.\n\nPublished - 11719.full.pdf
", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has traditionally been considered important for awareness, spatial perception, and attention. However, recent findings provide evidence that the PPC also encodes information important for making decisions. These findings have initiated a running argument of whether the PPC is critically involved in decision making. To examine this issue, we reversibly inactivated the parietal reach region (PRR), the area of the PPC that is specialized for reaching movements, while two monkeys performed a memory-guided reaching or saccade task. The task included choices between two equally rewarded targets presented simultaneously in opposite visual fields. Free-choice trials were interleaved with instructed trials, in which a single cue presented in the peripheral visual field defined the reach and saccade target unequivocally. We found that PRR inactivation led to a strong reduction of contralesional choices, but only for reaches. On the other hand, saccade choices were not affected by PRR inactivation. Importantly, reaching and saccade movements to single instructed targets remained largely intact. These results cannot be explained as an effector-nonspecific deficit in spatial attention or awareness, since the temporary \"lesion\" had an impact only on reach choices. Hence, the PPR is a part of a network for reach decisions and not just reach planning.", "date": "2015-08-19", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "35", "number": "33", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "11719-11728", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20151029-153835707", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20151029-153835707", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 EY007492" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1068-15.2015", "pmcid": "PMC4540805", "primary_object": { "basename": "11719.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/az95r-h2523/files/11719.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Christopoulos, Vassilios N.; Bonaiuto, James; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kbgfx-yd643", "eprint_id": 55793, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-15 04:57:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 21:12:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Stetson-C", "name": { "family": "Stetson", "given": "Chess" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-0549-8197" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Early Planning Activity in Frontal and Parietal Cortex in a Simplified Task", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Planning, Decisions, Target, motor, parietal", "note": "\u00a9 2014 Journal of Neurophysiology.\n\nSubmitted 4 February 2014. Revision received 6 March 2015. Accepted 6 March 2015. Published 11 March 2015.\n\nWe thank Xoana Troncoso and Boris Revechkis for helpful discussions, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer support, Tessa Yao for administrative support, and Kelsie Pejsa and Carina Gonzalez for help with animal handling and training.\n\nSupport: The Swartz Foundation, the National Eye Institutes (R01 EY007492), the Conte Foundation (P50 MH094258).", "abstract": "Cortical planning activity has traditionally been probed with visual targets. However, external sensory signals might obscure early correlates of internally generated plans. We devised a non-spatial decision-making task, in which the monkey is encouraged to randomly decide whether to reach or saccade, in the absence of sensory stimuli. Neurons in frontal and parietal planning areas (in and around the arcuate and intraparietal sulci) showed responses predictive of the monkey's upcoming movement at early stages during the planning process. Neurons predicted the animal's future movements several seconds beforehand, sometimes before the trial even began. These data cast new light on the role of the cerebral cortex in the action planning process, when the animal is free to decide on his own actions in the absence of extraneous sensory cues.", "date": "2015-06-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "113", "number": "10", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "3915-3922", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150316-125908616", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150316-125908616", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 EY007492" }, { "agency": "Conte Foundation", "grant_number": "P50 MH094258A" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00104.2014", "pmcid": "PMC4480621", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Stetson, Chess and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww312-r5r29", "eprint_id": 54866, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 06:22:24", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 23:30:47", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Klaes-Christian", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" }, { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "Shi-Ying", "name": { "family": "Shi", "given": "Ying" } }, { "id": "Pejsa-Kelsie-W", "name": { "family": "Pejsa", "given": "Kelsie" } }, { "id": "Shanfield-Kathleen", "name": { "family": "Shanfield", "given": "Kathleen" } }, { "id": "Hayes-Jackson-Stephanie", "name": { "family": "Hayes-Jackson", "given": "Stephanie" } }, { "id": "Aisen-Mindy", "name": { "family": "Aisen", "given": "Mindy" } }, { "id": "Heck-Christianne--N", "name": { "family": "Heck", "given": "Christi" } }, { "id": "Liu-Charles-Y", "name": { "family": "Liu", "given": "Charles" }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6423-8577" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Decoding Motor Imagery from the Posterior Parietal Cortex of a Tetraplegic Human", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science.\n\nThese authors contributed equally to this work.\n\nSubmitted 20 December 2014; accepted 31 March 2015.\n\nWe thank EGS for his unwavering dedication and enthusiasm, which made this study possible. We acknowledge V. Shcherbatyuk for computer assistance; T. Yao, A. Berumen, and S. Oviedo, for administrative support; K. Durkin for nursing assistance; and our colleagues at the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins and at Blackrock Microsystems for technical support. This work was supported by the NIH under grants EY013337, EY015545, and P50 MH942581A; the Boswell Foundation; The Center for\nNeurorestoration at the University of Southern California; and Defense Department contract N66001-10-4056. All primary behavioral and neurophysiological data are archived in the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering at the California Institute of Technology.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms787667.pdf
Supplemental Material - Aflalo.SM.pdf
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Supplemental Material - aaa5417s3.mp4
", "abstract": "Nonhuman primate and human studies have suggested that populations of neurons in the\nposterior parietal cortex (PPC) may represent high-level aspects of action planning that can\nbe used to control external devices as part of a brain-machine interface. However, there is no\ndirect neuron-recording evidence that human PPC is involved in action planning, and the\nsuitability of these signals for neuroprosthetic control has not been tested.We recorded\nneural population activity with arrays of microelectrodes implanted in the PPC of a tetraplegic\nsubject. Motor imagery could be decoded from these neural populations, including imagined\ngoals, trajectories, and types of movement.These findings indicate that the PPC of humans\nrepresents high-level, cognitive aspects of action and that the PPC can be a rich source for\ncognitive control signals for neural prosthetics that assist paralyzed patients.", "date": "2015-05-22", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science", "volume": "348", "number": "6237", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "906-910", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150217-102913989", "issn": "0036-8075", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150217-102913989", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50 MH942581A" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "USC Neurorestoration Center" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)", "grant_number": "N66001-10-4056" } ] }, "doi": "10.1126/science.aaa5417", "pmcid": "PMC4896830", "primary_object": { "basename": "Aflalo.SM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww312-r5r29/files/Aflalo.SM.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "aaa5417s1.mp4", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww312-r5r29/files/aaa5417s1.mp4" }, { "basename": "aaa5417s2.mp4", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww312-r5r29/files/aaa5417s2.mp4" }, { "basename": "aaa5417s3.mp4", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww312-r5r29/files/aaa5417s3.mp4" }, { "basename": "nihms787667.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ww312-r5r29/files/nihms787667.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Aflalo, Tyson; Kellis, Spencer; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jdt6d-z1r09", "eprint_id": 57563, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 05:51:32", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:32:13", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Vernon B. Mountcastle (1918\u20132015)", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd.", "abstract": "Vernon Mountcastle, born in 1918 in Shelbyville, Kentucky, was one of the giants of modern systems neuroscience who will be remembered for his ground-breaking research centered on the topics of perception and cognition. His impact on the field of neuroscience has been profound, not only for the discoveries he has made but also for the key role he has played in the founding, promoting, and nurturing of the field through training and service. He has been referred to by some as the father of neuroscience, and long-time Hopkins professor Sol Snyder credits him with producing \"the first functional map of the neocortex\" (NY Times, Jan. 17, 2015, B. Carey).", "date": "2015-04-20", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Biology", "volume": "25", "number": "8", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "310-313", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150515-103133046", "issn": "0960-9822", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150515-103133046", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.039", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81", "eprint_id": 57166, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 05:13:52", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:07:15", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Christopoulos-V-N", "name": { "family": "Christopoulos", "given": "Vassilios" } }, { "id": "Bonaiuto-J-J", "name": { "family": "Bonaiuto", "given": "James" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A Biologically Plausible Computational Theory for Value Integration and Action Selection in Decisions with Competing Alternatives", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2015 Christopoulos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.\n\nReceived: September 25, 2014; Accepted: December 29, 2014; Published: March 24, 2015.\n\nFunding: This work was funded by NIH: R01EY007492, P50MH942581A, Sloan-Swartz fellowship for computational neuroscience: 2012\u20139, DARPA: REPAIR project. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\n\nAuthor Contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: VC JB RAA. Performed the experiments: VC JB. Analyzed the data: VC JB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: VC JB. Wrote the paper: VC JB RAA. Model design and development: VC JB.\n\nPublished - journal.pcbi.1004104.pdf
Supplemental Material - S1_Fig.tiff
Supplemental Material - journal.pcbi.1004104.s002.TIF
Supplemental Material - journal.pcbi.1004104.s003.PDF
Supplemental Material - journal.pcbi.1004104.s004.PDF
Supplemental Material - journal.pcbi.1004104.s005.PDF
Supplemental Material - journal.pcbi.1004104.s006.PDF
Supplemental Material - journal.pcbi.1004104.s007.PDF
", "abstract": "Decision making is a vital component of human and animal behavior that involves selecting between alternative options and generating actions to implement the choices. Although decisions can be as simple as choosing a goal and then pursuing it, humans and animals usually have to make decisions in dynamic environments where the value and the availability of an option change unpredictably with time and previous actions. A predator chasing multiple prey exemplifies how goals can dynamically change and compete during ongoing actions. Classical psychological theories posit that decision making takes place within frontal areas and is a separate process from perception and action. However, recent findings argue for additional mechanisms and suggest the decisions between actions often emerge through a continuous competition within the same brain regions that plan and guide action execution. According to these findings, the sensorimotor system generates concurrent action-plans for competing goals and uses online information to bias the competition until a single goal is pursued. This information is diverse, relating to both the dynamic value of the goal and the cost of acting, creating a challenging problem in integrating information across these diverse variables in real time. We introduce a computational framework for dynamically integrating value information from disparate sources in decision tasks with competing actions. We evaluated the framework in a series of oculomotor and reaching decision tasks and found that it captures many features of choice/motor behavior, as well as its neural underpinnings that previously have eluded a common explanation.", "date": "2015-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "PLoS Computational Biology", "volume": "11", "number": "3", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "pagerange": "Art. No. e1004104", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150501-143501387", "issn": "1553-734X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150501-143501387", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01EY007492" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50MH942581A" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Fellowship" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004104", "pmcid": "PMC4372613", "primary_object": { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.s002.TIF", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.s002.TIF" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.s003.PDF", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.s003.PDF" }, { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.s004.PDF", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.s004.PDF" }, { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.s005.PDF", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.s005.PDF" }, { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.s006.PDF", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.s006.PDF" }, { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.s007.PDF", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.s007.PDF" }, { "basename": "S1_Fig.tiff", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/S1_Fig.tiff" }, { "basename": "journal.pcbi.1004104.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cfx8b-4kx81/files/journal.pcbi.1004104.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Christopoulos, Vassilios; Bonaiuto, James; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ze8ts-9z596", "eprint_id": 52032, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 14:35:50", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 19:16:59", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Graf-A-B-A", "name": { "family": "Graf", "given": "Arnulf B. A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Predicting oculomotor behaviour from correlated populations of posterior parietal neurons", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Biological sciences; Neuroscience", "note": "\u00a9 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. \n\nReceived 20 May 2014; Accepted 02 December 2014; Published 23 January 2015. \n\nWe are grateful to M. Yanike for helpful comments on the manuscript. We thank K. Pejsa for animal care, and V. Shcherbatyuk and T. Yao for technical and administrative assistance. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health research grants EY005522, EY013337 and EY007492, and by the Boswell Foundation.\n\nPublished - ncomms7024.pdf
", "abstract": "Oculomotor function critically depends on how signals representing saccade direction and eye position are combined across neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area of the posterior parietal cortex. Here we show that populations of parietal neurons exhibit correlated variability, and that using these interneuronal correlations yields oculomotor predictions that are more accurate and also less uncertain. The structure of LIP population responses is therefore essential for reliable read-out of oculomotor behaviour.", "date": "2015-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Communications", "volume": "6", "number": "1", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "Art. No. 6024", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141121-090848105", "issn": "2041-1723", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141121-090848105", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY007492" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/ncomms7024", "pmcid": "PMC4382802", "primary_object": { "basename": "ncomms7024.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ze8ts-9z596/files/ncomms7024.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2015", "author_list": "Graf, Arnulf B. A. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4xt3m-s6g75", "eprint_id": 52189, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 14:26:46", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 19:39:00", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Graf-A-B-A", "name": { "family": "Graf", "given": "Arnulf B. A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Brain\u2013machine interface for eye movements", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "learning; lateral intraparietal area; brain\u2013machine interface; eye movements; saccades", "note": "\u00a9 2014 National Academy of Sciences. \n\nContributed by Richard A. Andersen, October 24, 2014 (sent for review July 29, 2014; reviewed by Apostolos P. Georgopoulos and Ranulfo Romo). \n\nWe thank M. Yanike for helpful comments on the\nmanuscript, K. Pejsa for animal care, and V. Shcherbatyuk and T. Yao for\ntechnical and administrative assistance. This research was supported by\nNational Institutes of Health Research Grants EY005522, EY013337, and\nEY007492 and the Boswell Foundation.\n\nAuthor contributions: A.B.A.G. and R.A.A. designed research; A.B.A.G. performed research; A.B.A.G. analyzed data; and A.B.A.G. and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\n\nPublished - 17630.full.pdf
", "abstract": "A number of studies in tetraplegic humans and healthy nonhuman primates (NHPs) have shown that neuronal activity from reach-related cortical areas can be used to predict reach intentions using brain\u2013machine interfaces (BMIs) and therefore assist tetraplegic patients by controlling external devices (e.g., robotic limbs and computer cursors). However, to our knowledge, there have been no studies that have applied BMIs to eye movement areas to decode intended eye movements. In this study, we recorded the activity from populations of neurons from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a cortical node in the NHP saccade system. Eye movement plans were predicted in real time using Bayesian inference from small ensembles of LIP neurons without the animal making an eye movement. Learning, defined as an increase in the prediction accuracy, occurred at the level of neuronal ensembles, particularly for difficult predictions. Population learning had two components: an update of the parameters of the BMI based on its history and a change in the responses of individual neurons. These results provide strong evidence that the responses of neuronal ensembles can be shaped with respect to a cost function, here the prediction accuracy of the BMI. Furthermore, eye movement plans could be decoded without the animals emitting any actual eye movements and could be used to control the position of a cursor on a computer screen. These findings show that BMIs for eye movements are promising aids for assisting paralyzed patients.", "date": "2014-12-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "111", "number": "49", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "17630-17635", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141127-084706620", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141127-084706620", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY007492" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1419977111", "pmcid": "PMC4267382", "primary_object": { "basename": "17630.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4xt3m-s6g75/files/17630.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Graf, Arnulf B. A. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bwrga-5ef57", "eprint_id": 53215, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 03:48:31", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:22:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Revechkis-B", "name": { "family": "Revechkis", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson N. S." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Pouratian-N", "name": { "family": "Pouratian", "given": "Nader" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Parietal neural prosthetic control of a computer cursor in a graphical-user-interface task", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain machine interface, neural prosthetics, posterior parietal cortex, graphical user interface", "note": "\u00a9 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. \n\nReceived 15 May 2014, revised 22 September 2014. Accepted for publication 20 October 2014. Published 14 November 2014. \n\nThis work was supported by NIH Grant R01 EY015545 and\nR01 EY013337. We thank Drs Eunjung Hwang and Chess Stetson for scientific discussion, Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa for animal care, and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\n\nPublished - 1741-2552_11_6_066014.pdf
Accepted Version - nihms-643853.pdf
Erratum - 1741-2552_12_1_019601.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective. To date, the majority of Brain\u2013Machine Interfaces have been used to perform simple tasks with sequences of individual targets in otherwise blank environments. In this study we developed a more practical and clinically relevant task that approximated modern computers and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). This task could be problematic given the known sensitivity of areas typically used for BMIs to visual stimuli, eye movements, decision-making, and attentional control. Consequently, we sought to assess the effect of a complex, GUI-like task on the quality of neural decoding. Approach. A male rhesus macaque monkey was implanted with two 96-channel electrode arrays in area 5d of the superior parietal lobule. The animal was trained to perform a GUI-like 'Face in a Crowd' task on a computer screen that required selecting one cued, icon-like, face image from a group of alternatives (the 'Crowd') using a neurally controlled cursor. We assessed whether the crowd affected decodes of intended cursor movements by comparing it to a 'Crowd Off' condition in which only the matching target appeared without alternatives. We also examined if training a neural decoder with the Crowd On rather than Off had any effect on subsequent decode quality. Main results. Despite the additional demands of working with the Crowd On, the animal was able to robustly perform the task under Brain Control. The presence of the crowd did not itself affect decode quality. Training the decoder with the Crowd On relative to Off had no negative influence on subsequent decoding performance. Additionally, the subject was able to gaze around freely without influencing cursor position. Significance. Our results demonstrate that area 5d recordings can be used for decoding in a complex, GUI-like task with free gaze. Thus, this area is a promising source of signals for neural prosthetics that utilize computing devices with GUI interfaces, e.g. personal computers, mobile devices, and tablet computers.", "date": "2014-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "11", "number": "6", "publisher": "IOP Publishing", "pagerange": "Art. No. 066014", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150106-132638397", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150106-132638397", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 EY015545" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 EY013337" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2560/11/6/066014", "pmcid": "PMC4381869", "primary_object": { "basename": "1741-2552_11_6_066014.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bwrga-5ef57/files/1741-2552_11_6_066014.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1741-2552_12_1_019601.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bwrga-5ef57/files/1741-2552_12_1_019601.pdf" }, { "basename": "nihms-643853.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bwrga-5ef57/files/nihms-643853.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Revechkis, Boris; Aflalo, Tyson N. S.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rfe3z-e0d63", "eprint_id": 51707, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:47:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:03:40", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Klaes-C", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" }, { "id": "Shi-Ying", "name": { "family": "Shi", "given": "Ying" } }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Minxha-Juri", "name": { "family": "Minxha", "given": "Juri" } }, { "id": "Revechkis-B", "name": { "family": "Revechkis", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A cognitive neuroprosthetic that uses cortical stimulation for somatosensory feedback", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain-machine interface; neural prosthesis; stimulation; macaque; microelectrodes; parietal cortex; somatosensory cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.\nContent from this work may be used under the terms of the\nCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further\ndistribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the\ntitle of the work, journal citation and DOI.\n\nReceived 24 March 2014, revised 25 July 2014;\nAccepted for publication 7 August 2014;\nPublished 22 September 2014.\n\nWe thank K Pejsa, J D Beaty, F V Tenore for project management;\nN Sammons and C Gonzales for animal care; V\nShcherbatyuk, Applied Physics Laboratory at John Hopkins\nUniversity for technical support, T Yao for administrative\nassistance; S J Bensmaia for valuable advice on stimulation\nstudy. This work was supported by the Defense Advanced\nResearch Projects Agency and the National Institutes of\nHealth.\n\nPublished - 1741-2552_11_5_056024.pdf
", "abstract": "Present day cortical brain\u2013machine interfaces (BMIs) have made impressive advances using decoded brain signals to control extracorporeal devices. Although BMIs are used in a closed-loop fashion, sensory feedback typically is visual only. However medical case studies have shown that the loss of somesthesis in a limb greatly reduces the agility of the limb even when visual feedback is available. Approach. To overcome this limitation, this study tested a closed-loop BMI that utilizes intracortical microstimulation to provide 'tactile' sensation to a non-human primate. Main result. Using stimulation electrodes in Brodmann area 1 of somatosensory cortex (BA1) and recording electrodes in the anterior intraparietal area, the parietal reach region and dorsal area 5 (area 5d), it was found that this form of feedback can be used in BMI tasks. Significance. Providing somatosensory feedback has the poyential to greatly improve the performance of cognitive neuroprostheses especially for fine control and object manipulation. Adding stimulation to a BMI system could therefore improve the quality of life for severely paralyzed patients.", "date": "2014-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "11", "number": "5", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 056024", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141113-105545818", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141113-105545818", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2560/11/5/056024", "pmcid": "PMC4410973", "primary_object": { "basename": "1741-2552_11_5_056024.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rfe3z-e0d63/files/1741-2552_11_5_056024.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Klaes, Christian; Shi, Ying; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m04mp-q4g71", "eprint_id": 50136, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 03:00:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 22:32:35", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Kellis-Spencer-S", "name": { "family": "Kellis", "given": "Spencer" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-5158-1058" }, { "id": "Klaes-C", "name": { "family": "Klaes", "given": "Christian" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4767-9631" }, { "id": "Aflalo-Tyson", "name": { "family": "Aflalo", "given": "Tyson" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-0101-2455" } ] }, "title": "Toward More Versatile and Intuitive Cortical Brain\u2013Machine Interfaces", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd.\n\nWe acknowledge the National Institutes of Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Boswell Foundation, and the\nCenter for Neural Restoration at the University of Southern California\nfor financial support. We acknowledge Kelsie Pejsa for technical\nassistance, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer support and Tessa Yao\nfor administrative assistance.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms-631517.pdf
", "abstract": "Brain\u2013machine interfaces have great potential for the development of neuroprosthetic applications to assist patients suffering from brain injury or neurodegenerative disease. One type of brain\u2013machine interface is a cortical motor prosthetic, which is used to assist paralyzed subjects. Motor prosthetics to date have typically used the motor cortex as a source of neural signals for controlling external devices. The review will focus on several new topics in the arena of cortical prosthetics. These include using: recordings from cortical areas outside motor cortex; local field potentials as a source of recorded signals; somatosensory feedback for more dexterous control of robotics; and new decoding methods that work in concert to form an ecology of decode algorithms. These new advances promise to greatly accelerate the applicability and ease of operation of motor prosthetics.", "date": "2014-09-22", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Biology", "volume": "24", "number": "18", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "R885-R897", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141001-092203674", "issn": "0960-9822", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141001-092203674", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "USC Neurorestoration Center" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.068", "pmcid": "PMC4410026", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms-631517.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m04mp-q4g71/files/nihms-631517.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Kellis, Spencer; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0gssp-1w917", "eprint_id": 50298, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:41:13", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 22:54:47", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Hauschild-M", "name": { "family": "Hauschild", "given": "Markus" } }, { "id": "Wilke-M", "name": { "family": "Wilke", "given": "Melanie" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Spatial and Temporal Eye-Hand Coordination Relies on the Parietal Reach Region", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "inactivation; movement endpoints; PPC; reaches; reaction time; saccades", "note": "\u00a9 2014 the authors.\n\nReceived Aug. 30, 2013; revised Aug. 8, 2014; accepted Aug. 13, 2014.\n\nThis work was supported by NIH Grants EY007492, EY013337, EY005522, and DARPA award N66001-10-C-2009;\nE.J.H. was supported by NIH Career Development Award K99 NS062894; and M.W. was supported by the Herman-and\nLilly Schilling Foundation and the German Research Foundation (DFG) WI 406/1-1.Wethank Drs Igor Kagan and\nJames Bonaiuto for the acquisition and processing of MR images, and Dr Bardia Behabadi for scientific discussion.\n\nAuthor contributions: E.J.H., M.H., and R.A.A. designed research; E.J.H., M.H., and M.W. performed research;\nE.J.H. analyzed data; E.J.H., M.W., and R.A.A. wrote the paper.\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\n\nPublished - 12884.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Coordinated eye movements are crucial for precision control of our hands. A commonly believed neural mechanism underlying eye\u2013hand coordination is interaction between the neural networks controlling each effector, exchanging, and matching information, such as movement target location and onset time. Alternatively, eye\u2013hand coordination may result simply from common inputs to independent eye and hand control pathways. Thus far, it remains unknown whether and where either of these two possible mechanisms exists. A candidate location for the former mechanism, interpathway communication, includes the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) where distinct effector-specific areas reside. If the PPC were within the network for eye\u2013hand coordination, perturbing it would affect both eye and hand movements that are concurrently planned. In contrast, if eye\u2013hand coordination arises solely from common inputs, perturbing one effector pathway, e.g., the parietal reach region (PRR), would not affect the other effector. To test these hypotheses, we inactivated part of PRR in the macaque, located in the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus encompassing the medial intraparietal area and area 5V. When each effector moved alone, PRR inactivation shortened reach but not saccade amplitudes, compatible with the known reach-selective activity of PRR. However, when both effectors moved concurrently, PRR inactivation shortened both reach and saccade amplitudes, and decoupled their reaction times. Therefore, consistent with the interpathway communication hypothesis, we propose that the planning of concurrent eye and hand movements causes the spatial information in PRR to influence the otherwise independent eye control pathways, and that their temporal coupling requires an intact PRR.", "date": "2014-09-17", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "34", "number": "38", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "12884-12892", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141009-090624933", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141009-090624933", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY007492" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)", "grant_number": "N66001-10-C-2009" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "K99 NS062894" }, { "agency": "Herman and Lilly Schilling Foundation" }, { "agency": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)", "grant_number": "WI 406/1-1" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3719-13.2014", "pmcid": "PMC4166167", "primary_object": { "basename": "12884.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0gssp-1w917/files/12884.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung; Hauschild, Markus; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m1bpz-w4j36", "eprint_id": 50296, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:36:53", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 22:54:45", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Stetson-C", "name": { "family": "Stetson", "given": "Chess" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-0549-8197" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The Parietal Reach Region Selectively Anti-Synchronizes with Dorsal Premotor Cortex during Planning", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "beta-band; coherence; local field potentials; parietal reach region; parietofrontal; spike-LFP coherence", "note": "\u00a9 2014 the authors. \n\nFor the first six months after publication SfN's license will be exclusive. Beginning six months after publication SfN's license will be nonexclusive and SfN grants the public the non-exclusive right to copy, distribute, or display the Work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ \n\nReceived Jan. 1, 2014; revised May 27, 2014; accepted June 17, 2014.\n\nThis work was supported by the Swartz Foundation, the National Eye Institutes (R01 EY007492), and the Conte Foundation (P50 MH094258A). We thank Linus Schumacher, Xoana Troncoso, Cevat Ustun, Boris Revechkis, Vasileios Christopoulos, and Arnulf Graf for helpful discussions; Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer support; Tessa Yao for administrative support; and Kelsie Pejsa and Carina Gonzalez for help with animal handling and training.\n\nAuthor contributions: C.S. and R.A.A. designed research; C.S. performed research; C.S. analyzed data; C.S. and R.A.A. wrote the paper.\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\n\nPublished - 11948.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Recent reports have indicated that oscillations shared across distant cortical regions can enhance their connectivity, but do coherent oscillations ever diminish connectivity? We investigated oscillatory activity in two distinct reach-related regions in the awake behaving monkey (Macaca mulatta): the parietal reach region (PRR) and the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). PRR and PMd were found to oscillate at similar frequencies (beta, 15\u201330 Hz) during periods of fixation and movement planning. At first glance, the stronger oscillator of the two, PRR, would seem to drive the weaker, PMd. However, a more fine-grained measure, the partial spike-field coherence, revealed a different relationship. Relative to global beta-band activity in the brain, action potentials in PRR anti-synchronize with PMd oscillations. These data suggest that, rather than driving PMd during planning, PRR neurons fire in such a way that they are less likely to communicate information to PMd.", "date": "2014-09-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "34", "number": "36", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "11948-11958", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141009-090027491", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141009-090027491", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 EY007492" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "P50 MH094258A" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0097-14.2014", "pmcid": "PMC4152603", "primary_object": { "basename": "11948.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m1bpz-w4j36/files/11948.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Stetson, Chess and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/w0a9n-0np69", "eprint_id": 46084, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-27 19:02:04", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 14:55:26", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Graf-A-B-A", "name": { "family": "Graf", "given": "Arnulf B. A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Inferring eye position from populations of lateral intraparietal neurons", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2014 Graf and Andersen.\nThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. \n\nReceived March 16, 2014.\nAccepted April 11, 2014.\nPublished May 20, 2014. \n\nWe are grateful to M Yanike for insightful comments on the manuscript. We thank K Pejsa for animal care, and V Shcherbatyuk and T Yao for technical and administrative assistance. \n\n\nAuthor contributions:\n\nABAG designed the research, collected the data, created the models, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper.\n\nRAA designed the research and wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare that no competing interests exist. \n\n\nFunding: \nNational Institutes of Health \nEY005522, EY013337, EY007492,\n\nThe Boswell Foundation.\n\nThe funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. \n\n\n\nEthics:\n\nAnimal experimentation: All procedures were in accordance with the guidelines of the Caltech Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 1256) and the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.\n\nPublished - elife-02813-v1.pdf
", "abstract": "Understanding how the brain computes eye position is essential to unraveling high-level visual functions such as eye movement planning, coordinate transformations and stability of spatial awareness. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is essential for this process. However, despite decades of research, its contribution to the eye position signal remains controversial. LIP neurons have recently been reported to inaccurately represent eye position during a saccadic eye movement, and to be too slow to support a role in high-level visual functions. We addressed this issue by predicting eye position and saccade direction from the responses of populations of LIP neurons. We found that both signals were accurately predicted before, during and after a saccade. Also, the dynamics of these signals support their contribution to visual functions. These findings provide a principled understanding of the coding of information in populations of neurons within an important node of the cortical network for visual-motor behaviors.", "date": "2014-05-20", "date_type": "published", "publication": "eLife", "volume": "3", "publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications", "pagerange": "Art. No. e02813", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20140604-205544451", "issn": "2050-084X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140604-205544451", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY007492" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.7554/eLife.02813", "pmcid": "PMC4021542", "primary_object": { "basename": "elife-02813-v1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/w0a9n-0np69/files/elife-02813-v1.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Graf, Arnulf B. A. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/84vkw-s8069", "eprint_id": 45774, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 12:27:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 18:27:17", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bremner-L-R", "name": { "family": "Bremner", "given": "Lindsay R." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Temporal Analysis of Reference Frames in Parietal Cortex Area 5d during Reach Planning", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "monkey; neurophysiology; parietal; reaching; reference frames", "note": "\u00a9 2014 the authors.\n\nReceived May 15, 2013; revised Feb. 26, 2014; accepted Feb. 28, 2014.\n\nThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY005522. We thank Tessa Yao for editorial\nassistance, Kelsie Pejsa and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, and Igor Kagan for magnetic resonance\nimaging.\n\nAuthor contributions: L.R.B. and R.A.A. designed research; L.R.B. performed research; L.R.B. analyzed data; L.R.B.\nand R.A.A. wrote the paper.\n\nPublished - 5273.full.pdf
", "abstract": "The neural encoding of spatial and postural reference frames in posterior parietal cortex has traditionally been studied during fixed epochs, but the temporal evolution of these representations (or lack thereof) can provide insight into the underlying computations and functions of this region. Here we present single-unit data recorded from two rhesus macaques during a reach planning task. We found that area 5d coded the position of the hand relative to gaze before presentation of the reach target, but switched to coding the target location relative to hand position soon after target presentation. In the pretarget period the most relevant information for success in the task is the position of the hand relative to gaze; however, after target onset, the most task-relevant spatial relationship is the location of the target relative to the hand. The switch in coding suggests that population activity in area 5d may represent postural and spatial information in the reference frame that is most pertinent at each stage of the task. Moreover, although target\u2212hand coding was dominant from soon after the reach target onset, this representation was not static but built in strength as movement onset approached, which we speculate could reflect a role for this region in building an accurate state estimate for the limb. We conclude that representations in area 5d are more flexible and dynamic than previously reported.", "date": "2014-04-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "34", "number": "15", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "5273-5284", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20140515-140959241", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140515-140959241", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2068-13.2014", "pmcid": "PMC3983803", "primary_object": { "basename": "5273.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/84vkw-s8069/files/5273.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Bremner, Lindsay R. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ccacp-z6y82", "eprint_id": 44426, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 23:52:39", "lastmod": "2023-10-26 00:28:25", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Andersen-K-N", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Kristen N." } }, { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Hauschild-M", "name": { "family": "Hauschild", "given": "Markus" } } ] }, "title": "Optic Ataxia: From Balint's Syndrome to the Parietal Reach Region", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. March 5, 2014. \n\nWe wish to thank the National Eye Institute and the Boswell Foundation for support, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, and Tessa Yao for editorial assistance.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms572181.pdf
", "abstract": "Optic ataxia is a high-order deficit in reaching to visual goals that occurs with posterior parietal cortex (PPC) lesions. It is a component of Balint's syndrome that also includes attentional and gaze disorders. Aspects of optic ataxia are misreaching in the contralesional visual field, difficulty preshaping the hand for grasping, and an inability to correct reaches online. Recent research in nonhuman primates (NHPs) suggests that many aspects of Balint's syndrome and optic ataxia are a result of damage to specific functional modules for reaching, saccades, grasp, attention, and state estimation. The deficits from large lesions in humans are probably composite effects from damage to combinations of these functional modules. Interactions between these modules, either within posterior parietal cortex or downstream within frontal cortex, may account for more complex behaviors such as hand-eye coordination and reach-to-grasp.", "date": "2014-03-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "81", "number": "5", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "967-983", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20140320-143105928", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140320-143105928", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.025", "pmcid": "PMC4000741", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms572181.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ccacp-z6y82/files/nihms572181.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2014", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Andersen, Kristen N.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/98h4x-k5f21", "eprint_id": 39732, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 20:53:34", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 17:08:25", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wilke-M", "name": { "family": "Wilke", "given": "Melanie" } }, { "id": "Kagan-I", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Effects of Pulvinar Inactivation on Spatial Decision-making between Equal and Asymmetric Reward Options", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n\nPosted Online June 27, 2013.\n\nWe thank K. Pejsa and N. Sammons for animal care and\nDr. V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support. This work was\nsupported by Moore Foundation, National Eye Institute,\nNational Science Foundation, Defense Advanced Research\nProjects Agency, and Boswell Foundation (to R. A.) and the\nHerman and Lilly Schilling Foundation (to M. W.).\n\nPublished - jocn_a_00399.pdf
", "abstract": "The ability to selectively process visual inputs and to decide between multiple movement options in an adaptive manner is critical for survival. Such decisions are known to be influenced by factors such as reward expectation and visual saliency. The dorsal pulvinar connects to a multitude of cortical areas that are involved in visuospatial memory and integrate information about upcoming eye movements with expected reward values. However, it is unclear whether the dorsal pulvinar is critically involved in spatial memory and reward-based oculomotor decision behavior. To examine this, we reversibly inactivated the dorsal portion of the pulvinar while monkeys performed a delayed memory saccade task that included choices between equally or unequally rewarded options. Pulvinar inactivation resulted in a delay of saccade initiation toward memorized contralesional targets but did not affect spatial memory. Furthermore, pulvinar inactivation caused a pronounced choice bias toward the ipsilesional hemifield when the reward value in the two hemifields was equal. However, this choice bias could be alleviated by placing a high reward target into the contralesional hemifield. The bias was less affected by the manipulation of relative visual saliency between the two competing targets. These results suggest that the dorsal pulvinar is involved in determining the behavioral desirability of movement goals while being less critical for spatial memory and reward processing.", "date": "2013-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience", "volume": "25", "number": "8", "publisher": "MIT Press", "pagerange": "1270-1283", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130802-110449966", "issn": "0898-929X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130802-110449966", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Herman and Lilly Schilling Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1162/jocn_a_00399", "primary_object": { "basename": "jocn_a_00399.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/98h4x-k5f21/files/jocn_a_00399.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2013", "author_list": "Wilke, Melanie; Kagan, Igor; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jpcaf-gm912", "eprint_id": 41587, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 20:56:32", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 23:52:17", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The utility of multichannel local field potentials for brain-machine interfaces", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2013 Institute of Physics. \n\nReceived 11 February 2013. Accepted for publication 21 May 2013. Published 7 June 2013. \n\nThis work was supported by NIH grant EY013337 and DARPA award N66001-10-C-2009. EJH was supported by NIH Career Development Award K99 NS062894. We thank Spencer Kellis, Arnulf Graf, Boris Revechkis, and Bardia Behabadi for scientific discussion, Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa for animal care, and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\n\nPublished - 1741-2552_10_4_046005.pdf
Accepted Version - nihms492092.pdf
", "abstract": "Objective. Local field potentials (LFPs) that carry information about the subject's motor intention have the potential to serve as a complement or alternative to spike signals for brain\u2013machine interfaces (BMIs). The goal of this study is to assess the utility of LFPs for BMIs by characterizing the largely unknown information coding properties of multichannel LFPs. Approach. Two monkeys were implanted, each with a 16-channel electrode array, in the parietal reach region where both LFPs and spikes are known to encode the subject's intended reach target. We examined how multichannel LFPs recorded during a reach task jointly carry reach target information, and compared the LFP performance to simultaneously recorded multichannel spikes. Main Results. LFPs yielded a higher number of channels that were informative about reach targets than spikes. Single channel LFPs provided more accurate target information than single channel spikes. However, LFPs showed significantly larger signal and noise correlations across channels than spikes. Reach target decoders performed worse when using multichannel LFPs than multichannel spikes. The underperformance of multichannel LFPs was mostly due to their larger noise correlation because noise de-correlated multichannel LFPs produced a decoding accuracy comparable to multichannel spikes. Despite the high noise correlation, decoders using LFPs in addition to spikes outperformed decoders using only spikes. Significance. These results demonstrate that multichannel LFPs could effectively complement spikes for BMI applications by yielding more informative channels. The utility of multichannel LFPs may be further augmented if their high noise correlation can be taken into account by decoders.", "date": "2013-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neural Engineering", "volume": "10", "number": "4", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "Art. No. 046005", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20131001-084826145", "issn": "1741-2560", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20131001-084826145", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)", "grant_number": "N66001-10-C-2009" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "K99 NS062894" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/1741-2560/10/4/046005", "pmcid": "PMC3731147", "primary_object": { "basename": "1741-2552_10_4_046005.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jpcaf-gm912/files/1741-2552_10_4_046005.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms492092.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jpcaf-gm912/files/nihms492092.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2013", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2ne3b-scy13", "eprint_id": 39398, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 20:22:01", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:46:45", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Richard A. Andersen", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd.", "abstract": "Richard A. Andersen is the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience at the California Institute of Technology. He studies the neural mechanisms of sight, hearing, balance, touch and action, and the development of neural prosthetics. Andersen obtained a Ph.D. from the University of California, San Francisco and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Medical School. He was on the faculty of the Salk Institute and MIT before coming to Caltech. Andersen is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is recipient of a McKnight Foundation Scholars Award, a Sloan Foundation Fellowship, Visiting Professor at the College de France, and the Spencer Award from Columbia University. He has served as the Director of the McDonnell/Pew Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at MIT and the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, as well as being a member or chair of various government advisory committees", "date": "2013-06-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Biology", "volume": "23", "number": "11", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "R467-R469", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130716-135623526", "issn": "0960-9822", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130716-135623526", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.023", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2013", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8k019-9hr55", "eprint_id": 37053, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:57:38", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 16:05:17", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Bailey-P-M", "name": { "family": "Bailey", "given": "Paul M." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Volitional Control of Neural Activity Relies on the Natural Motor Repertoire", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. \n\nReceived: March 26, 2012; revised: December 3, 2012; accepted: January 9, 2013; published: February 14, 2013. \n\nThis work was supported by NIH grant EY013337 and DARPA award N66001-10-C-2009. E.J.H. was supported by NIH Research Service Award T32 NS007251 and Career Development Award K99 NS062894. We thank Tyson Aflalo, Steve Chase, James Bonaiuto, Chess Stetson, and Bardia Behabadi for scientific discussion; Tessa Yao for editorial assistance; Kelsie Pejsa and Nicole Sammons for animal care; and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms446476.pdf
Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "Background: The results from recent brain-machine interface (BMI) studies suggest that it may be more efficient to use simple arbitrary relationships between individual neuron activity and BMI movements than the complex relationship observed between neuron activity and natural movements. This idea is based on the assumption that individual neurons can be conditioned independently regardless of their natural movement association.\nResults: We tested this assumption in the parietal reach region (PRR), an important candidate area for BMIs in which neurons encode the target location for reaching movements. Monkeys could learn to elicit arbitrarily assigned activity patterns, but the seemingly arbitrary patterns always belonged to the response set for natural reaching movements. Moreover, neurons that are free from conditioning showed correlated responses with the conditioned neurons as if they encoded common reach targets. Thus, learning was accomplished by finding reach targets (intrinsic variable of PRR neurons) for which the natural response of reach planning could approximate the arbitrary patterns. \nConclusions: Our results suggest that animals learn to volitionally control single-neuron activity in PRR by preferentially exploring and exploiting their natural movement repertoire. Thus, for optimal performance, BMIs utilizing neural signals in PRR should harness, not disregard, the activity patterns in the natural sensorimotor repertoire.", "date": "2013-03-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Biology", "volume": "23", "number": "5", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "353-361", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130221-102535069", "issn": "0960-9822", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130221-102535069", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)", "grant_number": "N66001-10-C-2009" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "T32 NS007251" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "K99 NS062894" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.027", "pmcid": "PMC3633426", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms446476.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8k019-9hr55/files/nihms446476.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8k019-9hr55/files/mmc1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2013", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung; Bailey, Paul M.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/96g2n-54d53", "eprint_id": 35989, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:47:52", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 22:05:48", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Hauschild-M", "name": { "family": "Hauschild", "given": "Markus" } }, { "id": "Wilke-M", "name": { "family": "Wilke", "given": "Melanie" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Inactivation of the Parietal Reach Region Causes Optic Ataxia, Impairing Reaches but Not Saccades", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc.\nAccepted: October 1, 2012.\nPublished: December 5, 2012.\nThis work was supported by NIH grant EY013337, EY005522, and DARPA\naward N66001-10-C-2009. E.J.H. was supported by NIH Career Development\nAward K99 NS062894. We thank Dr. Igor Kagan and Dr. James Bonaiuto for\nthe acquisition and processing of MR images, Dr. Bardia Behabadi for\nscientific discussion, Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa and\nNicole Sammons for animal care, and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical\nassistance.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms-423305.pdf
Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "Lesions in human posterior parietal cortex can cause optic ataxia (OA), in which reaches but not saccades to visual objects are impaired, suggesting separate visuomotor pathways for the two effectors. In monkeys, one potentially crucial area for reach control is the parietal reach region (PRR), in which neurons respond preferentially during reach planning as compared to saccade planning. However, direct causal evidence linking the monkey PRR to the deficits observed in OA is missing. We thus inactivated part of the macaque PRR, in the medial wall of the intraparietal sulcus, and produced the hallmarks of OA, misreaching for peripheral targets but unimpaired saccades. Furthermore, reach errors were larger for the targets preferred by the neural population local to the injection site. These results demonstrate that PRR is causally involved in reach-specific visuomotor pathways, and reach goal disruption in PRR can be a neural basis of OA.", "date": "2012-12-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "76", "number": "5", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "1021-1029", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20121214-105117596", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121214-105117596", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY013337" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)", "grant_number": "N66001-10-C-2009" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "K99 NS062894" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.030", "pmcid": "PMC3597097", "primary_object": { "basename": "mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/96g2n-54d53/files/mmc1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms-423305.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/96g2n-54d53/files/nihms-423305.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung; Hauschild, Markus; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3kmp-j4b45", "eprint_id": 35768, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 07:11:06", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:07:32", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hauschild-M", "name": { "family": "Hauschild", "given": "Markus" } }, { "id": "Mulliken-G-H", "name": { "family": "Mulliken", "given": "Grant H." } }, { "id": "Fineman-I", "name": { "family": "Fineman", "given": "Igor" } }, { "id": "Loeb-G-E", "name": { "family": "Loeb", "given": "Gerald E." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Cognitive Signals for Brain-Machine Interfaces in Posterior Parietal Cortex Include Continuous 3D Trajectory Commands", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "cognitive neural prosthetic; parietal reach region; area 5", "note": "\u00a9 2012 National Academy of Sciences. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. \n\nContributed by Richard A. Andersen, September 4, 2012 (sent for review June 23, 2012). Published online before print October 1, 2012. \n\nWe thank I. Kagan for performing the MRI scans, K. Pejsa for animal care, and V. Shcherbatyuk and T. Yao for technical and administrative assistance. This work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health, the Boswell Foundation and an Alfred E. Mann doctoral fellowship to M.H. \n\nAuthor contributions: M.H., G.H.M., G.E.L., and R.A.A. designed research; M.H. performed research; I.F. performed surgical procedures; M.H. analyzed data; and M.H., G.H.M., and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. \n\nThis article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1215092109/-/DCSupplemental.\n\nPublished - PNAS-2012-Hauschild-17075-80.pdf
Supplemental Material - pnas.201215092SI.pdf
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Supplemental Material - sm02.avi
Supplemental Material - sm03.avi
", "abstract": "Cortical neural prosthetics extract command signals from the brain with the goal to restore function in paralyzed or amputated patients. Continuous control signals can be extracted from the motor cortical areas, whereas neural activity from posterior parietal cortex (PPC) can be used to decode cognitive variables related to the goals of movement. Because typical activities of daily living comprise both continuous control tasks such as reaching, and tasks benefiting from discrete control such as typing on a keyboard, availability of both signals simultaneously would promise significant increases in performance and versatility. Here, we show that PPC can provide 3D hand trajectory information under natural conditions that would be encountered for prosthetic applications, thus allowing simultaneous extraction of continuous and discrete signals without requiring multisite surgical implants. We found that limb movements can be decoded robustly and with high accuracy from a small population of neural units under free gaze in a complex 3D point-to-point reaching task. Both animals' brain-control performance improved rapidly with practice, resulting in faster target acquisition and increasing accuracy. These findings disprove the notion that the motor cortical areas are the only candidate areas for continuous prosthetic command signals and, rather, suggests that PPC can provide equally useful trajectory signals in addition to discrete, cognitive variables. Hybrid use of continuous and discrete signals from PPC may enable a new generation of neural prostheses providing superior performance and additional flexibility in addressing individual patient needs.", "date": "2012-10-16", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "109", "number": "42", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "17075-17080", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20121203-131000589", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121203-131000589", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Alfred E. Mann doctoral fellowship" } ] }, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1215092109", "pmcid": "PMC3479517", "primary_object": { "basename": "PNAS-2012-Hauschild-17075-80.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3kmp-j4b45/files/PNAS-2012-Hauschild-17075-80.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "pnas.201215092SI.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3kmp-j4b45/files/pnas.201215092SI.pdf" }, { "basename": "sm01.avi", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3kmp-j4b45/files/sm01.avi" }, { "basename": "sm02.avi", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3kmp-j4b45/files/sm02.avi" }, { "basename": "sm03.avi", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3kmp-j4b45/files/sm03.avi" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Hauschild, Markus; Mulliken, Grant H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jcwx2-p2n95", "eprint_id": 34340, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:48:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 14:51:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bremner-L-R", "name": { "family": "Bremner", "given": "Lindsay R." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Coding of the Reach Vector in Parietal Area 5d", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. \n\nAccepted: May 21, 2012. Published: July 25, 2012. \n\nThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY005522. We thank Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa and Nicole Sammons for animal care, Igor Kagan for magnetic resonance imaging, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, and Bijan Pesaran and Matthew Nelson for helpful discussions.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms386447.pdf
Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "Competing models of sensorimotor computation predict different topological constraints in the brain. Some models propose population coding of particular reference frames in anatomically distinct nodes, whereas others require no such dedicated subpopulations and instead predict that regions will simultaneously code in multiple, intermediate, reference frames. Current empirical evidence is conflicting, partly due to difficulties involved in identifying underlying reference frames. Here, we independently varied the locations of hand, gaze, and target over many positions while recording from the dorsal aspect of parietal area 5. We find that the target is represented in a predominantly hand-centered reference frame here, contrasting with the relative code seen in dorsal premotor cortex and the mostly gaze-centered reference frame in the parietal reach region. This supports the hypothesis that different nodes of the sensorimotor circuit contain distinct and systematic representations, and this constrains the types of computational model that are neurobiologically relevant.", "date": "2012-07-26", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "75", "number": "2", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "342-351", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120925-091629158", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120925-091629158", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY005522" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.041", "pmcid": "PMC3408621", "primary_object": { "basename": "mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jcwx2-p2n95/files/mmc1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms386447.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jcwx2-p2n95/files/nihms386447.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Bremner, Lindsay R. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m8tk2-sdx32", "eprint_id": 32926, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:03:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 16:46:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "Christopher A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Integration of target and hand position signals in the posterior parietal cortex: effects of workspace and hand vision", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "arm; eye; coordinates; reference frames; transformations", "note": "\u00a9 2012 American Physiological Society.\nSubmitted 16 February 2011; Accepted 26 March 2012.\nWe thank Kelsie Pejsa, Nicole Sammons, and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, Janet Baer and Janna Wynne for veterinary care, Tessa Yao for administrative assistance, and Bijan Pesaran and Lindsay Bremner for helpful discussions. \nThis work was supported by the J. G. Boswell Foundation, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, National Eye Institute Grant R01 EY005522, and NIH T32 NS007251-15.\nAuthor contributions: C.A.B. and R.A.A. conception and design of research; C.A.B. performed experiments; C.A.B. analyzed data; C.A.B. and R.A.A. interpreted results of experiments; C.A.B. prepared figures; C.A.B. and\nR.A.A. drafted manuscript; C.A.B. and R.A.A. edited and revised manuscript; C.A.B. and R.A.A. approved final version of manuscript.\nNo conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.", "abstract": "Previous findings suggest the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) contributes to arm movement planning by transforming target and limb position signals into a desired reach vector. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this transformation remain unclear. In the present study we examined the responses of 109 PPC neurons as movements were planned and executed to visual targets presented over a large portion of the reaching workspace. In contrast to previous studies, movements were made without concurrent visual and somatic cues about the starting position of the hand. For comparison, a subset of neurons was also examined with concurrent visual and somatic hand position cues. We found that single cells integrated target and limb position information in a very consistent manner across the reaching workspace. Approximately two-thirds of the neurons with significantly tuned activity (42/61 and 30/46 for left and right workspaces, respectively) coded targets and initial hand positions separably, indicating no hand-centered encoding, whereas the remaining one-third coded targets and hand positions inseparably, in a manner more consistent with the influence of hand-centered coordinates. The responses of both types of neurons were largely invariant with respect to the presence or absence of visual hand position cues, suggesting their corresponding coordinate frames and gain effects were unaffected by cue integration. The results suggest that the PPC uses a consistent scheme for computing reach vectors in different parts of the workspace that is robust to changes in the availability of somatic and visual cues about hand position.", "date": "2012-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "108", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "187-199", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120803-154249536", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120803-154249536", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "J.G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute (NEI)", "grant_number": "R01 EY005522" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "T32 NS007251-15" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00137.2011", "pmcid": "PMC3434607", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Buneo, Christopher A. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sbm5y-15k09", "eprint_id": 32438, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:56:34", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 23:49:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Campos-M", "name": { "family": "Campos", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Koppitch-K", "name": { "family": "Koppitch", "given": "Kari" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Shimojo-S", "name": { "family": "Shimojo", "given": "Shinsuke" } } ] }, "title": "Orbitofrontal cortical activity during repeated free choice", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "action selection; frontal cortex; reward; preferences; monkey", "note": "\u00a9 2012 the American Physiological Society.\nSubmitted 4 August 2010; accepted in final form 12 March 2012; First published March 14, 2012.\nWe thank Tomomi Kano and Tessa Yao for administrative support, Kelsie\nPesja and Nicole Sammons for assistance with the animals, Victor Schebertayuk\nfor technical support, Rick Paniagua for custom machine shop assistance,\nand Tim Heitzman for electrical shop assistance.\nThis work was supported by JST.ERATO Shimojo Implicit Brain Functions\nProject, JST.CREST Implicit Interpersonal Information Project, National Eye\nInstitute (to R. A. Andersen), and Moore Foundation (to R. A. Andersen).\nAuthor contributions: M.C., R.A.A., and S.S. conception and design of\nresearch; M.C. and K.K. performed experiments; M.C. and K.K. analyzed\ndata; M.C., K.K., R.A.A., and S.S. interpreted results of experiments; M.C.\nprepared figures; M.C. drafted manuscript; M.C., K.K., R.A.A., and S.S. edited\nand revised manuscript; M.C., K.K., R.A.A., and S.S. approved final version of\nmanuscript.\nNo conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).", "abstract": "Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode\nsubjective values, suggesting a role in preference-based decisionmaking,\nalthough the precise relation to choice behavior is unclear. In\na repeated two-choice task, subjective values of each choice can\naccount for aggregate choice behavior, which is the overall likelihood\nof choosing one option over the other. Individual choices, however,\nare impossible to predict with knowledge of relative subjective values\nalone. In this study we investigated the role of internal factors in\nchoice behavior with a simple but novel free-choice task and simultaneous\nrecording from individual neurons in nonhuman primate\nOFC. We found that, first, the observed sequences of choice behavior\nincluded periods of exceptionally long runs of each of two available\noptions and periods of frequent switching. Neither a satiety-based\nmechanism nor a random selection process could explain the observed\nchoice behavior. Second, OFC neurons encode important features of\nthe choice behavior. These features include activity selective for\nexceptionally long runs of a given choice (stay selectivity) as well as\nactivity selective for switches between choices (switch selectivity).\nThese results suggest that OFC neural activity, in addition to encoding\nsubjective values on a long timescale that is sensitive to satiety, also\nencodes a signal that fluctuates on a shorter timescale and thereby\nreflects some of the statistically improbable aspects of free-choice\nbehavior.", "date": "2012-06-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "107", "number": "12", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "3246-3255", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120713-142836047", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120713-142836047", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Japan Science and Technology (JST) Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO)" }, { "agency": "Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Moore Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00690.2010", "pmcid": "PMC3378409", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Campos, Michael; Koppitch, Kari; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6xckd-ghx45", "eprint_id": 31902, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:42:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 21:41:19", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wilke-M", "name": { "family": "Wilke", "given": "Melanie" } }, { "id": "Kagan-I", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Functional imaging reveals rapid reorganization of cortical activity after parietal inactivation in monkeys", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "extinction; hemispheric imbalance; saccadic decision; recovery", "note": "\u00a9 2012 National Academy of Sciences. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. \n\nContributed by Richard A. Andersen, March 29, 2012 (sent for review July 26, 2011). Published online before print May 4, 2012. \n\nWe thank Dr. D. Procissi for help with scanning; Dr. F. Ye for providing the source code for the phase labeling for additional coordinate encoding echo-planar imaging sequence; K. Pejsa and N. Sammons for animal care; Dr. V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support; and Drs. W. Vanduffel, A. Gerits, and J. Bonaiuto for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Moore Foundation, the National Eye Institute, the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Boswell Foundation. \n\nM.W. and I.K. contributed equally to this work. \n\nAuthor contributions: M.W., I.K., and R.A.A. designed the experiments; M.W. and I.K. conducted the experiments and analyzed the data; M.W., I.K., and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. \n\nThis article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1204789109/-/DCSupplemental.\n\nPublished - Wilke2012p18423P_Natl_Acad_Sci_Usa.pdf
Supplemental Material - sapp.pdf
", "abstract": "Impairments of spatial awareness and decision making occur frequently as a consequence of parietal lesions. Here we used event-related functional MRI (fMRI) in monkeys to investigate rapid reorganization of spatial networks during reversible pharmacological inactivation of the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), which plays a role in the selection of eye movement targets. We measured fMRI activity in control and inactivation sessions while monkeys performed memory saccades to either instructed or autonomously chosen spatial locations. Inactivation caused a reduction of contralesional choices. Inactivation effects on fMRI activity were anatomically and functionally specific and mainly consisted of: (i) activity reduction in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (temporal parietal occipital area) for single contralesional targets, especially in the inactivated hemisphere; and (ii) activity increase accompanying contralesional choices between bilateral targets in several frontal and parieto-temporal areas in both hemispheres. There was no overactivation for ipsilesional targets or choices in the intact hemisphere. Task-specific effects of LIP inactivation on blood oxygen level-dependent activity in the temporal parietal occipital area underline the importance of the superior temporal sulcus for spatial processing. Furthermore, our results agree only partially with the influential interhemispheric competition model of spatial neglect and suggest an additional component of interhemispheric cooperation in the compensation of neglect deficits.", "date": "2012-05-22", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "109", "number": "21", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "8274-8279", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120614-104017141", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120614-104017141", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1204789109", "pmcid": "PMC3361455", "primary_object": { "basename": "sapp.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6xckd-ghx45/files/sapp.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "Wilke2012p18423P_Natl_Acad_Sci_Usa.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6xckd-ghx45/files/Wilke2012p18423P_Natl_Acad_Sci_Usa.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Wilke, Melanie; Kagan, Igor; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wkm4p-cy306", "eprint_id": 31557, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:07:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 18:40:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Schieber-M-H", "name": { "family": "Schieber", "given": "Marc H." } }, { "id": "Thakor-N", "name": { "family": "Thakor", "given": "Nitish" } }, { "id": "Loeb-G-E", "name": { "family": "Loeb", "given": "Gerald E." } } ] }, "title": "Natural and Accelerated Recovery from Brain Damage: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2012 IEEE. \n\nDate of publication: 22 March 2012.", "abstract": "The goal of the Caltech group is to gain insight into the processes that occur within the primate nervous system during dexterous reaching and grasping and to see whether natural recovery from local brain damage can be accelerated by artificial means. We will create computational models of the nervous system embodying this insight and explain a variety of clinically observed neurological deficits in human subjects using these models.", "date": "2012-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "IEEE Pulse", "volume": "3", "number": "2", "publisher": "IEEE", "pagerange": "61-65", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120521-083058766", "issn": "2154-2287", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120521-083058766", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1109/MPUL.2011.2181093", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Schieber, Marc H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yt491-hcz57", "eprint_id": 29279, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 04:47:50", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 22:04:01", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Spiking and LFP activity in PRR during symbolically instructed reaches", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "sensory-motor; visuomotor and motor neurons; parietal cortex; symbolic reach; direct reach; neural prosthetics", "note": "\u00a9 2012 American Physiological Society.\n\nSubmitted 24 January 2011; Accepted 8 November 2011.\nFirst published November 9, 2011.\n\nWe thank Drs. Markus Hauschild, Igor Kagan, Melanie Wilke, Michael\nCampos, and Bardia Behabadi for scientific discussion, Tessa Yao for editorial\nassistance, Kelsie Pejsa and Nicole Simmons for animal care, and Viktor\nShcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\nThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant EY-013337. E. J. Hwang was supported by NIH Research Service Award T32 NS-007251 and Career Development Award K99 NS-062894.", "abstract": "The spiking activity in the parietal reach region (PRR) represents the spatial goal of an impending reach when the reach is directed toward or away from a visual object. The local field potentials (LFPs) in this region also represent the reach goal when the reach is directed to a visual object. Thus PRR is a candidate area for reading out a patient's intended reach goals for neural prosthetic applications. For natural behaviors, reach goals are not always based on the location of a visual object, e.g., playing the piano following sheet music or moving following verbal directions. So far it has not been directly tested whether and how PRR represents reach goals in such cognitive, nonlocational conditions, and knowing the encoding properties in various task conditions would help in designing a reach goal decoder for prosthetic applications. To address this issue, we examined the macaque PRR under two reach conditions: reach goal determined by the stimulus location (direct) or shape (symbolic). For the same goal, the spiking activity near reach onset was indistinguishable between the two tasks, and thus a reach goal decoder trained with spiking activity in one task performed perfectly in the other. In contrast, the LFP activity at 20\u201340 Hz showed small but significantly enhanced reach goal tuning in the symbolic task, but its spatial preference remained the same. Consequently, a decoder trained with LFP activity performed worse in the other task than in the same task. These results suggest that LFP decoders in PRR should take into account the task context (e.g., locational vs. nonlocational) to be accurate, while spike decoders can robustly provide reach goal information regardless of the task context in various prosthetic applications.", "date": "2012-02", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "107", "number": "3", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "836-849", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120214-111532983", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120214-111532983", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-013337" }, { "agency": "NIH Predoctoral Fellowship", "grant_number": "T32 NS-007251" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "K99 NS-062894" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00063.2011", "pmcid": "PMC3289477", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/30bbz-9cf54", "eprint_id": 29241, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:54:48", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 22:01:34", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cui-He", "name": { "family": "Cui", "given": "He" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Different Representations of Potential and Selected Motor Plans by Distinct Parietal Areas", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2011 the authors. \n\nReceived Nov. 30, 2010; revised Oct. 5, 2011; accepted Oct. 31, 2011.\n\nThis work was supported by the National Eye Institute and the James G. Boswell Foundation to R.A.A., and the\nAlfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship and the Whitehall Foundation to H.C. We thank D. Baldauf, E. Hwang, and G.\nMulliken for helpful discussion during the course of this study; I. Kagan for help with MRI; K. Pejsa, and N. Sammons\nfor help with animal handling and training; J. Baer and C. Lindsell for veterinary assistance; V. Shcherbatyuk for\ncomputer support; and T. Yao for administrative support.\n\nAuthor contributions: H.C. and R.A.A. designed research; H.C. performed research; H.C. analyzed data; H.C. and\nR.A.A. wrote the paper.\n\nPublished - Cui2011p17068J_Neurosci.pdf
", "abstract": "Traditional theories have considered decision making as a separate neural process occurring before action planning. However, recent neurophysiological studies of spatial target selection have suggested that decision making and motor planning may be performed in an integrated manner. It was proposed that multiple potential plans are concurrently formed and the ultimately selected action simultaneously emerges within the same circuits (Shadlen and Newsome, 2001; Cisek and Kalaska, 2010). In the present study, we recorded from the parietal reach region (PRR) and dorsal area 5 (area 5d) in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) while monkeys performed a nonspatial effector (saccade vs reach) choice task. The results show that PRR encodes potential and selected reach plans whereas area 5d encodes only selected reach plans, suggesting a serial visuomotor cortical circuitry for nonspatial effector decisions. Thus, there appears to be a different flow of processing for decisions and planning for spatial target selection, which is more integrated, and nonspatial effector decisions between eye and limb movements, which are more serial.", "date": "2011-12-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "31", "number": "49", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "18130-18136", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120210-133552159", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120210-133552159", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship" }, { "agency": "Whitehall Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6247-10.2011", "pmcid": "PMC3327481", "primary_object": { "basename": "Cui2011p17068J_Neurosci.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/30bbz-9cf54/files/Cui2011p17068J_Neurosci.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2011", "author_list": "Cui, He and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x50y5-q3a29", "eprint_id": 23442, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:22:43", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 19:35:12", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Effects of visual stimulation on LFPs, spikes, and LFP-spike relations in PRR", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "local field potential-spike correlation; parietal reach region; gamma\nband; visuomotor and motor neurons; parietal cortex; bottom-up and\ntop-down input; reaches", "note": "\u00a9 2011 American Physiological Society.\nSubmitted 20 September 2010; accepted in final form 6 February 2011. First published February 9, 2011. We thank Chess Stetson and Drs. Igor Kagan, Melanie Wilke, and Alexander Gail for scientific discussion; Tessa Yao for editorial assistance; Kelsie Pejsa and Nicole Simmons for animal care: and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\nThis work was supported by National Eye Institute Grant EY-013337. E. J.\nHwang was supported by NIH Research Service Award T32 NS007251 and\nCareer Development Award K99 NS062894.", "abstract": "Local field potentials (LFPs) have\nshown diverse relations to the spikes across different brain areas and\nstimulus features, suggesting that LFP-spike relationships are highly\nspecific to the underlying connectivity of a local network. If so, the\nLFP-spike relationship may vary even within one brain area under the\nsame task condition if neurons have heterogeneous connectivity with\nthe active input sources during the task. Here, we tested this hypothesis\nin the parietal reach region (PRR), which includes two distinct\nclasses of motor goal planning neurons with different connectivity to\nthe visual input, i.e., visuomotor neurons receive stronger visual input\nthan motor neurons. We predicted that the visual stimulation would\nrender both the spike response and the LFP-spike relationship different\nbetween the two neuronal subpopulations. Thus we examined how\nvisual stimulations affect spikes, LFPs, and LFP-spike relationships in\nPRR by comparing their planning (delay) period activity between two\nconditions: with or without a visual stimulus at the reach target.\nNeurons were classified as visuomotor if the visual stimulation increased\ntheir firing rate, or as motor otherwise. We found that the\nvisual stimulation increased LFP power in gamma bands >40 Hz for\nboth classes. Moreover, confirming our prediction, the correlation\nbetween the LFP gamma power and the firing rate became higher for\nthe visuomotor than motor neurons in the presence of visual stimulation.\nWe conclude that LFPs vary with the stimulation condition and\nthat the LFP-spike relationship depends on a given neuron's connectivity\nto the dominant input sources in a particular stimulation condition.", "date": "2011-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "105", "number": "4", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "1850-1860", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110425-082707562", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110425-082707562", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-013337" }, { "agency": "NIH Predoctoral Fellowship", "grant_number": "T32 NS007251" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "K99 NS062894" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00802.2010", "pmcid": "PMC3075288", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2011", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zc590-16421", "eprint_id": 23088, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:07:22", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:54:33", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" } }, { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Area MSTd Neurons Encode Visual Stimuli in Eye Coordinates During Fixation and Pursuit", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2011 The American Physiological Society.\nSubmitted 8 June 2009; accepted in final form 21 October 2010.\nPublished online before print October 2010.\nThe authors thank K. Pejsa, N. Sammons, and L. Martel for animal care and\nsurgical assistance, T. Yao for administrative assistance, V. Shcherbatyuk for\ntechnical assistance, J. A. Crowell for optic flow stimulus assistance, and M.\nBrozovic and B. Breznen for scientific discussions on the manuscript.\n\nThis research was supported by the National Eye Institute, J.G. Boswell Professorship,\na Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund,\nand a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-Doctoral Fellowship.", "abstract": "Visual signals generated by self-motion are initially represented in retinal coordinates in the early parts of the visual system. Because this information can be used by an observer to navigate through the environment, it must be transformed into body or world coordinates at later stations of the visual-motor pathway. Neurons in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) are tuned to the focus of expansion (FOE) of the visual image. We performed experiments to determine whether focus tuning curves in area MSTd are represented in eye coordinates or in screen coordinates (which could be head, body, or world-centered in the head-fixed paradigm used). Because MSTd neurons adjust their FOE tuning curves during pursuit eye movements to compensate for changes in pursuit and translation speed that distort the visual image, the coordinate frame was determined while the eyes were stationary (fixed gaze or simulated pursuit conditions) and while the eyes were moving (real pursuit condition). We recorded extracellular responses from 80 MSTd neurons in two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). We found that the FOE tuning curves of the overwhelming majority of neurons were aligned in an eye-centered coordinate frame in each of the experimental conditions [fixed gaze: 77/80 (96%); real pursuit: 77/80 (96%); simulated pursuit 74/80 (93%); t-test, P < 0.05]. These results indicate that MSTd neurons represent heading in an eye-centered coordinate frame both when the eyes are stationary and when they are moving. We also found that area MSTd demonstrates significant eye position gain modulation of response fields much like its posterior parietal neighbors.", "date": "2011-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "105", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "60-68", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110324-090139978", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110324-090139978", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Burroughs Wellcome Fund" }, { "agency": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00495.2009", "pmcid": "PMC3023369", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2011", "author_list": "Lee, Brian; Pesaran, Bijan; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/k6tvf-hwz23", "eprint_id": 21859, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:15:47", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 15:26:38", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Campos-M", "name": { "family": "Campos", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Breznen-B", "name": { "family": "Breznen", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A Neural Representation of Sequential States Within an Instructed Task", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2010 The American Physiological Society. \n\nSubmitted 21 December 2009; accepted in final form 22 August 2010. Published online before print August 2010. \n\nWe thank I. Kagan for assistance with anatomical MRIs, A. Gail and V.\nScherbatyuk for technical assistance, T. Yao for administrative assistance, and K. Pesja and N. Sammons for animal care. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Eye Institute and the James G.\nBoswell Foundation.", "abstract": "In the study of the neural basis of sensorimotor transformations, it has become clear that the brain does not always wait to sense external events and afterward select the appropriate responses. If there are predictable regularities in the environment, the brain begins to anticipate the timing of instructional cues and the signals to execute a response, revealing an internal representation of the sequential behavioral states of the task being performed. To investigate neural mechanisms that could represent the sequential states of a task, we recorded neural activity from two oculomotor structures implicated in behavioral timing\u2014the supplementary eye fields (SEF) and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP)\u2014while rhesus monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task. The neurons of the SEF were found to collectively encode the progression of the task with individual neurons predicting and/or detecting states or transitions between states. LIP neurons, while also encoding information about the current temporal interval, were limited with respect to SEF neurons in two ways. First, LIP neurons tended to be active when the monkey was planning a saccade but not in the precue or intertrial intervals, whereas SEF neurons tended to have activity modulation in all intervals. Second, the LIP neurons were more likely to be spatially tuned than SEF neurons. SEF neurons also show anticipatory activity. The state-selective and anticipatory responses of SEF neurons support two complementary models of behavioral timing, state dependent and accumulator models, and suggest that each model describes a contribution SEF makes to timing at different temporal resolutions.", "date": "2010-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "104", "number": "5", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "2831-2849", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110124-093441409", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110124-093441409", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.01124.2009", "pmcid": "PMC2997039", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Campos, Michael; Breznen, Boris; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8b2a2-a4022", "eprint_id": 20190, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:44:29", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 22:18:36", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lindner-A", "name": { "family": "Lindner", "given": "Axel" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8201-788X" }, { "id": "Iyer-A", "name": { "family": "Iyer", "given": "Asha" } }, { "id": "Kagan-I", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Human Posterior Parietal Cortex Plans Where to Reach and What to Avoid", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2010 the authors.\nReceived June 16, 2009; revised April 15, 2010; accepted June 27, 2010.\nThis work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Boswell Foundation. We thank\nall members of the Andersen Laboratory for their support, in particular Alexander Gail and Hilary Glidden for stimulating\ndiscussions and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer support. Moreover, we are grateful for all assistance\nprovided by the staff of the Caltech Brain Imaging Center: Shawn Wagner, Daniele Procissi, Steve Flaherty, and Mary\nMartin.\n\nPublished - Lindner2010p11412J_Neurosci.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1.pdf
", "abstract": "In this time-resolved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we aimed to trace the neuronal correlates of covert planning processes that precede visually guided motor behavior. Specifically, we asked whether human posterior parietal cortex has prospective planning activity that can be distinguished from activity related to retrospective visual memory and attention. Although various electrophysiological studies in monkeys have demonstrated such motor planning at the level of parietal neurons, comparatively little support is provided by recent human imaging experiments. Rather, a majority of experiments highlights a role of human posterior parietal cortex in visual working memory and attention. We thus sought to establish a clear separation of visual memory and attention from processes related to the planning of goal-directed motor behaviors. To this end, we compared delayed-response tasks with identical mnemonic and attentional demands but varying degrees of motor planning. Subjects memorized multiple target locations, and in a random subset of trials targets additionally instructed (1) desired goals or (2) undesired goals for upcoming finger reaches. Compared with the memory/attention-only conditions, both latter situations led to a specific increase of preparatory fMRI activity in posterior parietal and dorsal premotor cortex. Thus, posterior parietal cortex has prospective plans for upcoming behaviors while considering both types of targets relevant for action: those to be acquired and those to be avoided.", "date": "2010-09-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "30", "number": "35", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "11715-11725", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100928-110318661", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100928-110318661", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2849-09.2010", "pmcid": "PMC2956133", "primary_object": { "basename": "Lindner2010p11412J_Neurosci.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8b2a2-a4022/files/Lindner2010p11412J_Neurosci.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8b2a2-a4022/files/1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Lindner, Axel; Iyer, Asha; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56", "eprint_id": 20039, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:28:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 22:10:01", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Iyer-A", "name": { "family": "Iyer", "given": "Asha" } }, { "id": "Lindner-A", "name": { "family": "Lindner", "given": "Axel" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8201-788X" }, { "id": "Kagan-I", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Motor Preparatory Activity in Posterior Parietal Cortex is Modulated by Subjective Absolute Value", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "antIPS, anterior aspect of the intraparietal sulcus; BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; GLM,\ngeneral linear model; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LIP, lateral intraparietal area; PMd, dorsal premotor cortex; postIPS, posterior aspect of the intraparietal sulcus; PPC,\nposterior parietal cortex; ROI, region of interest; SMA, supplementary motor area; SPL, superior parietal lobule", "note": "\u00a9 2010 Iyer et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted\nuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.\n\nPublished - Iyer2010p11373Plos_Biol.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.TableS1.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.TableS2.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.TextS1.doc
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.figureS1.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.figureS2.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.s003.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.s006.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.s007.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.s008.pdf
Supplemental Material - journal.pbio.1000444.s009.pdf
", "abstract": "For optimal response selection, the consequences associated with behavioral success or failure must be appraised. To determine how monetary consequences influence the neural representations of motor preparation, human brain activity was scanned with fMRI while subjects performed a complex spatial visuomotor task. At the beginning of each trial, reward context cues indicated the potential gain and loss imposed for correct or incorrect trial completion. FMRI-activity in canonical reward structures reflected the expected value related to the context. In contrast, motor preparatory activity in posterior parietal and premotor cortex peaked in high \"absolute value\" (high gain or loss) conditions: being highest for large gains in subjects who believed they performed well while being highest for large losses in those who believed they performed poorly. These results suggest that the neural activity preceding goal-directed actions incorporates the absolute value of that action, predicated upon subjective, rather than objective, estimates of one's performance.", "date": "2010-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "PLoS Biology", "volume": "8", "number": "8", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "pagerange": "Art. No. e1000444", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100920-101757081", "issn": "1544-9173", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100920-101757081", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pbio.1000444", "pmcid": "PMC2914636", "primary_object": { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.TextS1.doc", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.TextS1.doc" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.s003.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.s003.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.s006.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.s006.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.s009.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.s009.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.TableS1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.TableS1.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.TableS2.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.TableS2.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.figureS2.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.figureS2.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.s007.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.s007.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.s008.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.s008.pdf" }, { "basename": "Iyer2010p11373Plos_Biol.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/Iyer2010p11373Plos_Biol.pdf" }, { "basename": "journal.pbio.1000444.figureS1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6v9js-gkh56/files/journal.pbio.1000444.figureS1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Iyer, Asha; Lindner, Axel; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ac3hm-mhc71", "eprint_id": 18516, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:32:55", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 16:28:36", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Nelson-M-J", "name": { "family": "Nelson", "given": "Matthew J." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A Relative Position Code for Saccades in Dorsal Premotor Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2010 the authors.\n\nReceived April 4, 2009; revised Nov. 4, 2009; accepted Nov. 9, 2009.\nThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants EY05522-21, MH62528-01, the Boswell Foundation,\nthe Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, and the Defense Advanced Research\nProjects Agency BioInfoMicro program. B.P. was supported by a Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences from the\nBurroughs Wellcome Fund, a Watson Program Investigator Award from NYSTAR, a McKnight Scholar Award, and a\nSloan Research Fellowship.Wethank Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa and Leah Martel for animal care,\nand Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\n\nPublished - Pesaran2010p10160J_Neurosci.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1.pdf
", "abstract": "Spatial computations underlying the coordination of the hand and eye present formidable geometric challenges. One way for the nervous system to simplify these computations is to directly encode the relative position of the hand and the center of gaze. Neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), which is critical for the guidance of arm-reaching movements, encode the relative position of the hand, gaze, and goal of reaching movements. This suggests that PMd can coordinate reaching movements with eye movements. Here, we examine saccade-related signals in PMd to determine whether they also point to a role for PMd in coordinating visual\u2013motor behavior. We first compared the activity of a population of PMd neurons with a population of parietal reach region (PRR) neurons. During center-out reaching and saccade tasks, PMd neurons responded more strongly before saccades than PRR neurons, and PMd contained a larger proportion of exclusively saccade-tuned cells than PRR. During a saccade relative position-coding task, PMd neurons encoded saccade targets in a relative position code that depended on the relative position of gaze, the hand, and the goal of a saccadic eye movement. This relative position code for saccades is similar to the way that PMd neurons encode reach targets. We propose that eye movement and eye position signals in PMd do not drive eye movements, but rather provide spatial information that links the control of eye and arm movements to support coordinated visual\u2013motor behavior.", "date": "2010-05-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "30", "number": "19", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "6527-6537", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100602-101009002", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100602-101009002", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY05522-21" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "MH62528-01" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Burroughs Wellcome Fund" }, { "agency": "New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1625-09.2010", "pmcid": "PMC2887302", "primary_object": { "basename": "1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ac3hm-mhc71/files/1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "Pesaran2010p10160J_Neurosci.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ac3hm-mhc71/files/Pesaran2010p10160J_Neurosci.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Pesaran, Bijan; Nelson, Matthew J.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p5vab-b5z05", "eprint_id": 18441, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 23:48:59", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 16:23:12", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Kagan-I", "name": { "family": "Kagan", "given": "Igor" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-4200" }, { "id": "Iyer-A", "name": { "family": "Iyer", "given": "Asha" } }, { "id": "Lindner-A", "name": { "family": "Lindner", "given": "Axel" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-8201-788X" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "BOLD signal; event-related functional MRI; brain evolution; delayed saccades; lateralization", "note": "\u00a9 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. \n\nContributed by Richard A. Andersen, March 17, 2010 (sent for review April 8, 2009). \n\nWe thank S. Wagner for help with scanning; M. Wilke for comments on the manuscript; H. Glidden for useful discussions; K. Pejsa, L. Martel, and N. Sammons for animal care; and V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support. This work was supported by Moore Foundation, National Eye Institute, and Boswell Foundation. \n\nAuthor contributions: I.K. and R.A.A. designed research; I.K., A.I., and A.L. performed research; I.K., A.I., and A.L. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; I.K. and A.I. analyzed data; and I.K. and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. \n\nThis article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/1002825107/DCSupplemental.\n\nPublished - Kagan2010p10042P_Natl_Acad_Sci_Usa.pdf
Supplemental Material - pnas.201002825SI.pdf
", "abstract": "Contralateral hemispheric representation of sensory inputs (the right visual hemifield in the left hemisphere and vice versa) is a fundamental feature of primate sensorimotor organization, in particular the visuomotor system. However, many higher-order cognitive functions in humans show an asymmetric hemispheric lateralization\u2014e.g., right brain specialization for spatial processing\u2014necessitating a convergence of information from both hemifields. Electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging in humans have investigated space and action representations at different stages of visuospatial processing, but the transition from contralateral to unified global spatial encoding and the relationship between these encoding schemes and functional lateralization are not fully understood. Moreover, the integration of data across monkeys and humans and elucidation of interspecies homologies is hindered, because divergent findings may reflect actual species differences or arise from discrepancies in techniques and measured signals (electrophysiology vs. imaging). Here, we directly compared spatial cue and memory representations for action planning in monkeys and humans using event-related functional MRI during a working-memory oculomotor task. In monkeys, cue and memory-delay period activity in the frontal, parietal, and temporal regions was strongly contralateral. In putative human functional homologs, the contralaterality was significantly weaker, and the asymmetry between the hemispheres was stronger. These results suggest an inverse relationship between contralaterality and lateralization and elucidate similarities and differences in human and macaque cortical circuits subserving spatial awareness and oculomotor goal-directed actions.", "date": "2010-04-27", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "107", "number": "17", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "7933-7938", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100526-074923099", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100526-074923099", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1002825107", "pmcid": "PMC2867911", "primary_object": { "basename": "Kagan2010p10042P_Natl_Acad_Sci_Usa.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p5vab-b5z05/files/Kagan2010p10042P_Natl_Acad_Sci_Usa.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "pnas.201002825SI.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p5vab-b5z05/files/pnas.201002825SI.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Kagan, Igor; Iyer, Asha; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/45g9b-70b66", "eprint_id": 17063, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:12:47", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 22:46:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Mulliken-G-H", "name": { "family": "Mulliken", "given": "Grant H." } } ] }, "title": "Cognitive Neural Prosthetics", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "decision making, planning, intention, posterior parietal cortex, brain-machine interface, efference copy, learning, sensorimotor transformation", "note": "\u00a9 2010 Annual Reviews. \nFirst published online as a Review in Advance on September 28, 2009.\nWe thank the National Institutes of Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the\nBoswell Foundation, and the McKnight Foundation for supporting this research. We also thank\nDrs. Eb Fetz and Michael Campos for discussions during the preparation of this review.We thank\nDr. Viktor Shcherbatyuk, Tessa Yao, Kels\u00b4\u0131e Pejsa, and Nicole Sammons for technical and editorial\nassistance.\n\nPublished - Andersen2010p6585Annu_Rev_Psychol.pdf
Accepted Version - nihms-186247.pdf
", "abstract": "The cognitive neural prosthetic (CNP) is a very versatile method for assisting paralyzed patients and patients with amputations. The CNP records the cognitive state of the subject, rather than signals strictly related to motor execution or sensation. We review a number of high-level cortical signals and their application for CNPs, including intention, motor imagery, decision making, forward estimation, executive function, attention, learning, and multi-effector movement planning. CNPs are defined by the cognitive function they extract, not the cortical region from which the signals are recorded. However, some cortical areas may be better than others for particular applications. Signals can also be extracted in parallel from multiple cortical areas using multiple implants, which in many circumstances can increase the range of applications of CNPs. The CNP approach relies on scientific understanding of the neural processes involved in cognition, and many of the decoding algorithms it uses also have parallels to underlying neural circuit functions.", "date": "2010-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Psychology", "volume": "61", "publisher": "Annual Reviews", "pagerange": "169-190", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100105-131710500", "issn": "0066-4308", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100105-131710500", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "doi": "10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100503", "pmcid": "PMC2849803", "primary_object": { "basename": "Andersen2010p6585Annu_Rev_Psychol.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/45g9b-70b66/files/Andersen2010p6585Annu_Rev_Psychol.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms-186247.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/45g9b-70b66/files/nihms-186247.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Hwang, Eun Jung; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0307t-ave26", "eprint_id": 16936, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:34:06", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 22:40:23", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hwang-Eun-Jung", "name": { "family": "Hwang", "given": "Eun Jung" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Brain Control of Movement Execution Onset Using Local Field Potentials in Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2009 Society for Neuroscience.\n\nReceived May 2, 2009; revised Sept. 7, 2009; accepted Sept. 14, 2009.\nThis work was supported by the National Institute of Health, the James G. Boswell Foundation, and the Defense\nAdvanced Research Projects Agency. We thank H. Cui, A. Graf, and M. Hauschild for comments on this manuscript, K.\nPejsa and N. Sammons for animal care, and G. Mulliken, V. Shcherbatyuk, and T. Yao for technical and administrative\nassistance.\n\nPublished - Hwang2009p6461J_Neurosci.pdf
Supplemental Material - Hwang2009p6461J_Neurosci_supp.pdf
", "abstract": "The precise control of movement execution onset is essential for safe and autonomous cortical motor prosthetics. A recent study from the parietal reach region (PRR) suggested that the local field potentials (LFPs) in this area might be useful for decoding execution time information because of the striking difference in the LFP spectrum between the plan and execution states (Scherberger et al., 2005). More specifically, the LFP power in the 0\u201310 Hz band sharply rises while the power in the 20\u201340 Hz band falls as the state transitions from plan to execution. However, a change of visual stimulus immediately preceded reach onset, raising the possibility that the observed spectral change reflected the visual event instead of the reach onset. Here, we tested this possibility and found that the LFP spectrum change was still time locked to the movement onset in the absence of a visual event in self-paced reaches. Furthermore, we successfully trained the macaque subjects to use the LFP spectrum change as a \"go\" signal in a closed-loop brain-control task in which the animals only modulated the LFP and did not execute a reach. The execution onset was signaled by the change in the LFP spectrum while the target position of the cursor was controlled by the spike firing rates recorded from the same site. The results corroborate that the LFP spectrum change in PRR is a robust indicator for the movement onset and can be used for control of execution onset in a cortical prosthesis.", "date": "2009-11-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "29", "number": "45", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "14363-14370", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20091210-083246641", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20091210-083246641", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2081-09.2009", "pmcid": "PMC2805702", "primary_object": { "basename": "Hwang2009p6461J_Neurosci.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0307t-ave26/files/Hwang2009p6461J_Neurosci.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "Hwang2009p6461J_Neurosci_supp.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0307t-ave26/files/Hwang2009p6461J_Neurosci_supp.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Hwang, Eun Jung and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/89g42-c6a60", "eprint_id": 16051, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:20:03", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 21:54:41", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Cui-He", "name": { "family": "Cui", "given": "He" } } ] }, "title": "Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal-Frontal Circuits", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "SYSNEURO; HUMDISEASE; SYSBIO", "note": "\u00a9 2009 Elsevier. \n\nAvailable online 10 September 2009. \n\nWe wish to acknowledge Viktor Shcherbatyuk, Tessa Yao, Carol Andersen, Kelsie Pejsa, and Nicole Sammons for technical and editorial assistance and Aaron Batista, Chris Buneo, Bijan Pesaran, and Antonio Rangel for discussions. We wish to thank the National Institutes of Health, the Boswell Foundation, the McKnight Foundation, the Sloan Foundation, the Swartz Foundation, the Moore Foundation, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for support.", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex and frontal cortical areas to which it connects are responsible for sensorimotor transformations. This review covers new research on four components of this transformation process: planning, decision making, forward state estimation, and relative-coordinate representations. These sensorimotor functions can be harnessed for neural prosthetic operations by decoding intended goals (planning) and trajectories (forward state estimation) of movements as well as higher cortical functions related to decision making and potentially the coordination of multiple body parts (relative-coordinate representations).", "date": "2009-09-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "63", "number": "5", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "568-583", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20090925-090832785", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090925-090832785", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.028", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A. and Cui, He" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/69xz1-njh05", "eprint_id": 15648, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:09:58", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 14:41:15", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wolf-M-T", "name": { "family": "Wolf", "given": "Michael T." } }, { "id": "Cham-J-G", "name": { "family": "Cham", "given": "Jorge G." } }, { "id": "Branchaud-E-A", "name": { "family": "Branchaud", "given": "Edward A." } }, { "id": "Mulliken-G-H", "name": { "family": "Mulliken", "given": "Grant H." } }, { "id": "Burdick-J-W", "name": { "family": "Burdick", "given": "Joel W." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A Robotic Neural Interface for Autonomous Positioning of Extracellular Recording Electrodes", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "neural interface; neuroprosthetics; brain-machine interface; extracellular recording; neurorobotics; electrode microdrive", "note": "Copyright \u00a9 2009 by SAGE Publications.", "abstract": "In this paper we describe a set of algorithms and a novel miniature device that together can autonomously position electrodes in neural tissue to obtain high-quality extracellular recordings. This robotic system moves each electrode to detect the signals of individual neurons, optimize the signal quality of a target neuron, and then maintain this signal over time. Such neuronal signals provide the key inputs for emerging neuroprosthetic medical devices and serve as the foundation of basic neuroscientific and medical research. Experimental results from extensive use of the robotic electrodes in macaque parietal cortex are presented to validate the method and to quantify its effectiveness.", "date": "2009-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "International Journal of Robotics Research", "volume": "28", "number": "9", "publisher": "Sage", "pagerange": "1240-1256", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20090908-083703534", "issn": "0278-3649", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090908-083703534", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1177/0278364908103788", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Wolf, Michael T.; Cham, Jorge G.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151", "eprint_id": 15807, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 02:24:55", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 17:16:10", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bhattacharyya-Rajan", "name": { "family": "Bhattacharyya", "given": "Rajan" } }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "Sam" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Parietal Reach Region Encodes Reach Depth Using Retinal Disparity and Vergence Angle Signals", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2009 by the The American Physiological Society. \n\nSubmitted 12 March 2008; accepted in final form 10 May 2009. First published May 13, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.90359.2008 \n\nThis work was funded by National Institutes of Health and Office of Naval Research. \n\nWe thank G. Mulliken, E. Hwang, and H. Cui, for helpful comments on the manuscript; Z. Nadasdy for useful discussions; K. Pejsa, N. Sammons, L. Martel, J. Baer, and C. Lindsell for help with animal handling and veterinary assistance; V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support; T. Yao for administrative assistance; and R. Panagua and M. Walsh for laboratory equipment construction. We also thank the reviewers for comments and suggestions.\n\nSupplemental Material - 1.pdf
Supplemental Material - 10.pdf
Supplemental Material - 2.pdf
Supplemental Material - 3.pdf
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Supplemental Material - 5.pdf
Supplemental Material - 6.pdf
Supplemental Material - 7.pdf
Supplemental Material - 8.pdf
Supplemental Material - 9.pdf
", "abstract": "Performing a visually guided reach requires the ability to perceive the egocentric distance of a target in three-dimensional space. Previous studies have shown that the parietal reach region (PRR) encodes the two-dimensional location of frontoparallel targets in an eye-centered reference frame. To investigate how a reach target is represented in three dimensions, we recorded the spiking activity of PRR neurons from two rhesus macaques trained to fixate and perform memory reaches to targets at different depths. Reach and fixation targets were configured to explore whether neural activity directly reflects egocentric distance as the amplitude of the required motor command, which is the absolute depth of the target, or rather the relative depth of the target with reference to fixation depth. We show that planning activity in PRR represents the depth of the reach target as a function of disparity and fixation depth, the spatial parameters important for encoding the depth of a reach goal in an eye centered reference frame. The strength of modulation by disparity is maintained across fixation depth. Fixation depth gain modulates disparity tuning while preserving the location of peak tuning features in PRR neurons. The results show that individual PRR neurons code depth with respect to the fixation point, that is, in eye centered coordinates. However, because the activity is gain modulated by vergence angle, the absolute depth can be decoded from the population activity.", "date": "2009-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "102", "number": "2", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "805-816", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20090911-153601751", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090911-153601751", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.90359.2008", "pmcid": "PMC2724352", "primary_object": { "basename": "3.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/3.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "8.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/8.pdf" }, { "basename": "1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/1.pdf" }, { "basename": "10.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/10.pdf" }, { "basename": "2.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/2.pdf" }, { "basename": "4.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/4.pdf" }, { "basename": "5.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/5.pdf" }, { "basename": "6.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/6.pdf" }, { "basename": "7.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/7.pdf" }, { "basename": "9.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p09e3-ph151/files/9.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Bhattacharyya, Rajan; Musallam, Sam; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r2b51-avt21", "eprint_id": 13297, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 14:04:49", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 23:23:39", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Campos-M", "name": { "family": "Campos", "given": "Michael" } }, { "id": "Breznen-B", "name": { "family": "Breznen", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Separate representations of target and timing cue locations in the supplementary eye fields", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX; LATERAL INTRAPARIETAL AREA; NEURONAL-ACTIVITY; NEURAL MECHANISMS; MULTIPLE SACCADES; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PERFORMANCE; ATTENTION; MICROSTIMULATION; ANTISACCADE", "note": "\u00a9 2009 by the The American Physiological Society. \n\nSubmitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008. \n\nWe thank I. Kagan for assistance with anatomical MRls, A. Gail and V. Scherbatyuk for technical assistance, T. Yao for administrative assistance, and K. Pesja and N. Sammons for animal care. This work was supported by the National Eye Institute and the James G. Boswell Foundation. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.\n\nAccepted Version - CAMjnp09aip.pdf
", "abstract": "When different stimuli indicate where and when to make an eye movement, the brain areas involved in oculomotor control must selectively plan an eye movement to the stimulus that encodes the target position and also encode the information available from the timing cue. This could pose a challenge to the oculomotor system since the representation of the timing stimulus location in one brain area might be interpreted by downstream neurons as a competing motor plan. Evidence from diverse sources has suggested that the supplementary eye fields (SEF) play an important role in behavioral timing, so we recorded single-unit activity from SEF to characterize how target and timing cues are encoded in this region. Two monkeys performed a variant of the memory-guided saccade task, in which a timing stimulus was presented at a randomly chosen eccentric location. Many spatially tuned SEF neurons encoded only the location of the target and not the timing stimulus, whereas several other SEF neurons encoded the location of the timing stimulus and not the target. The SEF population therefore encoded the location of each stimulus with largely distinct neuronal subpopulations. For comparison, we recorded a small population of lateral intraparietal (LIP) neurons in the same task. We found that most LIP neurons that encoded the location of the target also encoded the location of the timing stimulus after its presentation, but selectively encoded the intended eye movement plan in advance of saccade initiation. These results suggest that SEF, by conditionally encoding the location of instructional stimuli depending on their meaning, can help identify which movement plan represented in other oculomotor structures, such as LIP, should be selected for the next eye movement.", "date": "2009-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "101", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "448-459", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:CAMjnp09", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:CAMjnp09", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.90704.2008", "pmcid": "PMC3815215", "primary_object": { "basename": "CAMjnp09aip.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r2b51-avt21/files/CAMjnp09aip.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Campos, Michael; Breznen, Boris; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/37hbk-ajr21", "eprint_id": 12463, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:38:59", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:00:17", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Mulliken-G-H", "name": { "family": "Mulliken", "given": "Grant H." } }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "Sam" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Decoding Trajectories from Posterior Parietal Cortex Ensembles", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "brain\u2013machine interface; trajectory decoding; neural prosthetics; sensorimotor control; posterior parietal cortex; neurophysiology", "note": "\u00a9 2008 Society for Neuroscience. \n\nReceived April 4, 2008; revised Sept. 13, 2008; accepted Oct. 21, 2008. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the James G. Boswell Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and a National Institutes of Health training grant fellowship to G.H.M. We thank J. Burdick, E. Hwang, and M. Hauschild for comments on this manuscript, K. Pejsa and N. Sammons for animal care, and V. Shcherbatyuk and T. Yao for technical and administrative assistance.\n\nPublished - MULjns08.pdf
Supplemental Material - MULjns08supp.pdf
", "abstract": "High-level cognitive signals in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have previously been used to decode the intended endpoint of a reach, providing the first evidence that PPC can be used for direct control of a neural prosthesis (Musallam et al., 2004). Here we expand on this work by showing that PPC neural activity can be harnessed to estimate not only the endpoint but also to continuously control the trajectory of an end effector. Specifically, we trained two monkeys to use a joystick to guide a cursor on a computer screen to peripheral target locations while maintaining central ocular fixation. We found that we could accurately reconstruct the trajectory of the cursor using a relatively small ensemble of simultaneously recorded PPC neurons. Using a goal-based Kalman filter that incorporates target information into the state-space, we showed that the decoded estimate of cursor position could be significantly improved. Finally, we tested whether we could decode trajectories during closed-loop brain control sessions, in which the real-time position of the cursor was determined solely by a monkey's neural activity in PPC. The monkey learned to perform brain control trajectories at 80% success rate (for 8 targets) after just 4\u20135 sessions. This improvement in behavioral performance was accompanied by a corresponding enhancement in neural tuning properties (i.e., increased tuning depth and coverage of encoding parameter space) as well as an increase in off-line decoding performance of the PPC ensemble.", "date": "2008-11-26", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "28", "number": "48", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "12913-12926", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:MULjns08", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:MULjns08", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1463-08.2008", "pmcid": "PMC2728059", "primary_object": { "basename": "MULjns08supp.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/37hbk-ajr21/files/MULjns08supp.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "MULjns08.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/37hbk-ajr21/files/MULjns08.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Mulliken, Grant H.; Musallam, Sam; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q1w53-p9x72", "eprint_id": 11870, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:16:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 15:57:01", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Baldauf-D", "name": { "family": "Baldauf", "given": "Daniel" } }, { "id": "Cui-He", "name": { "family": "Cui", "given": "He" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The Posterior Parietal Cortex Encodes in Parallel Both Goals for Double-Reach Sequences", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "double-reach; motor planning; parietal reach region; movement sequences; sensorimotor; hand; attention", "note": "\u00a9 2008 Society for Neuroscience. \n\nReceived July 20, 2008; accepted Aug. 11, 2008. \n\nThis work was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst), the Fulbright Commission, the National Eye Institute, and the James G. Boswell Foundation. We thank Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa and Nicole Sammons for animal care, EunJung Hwang and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, and Heiner Deubel.\n\nPublished - BALjns08.pdf
Supplemental Material - BALjns08supp.pdf
", "abstract": "The parietal reach region (PRR) is known to be involved in the preparation of visually guided arm movements to single targets. We explored whether PRR encodes only the target of the next movement or, alternatively, also a subsequent goal in a double-reach sequence. Two monkeys were trained to memorize the locations of two peripheral cues and to prepare for a memory-guided delayed double-reach sequence. On a GO-signal they had to reach in a predefined order to both remembered target locations without breaking eye fixation. The movement goals were arranged such that either the first or the second target was inside the response field of an isolated neuron. We analyzed the neural activity of single cells in PRR during the late memory period between cue offset and the GO-signal. During this memory period, most PRR cells encoded the first as well as the second goal of the planned reaching sequence. The results indicate that the posterior parietal cortex is involved in the spatial planning of more complex action patterns and represents immediate and subsequent movement goals.", "date": "2008-10-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "28", "number": "40", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "10081-10089", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:BALjns08", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BALjns08", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD)" }, { "agency": "Fulbright Commission" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3423-08.2008", "pmcid": "PMC2744218", "primary_object": { "basename": "BALjns08supp.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q1w53-p9x72/files/BALjns08supp.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "BALjns08.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q1w53-p9x72/files/BALjns08.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Baldauf, Daniel; Cui, He; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zpr28-5qk94", "eprint_id": 37283, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 12:56:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:19:44", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sarpeshkar-R", "name": { "family": "Sarpeshkar", "given": "Rahul" } }, { "id": "Wattanapanitch-W", "name": { "family": "Wattanapanitch", "given": "Woradorn" } }, { "id": "Arfin-S-K", "name": { "family": "Arfin", "given": "Scott K." } }, { "id": "Rapoport-B-I", "name": { "family": "Rapoport", "given": "Benjamin I." } }, { "id": "Mandal-S", "name": { "family": "Mandal", "given": "Soumyajit" } }, { "id": "Baker-M-W", "name": { "family": "Baker", "given": "Michael W." } }, { "id": "Fee-M-S", "name": { "family": "Fee", "given": "Michale S." } }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "Sam" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Low-Power Circuits for Brain\u2013Machine Interfaces", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Brain\u2013machine interfaces; low-power; prosthetics; wireless neuroscience", "note": "\u00a9 2008 IEEE. \n\nManuscript received November 01, 2007; revised May 16, 2008. Current version published October 24, 2008. \n\nThis work was supported in part by a grant from the McGovern Institute Neurotechnology Program (MINT) at MIT. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor M. Sawan.\n\nPublished - Sarpeshkar_2008p173.pdf
", "abstract": "This paper presents work on ultra-low-power circuits for brain\u2013machine interfaces with applications for paralysis prosthetics, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, prosthetics for the blind, and experimental neuroscience systems. The circuits include a micropower neural amplifier with adaptive power biasing for use\nin multi-electrode arrays; an analog linear decoding and learning\narchitecture for data compression; low-power radio-frequency\n(RF) impedance-modulation circuits for data telemetry that\nminimize power consumption of implanted systems in the body;\na wireless link for efficient power transfer; mixed-signal system\nintegration for efficiency, robustness, and programmability; and\ncircuits for wireless stimulation of neurons with power-conserving\nsleep modes and awake modes. Experimental results from chips\nthat have stimulated and recorded from neurons in the zebra\nfinch brain and results from RF power-link, RF data-link, electrode-\nrecording and electrode-stimulating systems are presented.\nSimulations of analog learning circuits that have successfully\ndecoded prerecorded neural signals from a monkey brain are also\npresented.", "date": "2008-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems", "volume": "2", "number": "3", "publisher": "IEEE", "pagerange": "173-183", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20130304-154929601", "issn": "1932-4545", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20130304-154929601", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1109/TBCAS.2008.2003198", "primary_object": { "basename": "Sarpeshkar_2008p173.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zpr28-5qk94/files/Sarpeshkar_2008p173.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Sarpeshkar, Rahul; Wattanapanitch, Woradorn; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zpdyg-wsx82", "eprint_id": 11524, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 12:34:24", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 15:07:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "How we see", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2008 IEEE. Reprinted with permission. \n\nDate Published in Issue: 2008-08-26. \n\nI thank David Bradley for discussion and help with figures, and Sylvie Gertmenian for editorial assistance. \n\nThis contribution, originally presented at our 1998 Big Sky Aerospace Conference, is to informn those readers to whom the subject may be unfamiliar and to provide a benchmark for readers working in this field.\n\nPublished - ANDieeeaesm08.pdf
", "abstract": "The visual world is imaged on the retinas of our eyes. However, \"seeing\"' is not a result of neural functions within the eyes but rather a result of what the brain does with those images. Our visual perceptions are produced by parts of the cerebral cortex dedicated to vision. Although our visual awareness appears unitary, different parts of the cortex analyze color, shape, motion, and depth information. There are also special mechanisms for visual attention, spatial awareness, and the control of actions under visual guidance. Often lesions from stroke or other neurological diseases will impair one of these subsystems, leading to unusual deficits such as the inability to recognize faces, the loss of awareness of half of visual space, or the inability to see motion or color.", "date": "2008-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine", "volume": "23", "number": "8", "publisher": "IEEE", "pagerange": "4-9", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ANDieeeaesm08", "issn": "0885-8985", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ANDieeeaesm08", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1109/MAES.2008.4607795", "primary_object": { "basename": "ANDieeeaesm08.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zpdyg-wsx82/files/ANDieeeaesm08.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/108ys-07317", "eprint_id": 102214, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 12:39:13", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:30", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brozovi\u0107-M", "name": { "family": "Brozovi\u0107", "given": "M." } }, { "id": "Abbott-L-F", "name": { "family": "Abbott", "given": "L. F." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Mechanism of gain modulation at single neuron and network levels", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Gain modulation; Neural noise; Tuning curves; Power law", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. \n\nReceived: 12 February 2007; Revised: 17 November 2007; Accepted: 3 December 2007; Published online: 23 January 2008. \n\nWe thank Gary Gibbons for helpful suggestions and T. Yao and V. Shcherbatyuk for the administrative and technical support. This work was supported by the James G. Boswell Foundation, the National Eye Institute, the Swartz Centers for Theoretical Neurobiology, NSF grant IBN-0235463 and an NIH Director's Pioneer Award, part of the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, through grant number 5-DP1-OD114-02.", "abstract": "Gain modulation, in which the sensitivity of a neural response to one input is modified by a second input, is studied at single-neuron and network levels. At the single neuron level, gain modulation can arise if the two inputs are subject to a direct multiplicative interaction. Alternatively, these inputs can be summed in a linear manner by the neuron and gain modulation can arise, instead, from a nonlinear input\u2013output relationship. We derive a mathematical constraint that can distinguish these two mechanisms even though they can look very similar, provided sufficient data of the appropriate type are available. Previously, it has been shown in coordinate transformation studies that artificial neurons with sigmoid transfer functions can acquire a nonlinear additive form of gain modulation through learning-driven adjustment of synaptic weights. We use the constraint derived for single-neuron studies to compare responses in this network with those of another network model based on a biologically inspired transfer function that can support approximately multiplicative interactions.", "date": "2008-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Computational Neuroscience", "volume": "25", "number": "1", "publisher": "Springer", "pagerange": "158-168", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-073039713", "issn": "0929-5313", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-073039713", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "IBN-0235463" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "5-DP1-OD114-02" } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/s10827-007-0070-6", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Brozovi\u0107, M.; Abbott, L. F.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jq13r-wdm27", "eprint_id": 13864, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-14 18:49:08", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 20:45:30", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Mulliken-G-H", "name": { "family": "Mulliken", "given": "Grant H." } }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "Sam" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Forward estimation of movement state in posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "internal forward model; space-time tuning; trajectory; sensorimotor control; neurophysiology", "note": "\u00a9 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. \n\nThis contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected on May 3, 2005. Contributed by Richard A. Andersen, March 18, 2008 (sent for review November 16, 2007). \n\nWe thank R. Bhattacharyya, E. Hwang, I. Kagan, and Z. Nadasdy for comments on the manuscript; K. Pejsa and N. Sammons for animal care; and V. Shcherbatyuk and T. Yao for technical and administrative assistance. This work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the James G. Boswell Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and a National Institutes of Health training grant fellowship (to G.H.M.). \n\nAuthor contributions: G.H.M., S.M., and R.A.A. designed research; G.H.M. and S.M. performed research; G.H.M. analyzed data; and G.H.M., S.M., and R.A.A. wrote the paper. \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. \n\nThis article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0802602105/DCSupplemental.\n\nPublished - MULpnas08.pdf
Supplemental Material - MULpnas08supp.pdf
", "abstract": "During goal-directed movements, primates are able to rapidly and accurately control an online trajectory despite substantial delay times incurred in the sensorimotor control loop. To address the problem of large delays, it has been proposed that the brain uses an internal forward model of the arm to estimate current and upcoming states of a movement, which are more useful for rapid online control. To study online control mechanisms in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), we recorded from single neurons while monkeys performed a joystick task. Neurons encoded the static target direction and the dynamic movement angle of the cursor. The dynamic encoding properties of many movement angle neurons reflected a forward estimate of the state of the cursor that is neither directly available from passive sensory feedback nor compatible with outgoing motor commands and is consistent with PPC serving as a forward model for online sensorimotor control. In addition, we found that the space\u2013time tuning functions of these neurons were largely separable in the angle\u2013time plane, suggesting that they mostly encode straight and approximately instantaneous trajectories.", "date": "2008-06-17", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "105", "number": "24", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "8170-8177", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20090407-093432537", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090407-093432537", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "NIH Predoctoral Fellowship" } ] }, "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0802602105", "pmcid": "PMC2448809", "primary_object": { "basename": "MULpnas08.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jq13r-wdm27/files/MULpnas08.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "MULpnas08supp.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jq13r-wdm27/files/MULpnas08supp.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Mulliken, Grant H.; Musallam, Sam; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1c9r7-dhs77", "eprint_id": 102211, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:55:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:16", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "Christopher A." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Jarvis-M-R", "name": { "family": "Jarvis", "given": "Murray R." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Time-invariant reference frames for parietal reach activity", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Monkey; Cortex; Arm; Coordinates; Transformations", "note": "\u00a9 2008 Springer-Verlag. \n\nReceived 18 July 2007; Accepted 29 February 2008; Published 27 March 2008. \n\nThe authors wish to thank Betty Gillikin, Kelsie Pejsa, Lea Martel and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, Janet Baer and Janna Wynne for veterinary care and Cierina Marks and Tessa Yao for administrative assistance. This work was supported by the J. G. Boswell Foundation, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, the National Eye Institute (NEI), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR).", "abstract": "Neurophysiological studies suggest that the transformation of visual signals into arm movement commands does not involve a sequential recruitment of the various reach-related regions of the cerebral cortex but a largely simultaneous activation of these areas, which form a distributed and recurrent visuomotor network. However, little is known about how the reference frames used to encode reach-related variables in a given \"node\" of this network vary with the time taken to generate a behavioral response. Here we show that in an instructed delay reaching task, the reference frames used to encode target location in the parietal reach region (PRR) and area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) do not evolve dynamically in time; rather the same spatial representation exists within each area from the time target-related information is first instantiated in the network until the moment of movement execution. As previously reported, target location was encoded predominantly in eye coordinates in PRR and in both eye and hand coordinates in area 5. Thus, the different computational stages of the visuomotor transformation for reaching appear to coexist simultaneously in the parietal cortex, which may facilitate the rapid adjustment of trajectories that are a hallmark of skilled reaching behavior.", "date": "2008-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Experimental Brain Research", "volume": "188", "number": "1", "publisher": "Springer", "pagerange": "77-89", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-070246216", "issn": "0014-4819", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-070246216", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/s00221-008-1340-x", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Buneo, Christopher A.; Batista, Aaron P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d6dx5-fw752", "eprint_id": 76363, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 22:43:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 15:40:26", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Nelson-M-J", "name": { "family": "Nelson", "given": "Matthew J." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Free choice activates a decision circuit between frontal and parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2008 Nature Publishing Group. \n\nReceived 2 January 2007; Accepted 22 February 2008; Published online 16 April 2008.\n\nAcknowledgements: This work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency BioInfoMicro program, a Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (B.P.), a James D. Watson Investigator Program Award from NYSTAR (B.P.) and a Sloan Research Fellowship (B.P.). We thank: N. Daw, H. Dean and D. Heeger for comments; T. Yao for editorial assistance; K. Pejsa and N. Sammons for animal care; and V. Shcherbatyuk and M. Walsh for technical assistance.\n\nAuthor Contributions: B.P., M.J.N. and R.A.A. designed the experiment and wrote the paper. B.P. and M.J.N. collected the data. B.P. performed the data analysis.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms87615.pdf
Supplemental Material - nature06849-s1.pdf
", "abstract": "We often face alternatives that we are free to choose between. Planning movements to select an\nalternative involves several areas in frontal and parietal cortex that are anatomically connected into long-range circuits. These areas must coordinate their activity to select a common movement goal, but how neural circuits make decisions remains poorly understood. Here we simultaneously record from the dorsal premotor area (PMd) in frontal cortex and the parietal reach region (PRR) in parietal cortex to investigate neural circuit mechanisms for decision making. We find that correlations in spike and local field potential (LFP) activity between these areas are greater when monkeys are freely making choices than when they are following instructions. We propose that a decision circuit featuring a sub-population of cells in frontal and parietal cortex may exchange information to coordinate activity between these areas. Cells participating in this decision circuit may influence movement choices by providing a common bias to the selection of movement goals.", "date": "2008-05-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature", "volume": "453", "number": "7193", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "406-409", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-192148886", "issn": "0028-0836", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-192148886", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Burroughs Wellcome Fund" }, { "agency": "NYSTAR James D. Watson Investigator Program" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/nature06849", "pmcid": "PMC2728060", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms87615.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d6dx5-fw752/files/nihms87615.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nature06849-s1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d6dx5-fw752/files/nature06849-s1.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Pesaran, Bijan; Nelson, Matthew J.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s9rqh-ptf07", "eprint_id": 102208, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 21:26:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cui-He", "name": { "family": "Cui", "given": "He" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Posterior Parietal Cortex Encodes Autonomously Selected Motor Plans", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "SYSNEURO", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Elsevier Inc.\n\nReceived 13 July 2007, Revised 13 September 2007, Accepted 26 September 2007, Available online 7 November 2007.\n\nWe thank R. Battacharyya, C. Buneo, J. Cho, E. Hwang, and S. Musallam for help during data collection; D. Baldauf, G. Mulliken, and H. Scherberger for helpful discussions during the course of this study; M. Campos, I. Kagan, and D. Rizzuto for valuable comments on the manuscript; K. Pejsa, N. Sammons, and L. Martel for help with animal handling and training; J. Baer and C. Lindsell for veterinary assistance; V. Shcherbatyuk for computer support; and T. Yao for administrative support. This work was supported by National Eye Institute (NEI) and the James G. Boswell Foundation.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms34123.pdf
Supplemental Material - 1-s2.0-S0896627307007659-mmc1.pdf
", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of rhesus monkeys has been found to encode the behavioral meaning of categories of sensory stimuli. When animals are instructed with sensory cues to make either eye or hand movements to a target, PPC cells also show specificity depending on which effector (eye or hand) is instructed for the movement. To determine whether this selectivity retrospectively reflects the behavioral meaning of the cue or prospectively encodes the movement plan, we trained monkeys to autonomously choose to acquire a target in the absence of direct instructions specifying which effector to use. Activity in PPC showed strong specificity for effector choice, with cells in the lateral intraparietal area selective for saccades and cells in the parietal reach region selective for reaches. Such differential activity associated with effector choice under identical stimulus conditions provides definitive evidence that the PPC is prospectively involved in action selection and movement preparation.", "date": "2007-11-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "56", "number": "3", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "552-559", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200331-140611914", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200331-140611914", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.031", "pmcid": "PMC2651089", "primary_object": { "basename": "1-s2.0-S0896627307007659-mmc1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s9rqh-ptf07/files/1-s2.0-S0896627307007659-mmc1.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "nihms34123.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s9rqh-ptf07/files/nihms34123.pdf" } ], "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Cui, He and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/knpg9-vhn85", "eprint_id": 98379, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:05:41", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:18:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brozovi\u0107-Marina", "name": { "family": "Brozovi\u0107", "given": "Marina" } }, { "id": "Gail-Alexander", "name": { "family": "Gail", "given": "Alexander" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Gain Mechanisms for Contextually Guided Visuomotor Transformations", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "context; rule-guided behavior; sensorimotor transformations; recurrent networks; parietal cortex; feedback", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Society for Neuroscience.\n\nReceived Nov. 28, 2006; revised Aug. 4, 2007; accepted Aug. 14, 2007.\n\nThis work was supported by the Swartz Fellowship, Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung, Germany) Grant 01GQ0433, and the National Institutes of Health. We thank T. Yao and V. Shcherbatyuk for administrative and technical support.\n\nM.B. and A.G. contributed equally to this work.\n\nPublished - zns10588.pdf
", "abstract": "A prevailing question in sensorimotor research is the integration of sensory signals with abstract behavioral rules (contexts) and how this results in decisions about motor actions. We used neural network models to study how context-specific visuomotor remapping may depend on the functional connectivity among multiple layers. Networks were trained to perform different rotational visuomotor associations, depending on the stimulus color (a nonspatial context signal). In network I, the context signal was propagated forward through the network (bottom-up), whereas in network II, it was propagated backwards (top-down). During the presentation of the visual cue stimulus, both networks integrate the context with the sensory information via a mechanism similar to the classic gain field. The recurrence in the networks hidden layers allowed a simulation of the multimodal integration over time. Network I learned to perform the proper visuomotor transformations based on a context-modulated memory of the visual cue in its hidden layer activity. In network II, a brief visual response, which was driven by the sensory input, is quickly replaced by a context-modulated motor-goal representation in the hidden layer. This happens because of a dominant feedback signal from the output layer that first conveys context information, and then, after the disappearance of the visual cue, conveys motor goal information. We also show that the origin of the context information is not necessarily closely tied to the top-down feedback. However, we suggest that the predominance of motor-goal representations found in the parietal cortex during context-specific movement planning might be the consequence of strong top-down feedback originating from within the parietal lobe or from the frontal lobe.", "date": "2007-09-26", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "27", "number": "39", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "10588-10596", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190903-074025281", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190903-074025281", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)", "grant_number": "01GQ0433" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.2685-07.2007", "pmcid": "PMC6673148", "primary_object": { "basename": "zns10588.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/knpg9-vhn85/files/zns10588.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Brozovi\u0107, Marina; Gail, Alexander; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fr25g-wj887", "eprint_id": 102215, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:41:50", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:36", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lee-Brian", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Brian" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3592-8146" }, { "id": "Pesaran-Bijan", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Translation Speed Compensation in the Dorsal Aspect of the Medial Superior Temporal Area", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "MSTd; optic flow; self-motion; heading perception; compensation; translation", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Society for Neuroscience. Beginning six months after publication the Work will be made freely available to the public on SfN's website to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nReceived Aug. 8, 2006; revised Feb. 4, 2007; accepted Feb. 5, 2007. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Eye Institute, J. G. Boswell Professorship, a Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Predoctoral Fellowship. We thank Kelsie Pejsa, Nicole Sammons, and Lea Martel for animal care and surgical assistance, Tessa Yao for\nadministrative assistance, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, James A. Crowell for optic flow stimulus\nassistance, and Marina Brozovic and Boris Breznen for scientific discussions on this manuscript.\n\nPublished - 2582.full.pdf
", "abstract": "The dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) is involved in the computation of heading direction from the focus of expansion (FOE) of the visual image. Our laboratory previously found that MSTd neurons adjust their focus tuning curves to compensate for shifts in the FOE produced by eye rotation (Bradley et al., 1996) as well as for changes in pursuit speed (Shenoy et al., 2002). The translation speed of an observer also affects the shift of the FOE. To investigate whether MSTd neurons can adjust their focus tuning curves to compensate for varying translation speeds, we recorded extracellular responses from 93 focus-tuned MSTd neurons in two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performing pursuit eye movements across displays of varying translation speeds. We found that MSTd neurons had larger shifts in their tuning curves for slow translation speeds and smaller shifts for fast translation speeds. These shifts aligned the focus tuning curves with the true heading direction and not with the retinal position of the FOE. Because the eye was pursuing at the same rate for varying translation speeds, these results indicate that retinal cues related both to translation speed and extraretinal signals from pursuit eye movements are used by MSTd neurons to compute heading direction.", "date": "2007-03-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "27", "number": "10", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "2582-2591", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-073803280", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-073803280", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Burroughs Wellcome Fund" }, { "agency": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.3416-06.2007", "pmcid": "PMC6672509", "primary_object": { "basename": "2582.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fr25g-wj887/files/2582.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Lee, Brian; Pesaran, Bijan; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hwq4n-9sd40", "eprint_id": 98380, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:35:31", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 17:19:00", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Scherberger-Hansj\u00f6rg", "name": { "family": "Scherberger", "given": "Hansj\u00f6rg" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Target Selection Signals for Arm Reaching in the Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "sensorimotor transformation; motor system; movement planning; decision making; monkey; parietal reach region", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Society for Neuroscience. \n\nReceived Jan. 3, 2006; revised Jan. 10, 2007; accepted Jan. 10, 2007. \n\nThis work was supported by the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, the James G. Boswell Foundation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Office of Naval Research, Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at the California Institute of Technology, and the National Eye Institute. We thank B. G. Grieve, K. Pejsa, and L. Martel for animal care, T. Yao and C. Marks for administrative assistance, and V. Shcherbatyuk for technical support.\n\nPublished - zns2001.pdf
", "abstract": "The selection of visual stimuli as a target for a motor action may depend on external as well as internal variables. The parietal reach region (PRR) in the posterior parietal cortex plays an important role in the transformation of visual information into reach movement plans. We asked how neurons in PRR of macaque monkeys reflect the decision process of selecting one of two visual stimuli as a target for a reach movement. Spiking activity was recorded while the animal performed a free-choice task with one target presented in the preferred direction and the other in the off direction of the cell. Stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) was adjusted to ensure that both targets were selected equally often and the amount of reward was fixed. Neural activity in PRR was action specific for arm reaching and reflected the timing of the SOA as well as the selection of reach targets. In individual trials, activity was strongly linked to the choice of the animal, and, for the majority of cells, target selections could be predicted from activity in the stimulation or planning period, i.e., before the movement started. Many neurons were gain modulated by the fixation position, but gain modulation did not influence the target selection process directly. Finally, it was found that target selection for saccade movements was only weakly represented in PRR. These findings suggest that PRR is involved in decision making for reach movements and that separate cortical networks exist for target selection of different types of action.", "date": "2007-02-21", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "27", "number": "8", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "2001-2012", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190903-074737014", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190903-074737014", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "HD-05753" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.4274-06.2007", "pmcid": "PMC6673534", "primary_object": { "basename": "zns2001.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hwq4n-9sd40/files/zns2001.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Scherberger, Hansj\u00f6rg and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vyjpv-1dk50", "eprint_id": 102216, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:32:54", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:39", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "Sam" } }, { "id": "Bak-M-J", "name": { "family": "Bak", "given": "Martin J." } }, { "id": "Troyk-P-R", "name": { "family": "Troyk", "given": "Philip R." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A floating metal microelectrode array for chronic implantation", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Multi-electrode arrays; Neural prosthesis; Brain\u2013machine interface; Rats", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Elsevier B.V. \n\nReceived 3 May 2006, Revised 25 August 2006, Accepted 1 September 2006, Available online 25 October 2006. \n\nThe authors wish to thank Cevat Ustun, Eunjung Huang, Tessa Yao, Viktor Shcherbatyuk, Nicole Sammons and Kelsie Pejsa. We also thank the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), The Swartz-Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, The National Institute of Health (NIH), The McKnight Foundation and the Industrial Outreach funds for the NSF Center for Neuromorphic Systems Engineering ERC at Caltech. The FMA microelectrode systems were developed in cooperation with Micro Probe, Inc. and in part through a SBIR Phase I grant to Micro Probe, Inc., number R43NS051036-01.", "abstract": "Implantation of multi-electrode arrays is becoming increasingly more prevalent within the neuroscience research community and has become important for clinical applications. Many of these studies have been directed towards the development of sensory and motor prosthesis. Here, we present a multi-electrode system made from biocompatible material that is electrically and mechanically stable, and employs design features allowing flexibility in the geometric layout and length of the individual electrodes within the array. We also employ recent advances in laser machining of thin ceramic substrates, application of ultra-fine line gold conductors to ceramic, fabrication of extremely flexible cables, and fine wire management techniques associated with juxtaposing metal microelectrodes within a few hundred microns of each other in the development of a floating multi-electrode array (FMA). We implanted the FMA in rats and show that the FMA is capable of recording both spikes and local field potentials.", "date": "2007-02-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "volume": "160", "number": "1", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "122-127", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-074402581", "issn": "0165-0270", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-074402581", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R43NS051036-01" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.09.005", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Musallam, Sam; Bak, Martin J.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/j2mag-44557", "eprint_id": 102217, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:49:22", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:48", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Torres-E-B", "name": { "family": "Torres", "given": "Elizabeth" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Space-Time Separation During Obstacle-Avoidance Learning in Monkeys", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2006 by the American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 20 February 2006; Accepted 16 July 2006; Published online 1 November 2006; Published in print 1 November 2006. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.\n\nAccepted Version - jn.00188.2006_accepted.pdf
", "abstract": "Is the movement duration time known before we move? To answer this question, a new experimental paradigm is introduced that for the first time monitors the acquisition of a new motor skill in rhesus monkeys. Straight reaches were interleaved with reaches around physical obstacles that elicited a different path geometry. Curved and longer spatial paths were immediately resolved and consistent over months of training. A new temporal strategy separately evolved over repetitions from multiple to a single velocity peak. We propose that the obstacle-avoidance spatial paths were resolved before motion execution and used as reference in the computation of the new dynamics. Path conservation from the first trial occurred both at the hand and at the joint angle levels, whereas the speed profile dramatically changed over time. The spatial solution required no learning and was anticipated by the spontaneous repositioning of the initial arm posture. The learning was in the temporal domain, involving the adjustment of the speed during the motion's first impulse. Within the movement initiation, the partial distance traveled by the hand up to the first velocity peak was finely tuned under a constant time. For a given space location, the time of the first impulse remained robust to learning, but significantly shifted for different targets and obstacle configurations. Differences in the temporal-related parameters across time provided a clear distinction between learning and automatic behavior.", "date": "2006-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "96", "number": "5", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "2613-2632", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-074938816", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-074938816", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1152/jn.00188.2006", "primary_object": { "basename": "jn.00188.2006_accepted.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/j2mag-44557/files/jn.00188.2006_accepted.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Torres, Elizabeth and Andersen, Richard" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p4xaa-rzs37", "eprint_id": 98201, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-15 06:22:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 21:25:51", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Gail-Alexander", "name": { "family": "Gail", "given": "Alexander" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Neural Dynamics in Monkey Parietal Reach Region Reflect Context-Specific Sensorimotor Transformations", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "sensorimotor transformation; posterior parietal cortex; motor intention; goal-directed behavior; anti-reach; S\u2013R\ncompatibility", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Society for Neuroscience. \n\nReceived April 11, 2006; revised July 26, 2006; accepted July 27, 2006. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and Office of Naval Research. We thank Axel Lindner, Marina Brozovic, and Sam Musallam for valuable comments on a previous draft of this manuscript, K. Pejsa, N. Sammons, and L. Martel for animal care, and T. Yao and V. Shcherbatyuk for administrative and technical support.\n\nPublished - 9376.full.pdf
", "abstract": "We investigated the neural dynamics of sensorimotor transformations in the parietal reach region (PRR) of monkeys. To dissociate sensory from motor goal representations, we used a memory-guided anti-reach task. The monkeys had to reach either to a visually instructed, memorized peripheral target position (pro-reach) or to a diametrically opposed position (anti) while keeping central ocular fixation. Pro- and anti-reaches were randomly interleaved and indicated by a color instruction from the beginning of each trial. We analyzed spatiotemporal single-cell tuning and performed time-resolved population decoding to quantify the dynamic representation of the spatial visual cue, the reach goal, and the currently valid task rule (pro/anti mapping). Sensory information regarding the visual cue position was represented weakly during a short period of cue visibility. PRR predominantly encoded the reach goal from the end of the cue period on. The representation of the reach goal in the memory task evolves later for the anti- compared with pro-reaches, consistent with a 40\u201350 ms difference in reaction time between the two task rules. The task rule could be decoded before the appearance of the spatial cue, which indicates that abstract rule information is present in PRR that is independent of spatial cue or motor goal representations. Our findings support the hypothesis that PRR immediately translates current sensory information into reach movement plans, rather than storing the memorized cue location in the instructed-delay task. This finding indicates that PRR represents integrated knowledge on spatial sensory information combined with abstract behavioral rules to encode the desired movement goal.", "date": "2006-09-13", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "26", "number": "37", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "9376-9384", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190826-075340134", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190826-075340134", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.1570-06.2006", "pmcid": "PMC6674591", "primary_object": { "basename": "9376.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/p4xaa-rzs37/files/9376.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Gail, Alexander and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4gg28-ykz24", "eprint_id": 2660, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:09:52", "lastmod": "2023-10-13 23:39:40", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bokil-H-S", "name": { "family": "Bokil", "given": "Hemant S." } }, { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Mitra-P-P", "name": { "family": "Mitra", "given": "Parta P." } } ] }, "title": "A Method for Detection and Classification of Events in Neural Activity", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Cepstral analysis, decoding, multitaper spectral analysis, nervous system, prediction methods", "note": "\u00a9 2006 IEEE. Reprinted with permission. \n\nManuscript received July 29, 2005; revised February 19, 2006. [Posted online: 2006-07-17] \n\nThis work was supported in part by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), in part by the McKnight Foundation, in part by the Swartz Foundation, in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Grant R01 MH62528-02 and Grant EY 13337-03. The work of R. A. Anderson was supported in part by a Boswell Professorship. \n\nThe authors acknowledge and thank Dr. J. Pezaris and Dr. M. Sahani for recording the LIP data which we used to test the algorithm. The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.\n\nPublished - BOKieeetbe06.pdf
", "abstract": "We present a method for the real time prediction of punctuate events in neural activity, based on the time-frequency spectrum of the signal, applicable both to continuous processes like local field potentials (LFPs) as well as to spike trains. We test it on recordings of LFP and spiking activity acquired previously from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of macaque monkeys performing a memory-saccade task. In contrast to earlier work, where trials with known start times were classified, our method detects and classifies trials directly from the data. It provides a means to quantitatively compare and contrast the content of LFP signals and spike trains: we find that the detector performance based on the LFP matches the performance based on spike rates. The method should find application in the development of neural prosthetics based on the LFP signal. Our approach uses a new feature vector, which we call the 2d cepstrum.", "date": "2006-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering", "volume": "53", "number": "8", "publisher": "IEEE", "pagerange": "1678-1687", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:BOKieeetbe06", "issn": "0018-9294", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:BOKieeetbe06", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" }, { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "R01 MH62528-02" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY 13337-03" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1109/TBME.2006.877802", "primary_object": { "basename": "BOKieeetbe06.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4gg28-ykz24/files/BOKieeetbe06.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Bokil, Hemant S.; Pesaran, Bijan; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/22265-db082", "eprint_id": 102218, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:05:57", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:53", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brozovi\u0107-M", "name": { "family": "Brozovi\u0107", "given": "Marina" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A nonparametric quantification of neural response field structures", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "independent component analysis; parietal cortex; principal component analysis; shapes of the response fields", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. \n\nReceived 30 March 2006; accepted 3 April 2006. \n\nThe authors would like to thank the generous support of the James G. Boswell Foundation, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology and the National Eye Institute. We thank Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer assistance and Tessa Yao for administrative assistance.", "abstract": "The response fields of higher cortical neurons are usually approximated with smooth mathematical functions for the purpose of population parameterization or theoretical modeling. We used instead two nonparametric methods (principal component analysis and independent component analysis), which provided a basis for the response field clustering. Although both methods performed satisfactorily, the principal component analysis space is more straightforward to calculate. It also gave a clear preference toward the smallest number of functional response field classes. Clustering was performed with both K-means and superparamagnetic clustering algorithms with similar results. We also show that the shapes of the eigenvectors remain consistent regardless of the response field data sets size. This finding reflects the fact that the response fields were generated by the same neural network and encode the same underlying process.", "date": "2006-07-17", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuroreport", "volume": "17", "number": "10", "publisher": "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins", "pagerange": "963-967", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-075619671", "issn": "0959-4965", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-075619671", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1097/01.wnr.0000223384.49919.28", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Brozovi\u0107, Marina and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2hj8p-e9v09", "eprint_id": 80734, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:15:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-17 17:07:31", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Nelson-M-J", "name": { "family": "Nelson", "given": "Matthew J." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Dorsal Premotor Neurons Encode the Relative Position of the Hand, Eye, and Goal during Reach Planning", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Elsevier Inc. \n\nReceived 25 October 2005, Revised 31 March 2006, Accepted 26 May 2006, Available online 5 July 2006. Published: July 5, 2006. \n\nWe would like to acknowledge valuable conversations with Chris Buneo and helpful comments on the manuscript from Alex Gail and Sam Musallam. This work was supported by NIH grants EY05522-21 and MH62528-01, the DARPA BioInfoMicro program, and a Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund to B.P. We thank Tessa Yao for editorial assistance, Kelsie Pejsa and Leah Martel for animal care, and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance.\n\nAccepted Version - nihms16712.pdf
", "abstract": "When reaching to grasp an object, we often move our\narm and orient our gaze together. How are these movements\ncoordinated? To investigate this question, we\nstudied neuronal activity in the dorsal premotor area\n(PMd) and the medial intraparietal area (area MIP) of\ntwo monkeys while systematically varying the starting\nposition of the hand and eye during reaching. PMd\nneurons encoded the relative position of the target,\nhand, and eye. MIP neurons encoded target location\nwith respect to the eye only. These results indicate\nthat whereas MIP encodes target locations in an eyecentered\nreference frame, PMd uses a relative position\ncode that specifies the differences in locations between\nall three variables. Such a relative position code\nmay play an important role in coordinating hand and\neye movements by computing their relative position.", "date": "2006-07-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "51", "number": "1", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "125-134", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170823-133847993", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170823-133847993", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY05522-21" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "MH62528-01" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Burroughs Wellcome Fund" } ] }, "collection": "CaltechAUTHORS", "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.025", "pmcid": "PMC3066049", "primary_object": { "basename": "nihms16712.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2hj8p-e9v09/files/nihms16712.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Pesaran, Bijan; Nelson, Matthew J.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/33yxm-rzm19", "eprint_id": 75901, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:24:44", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 15:23:46", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Quiroga-Rodrigo-Quian", "name": { "family": "Quiroga", "given": "Rodrigo Quian" } }, { "id": "Snyder-Lawrence H.-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Batista-Aaron-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Cui-He", "name": { "family": "Cui", "given": "He" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Movement Intention Is Better Predicted than Attention in the Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "attention; motor intention; single-trial analysis; population coding; vision; parieta", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Society for Neuroscience. For the first six months after publication SfN's license will be exclusive. Beginning six months after publication the Work will be made freely available to the public on SfN's website to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nReceived Aug. 16, 2005; revised Feb. 12, 2006; accepted Feb. 13, 2006. \n\nThis work was supported by the Sloan-Swartz Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Office of Naval Research, and the Boswell Foundation.\n\nPublished - 3615.full.pdf
", "abstract": "We decoded on a trial-by-trial basis the location of visual targets, as a marker of the locus of attention, and intentions to reach and to saccade in different directions using the activity of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of two monkeys. Predictions of target locations were significantly worse than predictions of movement plans for the same target locations. Moreover, neural signals in the parietal reach region (PRR) gave better predictions of reaches than saccades, whereas signals in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) gave better predictions of saccades than reaches. Taking together the activity of both areas, the prediction of either movement in all directions became nearly perfect. These results cannot be explained in terms of an attention effect and support the idea of two segregated populations in the posterior parietal cortex, PRR and LIP, that are involved in different movement plans.", "date": "2006-03-29", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "26", "number": "13", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "3615-3620", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-140001216", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-140001216", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3468-05.2006", "pmcid": "PMC6673863", "primary_object": { "basename": "3615.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/33yxm-rzm19/files/3615.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian; Snyder, Lawrence H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3v5jh-wp133", "eprint_id": 3100, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:11:58", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 15:37:26", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pang-Changlin", "name": { "family": "Pang", "given": "C." } }, { "id": "Tai-Yu-Chong", "name": { "family": "Tai", "given": "Y.-C." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-106X" }, { "id": "Burdick-J-W", "name": { "family": "Burdick", "given": "J. W." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Electrolysis-based diaphragm actuators", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing Limited 2006. \n\nReceived 25 July 2005, Published 25 January 2006, Print publication: Issue 4 (28 February 2006) \n\nWe wish to acknowledge the support of the National Institutes of Health and thank Mr Trevor Roper for assistance with fabrication. \n\nSPECIAL SECTION: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIO-NANO-INFORMATICS FUSION (BNI FUSION 2005), MARINA DEL REY, CA. USA, 20\u201322 JULY 2005\n\nPublished - PANnano06.pdf
", "abstract": "This work presents a new electrolysis-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) diaphragm actuator. Electrolysis is a technique for converting electrical energy to pneumatic energy. Theoretically electrolysis can achieve a strain of 136 000% and is capable of generating a pressure above 200 MPa. Electrolysis actuators require modest electrical power and produce minimal heat. Due to the large volume expansion obtained via electrolysis, small actuators can create a large force. Up to 100 \u00b5m of movement was achieved by a 3 mm diaphragm. The actuator operates at room temperature and has a latching and reversing capability.", "date": "2006-02-28", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nanotechnology", "volume": "17", "number": "4", "publisher": "IOP", "pagerange": "S64-s68", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:PANnano06", "issn": "0957-4484", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:PANnano06", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1088/0957-4484/17/4/010", "primary_object": { "basename": "PANnano06.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3v5jh-wp133/files/PANnano06.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Pang, C.; Tai, Y.-C.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rm5rp-k8215", "eprint_id": 102219, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 04:15:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:57:59", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Nieman-D-R", "name": { "family": "Nieman", "given": "Dylan R." } }, { "id": "Hayashi-Ryusuke", "name": { "family": "Hayashi", "given": "Ryusuke" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Shimojo-S", "name": { "family": "Shimojo", "given": "Shinsuke" } } ] }, "title": "Gaze direction modulates visual aftereffects in depth and color", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Color aftereffect; Depth aftereffect; Gaze-modulation", "note": "\u00a9 2005 Elsevier Ltd. \n\nReceived 26 April 2004, Revised 17 May 2005, Available online 10 August 2005.", "abstract": "Prior physiological studies indicate that gaze direction modulates the gain of neural responses to visual stimuli. Here, we test gaze modulation in the perceptual domain using color and depth aftereffects. After confirming retinotopy of the effects, we employed a balanced alternating adaptation paradigm (adaptation alternates between opponent stimuli) to demonstrate that opposite color and depth aftereffects can co-develop at the same retinal location for different gaze directions. The results provide strong evidence for (a) gaze modulation of aftereffects, (b) generality of gaze modulation across two visual attributes, and (c) perceptual correlates of the modulation of neural activity by gaze direction.", "date": "2005-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Vision Research", "volume": "45", "number": "22", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "2885-2894", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-080131202", "issn": "0042-6989", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-080131202", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1016/j.visres.2005.06.029", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Nieman, Dylan R.; Hayashi, Ryusuke; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/755zp-cc696", "eprint_id": 102221, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:11:18", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Campos-M", "name": { "family": "Campos", "given": "M." } }, { "id": "Breznen-B", "name": { "family": "Breznen", "given": "B." } }, { "id": "Bernheim-K-A", "name": { "family": "Bernheim", "given": "K." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Supplementary Motor Area Encodes Reward Expectancy in Eye-Movement Tasks", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2005 by the American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 10 January 2005; Accepted 13 April 2005; Published online 1 August 2005; Published in print 1 August 2005. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and a James G. Boswell Professorship. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.\n\nAccepted Version - jn.00022.2005_accepted.pdf
", "abstract": "Neural activity signifying the expectation of reward has been found recently in many parts of the brain, including midbrain and cortical structures. These signals can facilitate goal-directed behavior or the learning of new skills based on reinforcements. Here we show that neurons in the supplementary motor area (SMA), an area concerned with movements of the body and limbs, also carry a reward expectancy signal in the postsaccadic period of oculomotor tasks. While the monkeys performed blocks of memory-guided and object-based saccades, the neurons discharged a burst after a \u223c200-ms delay following the target-acquiring saccade in the memory task but often fired concurrently with the target-acquiring saccade in the object task. The hypothesis that this postsaccadic bursting activity reflects the expectation of a reward was tested with a series of manipulations to the memory-guided saccade task. It was found that although the timing of the bursting activity corresponds to a visual feedback stimulus, the visual feedback is not required for the neurons to discharge a burst. Second, blocks of no-reward trials reveal an extinction of the bursting activity as the monkeys come to understand that they would not be rewarded for properly generated saccades. Finally, the delivery of unexpected rewards confirmed that in many of the neurons, the activity is not related to a motor plan to acquire the reward (e.g., licking). Thus we conclude that reward expectancy is represented by the activity of SMA neurons, even in the context of an oculomotor task. These results suggest that the reward expectancy signal is broadcast over a large extent of motor cortex, and may facilitate the learning of new, coordinated behavior between different body parts.", "date": "2005-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "94", "number": "2", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "1325-1335", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-081214414", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-081214414", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00022.2005", "primary_object": { "basename": "jn.00022.2005_accepted.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/755zp-cc696/files/jn.00022.2005_accepted.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Campos, M.; Breznen, B.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a27cm-tby46", "eprint_id": 102220, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:40:14", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Scherberger-H", "name": { "family": "Scherberger", "given": "Hansj\u00f6rg" } }, { "id": "Jarvis-M-R", "name": { "family": "Jarvis", "given": "Murray R." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Cortical Local Field Potential Encodes Movement Intentions in the Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. \n\nReceived 18 November 2004, Revised 31 January 2005, Accepted 4 March 2005, Available online 20 April 2005. \n\nWe thank B.G. Grieve, K. Pejsa, and L. Martel for animal care; T. Yao and C. Marks for administrative assistance; V. Shcherbatyuk for technical support; and C.A. Buneo and B. Pesaran for valuable comments on an earlier draft of this paper. This work was supported by the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, the James G. Boswell Foundation, DARPA, ONR, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, and the National Eye Institute.", "abstract": "The cortical local field potential (LFP) is a summation signal of excitatory and inhibitory dendritic potentials that has recently become of increasing interest. We report that LFP signals in the parietal reach region (PRR) of the posterior parietal cortex of macaque monkeys have temporal structure that varies with the type of planned or executed motor behavior. LFP signals from PRR provide better decode performance for reaches compared to saccades and have stronger coherency with simultaneously recorded spiking activity during the planning of reach movements than during saccade planning. LFP signals predict the animal's behavioral state (e.g., planning a reach or saccade) and the direction of the currently planned movement from single-trial information. This new evidence provides further support for a role of the parietal cortex in movement planning and the potential application of LFP signals for a brain-machine interface.", "date": "2005-04-21", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "46", "number": "2", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "347-354", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-080739516", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-080739516", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.004", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Scherberger, Hansj\u00f6rg; Jarvis, Murray R.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jw2ns-0ng41", "eprint_id": 56035, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:35:13", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 23:34:41", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Rizzuto-D-S", "name": { "family": "Rizzuto", "given": "Daniel S." } }, { "id": "Mamelak-A-N", "name": { "family": "Mamelak", "given": "Adam N." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-4245-6431" }, { "id": "Sutherling-W-W", "name": { "family": "Sutherling", "given": "William W." } }, { "id": "Fineman-I", "name": { "family": "Fineman", "given": "Igor" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Spatial selectivity in human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2005 Nature Publishing Group.\n\nReceived 10 September 2004; accepted 15 February 2005; Published online 13 March 2005.\n\nWe thank S. Musallam, A. Gail, B. Pesaran and H. Glidden for helpful discussion. The authors acknowledge support from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Eye Institute, the Boswell Foundation, Office of Naval Research and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. \n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\n\nSupplemental Material - nn1424-S1.pdf
", "abstract": "The functional organization of lateral prefrontal cortex is not well understood, and there is debate as to whether the dorsal and ventral aspects mediate distinct spatial and non-spatial functions, respectively. We show for the first time that recordings from human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex show spatial selectivity, supporting the idea that ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in spatial processing. Our results also indicate that prefrontal cortex may be a source of control signals for neuroprosthetic applications.", "date": "2005-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Neuroscience", "volume": "8", "number": "4", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "415-417", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150324-142527784", "issn": "1097-6256", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150324-142527784", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/nn1424", "primary_object": { "basename": "nn1424-S1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jw2ns-0ng41/files/nn1424-S1.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Rizzuto, Daniel S.; Mamelak, Adam N.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yar80-9rw35", "eprint_id": 96586, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:13:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:19:57", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cham-J-G", "name": { "family": "Cham", "given": "Jorge G." } }, { "id": "Branchaud-E-A", "name": { "family": "Branchaud", "given": "Edward A." } }, { "id": "Nenadic-Z", "name": { "family": "Nenadic", "given": "Zoran" } }, { "id": "Greger-B-E", "name": { "family": "Greger", "given": "Bradley" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6702-7596" }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Burdick-J-W", "name": { "family": "Burdick", "given": "Joel W." } } ] }, "title": "Semi-Chronic Motorized Microdrive and Control Algorithm for Autonomously Isolating and Maintaining Optimal Extracellular Action Potentials", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2005 American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 12 April 2004. Accepted 23 June 2004. Published 1 January 2005. \n\nWe thank the members of the Andersen lab at Caltech, especially D. Meeker, B. Pesaran, B. Breznen, S. Musallam, K. Pejsa, and L. Martel. Thanks also to A. Eddins and R. Rojas for help in fabricating the prototype. \n\nThis work was funded by National Institutes of Health, DARPA, the Boswell Foundation, Office of Naval Research, and National Science Foundation.", "abstract": "A system was developed that can autonomously position recording electrodes to isolate and maintain optimal quality extracellular signals. The system consists of a novel motorized miniature recording microdrive and a control algorithm. The microdrive was designed for chronic operation and can independently position four glass-coated Pt-Ir electrodes with micrometer precision over a 5-mm range using small (3 mm diam) piezoelectric linear actuators. The autonomous positioning algorithm is designed to detect, align, and cluster action potentials and then command the microdrive to optimize and maintain the neural signal. This system is shown to be capable of autonomous operation in monkey cortical tissue.", "date": "2005-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "93", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "570-579", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190620-093003793", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190620-093003793", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NSF" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00369.2004", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Cham, Jorge G.; Branchaud, Edward A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/datk0-beb72", "eprint_id": 102222, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 14:48:14", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:15", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "Sam" } }, { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } } ] }, "title": "Selecting the signals for a brain\u2013machine interface", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ltd. \n\nAvailable online 2 November 2004. \n\nWe thank K Pejsa, L Martel, V Shcherbatyuk and T Yao for the support that has made this work possible, and H Scherberger, B Corneil, B Greger, J Burdick, I Fineman, D Meeker, D Rizzuto, G Mulliken, R Battacharyya H Glidden, M Nelson and K Bernheim for stimulating discussion. We thank the National Eye Institute, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the James G. Boswell Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation and the Burroughs\u2013Welcome Fund for their generous support.", "abstract": "Brain\u2013machine interfaces are being developed to assist paralyzed patients by enabling them to operate machines with recordings of their own neural activity. Recent studies show that motor parameters, such as hand trajectory, and cognitive parameters, such as the goal and predicted value of an action, can be decoded from the recorded activity to provide control signals. Neural prosthetics that use simultaneously a variety of cognitive and motor signals can maximize the ability of patients to communicate and interact with the outside world. Although most studies have recorded electroencephalograms or spike activity, recent research shows that local field potentials (LFPs) offer a promising additional signal. The decode performances of LFPs and spike signals are comparable and, because LFP recordings are more long lasting, they might help to increase the lifetime of the prosthetics.", "date": "2004-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Current Opinion in Neurobiology", "volume": "14", "number": "6", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "720-726", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-081857624", "issn": "0959-4388", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-081857624", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "Burroughs-Welcome Fund" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.005", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Musallam, Sam; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/483py-mpa51", "eprint_id": 96474, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 14:38:29", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 21:12:55", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Burdick-J-W", "name": { "family": "Burdick", "given": "J. W." } }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "S." } }, { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "B." } }, { "id": "Cham-J-G", "name": { "family": "Cham", "given": "J. G." } } ] }, "title": "Cognitive neural prosthetics", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ltd. \n\nAvailable online 6 October 2004. \n\nWe wish to thank Eddie Branchaud, Grant Mulliken, Yu-Chong Tai, Brian Corneil, Hans Scherberger, Bradley Greger, Daniella Meeker, Igor Fineman, Zoran Nenadic, Dan Rizzuto and Hilary Glidden for insightful discussions and participation in experiments described in this article. We acknowledge the support of the National Eye Institute, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Office of Naval Research, the Boswell Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, and the Human Frontier Science Program. We thank Tessa Yao for administrative assistance, Betty Grieve, Kelsie Pajsa and Lea Martel for technical support, Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer support, and Janet Baer and Claire Lindsell for veterinary care.", "abstract": "Research on neural prosthetics has focused largely on using activity related to hand trajectories recorded from motor cortical areas. An interesting question revolves around what other signals might be read out from the brain and used for neural prosthetic applications. Recent studies indicate that goals and expected value are among the high-level cognitive signals that can be used and will potentially enhance the ability of paralyzed patients to communicate with the outside world. Other new findings show that local field potentials provide an excellent source of information about the cognitive state of the subject and are much easier to record and maintain than spike activity. Finally, new movable probe technologies will enable recording electrodes to seek out automatically the best signals for decoding cognitive variables.", "date": "2004-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Trends in Cognitive Sciences", "volume": "8", "number": "11", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "486-493", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190617-134136047", "issn": "1364-6613", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190617-134136047", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.tics.2004.09.009", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Andersen, R. A.; Burdick, J. W.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xnt1q-x4d85", "eprint_id": 52044, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:54:53", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 19:30:12", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "S." } }, { "id": "Corneil-B-D", "name": { "family": "Corneil", "given": "B. D." } }, { "id": "Greger-B-E", "name": { "family": "Greger", "given": "B." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-6702-7596" }, { "id": "Scherberger-H", "name": { "family": "Scherberger", "given": "H." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Cognitive Control Signals for Neural Prosthetics", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2004 American Association for the Advancement of Science.\n\nReceived 16 March 2004; accepted 7 June 2004.\n\nWe thank J. Burdick, D. Meeker, B. Pesaran, D.\nRizzuto, and S. Cao for helpful discussion during\nthe course of this study; G. Mulliken and R. Battacharyya\nfor help with data collection; B. Grieve, K.\nPejsa, and L. Martel for help with animal handling\nand training; K. Bernheim for help with the magnetic\nresonance imaging; J. Baer and C. Lindsell for\nveterinary assistance; I. Fineman for surgical help;\nV. Shcherbatyuk for computer support; and T. Yao\nfor administrative support. We thank the Defense\nAdvanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the\nNational Eye Institute (NEI), the Office of Naval\nResearch (ONR), the James G. Boswell Foundation\nNSF, the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology\nat the California Institute of Technology,\nand the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation for\nsupporting this research. B.D.C. was supported by a\nlong-term fellowship from the Human Frontier\nScience Program.\n\nSupplemental Material - Musallam.SOM.pdf
", "abstract": "Recent development of neural prosthetics for assisting paralyzed patients has focused on decoding intended hand trajectories from motor cortical neurons and using this signal to control external devices. In this study, higher level signals related to the goals of movements were decoded from three monkeys and used to position cursors on a computer screen without the animals emitting any behavior. Their performance in this task improved over a period of weeks. Expected value signals related to fluid preference, the expected magnitude, or probability of reward were decoded simultaneously with the intended goal. For neural prosthetic applications, the goal signals can be used to operate computers, robots, and vehicles, whereas the expected value signals can be used to continuously monitor a paralyzed patient's preferences and motivation.", "date": "2004-07-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science", "volume": "305", "number": "5681", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "258-262", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141121-110153014", "issn": "0036-8075", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141121-110153014", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "Caltech Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1126/science.1097938", "primary_object": { "basename": "Musallam.SOM.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xnt1q-x4d85/files/Musallam.SOM.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Musallam, S.; Corneil, B. D.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cckwe-5a327", "eprint_id": 102223, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:51:41", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:21", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Corneil-B-D", "name": { "family": "Corneil", "given": "Brian D." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Dorsal Neck Muscle Vibration Induces Upward Shifts in the Endpoints of Memory-Guided Saccades in Monkeys", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2004 by the American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 9 January 2004; Accepted 28 February 2004; Published online 1 July 2004; Published in print 1 July 2004. \n\nWe thank B. Gilliken and K. Pejsa for help with animal husbandry, V. Shcherbatyuk for technical support, and C. Marks and T. Yao for administrative assistance. We thank Dr. S. Musallam for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. \n\nThis work was supported by a grant from the National Eye Institute. B. D. Corneil was supported a long-term fellowship from the Human Frontier Science Program. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.\n\nAccepted Version - jn.00030.2004_accepted.pdf
", "abstract": "Producing a movement in response to a sensory stimulus requires knowledge of the body's current configuration, and spindle organs embedded within muscles are a primary source of such kinesthetic information. Here, we sought to develop an animal model of kinesthetic illusions induced by mechanically vibrating muscles as a first step toward a mechanistic understanding of how kinesthesia is integrated into neural plans for action. We elected to examine the effects of mechanical vibration of dorsal neck muscles in head-restrained monkeys performing memory-guided saccades requiring them to look to the remembered location of a flashed target only after an imposed delay. During the delay on one-half of all trials, mechanical vibration (usually 1,500 ms in duration, 200 \u03bcm in amplitude, 100 Hz in frequency) was applied to the dorsal aspect on one side of the monkey's neck. We compared the metrics of such vibration saccades to control saccades without vibration during the delay interval. Relative to control saccades, the endpoints of vibration saccades were shifted consistently upward, even though the variability in saccadic endpoints was unaltered. Although the stability of the eye was compromised during the delay interval of vibration trials, as evidenced by an increased incidence of upward drifts and downward microsaccades, vibration saccades displayed different metrics than control saccades, including an upwardly deviated radial direction and increased vertical amplitude. The influence of variations in the duration (500\u20132,500 ms), amplitude (100\u2013300 \u03bcm), or frequency (75\u2013125 Hz) of vibration scaled well with the presumed change in spindle activity entrained by vibration. Comparisons of the profile of these results are made to the human literature. We conclude that neck muscle vibration induces alterations in oculomotor performance in monkeys consistent with a central interpretation of illusory neck flexion and downward gaze deviation due to increased activation in the spindles of neck extensor muscles.", "date": "2004-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "92", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "553-566", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-082316877", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-082316877", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00030.2004", "primary_object": { "basename": "jn.00030.2004_accepted.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cckwe-5a327/files/jn.00030.2004_accepted.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Corneil, Brian D. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wkm5q-2ce59", "eprint_id": 76038, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-28 01:18:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 15:24:29", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Scherberger-H", "name": { "family": "Scherberger", "given": "H." } }, { "id": "Fineman-I", "name": { "family": "Fineman", "given": "I." } }, { "id": "Musallam-S", "name": { "family": "Musallam", "given": "S." } }, { "id": "Dubowitz-D-J", "name": { "family": "Dubowitz", "given": "D. J." } }, { "id": "Bernheim-K-A", "name": { "family": "Bernheim", "given": "K. A." } }, { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "B." } }, { "id": "Corneil-B-D", "name": { "family": "Corneil", "given": "B. D." } }, { "id": "Gilliken-B", "name": { "family": "Gilliken", "given": "B." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Magnetic resonance image-guided implantation of chronic recording electrodes in the macaque intraparietal sulcus", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Microwire electrodes; Magnetic resonance imaging; Parietal cortex; Neural prosthesis", "note": "\u00a9 2003 Elsevier. \n\nReceived 13 March 2003, Revised 6 June 2003, Accepted 10 June 2003, Available online 24 September 2003. \n\nWe thank K. Weaver for animal care, R. Bhattacharyya, B. Greger and V. Shcherbatyuk for technical support, and A. Schwartz, and J. Williams for early, helpful discussions. This work was supported by the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation (HS), the Human Frontier Science Program (BDC), the James G. Boswell Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the National Eye Institute.", "abstract": "The implantation of chronic recording electrodes in the brain has been shown to be a valuable method for simultaneously recording from many neurons. However, precise placement of these electrodes, crucial for successful recording, is challenging if the target area is not on the brain surface. Here we present a stereotaxic implantation procedure to chronically implant bundles of recording electrodes into macaque cortical sulci, employing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to determine stereotaxic coordinates of target location and sulcus orientation. Using this method in four animals, we recorded simultaneously the spiking activity and the local field potential from the parietal reach region (PRR), located in the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), while the animal performed a reach movement task. Fifty percent of all electrodes recorded spiking activity during the first 2 post-operative months, indicating their placement within cortical gray matter. Chronic neural activity was similar to standard single electrode recordings in PRR, as reported previously. These results indicate that this MR image-guided implantation technique can provide sufficient placement accuracy in cortical sulci and subcortical structures. Moreover, this technique may be useful for future cortical prosthesis applications in humans that require implants within sulci.", "date": "2003-11-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "volume": "130", "number": "1", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "1-8", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-151130086", "issn": "0165-0270", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-151130086", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/S0165-0270(03)00190-0", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Scherberger, H.; Fineman, I.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3z69y-5sb35", "eprint_id": 102225, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:04:38", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:26", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "C. A." } }, { "id": "Jarvis-M-R", "name": { "family": "Jarvis", "given": "M. R." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "A. P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Properties of spike train spectra in two parietal reach areas", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Reaching movements; Monkey; Parietal cortex; Temporal structure", "note": "\u00a9 2003 Springer-Verlag. \n\nPublished 28 August 2003. \n\nThis study was supported by the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, the National Eye Institute, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). We thank Bijan Pesaran and Hansj\u00f6rg Scherberger for helpful comments. We also thank Betty Gillikin and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, Janet Baer and Janna Wynne for veterinary care and Cierina Marks for administrative assistance.", "abstract": "In the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a saccade-related region of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), spiking activity recorded during the memory period of an instructed-delay task exhibits temporal structure that is spatially tuned. These results provide evidence for the existence of 'dynamic memory fields' which can be read-out by other brain areas, along with information contained in the mean firing rate, to give the direction of a planned movement. We looked for evidence of dynamic memory fields in spiking activity in two parietal reach areas, the parietal reach region (PRR) and area 5. Monkeys made center-out reaches to eight target locations in an instructed-delay task with a memory component. Neurons in both areas exhibited sustained activity during the delay period that was spatially tuned. Many single cell PRR spectra exhibited spatially tuned temporal structure, as evidenced by a significant and spatially tuned peak in the 20\u201350 Hz band. The PRR population spectrum of spike trains was also tuned, with the peak power centered on approximately 25 Hz. In contrast, area 5 spiking activity did not exhibit any significant temporal structure. These results suggest that different mechanisms underlie sustained delay period activity in these two areas and that dynamic memory fields, as revealed by our techniques, are more prominent in PRR than in area 5. Temporal structure in the spike train and local field potential (LFP) are related in at least one other brain area (LIP). The present results suggest then that LFP activity obtained from PRR may be better suited than area 5 LFP activity for use in neural prosthetic systems that incorporate analysis of temporal structure as part of a decode mechanism for extracting intended movement goals.", "date": "2003-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Experimental Brain Research", "volume": "153", "number": "2", "publisher": "Springer", "pagerange": "134-139", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-084938710", "issn": "0014-4819", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-084938710", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/s00221-003-1586-2", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Buneo, C. A.; Jarvis, M. R.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5z9r1-d1973", "eprint_id": 102227, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:19:47", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:32", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "Krishna V." } }, { "id": "Meeker-D", "name": { "family": "Meeker", "given": "Daniella" } }, { "id": "Cao-Shiyan", "name": { "family": "Cao", "given": "Shiyan" } }, { "id": "Kureshi-S-A", "name": { "family": "Kureshi", "given": "Sohaib A." } }, { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "Christopher A." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Mitra-P-P", "name": { "family": "Mitra", "given": "Partha P." } }, { "id": "Burdick-J-W", "name": { "family": "Burdick", "given": "Joel W." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Neural prosthetic control signals from plan activity", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Bayesian decoders; Brain-computer interfaces; Finite state machines; Maximum likelihood; Neural prosthetic systems; Posterior parietal cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2003 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. \n\nWe thank B.L. Gillikin, J. Wynne, J. Baer and J.S. Pezaris for expert advice and assistance in designing and performing the surgery to implant a chronic electrode array in PRR. We also thank E.M. Maynard, B.W. Hatt, R.A. Normann, N.G. Hatsopoulos and J.P. Donoghue for surgical and electrode-array advice related to this surgery. We thank M. Sahani for writing the real-time behavioral control and data collection software HYDRA2, D.J. Dubowitz for pre-surgical MRI and R.A. Normann for lending us LFP amplifiers. Finally, we thank B.L. Gillikin for veterinary assistance, Cierina Marks for administrative assistance and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for computer assistance. This work was supported in part by NIH, DARPA, ONR, Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, McKnight Foundation, NSF Engineering Research Center at Caltech, James G. Boswell Neuroscience Professorship (R.A.A.), and Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences (K.V.S.).", "abstract": "The prospect of assisting disabled patients by translating neural activity from the brain into control signals for prosthetic devices, has flourished in recent years. Current systems rely on neural activity present during natural arm movements. We propose here that neural activity present before or even without natural arm movements can provide an important, and potentially advantageous, source of control signals. To demonstrate how control signals can be derived from such plan activity we performed a computational study with neural activity previously recorded from the posterior parietal cortex of rhesus monkeys planning arm movements. We employed maximum likelihood decoders to estimate movement direction and to drive finite state machines governing when to move. Performance exceeded 90% with as few as 40 neurons.", "date": "2003-03-24", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuroreport", "volume": "14", "number": "4", "publisher": "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins", "pagerange": "591-596", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-091008965", "issn": "0959-4965", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-091008965", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Burroughs Wellcome Fund" } ] }, "doi": "10.1097/00001756-200303240-00013", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Shenoy, Krishna V.; Meeker, Daniella; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x8yzp-wt928", "eprint_id": 95154, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:07:42", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 18:36:55", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Mojarradi-M", "name": { "family": "Mojarradi", "given": "Mohammad" } }, { "id": "Binkley-D", "name": { "family": "Binkley", "given": "David" } }, { "id": "Blalock-B", "name": { "family": "Blalock", "given": "Benjamin" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Ulshoefer-N", "name": { "family": "Ulshoefer", "given": "Norbert" } }, { "id": "Johnson-T", "name": { "family": "Johnson", "given": "Travis" } }, { "id": "Del-Castillo-L", "name": { "family": "Del Castillo", "given": "Linda" } } ] }, "title": "A miniaturized neuroprosthesis suitable for implantation into the brain", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Bio-MEMS, brain, complementary metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor (CMOS) micropower, computer interface, cortical signals, heterogeneous integration, integrated-circuit electronics, low-noise preamplifiers, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) packaging, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) probe, neuroprosthesis, neuroprosthetic devices", "note": "\u00a9 2003 IEEE. \n\nManuscript received July 10, 2002; revised March 25, 2003. \n\nThis work was supported under a contract with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for the California Institute of Technology. \n\nThe authors acknowledge the assistance of D. H. Ihme and C. E. Hopper of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte for their assistance in preamplifier measurements and preparing this paper.\n\nPublished - 01200905.pdf
", "abstract": "This paper presents current research on a miniaturized neuroprosthesis suitable for implantation into the brain. The prosthesis is a heterogeneous integration of a 100-element microelectromechanical system (MEMS) electrode array, front-end complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit for neural signal preamplification, filtering, multiplexing and analog-to-digital conversion, and a second CMOS integrated circuit for wireless transmission of neural data and conditioning of wireless power. The prosthesis is intended for applications where neural signals are processed and decoded to permit the control of artificial or paralyzed limbs. This research, if successful, will allow implantation of the electronics into the brain, or subcutaneously on the skull, and eliminate all external signal and power wiring. The neuroprosthetic system design has strict size and power constraints with each of the front-end preamplifier channels fitting within the 400 x 400 \u00b5m pitch of the 100-element MEMS electrode array and power dissipation resulting in less than a 1\u00b0 C temperature rise for the surrounding brain tissue. We describe the measured performance of initial micropower low-noise CMOS preamplifiers for the neuroprosthetic.", "date": "2003-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering", "volume": "11", "number": "1", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)", "pagerange": "38-42", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20190501-154134344", "issn": "1534-4320", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190501-154134344", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1109/tnsre.2003.810431", "primary_object": { "basename": "01200905.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/x8yzp-wt928/files/01200905.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Mojarradi, Mohammad; Binkley, David; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/67hcg-qhf91", "eprint_id": 102228, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:08:07", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:35", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Scherberger-H", "name": { "family": "Scherberger", "given": "Hansj\u00f6rg" } }, { "id": "Goodale-M-A", "name": { "family": "Goodale", "given": "Melvyn A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Target Selection for Reaching and Saccades Share a Similar Behavioral Reference Frame in the Macaque", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2003 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 30 October 2002; Accepted 18 November 2002; Published online 1 March 2003; Published in print 1 March 2003. \n\nWe thank L. Snyder for support on the recording software, B. Gillikin and K. Weaver for animal care, C. Marks for administrative help, and V. Shcherbatyuk for technical support. \n\nThis work was supported by the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, a Caltech Gosney Fellowship, and the National Eye Institute.\n\nAccepted Version - jn.00883.2002_accepted.pdf
", "abstract": "The selection of one of two visual stimuli as a target for a motor action may depend on external as well as internal variables. We examined whether the preference to select a leftward or rightward target depends on the action that is performed (eye or arm movement) and to what extent the choice is influenced by the target location. Two targets were presented at the same distance to the left and right of a fixation position and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was adjusted until both targets were selected equally often. This balanced SOA time is then a quantitative measure of selection preference. In two macaque monkeys tested, we found the balanced SOA shifted to the left side for left-arm movements and to the right side for right-arm movements. Target selection strongly depended on the horizontal target location. By varying eye, head, and trunk position, we found this dependency embedded in a head-centered behavioral reference frame for saccade targets and, somewhat counter-intuitively, for reach targets as well. Target selection for reach movements was influenced by the eye position, while saccade target selection was unaffected by the arm position. These findings suggest that the neural processes underlying target selection for a reaching movement are to a large extent independent of the coordinate frame ultimately used to make the limb movement, but are instead closely linked to the coordinate frame used to plan a saccade to that target. This similarity may be indicative of a common spatial framework for hand-eye coordination.", "date": "2003-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "89", "number": "3", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "1456-1466", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-092310278", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-092310278", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation" }, { "agency": "Caltech Gosney Fellowship" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00883.2002", "primary_object": { "basename": "jn.00883.2002_accepted.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/67hcg-qhf91/files/jn.00883.2002_accepted.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Scherberger, Hansj\u00f6rg; Goodale, Melvyn A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7j563-9zf69", "eprint_id": 102238, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:41:39", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:19", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "C. A." } } ] }, "title": "Sensorimotor integration in posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2003 Raven Press.", "abstract": "[noabstract]", "date": "2003", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Advances in Neurology", "volume": "93", "publisher": "Raven Press", "pagerange": "159-177", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-120402086", "issn": "0091-3952", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-120402086", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Andersen, R. A. and Buneo, C. A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ks17a-kfe27", "eprint_id": 102229, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:15:05", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:43", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "Krishna V." } }, { "id": "Crowell-J-A", "name": { "family": "Crowell", "given": "James A." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Pursuit Speed Compensation in Cortical Area MSTd", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2002 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 4 January 2001; Accepted 8 July 2002; Published online 1 November 2002; Published in print 1 November 2002. \n\nWe thank Dr. D. C. Bradley for scientific discussions, B. Gillikin for veterinary assistance, and Dr. M. Sahani for developing the real-time control software HYDRA2. We also thank C. Reyes for administrative assistance and V. Shcherbatyuk for computer management. \n\nThis work was supported in part by National Eye Institute Grant EY-07492, postdoctoral grant EY-06752 to K.V. Shenoy, the Sloan Foundation for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, the Office of Naval Research, and the Human Frontiers Scientific Program. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "When we move forward the visual images on our retinas expand. Humans rely on the focus, or center, of this expansion to estimate their direction of self-motion or heading and, as long as the eyes are still, the retinal focus corresponds to the heading. However, smooth pursuit eye movements add visual motion to the expanding retinal image and displace the focus of expansion. In spite of this, humans accurately judge their heading during pursuit eye movements even though the retinal focus no longer corresponds to the heading. Recent studies in macaque suggest that correction for pursuit may occur in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd); neurons in this area are tuned to the retinal position of the focus and they modify their tuning to partially compensate for the focus shift caused by pursuit. However, the question remains whether these neurons shift focus tuning more at faster pursuit speeds, to compensate for the larger focus shifts created by faster pursuit. To investigate this question, we recorded from 40 MSTd neurons while monkeys made pursuit eye movements at a range of speeds across simulated self- or object motion displays. We found that most MSTd neurons modify their focus tuning more at faster pursuit speeds, consistent with the idea that they encode heading and other motion parameters regardless of pursuit speed. Across the population, the median rate of compensation increase with pursuit speed was 51% as great as required for perfect compensation. We recorded from the same neurons in a simulated pursuit condition, in which gaze was fixed but the entire display counter-rotated to produce the same retinal image as during real pursuit. This condition yielded the result that retinal cues contribute to pursuit compensation; the rate of compensation increase was 30% of that required for accurate encoding of heading. The difference between these two conditions was significant (P < 0.05), indicating that extraretinal cues also contribute significantly. We found a systematic antialignment between preferred pursuit and preferred visual motion directions. Neurons may use this antialignment to combine retinal and extraretinal compensatory cues. These results indicate that many MSTd neurons compensate for pursuit velocity, pursuit direction as previously reported and pursuit speed, and further implicate MSTd as a critical stage in the computation of egomotion.", "date": "2002-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "88", "number": "5", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "2630-2647", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-093036092", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-093036092", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-07492" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-06752" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.00002.2001", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Shenoy, Krishna V.; Crowell, James A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/878j4-1ct60", "eprint_id": 102230, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:08:12", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:49", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sabes-P-N", "name": { "family": "Sabes", "given": "Philip N." } }, { "id": "Breznen-B", "name": { "family": "Breznen", "given": "Boris" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Parietal Representation of Object-Based Saccades", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2002 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 28 August 2001; Accepted 3 June 2002; Published online 1 October 2002; Published in print 1 October 2002. \n\nWe appreciate the help of B. Gillikin, C. Reyes-Marks, J. Baer, and V. Shcherbatyuk. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the Swartz Foundation. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "When monkeys make saccadic eye movements to simple visual targets, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) display a retinotopic, or eye-centered, coding of the target location. However natural saccadic eye movements are often directed at objects or parts of objects in the visual scene. In this paper we investigate whether LIP represents saccadic eye movements differently when the target is specified as part of a visually displayed object. Monkeys were trained to perform an object-based saccade task that required them to make saccades to previously cued parts of an abstract object after the object reappeared in a new orientation. We recorded single neurons in area LIP of two macaque monkeys and analyzed their activity in the object-based saccade task, as well as two control tasks: a standard memory saccade task and a fixation task with passive object viewing. The majority of LIP neurons that were tuned in the memory saccade task were also tuned in the object-based saccade task. Using a hierarchical generalized linear model analysis, we compared the effects of three different spatial variables on the firing rate: the retinotopic location of the target, the object-fixed location of the target, and the orientation of the object in space. There was no evidence of an explicit object-fixed representation in the activity in LIP during either of the object-based tasks. In other words, no cells had receptive fields that rotated with the object. While some cells showed a modulation of activity due to the location of the target on the object, these variations were small compared to the retinotopic effects. For most cells, firing rates were best accounted for by either the retinotopic direction of the movement, the orientation of the object, or both spatial variables. The preferred direction of these retinotopic and object orientation effects were found to be invariant across tasks. On average, the object orientation effects were consistent with the retinotopic coding of potential target locations on the object. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the magnitude of these two effects were roughly equal in the early portions of the trial, but around the time of the motor response, the retinotopic effects dominated. We conclude that LIP uses the same retinotopic coding of saccade target whether the target is specified as an absolute point in space or as a location on a moving object.", "date": "2002-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "88", "number": "4", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "1815-1829", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-093758250", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-093758250", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1815", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Sabes, Philip N.; Breznen, Boris; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zdm2t-trk84", "eprint_id": 56469, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:51:56", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 15:27:12", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Pesaran-B", "name": { "family": "Pesaran", "given": "Bijan" } }, { "id": "Pezaris-J-B", "name": { "family": "Pezaris", "given": "John S." } }, { "id": "Sahani-M", "name": { "family": "Sahani", "given": "Maneesh" } }, { "id": "Mitra-P-P", "name": { "family": "Mitra", "given": "Partha P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Temporal structure in neuronal activity during working memory in macaque parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2002 Nature Publishing Group.\n\nReceived 25 January 2002; Accepted 26 June 2002; Published online: 22 July 2002.\n\nThis work was supported by the DARPA grant MDA972-00-1-0029, NIH grants EY05522-21 and MH62528-01, ONR grant N00014-94-0412, the Keck Foundation, the McKnight Foundation, the Sloan-Swartz Foundation, the Center for Neuromorphic Systems Engineering at Caltech and the Workshop for the Analysis of Neural Data (http://www.vis.caltech.edu/~WAND).\n\nSupplemental Material - nn890-S1.pdf
", "abstract": "Many cortical structures have elevated firing rates during working memory, but it is not known how the activity is maintained. To investigate whether reverberating activity is important, we studied the temporal structure of local field potential (LFP) activity and spiking from area LIP in two awake macaques during a memory-saccade task. Using spectral analysis, we found spatially tuned elevated power in the gamma band (25\u221290 Hz) in LFP and spiking activity during the memory period. Spiking and LFP activity were also coherent in the gamma band but not at lower frequencies. Finally, we decoded LFP activity on a single-trial basis and found that LFP activity in parietal cortex discriminated between preferred and anti-preferred direction with approximately the same accuracy as the spike rate and predicted the time of a planned movement with better accuracy than the spike rate. This finding could accelerate the development of a cortical neural prosthesis.", "date": "2002-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Neuroscience", "volume": "5", "number": "8", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "805-811", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150408-095310392", "issn": "1097-6256", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150408-095310392", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)", "grant_number": "MDA972-00-1-0029" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY05522-21" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "MH62528-01" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)", "grant_number": "N00014-94-0412" }, { "agency": "W. M. Keck Foundation" }, { "agency": "McKnight Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Foundation" }, { "agency": "Center for Neuromorphic Systems Engineering, Caltech" }, { "agency": "Workshop for the Analysis of Neural Data" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/nn890", "primary_object": { "basename": "nn890-S1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zdm2t-trk84/files/nn890-S1.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Pesaran, Bijan; Pezaris, John S.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9g7bj-ptf21", "eprint_id": 102232, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 23:33:15", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:58:55", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Grunewald-A", "name": { "family": "Grunewald", "given": "Alexander" } }, { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Neural Correlates of Structure-from-Motion Perception in Macaque V1 and MT", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "visual motion; visual perception; striate cortex; middle temporal; depth-order; rhesus", "note": "\u00a9 2002 Society for Neuroscience. Beginning six months after publication the Work will be made freely available to the public on SfN's website to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nReceived July 1, 2001; revised April 4, 2002; accepted April 5, 2002. \n\nThis work was supported by the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and by the National Institutes of Health (National Eye Institute). We thank Greg de Angelis for help in the choice probability analysis.\n\nPublished - 6195.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Structure-from-motion (SFM) is the perception of three-dimensional shape from motion cues. We used a bistable SFM stimulus, which can be perceived in one of two different ways, to study how neural activity in cortical areas V1 and MT is related to SFM perception. Monkeys performed a depth-order task, where they indicated in which direction the front surface of a rotating SFM cylinder display was moving. To prevent contamination of the neural data because of eye position effects, all experiments with significant effects of radius, vergence, and velocity were excluded. As expected, the activity of \u223c50% of neurons in V1 and \u223c80% of neurons in MT is affected by the stimulus. Furthermore, the activity of 20% of neurons in area V1 is modulated with the percept. This proportion is higher in MT, where the activity of >60% of neurons is modulated with the percept. In both areas, this perceptual modulation occurs only in neurons with activity that is also affected by the stimulus. The perceptual modulation is not correlated with neural tuning properties in area V1, but it is in area MT. Together, these results suggest that V1 is not directly involved in the generation of the SFM percept, whereas MT is. The perceptual modulation in V1 may be attributable to top-down feedback from MT.", "date": "2002-07-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "22", "number": "14", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "6195-6207", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-094955199", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-094955199", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.22-14-06195.2002", "pmcid": "PMC6757912", "primary_object": { "basename": "6195.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9g7bj-ptf21/files/6195.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Grunewald, Alexander; Bradley, David C.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5txvw-yq357", "eprint_id": 56407, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:43:21", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 15:22:44", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cohen-Y-E", "name": { "family": "Cohen", "given": "Yale E." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "A common reference frame for movement plans in the posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2002 Nature Publishing Group.\n\nThis work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of\nHealth (NIH), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\n(DARPA), the Sloan\u2013Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology,\nthe Office of Naval Research and the James G. Boswell\nNeuroscience Professorship to R.A.A., and by grants from the\nBantrell Fellowship, NIH and the Whitehall Foundation to Y.E.C.", "abstract": "Orchestrating a movement towards a sensory target requires many computational processes, including a transformation between reference frames. This transformation is important because the reference frames in which sensory stimuli are encoded often differ from those of motor effectors. The posterior parietal cortex has an important role in these transformations. Recent work indicates that a significant proportion of parietal neurons in two cortical areas transforms the sensory signals that are used to guide movements into a common reference frame. This common reference frame is an eye-centred representation that is modulated by eye-, head-, body- or limb-position signals. A common reference frame might facilitate communication between different areas that are involved in coordinating the movements of different effectors. It might also be an efficient way to represent the locations of different sensory targets in the world.", "date": "2002-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Reviews Neuroscience", "volume": "3", "number": "7", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "553-562", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150407-080150869", "issn": "1471-003X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150407-080150869", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Neuroscience Professorship" }, { "agency": "Bantrell Fellowship" }, { "agency": "Whitehall Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/nrn873", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Cohen, Yale E. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xq5nv-0kt23", "eprint_id": 102234, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:28:50", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:03", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cohen-Y-E", "name": { "family": "Cohen", "given": "Yale E." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Comparison of neural activity preceding reaches to auditory and visual stimuli in the parietal reach region", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Auditory, Information, Monkey, Posterior parietal cortex, Reach", "note": "\u00a9 2002 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. \n\nReceived 27 February 2002; accepted 11 March 2002. \n\nWe thank C. Buneo for experimental assistance, J. Linden, C. Buneo, K. Shenoy, G. Gifford, and A. Grunewald for helpful discussions, B. Gillikin for assistance with animals, and C. Reyes for administrative assistance. This work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, the Bantrell Fellowship, the James G. Boswell Neuroscience Professorship, and the Office of Naval Research.", "abstract": "We examined the responses of neurons in the parietal reach region (PRR) during reaches to the remembered locations of auditory or visual stimuli. We found that the firing rate of PRR neurons contained information about the location of auditory and visual stimuli. For neurons tested with visual stimuli, the amount of information remained constant throughout the task. In contrast, for neurons tested with auditory stimuli, the amount of target-location information increased as the trial evolved. During the reach period of the task, the amount of information that was carried by neurons tested with auditory stimuli was not statistically different from the amount carried by neurons tested with visual stimuli. We interpret these data to suggest that the type of information that PRR neurons encode evolves throughout a task.", "date": "2002-05-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuroreport", "volume": "13", "number": "6", "publisher": "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins", "pagerange": "891-894", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-101843496", "issn": "0959-4965", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-101843496", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1097/00001756-200205070-00031", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Cohen, Yale E.; Batista, Aaron P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bqy5j-t1t98", "eprint_id": 56240, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:20:07", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 15:12:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "Christopher A." } }, { "id": "Jarvis-M-R", "name": { "family": "Jarvis", "given": "Murray R." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Direct visuomotor transformations for reaching", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2002 Macmillan Magazines Ltd. \n\nReceived 3 September 2001; Accepted 25 January 2002. \n\nThis work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Eye Institute, the Sloan-Schwartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, the James G. Boswell Foundation and an NIH training grant fellowship to C.A.B. We thank B. Gillikin and V. Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance; D. Dubowitz for collecting and processing the MRI data; J. Baer and J.Wynne for veterinary care; and C. Reyes-Marks for administrative assistance. We also thank J. Boline and K. Shenoy for comments.", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to have a function in the sensorimotor transformations that underlie visually guided reaching, as damage to the PPC can result in difficulty reaching to visual targets in the absence of specific visual or motor deficits. This function is supported by findings that PPC neurons in monkeys are modulated by the direction of hand movement, as well as by visual, eye position and limb position signals. The PPC could transform visual target locations from retinal coordinates to hand-centred coordinates by combining sensory signals in a serial manner to yield a body-centred representation of target location, and then subtracting the body-centred location of the hand. We report here that in dorsal area 5 of the PPC, remembered target locations are coded with respect to both the eye and hand. This suggests that the PPC transforms target locations directly between these two reference frames. Data obtained in the adjacent parietal reach region (PRR) indicate that this transformation may be achieved by vectorially subtracting hand location from target location, with both locations represented in eye-centred coordinates.", "date": "2002-04-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature", "volume": "416", "number": "6881", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "632-636", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150331-095153512", "issn": "0028-0836", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150331-095153512", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Centers for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH Predoctoral Fellowship" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/416632a", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Buneo, Christopher A.; Jarvis, Murray R.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qhrnx-1d163", "eprint_id": 673, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 23:07:49", "lastmod": "2023-10-13 21:55:15", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Bueno-C-A", "name": { "family": "Bueno", "given": "Christopher A." } } ] }, "title": "Interior maps in posterior pareital cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\"Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Review of Neurosciences, Volume 25 copyright 2002 by Annual Reviews, www.annualreviews.org\"", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex (PPC), historically believed to be a sensory structure, is now viewed as an area important for sensory-motor integration. Among its functions is the forming of intentions, that is, high-level cognitive plans for movement. There is a map of intentions within the PPC, with different subregions dedicated to the planning of eye movements, reaching movements, and grasping movements. These areas appear to be specialized for the multisensory integration and coordinate transformations required to convert sensory input to motor output. In several subregions of the PPC, these operations are facilitated by the use of a common distributed space representation that is independent of both sensory input and motor output. Attention and learning effects are also evident in the PPC. However, these effects may be general to cortex and operate in the PPC in the context of sensory-motor transformations.", "date": "2002-03-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "volume": "25", "publisher": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "pagerange": "189-220", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ANDarn02", "issn": "0147-006X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ANDarn02", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922", "primary_object": { "basename": "ANDarn02.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qhrnx-1d163/files/ANDarn02.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A. and Bueno, Christopher A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gse0r-cng82", "eprint_id": 100742, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:10:12", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 21:49:19", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "Christopher A." } } ] }, "title": "Intentional Maps in Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "eye movements, arm movements, optic flow, spatial representations,\nneural prosthetics", "note": "\u00a9 2002 by Annual Reviews. \n\nWe wish to acknowledge the generous support of the James G. Boswell Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and the Christopher Reeves Foundation. We also thank Dr. Paul Glimcher for helpful comments.\n\nPublished - annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922.pdf
", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex (PPC), historically believed to be a sensory structure, is now viewed as an area important for sensory-motor integration. Among its functions is the forming of intentions, that is, high-level cognitive plans for movement. There is a map of intentions within the PPC, with different subregions dedicated to the planning of eye movements, reaching movements, and grasping movements. These areas appear to be specialized for the multisensory integration and coordinate transformations required to convert sensory input to motor output. In several subregions of the PPC, these operations are facilitated by the use of a common distributed space representation that is independent of both sensory input and motor output. Attention and learning effects are also evident in the PPC. However, these effects may be general to cortex and operate in the PPC in the context of sensory-motor transformations.", "date": "2002-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "volume": "25", "publisher": "Annual Reviews", "pagerange": "189-220", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200115-144452938", "issn": "0147-006X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200115-144452938", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Christopher Reeve Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922", "primary_object": { "basename": "annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gse0r-cng82/files/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2002", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A. and Buneo, Christopher A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wxpz4-tbe03", "eprint_id": 102235, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:07:25", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Dubowitz-D-J", "name": { "family": "Dubowitz", "given": "David J." } }, { "id": "Bernheim-K-A", "name": { "family": "Bernheim", "given": "Kyle A." } }, { "id": "Chen-Dar-Yeong", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Dar-Yeong" } }, { "id": "Bradley-W-G-Jr", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "William G., Jr." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Enhancing fMRI contrast in awake-behaving primates using intravascular magnetite dextran nanopartieles", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Cerebral blood volume, Feridex, fMRI, Functional activation, Magnetite, Rhesus macaque monkey, Visual cortex", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. \n\nReceived 11 April 2001; accepted 25 May 2001. \n\nWe gratefully acknowledge J. Michael Tyszka for enlightened discussion and Betty Gillikin for help with animal handling and health care. This work was funded in part by grants from National Institutes of Health (GM08042 and EY07492) and a James G. Boswell Professorship (R.A.A.).", "abstract": "Functional MRI in awake-behaving primates is an emerging tool for bridging the gap between human fMRI and neurophysiology information from nonhuman primates. We report the use of magnetite dextran nanoparticles (Feridex) as a blood-pool agent to enhance fMRI contrast-to-noise (CNR) in primate FMRI. The intravascular half-life of the magnetite dextran was long compared to lanthanide chelates (T_(1/2) = 198 min) with shortened T\u2082 relaxation observed in blood and cerebral cortex. Greater than 3-fold enhancement in the percentage MR signal change was observed using nanoparticles (13%) compared with conventional BOLD fMRI (4%). The calculated regional cerebral blood volume in macaque primary visual cortex increased 32% with photic stimulation. The increased CNR allows greater flexibility in the design of awake-behaving primate fMRI studies with the potential for improvements in resolution and significantly shortened imaging times.", "date": "2001-08-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuroreport", "volume": "12", "number": "11", "publisher": "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins", "pagerange": "2335-2340", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-102801873", "issn": "0959-4965", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-102801873", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "GM08042" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY07492" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1097/00001756-200108080-00011", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Dubowitz, David J.; Bernheim, Kyle A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5gtn3-1s422", "eprint_id": 102239, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:16:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:22", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Dubowitz-D-J", "name": { "family": "Dubowitz", "given": "David J." } }, { "id": "Chen-Dar-Yeong", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Dar-Yeong" } }, { "id": "Atkinson-D-J", "name": { "family": "Atkinson", "given": "Dennis J." } }, { "id": "Scadeng-M", "name": { "family": "Scadeng", "given": "Miriam" } }, { "id": "Martinez-A", "name": { "family": "Martinez", "given": "Antigona" } }, { "id": "Andersen-M-B", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Michael B." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Bradley-W-G-Jr", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "William G., Jr." } } ] }, "title": "Direct comparison of visual cortex activation in human and non-human primates using functional magnetic resonance imaging", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "MRI; fMRI; Functional activation; Human; Rhesus macaque monkey; Visual cortex; T1; T2; T2*", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. \n\nReceived 7 August 2000, Revised 6 March 2001, Accepted 6 March 2001, Available online 30 May 2001. \n\nWe thank Chris Headrick for the illustration (Fig. 1), Betty Gillikin for animal care assistance and Marty Sereno for enlightening discussion and assistance with data interpretation. This work is supported by grants from the Pasadena Neurosciences Fellowship of Huntington Medical Research Institutes (DJD) and the National Eye Institute (RAA).", "abstract": "We report a technique for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an awake, co-operative, rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in a conventional 1.5T clinical MR scanner, thus accomplishing the first direct comparison of activation in visual cortex between humans and non-human primates with fMRI. Activation was seen in multiple areas of striate and extra-striate visual cortex and in areas for motion, object and face recognition in the monkey and in homologous visual areas in a human volunteer. This article describes T\u2081, T\u2082 and T\u2082* values for macaque cortex, suitable MR imaging sequences, a training schedule, stimulus delivery apparatus and restraining hardware for monkey fMRI using a conventional 19 cm knee coil. Much of our understanding of the functional organization of the primate brain comes from physiological studies in monkeys. Direct comparison between species using fMRI such as those described here will help us to relate the wealth of existing knowledge on the functional organization of the non-human primate brain to human fMRI.", "date": "2001-05-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "volume": "107", "number": "1-2", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "71-80", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-122353403", "issn": "0165-0270", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-122353403", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Huntington Medical Research Institute (HMRI)" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00353-3", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Dubowitz, David J.; Chen, Dar-Yeong; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ngs82-em565", "eprint_id": 75943, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:02:56", "lastmod": "2023-10-25 15:26:02", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Li-Chiang-Shan-Ray", "name": { "family": "Li", "given": "Chiang-Shan Ray" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Inactivation of macaque lateral intraparietal area delays initiation of the second saccade predominantly from contralesional eye positions in a double-saccade task", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Posterior parietal cortex; Eye position; Saccade; Extraretinal signal; Muscimol; Monkey", "note": "\u00a9 2001 Springer-Verlag. \n\nReceived: 8 December 1999 / Accepted: 29 June 2000 / Published online: 8 February 2001. \n\nWe thank David Bradley, Maneesh Sahani, and Larry Snyder for discussions, and Ken Grieve, Grace Chang, and Pietro Mazzoni for comments on an earlier version of manuscript. We also thank Jason Liao, Debbie Ward, and Betty Gillikin for technical assistance, and Ken Grieve and Larry Snyder for assistance in histology and many other aspects of the experiments. This work was supported by the National Eye Institute.", "abstract": "Previous studies have shown that, although lateral intraparietal (LIP) area neurons have retinotopic receptive fields, the response strength of these cells is modulated by eye position. This combining of retinal and eye position information can form a distributed coding of target locations in a head-centered coordinate frame. Such an implicit head-centered coding offers one mechanism for maintaining spatial stability across eye movements and can be used to compute new oculomotor error vectors after each eye movement. An alternative mechanism is to use eye displacement signals rather than eye position signals to maintain spatial stability. The aim of this study was to distinguish which of these two extraretinal signals (or perhaps both signals) are employed in a double saccade task, which required the monkey to use extraretinal information associated with the first saccade to localize a remembered target for a second saccade. By varying the direction and the end point of the first saccade and selectively inactivating area LIP in one hemisphere with muscimol injection, we were able to distinguish between the two mechanisms by observing how the second saccade was impaired in this task. The displacement mechanism predicts that, if the first saccade is in the contralesional direction, the second saccade will be impaired, and the end point of the first saccade would not be important. The eye position mechanism predicts that if the first saccade ended in the contralesional head-centered space, the second saccade will be impaired, no matter in which direction the first saccade is made. Results showed that, after area LIP lesion, when the first saccade stepped into the contralesional field, the error rate of the second saccade became higher and the latency longer. However, when the end point of the first saccade was constant, the direction of the first saccade had much less effect on the second saccade. These results suggest that eye position, and not eye displacement, is the more predominant factor in this task. In a different behavioral paradigm, the monkeys performed single visual and memory saccades from different initial eye positions. It was found that the impairment of either the metrics or dynamics of visual and memory saccades did not significantly vary with the different eye positions. It thus appears that the performance of single visual and memory saccades is best described in an oculocentric coordinate frame that does not rely on extraretinal signals. Altogether these results lend further support to the hypothesis that, by combining retinal and eye position signals, area LIP contains concurrent eye-centered and head-centered representations of the visual space. Depending on the task, either representation can be used.", "date": "2001-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Experimental Brain Research", "volume": "137", "number": "1", "publisher": "Springer", "pagerange": "45-57", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-142623574", "issn": "0014-4819", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170408-142623574", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/s002210000546", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Li, Chiang-Shan Ray and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0qadx-aw240", "eprint_id": 102242, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:17:06", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:39", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "The Parietal Reach Region Codes the Next Planned Movement in a Sequential Reach Task", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2001 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 28 March 2000; Accepted 21 September 2000; Published online 1 February 2001; Published in print 1 February 2001. \n\nWe thank C. Buneo and Y. Cohen for experimental assistance, M. Sahani for helpful discussions, M. J. Nichols for comments on the manuscript, B. Gillikin for assistance with animals, and C. Reyes for administrative assistance. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, and the Office of Naval Research. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "Distinct subregions of the posterior parietal cortex contribute to planning different movements. The parietal reach region (PRR) is active during the delay period of a memory-guided reach task but generally not active during a memory-guided saccade task. We explored whether the reach planning activity in PRR is related to remembering targets for reaches or if it is related to specifying the reach that the monkey is about to perform. Monkeys were required to remember two target locations and then reach to them in sequence. Before the movements were executed, PRR neurons predominantly represented the reach about to be performed and only rarely represented the remembered target for the second reach. This indicates the area plays a role in specifying the target for the impending reach and may not contribute to storing the memory of subsequent reach targets.", "date": "2001-02", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "85", "number": "2", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "539-544", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-131439195", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-131439195", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.539", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2001", "author_list": "Batista, Aaron P. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tb46j-vkv05", "eprint_id": 102244, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:16:25", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:42", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cohen-Y-E", "name": { "family": "Cohen", "given": "Yale E." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Reaches to Sounds Encoded in an Eye-Centered Reference Frame", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2000 Cell Press. \n\nReceived 23 February 2000, Revised 31 July 2000, Available online 11 April 2001. \n\nWe thank K. Shenoy, C. Buneo, and A. Batista for comments on the manuscript. We also thank B. Gillikin for technical assistance and C. Reyes for editorial assistance. This work was supported by a Bantrell Fellowship (Y. E. C.), the James G. Boswell Neuroscience Professorship (R. A. A.), and the National Eye Institute (R. A. A.).", "abstract": "A recent hypothesis suggests that neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and the parietal reach region (PRR) encode movement plans in a common eye-centered reference frame. To test this hypothesis further, we examined how PRR neurons encode reach plans to auditory stimuli. We found that PRR activity was affected by eye and initial hand position. Population analyses, however, indicated that PRR neurons were affected more strongly by eye position than by initial hand position. These eye position effects were appropriate to maintain coding in eye coordinates. Indeed, a significant population of PRR neurons encoded reaches to auditory stimuli in an eye-centered reference frame. These results extend the hypothesis that, regardless of the modality of the sensory input or the eventual action, PRR and LIP neurons represent movement plans in a common, eye-centered representation.", "date": "2000-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "27", "number": "3", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "647-652", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-132920836", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-132920836", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Bantrell Fellowship" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00073-8", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "Cohen, Yale E. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yhw3r-ta493", "eprint_id": 99261, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:28:46", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 18:11:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "DeSouza-J-F-X", "name": { "family": "DeSouza", "given": "Joseph F. X." } }, { "id": "Dukelow-S-P", "name": { "family": "Dukelow", "given": "Sean P." } }, { "id": "Gati-J-S", "name": { "family": "Gati", "given": "Joseph S." } }, { "id": "Menon-R-S", "name": { "family": "Menon", "given": "Ravi S." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Vilis-T", "name": { "family": "Vilis", "given": "Tutis" } } ] }, "title": "Eye Position Signal Modulates a Human Parietal Pointing Region during Memory-Guided Movements", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "eye position; extraretinal signal; position modulation; spatial transformation; pointing; memory-guided; parietal\ncortex; intraparietal sulcus; IPS; functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI; human", "note": "\u00a9 2000 Society for Neuroscience.\n\nReceived Nov. 18, 1999; revised May 15, 2000; accepted May 15, 2000.\n\nThis research was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada and Human Frontiers in Science. J.F.X.D. was supported by National Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and Medical Research Council of Canada. We thank L. Van Cleeff and Jason Connolly for assistance during data collection, L. Van Cleeff for the design and construction of equipment, and Jody Culham and Douglas Tweed for invaluable feedback.\n\nPublished - 5835.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the signal in parietal regions that were selectively activated during delayed pointing to flashed visual targets and determined whether this signal was dependent on the fixation position of the eyes. Delayed pointing activated a bilateral parietal area in the intraparietal sulcus (rIPS), rostral/anterior to areas activated by saccades. During right-hand pointing to centrally located targets, the left rIPS region showed a significant increase in activation when the eye position was rightward compared with leftward. As expected, activation in motor cortex showed no modulation when only eye position changed. During pointing to retinotopically identical targets, the left rIPS region again showed a significant increased signal when the eye position was rightward compared with leftward. Conversely, when pointing with the left arm, the right rIPS showed an increase in signal when eye position was leftward compared with rightward. The results suggest that the human parietal hand/arm movement region (rIPS), like monkey parietal areas (Andersen et al., 1985), exhibits an eye position modulation of its activity; modulation that may be used to transform the coordinates of the retinotopically coded target position into a motor error command appropriate for the wrist.", "date": "2000-08-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "20", "number": "15", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "5835-5840", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20191014-143611942", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191014-143611942", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Medical Research Council of Canada" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.20-15-05835.2000", "pmcid": "PMC6772534", "primary_object": { "basename": "5835.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yhw3r-ta493/files/5835.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "DeSouza, Joseph F. X.; Dukelow, Sean P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7wknw-0av92", "eprint_id": 102245, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:09:42", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:50", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Xing-Jing", "name": { "family": "Xing", "given": "Jing" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Memory Activity of LIP Neurons for Sequential Eye Movements Simulated With Neural Networks", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2000 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 30 July 1999; Accepted 5 April 2000; Published online 1 August 2000; Published in print 1 August 2000. \n\nWe thank P. Mazzoni for providing experimental data, C. Li for valuable discussions, and K. Shenoy for valuable comments on the manuscript. \n\nThis work was supported by National Eye Institute Grant EY-05522. J. Xing was supported by the Del Webb Foundation fellowship. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "Many neurons in macaque lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) maintain elevated activity induced by visual or auditory targets during tasks in which monkeys are required to withhold one or more planned eye movements. We studied the mechanisms for such memory activity with neural network modeling. Recurrent connections among simulated LIP neurons were used to model memory responses of LIP neurons. The connection weights were computed using an optimization procedure to produce desired outputs in memory-saccade tasks. One constraint for the training process is the \"single-purpose\" rule, which mimics the fact that once LIP neurons hold the memory activity of a saccade, they are insensitive to further stimuli until the motor action is completed. After training, excitatory connections were developed between units with similar preferred saccade directions, while inhibitory connections were formed between units with dissimilar directions. This \"push-pull\" mechanism enables the network to encode the next intended eye movement and is essential for programming sequential saccades. In simulating double saccades, the push-pull connections locked the on-going activity in the network for the first saccade until the saccade was made, then a new population of units became active to prepare for the second saccade. The simulated LIP neurons exhibited sensory responses and memory activities similar to those recorded in LIP neurons. We propose that push-pull recurrent connections might be the basic structure mediating the memory activity of area LIP in planning sequential eye movements.", "date": "2000-08", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "84", "number": "2", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "651-665", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-133809085", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-133809085", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-05522" }, { "agency": "Del Webb Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.651", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "Xing, Jing and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2d0n0-nm549", "eprint_id": 28403, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:59:38", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 17:52:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Xing-Jing", "name": { "family": "Xing", "given": "Jing" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Models of the Posterior Parietal Cortex Which Perform Multimodal Integration and Represent Space in Several Coordinate Frames", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. \n\nThis work was supported by NIH Grant No. EY05522. J. Xing was supported by the Del Webb Foundation fellowship. We thank B. Stricanne and J. Linden for many valuable discussions.\n\nPublished - XINjcn00.pdf
", "abstract": "Many neurons in the posterior-parietal cortex (PPC) have saccadic responses to visual and auditory targets. The responses are modulated by eye position and head position. These findings suggest that PPC integrates multisensory inputs and may provide information about saccadic targets represented in different coordinate frames. In addition to an eye-centered output representation, PPC may also project to brain areas which contain head-centered and body-centered representations of the space. In this report, possible coordinate transformations in PPC were examined by comparing several sets of models of PPC, each having different representations in the output layer: (i) an eye-centered map only; (ii) a head-centered map only; (iii) an eye-centered map and a head-centered map; and (iv) an eye-centered map, a head-centered map, and a body-centered map. These output maps correctly encoded saccades to visual and auditory targets through training. The units in the hidden layers of the models exhibited the following properties: (1) The units had gain fields (GFs) for eye position, and also for head position if the model had a body-centered output representation; (2) As the result of the GF and the nonlinear activation function of the units, the hidden layers often employed \"intermediate\" coding, e.g., the hidden units coded targets partially in eye-centered coordinates and, partially, in head-centered coordinates; (3) Different types of coordinate transformations in these models were carried out by different relationships between the receptive fields (RFs) and the GFs of the hidden units; and (4) The properties of PPC neurons are in better accordance with the hidden units of the models that had multiple-output representations than the models that had only one single-output representation. In conclusion, the results show that the GF is an effective mechanism for performing coordinate transformations. The models also suggest that neurons with intermediate coding are to be expected in the process of coordinate transformations.", "date": "2000-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience", "volume": "12", "number": "4", "publisher": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "pagerange": "601-614", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20111209-141152273", "issn": "0898-929X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20111209-141152273", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY05522" }, { "agency": "Del Webb Foundation" } ] }, "doi": "10.1162/089892900562363", "primary_object": { "basename": "XINjcn00.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2d0n0-nm549/files/XINjcn00.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "Xing, Jing and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7ehkq-gy875", "eprint_id": 102247, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 21:14:55", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:02", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "L. H." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "A. P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Intention-related activity in the posterior parietal cortex: a review", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Intention-related activity; Posterior parietal cortex; Process sensory information", "note": "\u00a9 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. \n\nReceived 8 May 1999, Revised 4 January 2000, Available online 27 April 2000. \n\nWe would like to acknowledge Cierina Reyes for editorial assistance and Betty Gillikin for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the NIH, Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, and ONR.", "abstract": "Over the last few years it is becoming increasingly apparent that an important role of the posterior parietal cortex is to process sensory information for the purpose of planning actions. We review studies showing that a large component of neural activity in area LIP is related to planning saccades and activity in a nearby parietal reach region (PRR) to reaches. This intention related activity dominates the delay period in delayed movement tasks, and also comprises a substantial component of the transient response. These findings, along with additional anatomical and physiological evidence, lends support to the idea that different cortical areas within the PPC represent plans for different actions. We also found strong modulation of activity when movement plans were changed without changes in the locus of attention. This result suggests that PPC, which has been postulated to play a role in shifting attention, may also play a role in changing movement intentions. Sensory related activity was also present in these tasks and may be related to the stimulus or to attention. These experiments show that there are intention and sensory related activities in the PPC consistent with its proposed role in sensory-motor transformations. These studies also show that care must be taken to measure intention-related signals and not assume that all task dependent modulation in the PPC reflects attention.", "date": "2000-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Vision Research", "volume": "40", "number": "10-12", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "1433-1441", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-134958648", "issn": "0042-6989", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-134958648", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00052-3", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "Snyder, L. H.; Batista, A. P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sjd2v-vq558", "eprint_id": 102246, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:22:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 23:59:52", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Saccade-Related Activity in the Parietal Reach Region", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 2000 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 7 June 1999; Accepted 7 October 1999; Published online 1 February 2000; Published in print 1 February 2000. \n\nWe thank B. Gillikan for technical assistance and J. Calton for comments on an earlier draft. \n\nThis work was supported by National Eye Institute Grant EY-05522, the Della Martin Foundation, and the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "In previous experiments, we showed that cells in the parietal reach region (PRR) in monkey posterior parietal cortex code intended reaching movements in an eye-centered frame of reference. These cells are more active when an arm compared with an eye movement is being planned. Despite this clear preference for arm movements, we now report that PRR neurons also fire around the time of a saccade. Of 206 cells tested, 29% had perisaccadic activity in a delayed-saccade task. Two findings indicate that saccade-related activity does not reflect saccade planning or execution. First, activity is often peri- or postsaccadic but seldom presaccadic. Second, cells with saccade-related activity were no more likely to show strong saccadic delay period activity than cells without saccade-related activity. These findings indicate that PRR cells do not take part in saccade planning. Instead, the saccade-related activity in PRR may reflect cross-coupling between reach and saccade pathways that may be used to facilitate eye-hand coordination. Alternatively, saccade-related activity may reflect eye position information that could be used to maintain an eye-centered representation of intended reach targets across eye movements.", "date": "2000-02", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "83", "number": "2", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "1099-1102", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-134456383", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-134456383", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-05522" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.2000.83.2.1099", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "2000", "author_list": "Snyder, Lawrence H.; Batista, Aaron P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wnqqa-mwt88", "eprint_id": 52081, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:32:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 19:32:28", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Buneo-C-A", "name": { "family": "Buneo", "given": "Christopher A." } }, { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Reach Plans in Eye-Centered Coordinates", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1999 American Association for the Advancement of Science.\n\nReceived 29 June 1998; accepted 25 May 1999.\n\nSupported by the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology\nand the National Eye Institute. We thank Yale Cohen, Alexander Grunewald, and Philip Sabes for helpful discussions. We also thank Betty Gillikin and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance, Janet Baer and Janna Wynne for veterinary care, and Cierina Reyes for administrative assistance.", "abstract": "The neural events associated with visually guided reaching begin with an image on the retina and end with impulses to the muscles. In between, a reaching plan is formed. This plan could be in the coordinates of the arm, specifying the direction and amplitude of the movement, or it could be in the coordinates of the eye because visual information is initially gathered in this reference frame. In a reach-planning area of the posterior parietal cortex, neural activity was found to be more consistent with an eye-centered than an arm-centered coding of reach targets. Coding of arm movements in an eye-centered reference frame is advantageous because obstacles that affect planning as well as errors in reaching are registered in this reference frame. Also, eye movements are planned in eye coordinates, and the use of similar coordinates for reaching may facilitate hand-eye coordination.", "date": "1999-07-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science", "volume": "285", "number": "5425", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "257-260", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141124-081206705", "issn": "0036-8075", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141124-081206705", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1126/science.285.5425.257", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Batista, Aaron P.; Buneo, Christopher A.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0mza8-dpy68", "eprint_id": 102249, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:31:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:10", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Grunewald-A", "name": { "family": "Grunewald", "given": "Alexander" } }, { "id": "Linden-J-F", "name": { "family": "Linden", "given": "Jennifer F." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Responses to Auditory Stimuli in Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area I. Effects of Training", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1999 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 14 August 1998; Accepted 17 March 1999; Published online 1 July 1999; Published in print 1 July 1999. \n\nThe authors thank B. Gillikin for technical assistance, C. Reyes for administrative assistance, M. Sahani for the data acquisition software, and Drs. M. Sahani, Y. E. Cohen, and K. V. Shenoy for comments on a draft version of this manuscript. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and by the Boswell Foundation. Support for A. Grunewald was provided by the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience. Support for J. F. Linden was provided by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Predoctoral Fellowship. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of macaques has been considered unresponsive to auditory stimulation. Recent reports, however, indicate that neurons in this area respond to auditory stimuli in the context of an auditory-saccade task. Is this difference in auditory responsiveness of LIP due to auditory-saccade training? To address this issue, LIP responses in two monkeys were recorded at two different times: before and after auditory-saccade training. Before auditory-saccade training, the animals had never been trained on any auditory task, but had been trained on visual tasks. In both sets of experiments, activity of LIP neurons was recorded while auditory and visual stimuli were presented and the animals were fixating. Before training, 172 LIP neurons were recorded. Among these, the number of cells responding to auditory stimuli did not reach significance, whereas about one-half of the cells responded to visual stimuli. An information theory analysis confirmed that no information about auditory stimulus location was available in LIP neurons in the experiments before training. After training, activity from 160 cells was recorded. These experiments showed that 12% of cells in area LIP responded to auditory stimuli, whereas the proportion of cells responding to visual stimuli remained about the same as before training. The information theory analysis confirmed that, after training, information about auditory stimulus location was available in LIP neurons. Auditory-saccade training therefore generated responsiveness to auditory stimuli de novo in LIP neurons. Thus some LIP cells become active for auditory stimuli in a passive fixation task, once the animals have learned that these stimuli are important for oculomotor behavior.", "date": "1999-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "82", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "330-342", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-142210760", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-142210760", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.330", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Grunewald, Alexander; Linden, Jennifer F.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bgjkp-vjf86", "eprint_id": 102248, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:31:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:07", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Linden-J-F", "name": { "family": "Linden", "given": "Jennifer F." } }, { "id": "Grunewald-A", "name": { "family": "Grunewald", "given": "Alexander" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Responses to Auditory Stimuli in Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area II. Behavioral Modulation", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1999 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 14 August 1998; Accepted 17 March 1999; Published online 1 July 1999; Published in print 1 July 1999. \n\nThe authors thank M. Sahani for data acquisition software and technical assistance, B. Gillikin for technical assistance, C. Reyes for administrative assistance, and Drs. M. Sahani, Y. E. Cohen, and K. V. Shenoy for helpful comments on the manuscript. \n\nThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and by the Boswell Foundation. Support for J. F. Linden was provided by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Predoctoral Fellowship. Support for A. Grunewald was provided by the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "The lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a region of posterior parietal cortex, was once thought to be unresponsive to auditory stimulation. However, recent reports have indicated that neurons in area LIP respond to auditory stimuli during an auditory-saccade task. To what extent are auditory responses in area LIP dependent on the performance of an auditory-saccade task? To address this question, recordings were made from 160 LIP neurons in two monkeys while the animals performed auditory and visual memory-saccade and fixation tasks. Responses to auditory stimuli were significantly stronger during the memory-saccade task than during the fixation task, whereas responses to visual stimuli were not. Moreover, neurons responsive to auditory stimuli tended also to be visually responsive and to exhibit delay or saccade activity in the memory-saccade task. These results indicate that, in general, auditory responses in area LIP are modulated by behavioral context, are associated with visual responses, and are predictive of delay or saccade activity. Responses to auditory stimuli in area LIP may therefore be best interpreted as supramodal responses, and similar in nature to the delay activity, rather than as modality-specific sensory responses. The apparent link between auditory activity and oculomotor behavior suggests that the behavioral modulation of responses to auditory stimuli in area LIP reflects the selection of auditory stimuli as targets for eye movements.", "date": "1999-07", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "82", "number": "1", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "343-358", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-135626671", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-135626671", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)" }, { "agency": "McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.343", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Linden, Jennifer F.; Grunewald, Alexander; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jj0bt-dqr95", "eprint_id": 102250, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:25:53", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:18", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "Krishna V." } }, { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Influence of Gaze Rotation on the Visual Response of Primate MSTd Neurons", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1999 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 15 June 1998; Accepted 22 January 1999; Published online 1 June 1999; Published in print 1 June 1999. \n\nWe thank Drs. K. L. Grieve, L. H. Snyder, J. A. Crowell, and M. S. Banks for scientific discussions; Dr. K. L. Grieve and B. Gillikin for technical assistance; Drs. L. H. Snyder and K. L. Grieve for designing and helping test the vestibular chair; M. Sahani for developing the real-time control software HYDRA; Drs. J. A. Crowell, L. H. Snyder, and Y. E. Cohen for valuable comments on this manuscript; and C. Reyes for administrative assistance. \n\nThis work was supported in part by National Eye Institute (NEI) Grant EY-07492, NEI postdoctoral grant EY-06752 to K. V. Shenoy, the Sloan Foundation for Theoretical Neurobiology at the California Institute of Technology, the Office of Naval Research, and the Human Frontiers Scientific Program. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "Influence of gaze rotation on the visual response of primate MSTd neurons. When we move forward, the visual image on our retina expands. Humans rely on the focus, or center, of this expansion to estimate their direction of heading and, as long as the eyes are still, the retinal focus corresponds to the heading. However, smooth rotation of the eyes adds nearly uniform visual motion to the expanding retinal image and causes a displacement of the retinal focus. In spite of this, humans accurately judge their heading during pursuit eye movements and during active, smooth head rotations even though the retinal focus no longer corresponds to the heading. Recent studies in macaque suggest that correction for pursuit may occur in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) because these neurons are tuned to the retinal position of the focus and they modify their tuning during pursuit to compensate partially for the focus shift. However, the question remains whether these neurons also shift focus tuning to compensate for smooth head rotations that commonly occur during gaze tracking. To investigate this question, we recorded from 80 MSTd neurons while monkeys tracked a visual target either by pursuing with their eyes or by vestibulo-ocular reflex cancellation (VORC; whole-body rotation with eyes fixed in head and head fixed on body). VORC is a passive, smooth head rotation condition that selectively activates the vestibular canals. We found that neurons shift their focus tuning in a similar way whether focus displacement is caused by pursuit or by VORC. Across the population, compensation averaged 88 and 77% during pursuit and VORC, respectively (tuning shift divided by the retinal focus to true heading difference). Moreover the degree of compensation during pursuit and VORC was correlated in individual cells (P< 0.001). Finally neurons that did not compensate appreciably tended to be gain-modulated during pursuit and VORC and may constitute an intermediate stage in the compensation process. These results indicate that many MSTd cells compensate for general gaze rotation, whether produced by eye-in-head or head-in-world rotation, and further implicate MSTd as a critical stage in the computation of heading. Interestingly vestibular cues present during VORC allow many cells to compensate even though humans do not accurately judge their heading in this condition. This suggests that MSTd may use vestibular information to create a compensated heading representation within at least a subpopulation of cells, which is accessed perceptually only when additional cues related to active head rotations are also present.", "date": "1999-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "81", "number": "6", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "2764-2786", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-142658748", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-142658748", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-07492" }, { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-06752" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.1999.81.6.2764", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Shenoy, Krishna V.; Bradley, David C.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/42bgf-n9c04", "eprint_id": 102251, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:20:18", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:21", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "Krishna V." } }, { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Crowell-J-A", "name": { "family": "Crowell", "given": "James A." } } ] }, "title": "The Contributions of Vestibular Signals to the Representations of Space in the Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1999 New York Academy of Sciences.\n\nThe work from our lab, reviewed here, was supported by the National Eye Institute, the Office of Naval Research, the Human Frontiers Scientific Program, and the James G. Boswell Foundation. We thank Betty Gillikin and Viktor Shcherbatyuk for technical assistance and Cierina Reyes for editorial assistance.", "abstract": "Vestibular signals play an important role in spatial orientation, perception of object location, and control of self\u2010motion. Prior physiological research on vestibular information processing has focused on brainstem mechanisms; relatively little is known about the processing of vestibular information at the level of the cerebral cortex. Recent electrophysiological experiments examining the use of vestibular canal signals in two different perceptual tasks are described: computation of self motion and localization of visual stimuli in a world\u2010centered reference frame. These two perceptual functions are mediated by different parts wof the posterior parietal cortex, the former in the dorsal aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) and the latter in area 7a.", "date": "1999-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "volume": "871", "number": "1", "publisher": "New York Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "282-292", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-143255582", "issn": "0077-8923", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-143255582", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09192.x", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Shenoy, Krishna V.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6efr1-hzc34", "eprint_id": 102252, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:12:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:29", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Li-Chiang-Shan-Ray", "name": { "family": "Li", "given": "Chiang-Shan Ray" } }, { "id": "Mazzoni-P", "name": { "family": "Mazzoni", "given": "Pietro" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Effect of Reversible Inactivation of Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area on Visual and Memory Saccades", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1999 The American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 13 April 1998; Accepted 30 October 1998; Published online 1 April 1999; Published in print 1 April 1999. \n\nWe thank K. Grieve and G. Chang for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript, J. Liao and D. Ward for technical assistance, and K. Grieve and L. Snyder for assistance in histology and many other aspects of the experiments. \n\nThis work is supported by the National Eye Institute. \n\nThe costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.", "abstract": "Effect of reversible inactivation of macaque lateral intraparietal area on visual and memory saccades. Previous studies from our laboratory identified a parietal eye field in the primate lateral intraparietal sulcus, the lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Here we further explore the role of area LIP in processing saccadic eye movements by observing the effects of reversible inactivation of this area. One to 2 \u03bcl of muscimol (8 mg/ml) were injected at locations where saccade-related activities were recorded for each lesion experiment. After the muscimol injection we observed in two macaque monkeys consistent effects on both the metrics and dynamics of saccadic eye movements at many injection sites. These effects usually took place within 10\u201330 min and disappeared after 5\u20136 h in most cases and certainly when tested the next day. After muscimol injection memory saccades directed toward the contralesional and upper space became hypometric, and in one monkey those to the ipsilesional space were slightly but significantly hypermetric. In some cases, the scatter of the end points of memory saccades was also increased. On the other hand, the metrics of visual saccades remained relatively intact. Latency for both visual and memory saccades toward the contralesional space was increased and in many cases displayed a higher variance after muscimol lesion. At many injection sites we also observed an increase of latency for visual and memory saccades toward the upper space. The peak velocities for memory saccades toward the contralesional space were decreased after muscimol injection. The peak velocities of visual saccades were not significantly different from those of the controls. The duration of saccadic eye movements either to the ipsilesional or contralesional space remained relatively the same for both visual and memory saccades. Overall these results demonstrated that we were able to selectively inactivate area LIP and observe effects on saccadic eye movements. Together with our previous recording studies these results futher support the view that area LIP plays a direct role in processing incoming sensory information to program saccadic eye movements. The results are consistent with our unit recording data and microstimulation studies, which suggest that area LIP represents contralateral space and also has a bias for the upper visual field.", "date": "1999-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "81", "number": "4", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "1827-1838", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-144022755", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-144022755", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1827", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1999", "author_list": "Li, Chiang-Shan Ray; Mazzoni, Pietro; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7e5y0-0w983", "eprint_id": 57498, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:35:11", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:28:25", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Crowell-J-A", "name": { "family": "Crowell", "given": "James A." } }, { "id": "Banks-M-S", "name": { "family": "Banks", "given": "Martin S." } }, { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "Krishna V." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Visual self-motion perception during head turns", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Nature America Inc.\n\nReceived 14 September; Accepted 21 October 1998.\n\nSome of the software used to run these experiments was written by Payam Saisan, Karsten Weber and Kirk Swenson at U.C. Berkeley. Portions of the apparatus were designed and built by Ric Paniagua and John Klemic at Caltech and Dave Rehder, Payam Saisan and Larry Gibson at U.C. Berkeley. Administrative assistance was provided by Sylvie Gertmenian and Cierina Reyes at Caltech and May Wong at U.C. Berkeley. This research was supported by the Human Frontiers Program, NIH-NEI, ONR and the James G. Boswell Neuroscience Professorship.", "abstract": "Extra-retinal information is critical in the interpretation of visual input during self-motion. Turning our eyes and head to track objects displaces the retinal image but does not affect our ability to navigate because we use extra-retinal information to compensate for these displacements. We showed observers animated displays depicting their forward motion through a scene. They perceived the simulated self-motion accurately while smoothly shifting the gaze by turning the head, but not when the same gaze shift was simulated in the display; this indicates that the visual system also uses extra-retinal information during head turns. Additional experiments compared self-motion judgments during active and passive head turns, passive rotations of the body and rotations of the body with head fixed in space. We found that accurate perception during active head turns is mediated by contributions from three extra-retinal cues: vestibular canal stimulation, neck proprioception and an efference copy of the motor command to turn the head.", "date": "1998-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature Neuroscience", "volume": "1", "number": "8", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "732-737", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150513-111931472", "issn": "1097-6256", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150513-111931472", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "James G. Boswell Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/3732", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Crowell, James A.; Banks, Martin S.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1kv8d-kz676", "eprint_id": 102254, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 13:08:11", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:37", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Center\u2013Surround Antagonism Based on Disparity in Primate Area MT", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "middle temporal area; motion perception; receptive field surrounds; image segmentation; primate; velocity\ntuning", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Society for Neuroscience. Beginning six months after publication the Work will be made freely available to the public on SfN's website to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). \n\nReceived Nov. 19, 1997; revised June 30, 1998; accepted July 1, 1998. \n\nThis work was supported by grants from the National Eye Institute, the Human Frontier Science Program, and the Sloan Foundation for Theoretical Neurobiology. \n\nWe are grateful to G. Robertson, D. Ward, B. Gillikin, and S. Gertemanian for technical assistance, and to K. Shenoy for comments on this manuscript.\n\nPublished - 7552.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Most neurons in primate visual area MT have a large, modulatory region surrounding their classically defined receptive field, or center. The velocity tuning of this \"surround\" is generally antagonistic to the center, making it potentially useful for detecting image discontinuities on the basis of differential motion. Because classical MT receptive fields are also disparity-selective, one might expect to find disparity-based surround antagonism as well; this would provide additional information about image discontinuities. However, the effects of disparity in the MT surround have not been studied previously. We measured single-neuron responses to variable-disparity moving patterns in the MT surround while holding a central moving pattern at a fixed disparity. Of the 130 neurons tested, 84% exhibited a modulatory surround, and in 52% of these, responses were significantly affected by disparity in the surround. In most cases, disparity effects in the surround were antagonistic to the center; that is, neurons were generally suppressed when center and surround stimuli had the same disparity, with decreasing suppression as the center and surround stimuli became separated in depth. Also, the effects of disparity and direction were mainly additive; i.e., disparity effects were generally independent of direction, and vice versa. These results suggest that the MT center\u2013surround apparatus provides information about image discontinuities, not only on the basis of velocity differences but on the basis of depth differences as well. This supports the hypothesis that MT surrounds have a role in image segmentation.", "date": "1998-09-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "18", "number": "18", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "7552-7565", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-152855581", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200401-152855581", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.18-18-07552.1998", "pmcid": "PMC6793235", "primary_object": { "basename": "7552.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1kv8d-kz676/files/7552.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Bradley, David C. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/h4qh8-a1v88", "eprint_id": 58288, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:15:29", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 19:13:32", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Grieve-K-L", "name": { "family": "Grieve", "given": "Kenneth L." } }, { "id": "Brotchie-P", "name": { "family": "Brotchie", "given": "Peter" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Separate body- and world-referenced representations of visual space in parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.\n\nReceived 20 April; accepted 9 June 1998.\n\nWe thank G. Roberts and B. Gillikin for technical assistance, and S. Gertmenian for editorial assistance. This work was supported by the Della Martin, McDonnell-Pew and Sloan foundations, the National Eye Institute and the Office of Naval Research.", "abstract": "In order to direct a movement towards a visual stimulus, visualspatial information must be combined with postural information. For example, directing gaze (eye plus head) towards a visible target requires the combination of retinal image location with eye and head position to determine the location of the target relative to the body. Similarly, world-referenced postural information is required to determine where something lies in the world. Posterior parietal neurons recorded in monkeys combine visual information with eye and head position. A population of such cells could make up a distributed representation of target location in an extraretinal frame of reference. However, previous studies have not distinguished between world-referenced and body-referenced signals. Here we report that modulations of visual signals (gain fields) in two adjacent cortical fields, LIP and 7a, are referenced to the body and to the world, respectively. This segregation of spatial information is consistent with a streaming of information, with one path carrying body-referenced information for the control of gaze, and the other carrying world-referenced information for navigation and other tasks that require an absolute frame of reference.", "date": "1998-08-27", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature", "volume": "394", "number": "6696", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "887-891", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150616-142745348", "issn": "0028-0836", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150616-142745348", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "McDonnell-Pew Foundation" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/29777", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Snyder, Lawrence H.; Grieve, Kenneth L.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3f7bs-pf237", "eprint_id": 102256, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:07:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:00:45", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Dubowitz-D-J", "name": { "family": "Dubowitz", "given": "David J." } }, { "id": "Chen-Dar-Yeong", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Dar-Yeong" } }, { "id": "Atkinson-D-J", "name": { "family": "Atkinson", "given": "Dennis J." } }, { "id": "Grieve-K-L", "name": { "family": "Grieve", "given": "Kenneth L." } }, { "id": "Gillikin-B", "name": { "family": "Gillikin", "given": "Betty" } }, { "id": "Bradley-W-G-Jr", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "William G., Jr." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging in macaque cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "fMRI, Functional activation, Rhesus macaque monkey, Visual cortex", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Lippincott-Raven Publishers.", "abstract": "The ability to use fMRI in a monkey model would bridge the gap between the fMRI demonstration of cerebral activation in humans and the cumulative wealth of monkey data on the functional organization of the brain from single electrode mapping, radioisotope and histology studies. We report a new technique for fMRI in an awake co-operative rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in a conventional clinical 1.5T MR scanner and present the first fMRI images from a macaque. Good resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and BOLD response (2.6\u20134.6%) have been achieved using the manufacturer's standard volume knee coil. T1 values of macaque gray and white matter (1490 ms, 1010 ms respectively) are higher than human brain, whereas T2 values are lower (55 ms, 48 ms respectively). An MR-compatible design for restraining the monkey is also described, along with a suitable EPI sequence for BOLD images, optimized for monkey T2, with voxel sizes from 29 to 61 \u03bcl, and MPRAGE sequence for anatomical studies with 0.8 mm isotropic resolution, optimized for monkey T1.", "date": "1998-07-13", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuroreport", "volume": "9", "number": "10", "publisher": "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins", "pagerange": "2213-2218", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200402-074422922", "issn": "0959-4965", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200402-074422922", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1097/00001756-199807130-00012", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Dubowitz, David J.; Chen, Dar-Yeong; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tvcft-xdw55", "eprint_id": 102264, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 12:55:46", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:01:18", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } } ] }, "title": "Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "structure-from-motion; area MT; depth perception; transparent motion; direction opponency", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. \n\nAvailable online 7 December 1998.", "abstract": "The ability to perceive the 3-D shape of objects solely from motion cues is referred to as structure-from-motion perception. Recent experiments indicate how this remarkable perceptual attribute is computed by the brains of primates. This computation proceeds in at least two stages, one in which motion measurements are made and another in which moving surfaces are reconstructed. The middle temporal area (MT) in the macaque monkey appears to play a pivotal role in the latter step and suggests a previously unappreciated function for this well-known cortical region, which had previously been thought to play a more rudimentary role in simply signaling the direction of motion of images.", "date": "1998-06-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Trends in Cognitive Sciences", "volume": "2", "number": "6", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "222-228", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200402-103559593", "issn": "1364-6613", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200402-103559593", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01181-4", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A. and Bradley, David C." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ec9t5-n8296", "eprint_id": 102268, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:51:04", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:01:30", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "Aaron P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Change in Motor Plan, Without a Change in the Spatial Locus of Attention, Modulates Activity in Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1998 American Physiological Society. \n\nReceived 18 June 1997; Accepted 26 January 1998; Published online 1 May 1998; Published in print 1 May 1998. \n\nWe thank B. Gillikan for technical assistance and S. Gertmenian for editorial assistance. \n\nThis work was sponsored by the National Eye Institute Grant EY-05522, the Della Martin Foundation, and the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology.", "abstract": "Change in motor plan, without a change in the spatial locus of attention, modulates activity in posterior parietal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2814\u20132819, 1998. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of macaque monkey, and a parietal reach region (PRR) medial and posterior to LIP, code the intention to make visually guided eye and arm movements, respectively. We studied the effect of changing the motor plan, without changing the locus of attention, on single neurons in these two areas. A central target was fixated while one or two sequential flashes occurred in the periphery. The first appeared either within the response field of the neuron being recorded or else on the opposite side of the fixation point. Animals planned a saccade (red flash) or reach (green flash) to the flash location. In some trials, a second flash 750 ms later could change the motor plan but never shifted attention: second flashes always occurred at the same location as the preceding first flash. Responses in LIP were larger when a saccade was instructed (n = 20 cells), whereas responses in PRR were larger when a reach was instructed (n = 17). This motor preference was observed for both first flashes and second flashes. In addition, the response to a second flash depended on whether it affirmed or countermanded the first flash; second flash responses were diminished only in the former case. Control experiments indicated that this differential effect was not due to stimulus novelty. These findings support a role for posterior parietal cortex in coding specific motor intention and are consistent with a possible role in the nonspatial shifting of motor intention.", "date": "1998-05", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "volume": "79", "number": "5", "publisher": "American Physiological Society", "pagerange": "2814-2819", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200402-121652675", "issn": "0022-3077", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200402-121652675", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY-05522" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" } ] }, "doi": "10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2814", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Snyder, Lawrence H.; Batista, Aaron P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bw0xd-nay13", "eprint_id": 58064, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:45:23", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 18:03:16", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Chang-Grace-C", "name": { "family": "Chang", "given": "Grace C." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Encoding of three-dimensional structure-from-motion by primate area MT neurons", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.\n\nReceived 4 August 1997; accepted 20 January 1998.\n\nWe thank B. Gillikin and S. Gertmenian for technical assistance and F. Crick and C. Koch for comments on the manuscript. Supported by grants from the National Eye Institute, the Human Frontier Science Program, and the Sloan Foundation for Theoretical Neurobiology.", "abstract": "We see the world as three-dimensional, but because the retinal image is flat, we must derive the third dimension, depth, from two-dimensional cues. Image movement provides one of the most potent cues for depth. For example, the shadow of a contorted wire appears flat when the wire is stationary, but rotating the wire causes motion in the shadow, which suddenly appears three-dimensional. The neural mechanism of this effect, known as 'structure-from-motion', has not been discovered. Here we study cortical area MT, a primate region that is involved in visual motion perception. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate their gaze while viewing two-dimensional projections of transparent, revolving cylinders. These stimuli appear to be three-dimensional, but the surface order perceived (front as opposed to back) tends to reverse spontaneously. These reversals occur because the stimulus does not specify which surface is in front or at the back. Monkeys reported which surface order they perceived after viewing the stimulus. In many of the neurons tested, there was a reproducible change in activity that coincided with reversals of the perceived surface order, even though the stimulus remained identical. This suggests that area MT has a basic role in structure-from-motion perception.", "date": "1998-04-16", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature", "volume": "392", "number": "6677", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "714-717", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150605-151536707", "issn": "0028-0836", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150605-151536707", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/33688", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1998", "author_list": "Bradley, David C.; Chang, Grace C.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v2hr4-kya24", "eprint_id": 1434, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-13 16:42:39", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 20:36:35", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Geesaman-B-J", "name": { "family": "Geesaman", "given": "Bard J." } }, { "id": "Born-R-T", "name": { "family": "Born", "given": "Richard T." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Tootell-R-B-H", "name": { "family": "Tootell", "given": "Roger B. H." } } ] }, "title": "Maps of complex motion selectivity in the superior temporal cortex of the alert macaque monkey: a double-label 2-deoxyglucose study", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Copyright \u00a9 1997 by Oxford University Press. Reprinted with permission. \n\nThe authors would like to thank Gail Robertson for excellent technical assistance and Ning Qian for a discussion of the local phase algorithm. This project was support by NIH grants RO1 EY07492 (R.A.A.), RO1 EY11379 (R.T.B.) and RO1 EY07980 (R.B.H.T.), and the Human Frontiers Science Program (R.A.A. and R.B.H.T.).", "abstract": "The superior temporal sulcus (STS) of the macaque monkey contains multiple visual areas. Many neurons within these regions respond selectively to motion direction and to more complex motion patterns, such as expansion, contraction and rotation. Single-unit recording and optical recording studies in MT/MST suggest that cells with similar tuning properties are clustered into columns extending through multiple cortical layers. In this study, we used a double-label 2-deoxyglucose technique in awake, behaving macaque monkeys to clarify this functional organization. This technique allowed us to label, in a single animal, two populations of neurons responding to two different visual stimuli. In one monkey we compared expansion with contraction; in a second monkey we compared expansion with clockwise rotation. Within the STS we found a patchy arrangement of cortical columns with alternating stimulus selectivity: columns of neurons preferring expansion versus contraction were more widely separated than those selective for expansion versus rotation. This mosaic of interdigitating columns on the floor and posterior bank of the STS included area MT and some neighboring regions of cortex, perhaps including area MST.", "date": "1997-12", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Cerebral Cortex", "volume": "7", "number": "8", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "pagerange": "749-757", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:GEEcecor97", "issn": "1047-3211", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:GEEcecor97", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1093/cercor/7.8.749", "primary_object": { "basename": "GEEcecor97.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v2hr4-kya24/files/GEEcecor97.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Geesaman, Bard J.; Born, Richard T.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gf34s-h9g69", "eprint_id": 102309, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:57:20", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:04:53", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1997 Royal Society of London. \n\nPublished online 29/10/1997; Published in print 10/1997. \n\nDiscussion Meeting Issue 'What are the parietal and hippocampal contributions to spatial cognition?' organized by N. Burgess and J. O'Keefe.", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex has long been considered an 'association' area that combines information from different sensory modalities to form a cognitive representation of space. However, until recently little has been known about the neural mechanisms responsible for this important cognitive process. Recent experiments from the author's laboratory indicate that visual, somatosensory, auditory and vestibular signals are combined in areas LIP and 7a of the posterior parietal cortex.The integration of these signals can represent the locations of stimuli with respect to the observer and within the environment. Area MSTd combines visual motion signals, similar to those generated during an observer's movement through the environment, with eye\u2013movement and vestibular signals. This integration appears to play a role in specifying the path on which the observer is moving. All three cortical areas combine different modalities into common spatial frames by using a gain\u2013field mechanism. The spatial representations in areas LIP and 7a appear to be important for specifying the locations of targets for actions such as eye movements or reaching; the spatial representation within area MSTd appears to be important for navigation and the perceptual stability of motion signals.", "date": "1997-10-29", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences", "volume": "352", "number": "1360", "publisher": "Royal Society of London", "pagerange": "1421-1428", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200403-093624325", "issn": "0962-8436", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200403-093624325", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1098/rstb.1997.0128", "pmcid": "PMC1692052", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2j9ar-z2158", "eprint_id": 102313, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:27:52", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:05:09", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Neural Mechanisms of Visual Motion Perception in Primates", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1997 Cell Press. \n\nI wish to thank David Bradley, Jim Crowell, Krishna Shenoy, and Carol Andersen for comments on the manuscript; Sylvie Gertmenian for editorial assistance; and David Bradley and John Pezaris for assistance with the figures. The experiments from the author's laboratory discussed here were supported by grants from the National Eye Institute, the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, the Human Frontiers Scientific Program, and the Office of Naval Research.", "abstract": "A large extent of the posterior cortex of the primate brain is devoted to vision, and it contains two general streams that process visual information. The one stream is situated more ventrally in the cortex and is important for object recognition, pattern recognition, color perception, and shape perception. These attributes of visual analysis we associate with visual awareness or \"seeing\", and thus this stream has been referred to as the \"what\" system because it recognizes objects (Ungerleider and Mishkin 1982). A second, more dorsal stream is associated with visual-motor transformations\u2014that is, the routing of sensory information into motor areas for the purpose of action. This dorsal stream plays an important role in attention, decisions, and movement planning. It also plays an important role in spatial awareness, which is crucial for planning movements to locations in space and for transforming visually defined locations into movement coordinates to accomplish accurate motor behaviors. This pathway has been referred to as the \"where\" or \"how\" pathway because it tells us where and how to perform visually guided movements (41, 15). The motion processing stream is considered to be part of the dorsal \"where\" pathway, but it shares features of both these dorsal and ventral systems. The motion pathway analyzes visual motions to form percepts of complex motion patterns and of shape derived from movement cues; that is, it has similar perceptual functions to the ventral stream. However, it also plays important roles in visual-motor processing, including spatial awareness based on motion cues, and the analysis of motion information for the planning of motor behaviors such as tracking moving targets with the eyes.", "date": "1997-06", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Neuron", "volume": "18", "number": "6", "publisher": "Cell Press", "pagerange": "865-872", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200403-104038125", "issn": "0896-6273", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200403-104038125", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80326-8", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/93kr4-yhc64", "eprint_id": 57526, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 01:08:47", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 17:30:20", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "L. H." } }, { "id": "Batista-A-P", "name": { "family": "Batista", "given": "A. P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Coding of intention in the posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1997 Nature Publishing Group.\n\nReceived 10 December 1996; accepted 14 January 1997.\n\nWe thank B. Gillikin for technical assistance and S. Gertmenian for editorial assistance. This work was supported by the National Eye Institute, Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, Della Martin Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research.", "abstract": "To look at or reach for what we see, spatial information from the visual system must be transformed into a motor plan. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is well placed to perform this function, because it lies between visual areas, which encode spatial information, and motor cortical areas. The PPC contains several subdivisions, which are generally conceived as high-order sensory areas. Neurons in area 7a and the lateral intraparietal area fire before and during visually guided saccades. Other neurons in areas 7a and 5 are active before and during visually guided arm movements. These areas are also active during memory tasks in which the animal remembers the location of a target for hundreds of milliseconds before making an eye or arm movement. Such activity could reflect either visual attention or the intention to make movements. This question is difficult to resolve, because even if the animal maintains fixation while directing attention to a peripheral location, the observed neuronal activity could reflect movements that are planned but not executed. To address this, we recorded from the PPC while monkeys planned either reaches or saccades to a single remembered location. We now report that, for most neurons, activity before the movement depended on the type of movement being planned. We conclude that PPC contains signals related to what the animal intends to do.", "date": "1997-03-13", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature", "volume": "386", "number": "6621", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "167-170", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150514-100738708", "issn": "0028-0836", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150514-100738708", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Caltech Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Della Martin Foundation" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/386167a0", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Snyder, L. H.; Batista, A. P.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8jtek-jcy08", "eprint_id": 489, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:34:42", "lastmod": "2023-10-13 21:50:23", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Snyder-L-H", "name": { "family": "Snyder", "given": "Lawrence H." } }, { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Xing-Jing", "name": { "family": "Xing", "given": "Jing" } } ] }, "title": "Multimodal Representation of Space in the Posterior Parietal Cortex and its use in Planning Movements", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "eye movements, navigation, monkey, spatial representation, optic flow", "note": "\u00a9 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc.\n\nPublished - ANDarn97.pdf
", "abstract": "Recent experiments are reviewed that indicate that sensory signals from many modalities, as well as efference copy signals from motor structures, converge in the posterior parietal cortex in order to code the spatial locations of goals for movement. These signals are combined using a specific gain mechanism that enables the different coordinate frames of the various input signals to be combined into common, distributed spatial representations. These distributed representations can be used to convert the sensory locations of stimuli into the appropriate motor coordinates required for making directed movements. Within these spatial representations of the posterior parietal cortex are neural activities related to higher cognitive functions, including attention. We review recent studies showing that the encoding of intentions to make movements is also among the cognitive functions of this area.", "date": "1997-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "volume": "20", "publisher": "Annual Reviews", "pagerange": "303-330", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ANDarn97", "issn": "0147-006X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ANDarn97", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.303", "primary_object": { "basename": "ANDarn97.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8jtek-jcy08/files/ANDarn97.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1997", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A.; Snyder, Lawrence H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a5n4w-5th82", "eprint_id": 53096, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:19:56", "lastmod": "2023-10-19 14:32:02", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Maxwell-M", "name": { "family": "Maxwell", "given": "Marsha" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Banks-M-S", "name": { "family": "Banks", "given": "Martin S." } }, { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "Krishna V." } } ] }, "title": "Mechanisms of Heading Perception in Primate Visual Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1996 American Association for the Advancement of Science.\n\n19 April 1996; Accepted 19 July 1996.\n\nWe are grateful to D. Ward and B. Gillikin for technical\nassistance and to W. Warren and J. Crowell for helpful comments. This work was funded by the National Eye Institute, the Sloan Foundation for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, the Office of Naval Research, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.", "abstract": "When we move forward while walking or driving, what we see appears to expand. The center or focus of this expansion tells us our direction of self-motion, or heading, as long as our eyes are still. However, if our eyes move, as when tracking a nearby object on the ground, the retinal image is disrupted and the focus is shifted away from the heading. Neurons in primate dorso-medial superior temporal area responded selectively to an expansion focus in a certain part of the visual field, and this selective region shifted during tracking eye movements in a way that compensated for the retinal focus shift. Therefore, these neurons account for the effect of eye movements on what we see as we travel forward through the world.", "date": "1996-09-13", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Science", "volume": "273", "number": "5281", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "pagerange": "1544-1547", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20141222-125141201", "issn": "0036-8075", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141222-125141201", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Centers for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1126/science.273.5281.1544", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Bradley, David C.; Maxwell, Marsha; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fhfcz-pbt28", "eprint_id": 99569, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:10:17", "lastmod": "2023-10-18 18:33:54", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Geesaman-Bard-J", "name": { "family": "Geesaman", "given": "Bard J." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Analysis of Complex Motion Patterns by Form/Cue Invariant MSTd Neurons", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "area MSTd; optical flow; object motion; motion perception; form/cue invariance; extrastriate cortex", "note": "\u00a9 1996 Society for Neuroscience. \n\nReceived Sept. 20, 1995; revised May 7, 1996; accepted May 13, 1996. \n\nThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY07492, the Office of Naval Research, the Sloan Foundation, and the Human Frontiers Scientific Program. We thank Ning Qian and David Bradley for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and Gail Robertson for technical assistance. We are also indebted to the two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.\n\nPublished - 4716.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Several groups have proposed that area MSTd of the macaque monkey has a role in processing optical flow information used in the analysis of self motion, based on its neurons' selectivity for large-field motion patterns such as expansion, contraction, and rotation. It has also been suggested that this cortical region may be important in analyzing the complex motions of objects. More generally, MSTd could be involved in the generic function of complex motion pattern representation, with its cells responsible for integrating local motion signals sent forward from area MT into a more unified representation. If MSTd is extracting generic motion pattern signals, it would be important that the preferred tuning of MSTd neurons not depend on the particular features and cues that allow these motions to be represented. To test this idea, we examined the diversity of stimulus features and cues over which MSTd cells can extract information about motion patterns such as expansion, contraction, rotation, and spirals. The different classes of stimuli included: coherently moving random dot patterns, solid squares, outlines of squares, a square aperture moving in front of an underlying stationary pattern of random dots, a square composed entirely of flicker, and a square of nonFourier motion. When a unit was tuned with respect to motion patterns across these stimulus classes, the motion pattern producing the most vigorous response in a neuron was nearly the same for each class. Although preferred tuning was invariant, the magnitude and width of the tuning curves often varied between classes. Thus, MSTd is form/cue invariant for complex motions, making it an appropriate candidate for analysis of object motion as well as motion introduced by observer translation.", "date": "1996-08-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Neuroscience", "volume": "16", "number": "15", "publisher": "Society for Neuroscience", "pagerange": "4716-4732", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20191030-153628023", "issn": "0270-6474", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191030-153628023", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NIH", "grant_number": "EY07492" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" } ] }, "doi": "10.1523/jneurosci.16-15-04716.1996", "pmcid": "PMC6579023", "primary_object": { "basename": "4716.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fhfcz-pbt28/files/4716.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Geesaman, Bard J. and Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5cjsh-rzf17", "eprint_id": 10376, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:02:53", "lastmod": "2023-10-16 22:49:55", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Thier-P", "name": { "family": "Thier", "given": "P." } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Electrical microstimulation suggests two different forms of representation of head-centered space in the intraparietal sulcus of rhesus monkeys", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "parietal cortex; eye movements; saccades", "note": "\u00a9 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. \n\nCommunicated by John J. Hopfield, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, January 16, 1996 (received for review April 28, 1995) \n\nThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked \"advertisement\" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. \u00a71734 solely to indicate this fact.\n\nPublished - THIpnas96.pdf
", "abstract": "We examined the effects of eye position on saccades evoked by electrical stimulation of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) of rhesus monkeys. Microstimulation evoked saccades from sites on the posterior bank, floor, and the medial bank of the IPS. The size and direction of the eye movements varied as a function of initial eye position before microstimulation. At many stimulation sites, eye position affected primarily the amplitude and not the direction of the evoked saccades. These \"modified vector saccades\" were characteristic of most stimulation-sensitive zones in the IPS, with the exception of a narrow strip located mainly on the floor of the sulcus. Stimulation in this \"intercalated zone\" evoked saccades that moved the eyes into a particular region in head-centered space, independent of the starting position of the eyes. This latter response is compatible with the stimulation site representing a goal zone in head-centered coordinates. On the other hand, the modified vector saccades observed outside the intercalated zone are indicative of a more distributed representation of head-centered space. A convergent projection from many modified vector sites onto each intercalated site may be a basis for a transition from a distributed to a more explicit representation of space in head-centered coordinates.", "date": "1996-05-14", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "volume": "93", "number": "10", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "pagerange": "4962-4967", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:THIpnas96", "issn": "0027-8424", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:THIpnas96", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.93.10.4962", "pmcid": "PMC39388", "primary_object": { "basename": "THIpnas96.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5cjsh-rzf17/files/THIpnas96.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Thier, P. and Andersen, R. A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/syy4e-sgd79", "eprint_id": 102358, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 07:08:39", "lastmod": "2023-10-20 00:07:53", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "R. A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" }, { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "D. C." } }, { "id": "Shenoy-K-V", "name": { "family": "Shenoy", "given": "K. V." } } ] }, "title": "Neural Mechanisms for Heading and Structure-from Motion Perception", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1996 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.\n\nWe thank Sylvie Gertmenian, Betty Gillikin, and Jason Liao for their excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by the National Eye Institute, the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology at Caltech, the Office of Naval Research, and the Human Frontiers Scientific Program.\n\nPublished - 15.full.pdf
", "abstract": "Two of the most important perceptual functions of the visual motion system are to compute our direction of heading as we move through the environment, and to deduce the three-dimensional structure of objects and the environment from motion cues. Below, we review experiments that provide insights into how these perceptual phenomena are constructed by the brain. Understanding how the motion system performs these analyses will likely have general applicability to other perceptual functions, both within and outside the motion pathway. For instance, understanding how motion signals are perceived as spatially constant despite eye movements, an important prerequisite for determining heading direction, may lead to a general understanding of spatial-perceptual constancy. Likewise, understanding how three-dimensional form is processed from motion cues in the dorsal visual pathway may provide important suggestions as to how form is derived from other visual cues in the ventral visual pathway.", "date": "1996-01-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology", "volume": "61", "number": "1", "publisher": "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory", "pagerange": "15-25", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200406-141338993", "issn": "0091-7451", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200406-141338993", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "15.full.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/syy4e-sgd79/files/15.full.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1996", "author_list": "Andersen, R. A.; Bradley, D. C.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/664jw-brr54", "eprint_id": 1435, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 10:35:27", "lastmod": "2023-10-13 22:49:05", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Encoding of Intention and Spatial Location in the Posterior Parietal Cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "signal transductioneye movementmental processesmotor cortexeyeparietal lobesensory modalityhead position", "note": "\u00a9 Oxford University Press 1995 \n\nI thank Larry Snyder for comments on a draft of the manuscript, and Laura Rodriguez and Carol Andersen for editorial assistance.\n\nPublished - ANDcecor95.pdf
", "abstract": "The posterior parietal cortex is functionally situated between sensory cortex and motor cortex. The responses of cells in this area are difficult to classify as strictly sensory or motor, since many have both sensory- and movement-related activities, as well as activities related to higher cognitive functions such as attention and intention. In this review we will provide evidence that the posterior parietal cortex is an interface between sensory and motor structures and performs various functions important for sensory-motor integration. The review will focus on two specific sensory-motor tasks-the formation of motor plans and the abstract representation of space. Cells in the lateral intraparietal area, a subdivision of the parietal cortex, have activity related to eye movements the animal intends to make. This finding represents the lowest stage in the sensory-motor cortical pathway in which activity related to intention has been found and may represent the cortical stage in which sensory signals go \"over the hump\" to become intentions and plans to make movements. The second part of the review will discuss the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex. Encoding spatial locations is an essential step in sensory-motor transformations. Since movements are made to locations in space, these locations should be coded invariant of eye and head position or the sensory modality signaling the target for a movement Data will be reviewed demonstrating that there exists in the posterior parietal cortex an abstract representation of space that is constructed from the integration of visual, auditory, vestibular, eye position, and propriocaptive head position signals. This representation is in the form of a population code and the above signals are not combined in a haphazard fashion. Rather, they are brought together using a specific operation to form \"planar gain fields\" that are the common foundation of the population code for the neural construct of space.", "date": "1995-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Cerebral Cortex", "volume": "5", "number": "5", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "pagerange": "457-469", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ANDcecor95", "issn": "1047-3211", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ANDcecor95", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1093/cercor/5.5.457", "primary_object": { "basename": "ANDcecor95.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/664jw-brr54/files/ANDcecor95.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1995", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b5ckc-z7a52", "eprint_id": 58118, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 05:31:56", "lastmod": "2023-10-23 19:04:21", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bradley-D-C", "name": { "family": "Bradley", "given": "David C." } }, { "id": "Qian-Ning", "name": { "family": "Qian", "given": "Ning" } }, { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Integration of motion and stereopsis in middle temporal cortical area of macaques", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "note": "\u00a9 1995 Nature Publishing Group.\n\nReceived 12 September; accepted 19 December 1994.\n\nWe thank G. Poggio, G. Westheimer and S. Treue tor suggestions on experimental design; M. Sahani for comments on the manuscript; and G. Robertson, D. Ward and L Rodriguez for technical assistance. This work was funded by the National Eye Institute, the Office of Naval Research, the Human Frontiers Scientific program, and the McDonnell Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience.", "abstract": "The primate visual system incorporates a highly specialized subsystem for the analysis of motion in the visual field. A key element of this subsystem is the middle temporal (MT) cortical area, which contains a majority of direction-selective neurons. MT neurons are also selective for binocular disparity (depth), which is perplexing given that they are not sensitive to motion through depth. What is the role of disparity in MT? Our data suggest an important link between disparity and transparent motion detection. Motion signals in different directions tend to inhibit each other within a given MT receptive field. This inhibition has an averaging effect which minimizes MT responses to random motion signals created by light intensity changes and other non-motion stimuli (motion noise). But, in the absence of disparity cues, inhibition may also occur between surfaces moving in different directions through the same part of the visual field (transparent motion), thus impairing the detection of either surface. Here we show that inhibition in MT occurs mainly between motion signals with similar disparities. Transparent surface movements at different depths are thus represented independently in MT (that is, without inhibiting each other) whereas spurious motion signals from a given surface tend to cancel out. To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence for a functional integration of motion and disparity in MT.", "date": "1995-02-16", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Nature", "volume": "373", "number": "6515", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "pagerange": "609-611", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20150609-114134203", "issn": "0028-0836", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150609-114134203", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Eye Institute" }, { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)" }, { "agency": "Human Frontier Science Program" }, { "agency": "McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience" }, { "agency": "NIH" } ] }, "doi": "10.1038/373609a0", "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1995", "author_list": "Bradley, David C.; Qian, Ning; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dnhsx-hfh77", "eprint_id": 1195, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:18:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-13 22:40:36", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Andersen-R-A", "name": { "family": "Andersen", "given": "Richard A." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7947-0472" } ] }, "title": "Visual and eye movement functions of the posterior parietal cortex", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\"Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 12 copyright 1989 by Annual Reviews, www.annualreviews.org\" \n\nI wish to thank C. Andersen for editorial assistance and D. Duffy for typing the manuscript. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants EY05522 and EY07492, the Sloan Foundation and the Whitaker Health Sciences Foundation.", "abstract": "Lesions of the posterior parietal area in humans produce interesting spatial-perceptual and spatial-behavioral deficits. Among the more important deficits observed are loss of spatial memories, problems representing spatial relations in models or drawings, disturbances in the spatial distribution of attention, and the inability to localize visual targets. Posterior parietal lesions in nonhuman primates also produce visual spatial deficits not unlike those found in humans. Mountcastle and his colleagues were the first to explore this area, using single cell recording techniques in behaving monkeys over 13 years ago. Subsequent work by Mountcastle, Lynch and colleagues, Hyvarinen and colleagues, Robinson, Goldberg & Stanton, and Sakata and colleagues during the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s provided an informational and conceptual foundation for exploration of this fascinating area of the brain. Four new directions of research that are presently being explored from this foundation are reviewed in this article. \n\n1. The anatomical and functional organization of the inferior parietal lobule is presently being investigated with neuroanatomical tracing and single cell recording techniques. This area is now known to be comprised of at least four separate cortical fields. \n\n2. Neural mechanisms for spatial constancy are being explored. In area 7a information about eye position is found to be integrated with visual inputs to produce representations of visual space that are head-centered (the meaning of a head-centered coordinate system is explained on p. 13).\n3. The role of the posterior parietal cortex, and the pathways projecting into this region, in processing information about motion in the visual world is under investigation. Visual areas within the posterior parietal cortex may play a role in extracting higher level motion information including the perception of structure-from-motion. \n\n4. A previously unexplored area within the intraparietal sulcus has been found whose cells hold a representation in memory of planned eye movements. Special experimental protocols have shown that these cells code the direction and amplitude of intended movements in motor coordinates and suggest that this area plays a role in motor planning.", "date": "1989-03-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "volume": "12", "publisher": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "pagerange": "377-403", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:ANDarn89", "issn": "0147-006X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:ANDarn89", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "doi": "10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.002113", "primary_object": { "basename": "ANDarn89.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dnhsx-hfh77/files/ANDarn89.pdf" }, "resource_type": "article", "pub_year": "1989", "author_list": "Andersen, Richard A." } ]