@misc {CaltechAUTHORS_https://authors.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/99419,
    title ="Tidal Heating: Lessons from Io and the Jovian System - Final Report",
    author = "de Kleer, Katherine and McEwen, Alfred S.",
    
    
    
    
    month = "June",
    year = "2019",
    
    doi = "10.26206/d4wc-6v82",
    
    
    url = "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20191023-151847724",
    note = "© June 2019. \n\nWe especially thank Michele Judd and others at the Keck Institute for Space Studies for supporting this effort. This research was in part carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.",
    revision_no = "14",
    abstract = "Tidal heating is key to the evolution and habitability of many worlds across our solar system and beyond. However, there remain fundamental gaps in our understanding of tidal heating and coupled orbital evolution, which motivated a Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) workshop on this topic. The Cassini mission has led to many recent results about ocean worlds and what may become a new paradigm for understanding orbital evolution with tidal heating, the model of resonance locking in the parent planet (Fuller et al., 2016). Resonance locking explains how subsurface oceans may persist over much of geologic time, even in tiny Enceladus. The discovery\nof the Laplace resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede orbiting Jupiter led to the prediction of intense tidal heating of Io (Peale et al., 1979); this system provides the greatest potential for advances in the next few decades. Europa Clipper and JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) will provide in-depth studies of Europa and Ganymede in the 2030s. The easily observed heat flow of Io, from hundreds of continually erupting volcanoes, makes it an ideal target for further investigation, and the missing link—along with missions in development—to understand the Laplace system. \n\nWe identified five key questions to drive future research and exploration: (Q1) What do volcanic eruptions tell us about the interiors of tidally heated bodies (e.g., Io, Enceladus, and perhaps Europa and Triton)? (Q2) How is tidal dissipation partitioned between solid and liquid materials? (Q3) Does Io have a melt-rich layer, or “magma ocean”, that mechanically decouples the lithosphere from the deeper interior? (Q4) Is the Jupiter/Laplace system in equilibrium (i.e., does the satellite’s heat output equal the rate at which energy is generated)? (Q5) Can stable isotope measurements inform long-term evolution of tidally heated bodies? \n\nThe most promising avenues to address these questions include a new spacecraft mission making close flybys of Io, missions orbiting and landing on key worlds such as Europa and Enceladus, technology developments to enable advanced techniques, closer coupling between laboratory experiments and tidal heating theory, and advances in Earth-based telescopic observations of solar system and extrasolar planets and moons. All of these avenues would benefit from technological developments. An Io mission should: characterize volcanic processes (Q1); test interior models via a set of geophysical measurements coupled with laboratory experiments and theory (Q2 and Q3); measure the rate of Io’s orbital migration (to complement similar measurements expected at Europa and Ganymede) to determine if the Laplace resonance is in equilibrium (Q4); and determine neutral compositions and measure stable isotopes in Io’s atmosphere and plumes (Q5). No new technologies are required for such an Io mission following advances in radiation design and solar power realized for Europa Clipper and JUICE. Seismology is a promising avenue for future exploration, either from landers or remote laser reflectometry, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) could be revolutionary on these active worlds, but advanced power systems plus lower mass and power-active instruments are needed for operation in the outer solar system.",
}
@misc {CaltechAUTHORS_https://authors.library.caltech.edu/id/eprint/81825,
    title ="Satellites to the Seafloor: Autonomous Science to Forge a Breakthrough in Quantifying the Global Ocean Carbon Budget",
    author = "Thompson, Andrew and Kinsey, James C.",
    
    
    
    
    month = "October",
    year = "2013",
    
    
    
    url = "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170926-084222179",
    note = "Primary support for this study was provided by the Keck Institute for Space Studies. Additional funding for participants was provided by the Jewitt Foundation.\n\nWe particularly want to thank Michele Judd, Managing Director of the Keck Institute for Space Studies, and her Administrative Assistants, Janet Seid and Sharon Bryant, for\ntheir indefatigable efforts and patience, without which our Study could not have been completed.\n\nThe authors thank Judy Fenwick (WHOI) for her assistance in editing the report.",
    revision_no = "11",
    abstract = "Understanding the global carbon budget and its changes is crucial to current and future life on Earth. The marine component represents the largest reservoir of the global carbon cycle. In addition to physical processes that govern carbon fluxes at the air-sea interface and regulate the atmospheric carbon budget, complex internal sources and sinks, including inorganic, geologic, microbiological and biological processes also impact carbon distributions and storage. Therefore, it is essential to observe and understand the whole system. This is a daunting task, as many of the processes are distributed throughout the ocean, laterally and vertically over scales ranging from centimeters to thousands of kilometers. Ship and satellite observations both offer a partial view but, for ships, are either too short term and localized and satellites, despite their large spatial coverage, lack the spatial resolution. Ocean robots, such as deep diving autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and gliders, provide in-situ observations of the seafloor and water column while the surface can be observed in-situ by autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs). Presently, these assets are used disparately with each operating independently and requiring direct human intervention for data interpretation and mission retasking. This paradigm is insufficient for the task of obtaining the millions of in-situ and remote measurements necessary for quantifying the ocean’s contribution to the global carbon cycle. This study brings together scientists, who understand the imperative and scope of quantifying the global carbon budget, with technologists, who may be able to glimpse a possible way of solving it.\n\nA coordinated network of ocean robots and satellites that autonomously interpret data and communicate sampling strategies could significantly advance our ability to monitor the marine carbon (and other biogeochemical) cycles. The principal goal of this study is to determine whether emerging technologies could enable crucial oceanographic and space science investigations to be coordinated to address this scientific challenge and may be the way to address others. Specifically, we will:\n\nestablish a lingua franca between the participants’ different research communities that will enable increased communication;\n\nidentify the observational capabilities required to quantify the carbon cycle;\n\nassess the present capabilities of the ocean robotics, autonomous science, and satellite communities to provide these capabilities;\n\ninvestigate if coordinated ocean robots and satellites using autonomous science can obtain those observations; and\ndevelop a collaborative research agenda aimed at solving these problems.",
}