[ { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2pkjc-dqb91", "eprint_id": 104010, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:12:55", "lastmod": "2024-01-15 04:32:01", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Gessler-Johannes", "name": { "family": "Gessler", "given": "Johannes" } } ] }, "title": "The Beginning of Bedload Movement of Mixtures Investigated as Natural Armoring in Channels", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Report No. 69 of the Laboratory of Hydraulic Research and Soil Mechanics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich under the direction of Prof. G. Schnitter. \n\nTranslated with permission of the Author and The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology by Edmund A. Prych. \n\nReproduction of this material was sponsored under a grant from the Bechtel Corp. \n\nForward\n\nIn this paper the beginning of bedload movement of mixtures is investigated.\n\nI wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. G. Schnitter, my advisor, for the expert guidance and valuable suggestions which contributed to the success of this work. I thank Prof. Th. Dracos for reviewing and approving the work, in this way he assisted in this project. I thank Engineer J. Zeller, Chief of the Department of Hydraulics in the Laboratories of Hydraulic Research and Soil Mechanics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, for the great interest and the assistance that he provided for this work at many times. To Mr. J. Zeller, draftsman, I give my thanks for the careful preparation of all drawings and writing the equations. Furthermore, I wish to thank every employee of the Laboratories of Hydraulic Research and Soil Mechanics, that assisted me many times with advice and actions, especially while conducting the experiments.\n\nJohannes Gessler\n\nItschnach-Kusnacht, December 1965\n\n
Submitted - TR000572.pdf
", "abstract": "Beginning of bedload transport in channels, whose beds are formed by gravel-sand mixtures, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. \n\nIn order to make a theoretically approachable treatment to the problem two assumptions are made: \n\n1. the turbulent fluctuations of the bottom shear stress are statistically describable by a Gaussian distribution; \n\n2. a grain starts in motion when the effective (instantaneous) eroding bottom shear stress on a grain exceeds a critical value, which is a function of the grain size and Reynolds number of the grain. \n\nOn the basis of these assumptions the probability of remaining still (or being eroded) for a certain grain under given hydraulic conditions is calculated (equation 8; this probability is independent of the grain size distribution of the gravel-sand mixture). During the work a feasible way was found to determine the critical shear stress by a basically new method: the average bottom shear stress was defined as equal to the control shear stress, when for the grain in question, the probability for remaining still and being eroded are equal. \n\nTo supplement and verify the theory, natural armoring of channel bottoms consisting of gravel-sand-mixtures was investigated in the laboratory. On the basis of these experiments the dimension- less critical shear stress can be determined as a function of the Reynolds number of the grains (Fig. 8), and the distribution function of the fluctuation of the bottom shear stress (Fig. 9); in doing so it was confirmed that the distribution function can be approximated by the Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of \u03c3 = 0.57. \n\nThe laboratory experiments were supplemented by observations in the field.", "date": "2020-06-24", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20200624-114805343", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200624-114805343", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Bechtel Corporation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Prych-E-A", "name": { "family": "Prych", "given": "Edmund A." } } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/9wbd-aa56", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000572.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2pkjc-dqb91/files/TR000572.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2020", "author_list": "Gessler, Johannes" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3n7t1-a8111", "eprint_id": 91673, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 01:17:21", "lastmod": "2024-01-14 21:18:19", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Mau-R-E", "name": { "family": "Mau", "given": "Russell Edgar" } } ] }, "title": "Particle transport in flow through porous media: advection, longitudinal dispersion, and filtration", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1992 Russell Edgar Mau. All rights reserved. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nI would like to acknowledge the financial support of both the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, through the State Water Resources Research Institute, Project No. 14-08-0001-G1550, and by the University of California Water Resources Center, Projects UCAL-WRC-W-22605-89(03) and -W-773.\n\nSubmitted - TR000119-appendix-c.pdf
Submitted - TR000119-report.pdf
", "abstract": "A theoretical and experimental investigation of the transport parameters of particles flowing through porous media has been made. These parameters are the particle advective velocity, longitudinal dispersion coefficient, and filter coefficient. Both theoretical and experimental results are limited to flows with low Reynolds number (linear, laminar flow) and high Peclet number (advection dominates diffusion). The theoretical development used dimensionless numbers to define the transport parameters and incorporated them into an advective-dispersion equation describing particle transport. A relationship for unfavorable filtration due to repulsive double layer interactions is proposed.\n\nA solution to the complete advective-dispersion equation for particle transport was derived for the case of a constant filter coefficient. This solution when compared to a similar solution previously derived for solute transport, showed that for small filtration the solutions were identical except for the exponential decay factor due to filtration. A numerical model was developed for the case of a variable filter coefficient.\n\nFlow experiments were conducted in a 1.5 m vertical column with sand (geo. mean diameter = 381 micron), with suspensions of polystyrene latex particles (three cases, mean diameter = 0.1, 1.4 and 2.8 micron), and with NaCl as the electrolyte (0.4 mM < Ionic strength < 2.1 mM). The range of Peclet number studied was 1.26 x 10^4 to 2.00 x 10^6. The measurement of the particle concentrations during passage of a displacement front provided the necessary data to determine the particle transport parameters.\n\nThe particle advective velocities for the three different sized particles was found to range approximately from 0 to 5.4% greater than the solute velocity, and these values were within a few percent of predictions based on particle and pore radii.\n\nThe longitudinal dispersion coefficient for the three different sized particles was found to be a function of only the advective velocity of the particles and grain diameter of the porous bed which confirmed the dimensional analysis argument and closely matched previous solute work.\n\nA dimensional analysis argument for the relationship between the favorable and unfavorable filter coefficient was proposed to be a function of the ratio of the particle diffusion length of an advecting particle and the double layer thickness (which in turn depends on the ionic strength of the water). A wide range of filtration data (Brownian to advective particles) was empirically fitted using this dimensionless number.\n\nThe effects of ionic strength on particle transport were found to be either minimal or separable from the hydraulic variables. For advection, effects of changing ionic strength were analyzed as changes in the effective particle radius and calculations made using this apparent particle radius matched experimental results. For dispersion, an increase of a factor of 6 in the ionic strength increased the longitudinal dispersion by a factor of 1.2.", "date": "2018-12-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-53", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-53", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Andrew W. Mellon Foundation" }, { "agency": "USGS", "grant_number": "14-08- 0001-G1550" }, { "agency": "University of California Water Resources Center", "grant_number": "UCAL-WRC-W-22605-89(03)" }, { "agency": "University of California Water Resources Center", "grant_number": "UCAL-WRC-W-773" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9H41PCT", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000119-appendix-c.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3n7t1-a8111/files/TR000119-appendix-c.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "TR000119-report.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/3n7t1-a8111/files/TR000119-report.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Mau, Russell Edgar" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kft8r-pyr46", "eprint_id": 66690, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:31:13", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 16:50:22", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Roberts-P-J-W", "name": { "family": "Roberts", "given": "Philip J. W." } } ] }, "title": "Dispersion of Buoyant Waste Water Discharged from Outfall Diffusers of Finite Length", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Many people contributed to this study, and I would like to express my gratitude to them. \n\nFirst and foremost was my adviser, Norman H. Brooks, who suggested this project and provided much encouragement and assistance essential for its completion. \n\nDrs. R. C. Y. Koh and E. J. List made many valuable suggestions during the writing of the thesis. Fellow students E. Naheer and N. Kotsovinos made many useful comments. Greg Gartrell also made many comments, whether wanted or not. Dr. Koh also made many helpful suggestions on the experimental aspects. \n\nI would also like to thank Mr. Elton F. Daly for his invaluable assistance and advice in all practical matters, Joe Fontana who constructed much of the equipment, and Dave Byrum who prepared the drawings. \n\nDale Johnson and Linda Figueroa assisted with the laboratory experiments, and Bob Shultz and Hugh Ginter assisted with the field experiments. \n\nMrs. Joan Mathews performed an excellent job in typing the text. \n\nThe writer acknowledges support from the following sources at various times during the course of this research: National Science Foundation (Grant Numbers GK-35774X, ENG75-02985 and ENG75-02985 A01), Environmental Protection Agency (Contract Number 68-03-0434), Rockefeller Foundation (Grant Number RF-72049), and Ford Motor Company Fund for Energy Research (through the Caltech Energy Steering Committee). \n\nFinally, I would like to thank Yvette, my wife, for her love and encouragement which were so needed during the course of this study. \n\nThis report was submitted in March, 1977 as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science at the California Institute of Technology.\n\nSubmitted - TR000100.pdf
", "abstract": "The three-dimensional flow field created by a simple line plume of finite length in a steady current of uniform density was investigated in a laboratory basin. The results can be used to aid in the prediction of dispersion of buoyant waste water released from line diffusers, particularly sewage discharges into the ocean.\n\nThe experimental results for minimum surface dilution, S_m, were found to be independent of L/H, in the range 3.7 < L/H < 30 where L is the diffuser length and H the water depth, and independent of Reynolds number, Re = 4uH/\u03bd, in the range 1190 < Re < 12,900 where u is the current velocity. The results are expressed graphically in the form:\n\n(S_(m)q)/uH = f(F,\u03b8),\n\nwhere q is the volume flux per unit length, and \u03b8 the orientation of the line diffuser to the current. F is a type of Froude number defined by F = u^(3)/b, where b is the buoyancy flux per unit length. The initial momentum flux is assumed to be small.\n\nFor a current perpendicular to the diffuser, and F > 0.2, the effluent mixes over the receiving water depth due to self-induced turbulence. When the diffuser is of finite length, the diluted effluent separates from the bottom at some point downstream and forms a two-layer flow. However, currents parallel to the diffuser do not produce mixing over the depth, and the flow forms a two-layer system immediately, even for Froude numbers as high as 100.\n\nFor F < 0.1, dilution is independent of current speed and direction. For F > 0.1, dilutions when the current is perpendicular to the diffuser are proportional to the current speed. For 0.1 < F < 100 this dilution is about 60% of that predicted assuming uniform mixing of the effluent over the receiving water depth. This is due to the development of a vertically stable density profile. For F > 0.1, a diffuser placed perpendicular to the current will result in greater dilutions than if parallel. The ratio of minimum surface dilution when the current is perpendicular to that when the current is parallel increases with F, and is equal to about 4 at F = 100.\n\nHorizontal spreading of the waste field is governed by buoyancy forces rather than ambient turbulence. For F \u2265 1 the initial surface plume spreading is found to be linear, and independent of L/H and Re for 3.7 < L/H < 15, and 2,900 < Re < 13,000. Beyond this initial linear spreading zone the rate of plume growth decreases. It is speculated that regimes may exist where the surface width grows as the 2/3 or 1/5 power of downstream distance; the results are not adequate to confirm these growth laws. It is believed that ambient turbulence has no significant effect on diluting the waste within several diffuser lengths from the source.\n\nThe results have been presented in a manner which makes them immediately applicable for improving outfall designs, and demonstrates the error frequently made in assuming two-dimensional flow fields. This assumption is incorrect even if the diffuser length is an order of magnitude greater than the water depth.", "date": "2018-05-21", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20160505-112155687", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160505-112155687", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK-35774X" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG75-02985" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG75-02985 A01" }, { "agency": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "grant_number": "68-03-0434" }, { "agency": "Rockefeller Foundation", "grant_number": "RF-72049" }, { "agency": "Ford Motor Company Fund for Energy Research" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000100.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/kft8r-pyr46/files/TR000100.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2018", "author_list": "Roberts, Philip J. W." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f3k3s-f3346", "eprint_id": 34864, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:28:23", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:56:01", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "French-J-A", "name": { "family": "French", "given": "Jonathan A." } } ] }, "title": "Wave uplift pressures on horizontal platforms", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Supported by The Sloan Fund for Basic Research and The National Science Foundation (Grant No. GK-1729).\n\nSubmitted - Report_No._KH-R-19.pdf
", "abstract": "The major objective of the study has been to investigate in detail\nthe rapidly-varying peak uplift pressure and the slowly-varying positive\nand negative uplift pressures that are known to be exerted by\nwaves against the underside of a horizontal pier or platform located\nabove the still water level, but not higher than the crests of the incident\nwaves.\n\nIn a \"two-dimensional\" laboratory study conducted in a 100-ft\nlong by 15-in.-wide by 2-ft-deep wave tank with a horizontal smooth\nbottom, individually generated solitary waves struck a rigid, fixed,\nhorizontal platform extending the width of the tank. Pressure transducers\nwere mounted flush with the smooth soffit, or underside, of\nthe platform. The location of the transducers could be varied.\n\nThe problem of adequate dynamic and spatial response of the\ntransducers was investigated in detail. It was found that unless the\nradius of the sensitive area of a pressure transducer is smaller than\nabout one-third of the characteristic width of the pres sure distribution,\nthe peak pressure and the rise-time will not be recorded\naccurately. A procedure was devised to correct peak pressures and\nrise-times for this transducer defect.\n\nThe hydrodynamics of the flow beneath the platform are described\nqualitatively by a simple analysis, which relates peak pressure\nand positive slowly-varying pressure to the celerity of the wave front\npropagating beneath the platform, and relates negative slowly-varying\npressure to the process by which fluid recedes from the platform\nafter the wave has passed. As the wave front propagates beneath the platform, its celerity increases to a maximum, then decreases. The\npeak pressure similarly increases with distance from the seaward\nedge of the platform, then decreases.\n\nMeasured peak pressure head, always found to be less than five\ntimes the incident wave height above still water level, is an order of\nmagnitude less than reported shock pressures due to waves breaking\nagainst vertical walls; the product of peak pressure and rise-time,\nconsidered as peak impulse, is of the order of 20% of reported shock\nimpulse due to waves breaking against vertical walls. The maximum\nmeasured slowly-varying uplift pressure head is approximately equal\nto the incident wave height less the soffit clearance above still water\nlevel. The normalized magnitude and duration of negative pressure\nappears to depend principally on the ratio of soffit clearance to still\nwater depth and on the ratio of platform length to still water depth.", "date": "2012-10-12", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-19", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-19", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Sloan Fund, Caltech" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK-1729" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z97S7KQD", "primary_object": { "basename": "Report_No._KH-R-19.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f3k3s-f3346/files/Report_No._KH-R-19.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2012", "author_list": "French, Jonathan A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/aj7z1-9yz58", "eprint_id": 26022, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 17:38:35", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:32", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hannoun-Imad-A", "name": { "family": "Hannoun", "given": "Imad" } } ] }, "title": "Matching the refractive index [in] density stratified flows", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Supported by: National Science Foundation Grant Number CEE84-12641\n\nAccepted Version - Technical_Memorandum_85-1.pdf
", "abstract": "The use of optical methods such as Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and\nlaser induced fluorescence techniques (LIF) in experimental fluid mechanics\nis becoming very common. The greatest advantage of such methods is that\nmeasurements are made without disturbing the flow. A major impediment to\nusing optical methods to study density stratified flows is the variation of\nthe refractive index within the flow field. McDougall (1979a) has proposed\na method for the reduction of refractive index variations while maintaining\na density difference. The method relies on the fact that various solutes\nin, say, water can contribute to the density and to the refractive index of\nthe solution in different proportions.\nA new pair of solutes (ethanol and NaCl) were found to be suitable for\nuse in LDV and LIF studies of stratified flows. In some circumstances the\nnew pair is more useful than that described by McDougall (1979a).", "date": "2011-08-22", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-TM-85-1", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-TM-85-1", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CEE84-12641" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Technical_Memorandum_85-1.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/aj7z1-9yz58/files/Technical_Memorandum_85-1.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2011", "author_list": "Hannoun, Imad" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yrvxh-g7e38", "eprint_id": 26020, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 17:04:10", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 19:50:04", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bales-R-C", "name": { "family": "Bales", "given": "Roger C." } } ] }, "title": "Surface chemical and physical behavior of chrysotile asbestos in natural waters and water treatment", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1984 Roger Curtis Bales. All Rights Reserved. \n\nThe work described in this report is intended to provide insight into the identity and rates of important surface-chemical reactions occurring on chrysotile asbestos under conditions encountered in surface waters of California. Experimental studies of dissolution and adsorption reactions comprise the majority of the material presented here. The intent of this work was to apply experimental and conceptual methods used in surface-chemical and geochemical studies on model systems to a potential drinking water quality problem. The results described here should provide both a better understanding of the environmental fate of chrysotile asbestos praticles in lakes and rivers and improved insight into fiber removal in water treatment. \n\nWith the exception of Appendix VII, the material in this report was submitted by the author as a Ph.D. thesis at the California Institute of Technology in June, 1984. The water-filtration pilot experiments, described in Appendix VII, were carried out in July, 1984 as part of a continuing contract with The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California to study factors important in removal of chrysotile asbestos fibers in water treatment. \n\nI wish to express many thanks to my thesis advisor, James Morgan, for his support throughout this research. The counsel provided by Norman Brooks, Michael Hoffmann, Richard Flagan and George Rossman, who also served on my thesis examining committees, is greatly appreciated. Other graduate students, particularly Alan Stone and Simon Davies, provided a ready forum for discussion of key points. Gerald Zeininger spent a summer as an undergraduate assistant working on this research. \n\nElton Daley, Leonard Montenegro, Joe Fontana and Rich Eastvedt provided technical support. Elaine Granger and Sandy Brooks typed the manuscript. Jean-Paul Revel made transmission electron microscope facilities available for my use; Pat Koen provided frequent technical assistance. Steven Hayward, various individuals at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, including Michael McGuire and Dale Newkirk, and persons at James M. Montgomery freely shared their knowledge and resources. \n\nMy wife, Rebecca Bales, arranged her life to provide me with the maximum freedom to pursue my studies. With her devotion, pursuing a thesis program while maintaining spiritual and social health were possible. \n\nFinancial support was provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through a grant to Caltech's Environmental Quality Laboratory, and by The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. A portion of the Metropolitan grant was given through the American Water Works Association Research Foundation.\n\nSubmitted - AC-8-84.pdf
", "abstract": "Chrysotile asbestos fibers enter California waters from physical weathering of magnesium-silicate, serpentine rocks in mountains of the northern and central portions of the state. Chrysotile particles, initially positively charged below pH 8.9 because of their magnesium-hydroxide surface, become negatively charged due to dissolution and adsorption of organic matter. \n\nChrysotile suspended in 0.1 M inorganic electrolyte at pH 7-10 for up to five days dissolves with magnesium being released in excess of the 3:2 Mg:Si to silica molar ratio in the solid. The rate of magnesium release exhibits a fractional dependence on hydrogen-ion concentration: \n\nr = k_1'[H^+]^(0.24) \n\nThe observed rate constant, k_l', depends on dissolution mechanism, specific surface area of the solid and charge-potential relation at the surface. Interpreted in terms of a site-binding model for adsorption and desorption of protons on the surface, the fractional dependence implies that dissolution is limited by a chemical reaction involving an average of less than one adsorbed proton per magnesium ion released into solution. Silica release from chrysotile shows no clear pH dependence. \n\nThe rate of magnesium release is independent of the anions NO^(3-), Cl^- , SO_4^(2-), HCO_3^-, oxalate or catechol. Oxalate inhibited and catechol slightly enhanced silica release over the pH range 7.5-8.5; other anions had no systematic effect. Chrysotile's dissolution rate (10^(-15.7) mol/cm^2\u00b7s at pH 8) is consistent with observations on other magnesium silicates and brucite. \n\nCatechol adsorption onto chrysotile or aluminum oxide (pH 7.5-8.5) does not reach equilibrium but increases over five days. After one day the maximum adsorption density (Langmuir adsorption equation) on chrysotile is 0.7 x 10^(-9) mol/cm^2 (50 x 10^(-6) mg C/cm^2), approximately one-third of the estimated number of surface sites available for proton exchange. The maximum adsorption density for natural organic matter was near 30 x 10^(-6) mg C/cm^2 on both chrysotile and aluminum oxide. \n\nChrysotile adsorbs sufficient catechol, oxalate, phthalate or natural organic matter within one day to reverse its surface charge. The extent of reversal is larger than observed for adsorption of the same organics on aluminum oxide, because of selective dissolution of chrysoti1e's outer magnesium-hydroxide layer. \n\nIn reservoirs, submicron-sized chrysoti1e particles coagulate with larger (>2 \u03bcm), negatively-charged particles that subsequently settle out. The rate at which freshly-suspended, positively-charged chrysotile fibers coagulate is at least ten-fold greater than the rate for aged, negatively-charged fibers coagulate. \n\nRemoval of chrysotile particles in water treatment occurs by deposition of fibers onto sand grains in filtration. Capture efficiency for single fibers is low; removal is enhanced 10-fold or more by incorporating fibers into larger flocs. Removal of chrysotile fibers in water filtration to levels near detection limits (typically 10^5-10^6 fibers/L) is possible; consistent achievement of this level will require a higher removal efficiency than is routinely achieved in treatment plants receiving water from the California aqueduct.", "date": "2010-01-07", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:AC-8-84", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:AC-8-84", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/yrvxh-g7e38", "primary_object": { "basename": "AC-8-84.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/yrvxh-g7e38/files/AC-8-84.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Bales, Roger C." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/94ttz-apt73", "eprint_id": 26009, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:25:47", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:24", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Vanoni-V-A", "name": { "family": "Vanoni", "given": "Vito" } }, { "id": "Raichlen-F", "name": { "family": "Raichlen", "given": "Frederic" } } ] }, "title": "Laboratory design-studies of the effect of waves on a proposed island site for a combined nuclear power and desalting plant", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1966 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThe authors wish to acknowledge the invaluable cooperation of the Bechtel Corporation in carrying out the work at the Azusa Laboratory. Particular acknowledgment is due Everett Spector, who was the Project Test Engineer on the test work and was responsible for the speed with which the study progressed. Lee Erwin was in charge of the modifications of the laboratory facility and the construction of the models.The authors also wish to thank William H. Wilson, Assistant Project Manager, for his hearty support of the work. \n\nDuring the course of the study a number of personnel of the Bechtel Corporation assisted in both the experimental phases of the study and the reduction of the data. The later phases of the two-dimensional study including photography were conducted by Donald R. Jorgenson. Richard B. Fallgren, James F. O'Sullivan, and Les B. St. Royal participated in various phases of the data reduction. Mas Kosaka and Herbert L. Rogers assisted in various phases of the experiments in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional models. Particular mention should be given to M. Elliott Seymour and Charles J. Dun who participated in the experimental program from its inception, assisting in all phases of the experimental work and the data reduction, and drafting all of the figures presented in this report. Without the enthusiastic cooperation of these people the work could not have been carried out in the short time available, nor would it have been of the high quality that it is. \n\nThe cooperation of Omar J. Lillevang, Consulting Engineer, in assisting in the planning of the test program is appreciated. Donald Tuttle of Lillevang's office assisted in the data reduction during a portion of the test program. \n\nFinally, the authors wish to acknowledge the indispensable assistance and cooperation of the staff of the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. Elton F. Daly contributed vitally to the work in designing and constructing special apparatus and coming to the rescue when apparatus broke down. Robert L. Greenway assisted in the construction and maintenance of much of the equipment used. Robert W. Wilson refurbished and maintained a great deal of the electronic equipment. Carl Eastvedt was responsible for the high quality of the photographs shown in this report. Last but not least, particular acknowledgment should be given to Patricia Rankin for her assistance in many of the administrative details involved in this study as well as the final typing of this report. \n\nFinal Report on a study for the Bechtel Corporation of the island site for a combined nuclear power and water desalting plant for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_14.pdf
", "abstract": "There were four major objectives to this investigation: 1) the determination of the degree of stability of the island face when constructed of armor units of various weights; 2) the run-up for a two-dimensional wave system impinging on the island face; 3) the run-up envelope on the four sides of the island in a three-dimensional model; and 4) the wave patterns caused by the effect of the island on its wave environment. Models having three different length scales were tested in the wave tank (1:50, 1:45, and 1:40) and these models are referred to as the two-dimensional models. One model was tested in the wave basin at an undistorted scale of 1:150 and it is referred to in this report as the three-dimensional model. \n\nThe first two-dimensional model was built to a scale of 1:50 and essentially corresponded to the original design proposed by Omar Lillevang, Consulting Engineer to the Bechtel Corporation. The prototype tribar weight, equivalent to the model tribar used, was 18.9 tons. This structure was stable; however, it was overtopped by waves. With an increase in the crest elevation from +30 ft. to +40 ft. some overtopping was still experienced. \n\nThe second model was built at an increased scale, 1:40. At the same time the composite slope which existed in the original design was changed so that the island face had a continuous slope of 3 horizontal to 1 vertical with the crest of the defense at elevation +40 ft. This particular model scale was chosen so that, according to the literature, the tribars would be at a condition of incipient failure for high waves. Since the same armor units were used in this model as were used in the 1:50 scale model, the increase in model scale reduced the equivalent weight of the tribars to 9.7 tons and the maximum weight of the armor rock \"B\" from 10 tons to 5.1 tons. The prototype structure which corresponds to this model was found to be unstable, as expected. It was observed in testing that a critical feature of the construction which contributes to the stability of the structure is the degree to which the cap-rock section is interlocked with the tribar section. The modification made to the slope of the island face and the increased crest elevation eliminated the problem of overtopping, and the maximum run-up for a 14-sec. wave was to elevation +38 ft. \n\nSince the model having a 1:40 length scale was unstable and that with a scale of 1:50 was stable, a third model was constructed with a model scale between these two values, a scale of 1:45. The equivalent prototype tribar weight and the maximum weight of the \"B\" rock for this third model, still using the same model armor units, were increased to 13.8 tons and 7.3 tons respectively by this change. The slope of the wave defense and the crest elevation were the same for this structure as they were in the 1:40 scale model, i. e., a continuous slope of the island face of 3 horizontal to 1 vertical and a crest elevation of +40 ft. This model was satisfactory both with respect to stability and to run-up. Run-up measurements were made for waves of various heights at wave periods of 16 sec., 14 sec., and 12 sec. The maximum run-up was to elevations +39 ft., +35 ft., and +31 ft. respectively for these three wave periods. \n\nThe three-dimensional model of the ocean bottom and the island was built to an undistorted scale of 1:150 with the island constructed the same as the 1:45 scale two-dimensional model. In these tests in the large wave basin the wave direction was varied as well as the wave period and wave height. The run-up envelopes obtained showed that, for comparable wave heights, the worst condition of run-up was for normally incident waves impinging on the seaward face of the island. The run-up measured for the normally incident direction was usually approximately 10% less than the run-up in the two-dimensional model for the same wave periods and wave heights. For the case of oblique wave incidence the maximum run-up was at the island corner first attacked by the wave with the run-up decreasing with distance from this corner, and this run-up was comparable to the maximum run-up experienced at normal wave incidence. However, the maximum average run up for the oblique case was significantly less than that experienced in the case of normal wave incidence. The run-up on the shoreward face of the island for all wave directions was of the order of 1/10th of that experienced on the seaward face. \n\nDetailed observations of the wave pattern in the lee of the island indicated that there were regions near the beach where the currents were in a direction opposite to the observed general current. From overhead photographs it was found that generally this occurred in regions where the waves which diffract from around the sides of the island intersect. Measurements were made of the maximum elevation of the water surface in the region of the causeway for the case of oblique wave incidence.", "date": "2010-01-06", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-14", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-14", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9BC3WG8", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_14.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/94ttz-apt73/files/KH_R_14.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Vanoni, Vito and Raichlen, Frederic" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dkepq-d8k40", "eprint_id": 26003, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:09:03", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:21", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Raichlen-F", "name": { "family": "Raichlen", "given": "Frederic" } } ] }, "title": "Motions of small boats moored in standing waves", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "This investigation was sponsored by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-22-076-CIVENG-64-11. The author would like to acknowledge the valuable discussions with Professor Vito A. Vanoni throughout the course of this investigation and with Professors Wilfred D. Iwan and Paul C. Jennings during early phases of this study. \n\nElton F. Daly, Laboratory and Shop Supervisor, contributed significantly throughout the prototype and laboratory studies through his ingenuity and assistance along with Robert Greenway, Senior Experimental Mechanic. James Murray and William Pence assisted in various capacities during the prototype studies. Without the talent and aid of Carl Eastvedt, Senior Photographer, the prototype study would have been much more difficult to conduct. \n\nThe assistance of both the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District and the Department of Small Craft Harbors, County of Los Angeles, in arranging and assisting with the prototype studies is appreciated. In particular the author appreciates the cooperation extended by William Herron, Chief, Coastal Engineering Branch, U. S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers, and James Quinn of the Department of Small Craft Harbors, County of Los Angeles. \n\nThe drawings in this report were made by Carl Green, Laboratory Technician. The writer wishes to thank Patricia Rankin for her invaluable assistance in typing and assembling this report.\n\nSubmitted - TR000082.pdf
", "abstract": "This study was conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of small boats moored with non-linear-elastic lines in an asymmetrical manner. The motions being considered are surge motions where the moored boat is allowed to move either in the direction of the bow or the stern, but not in other coordinate directions. \n\nAn analytical model is proposed where the small boat is simulated by a block-body which is moored asymmetrically to a fixed dock. A method is developed from which the non-linear restoring forces and the dynamic response of the boat in surge can be obtained. The restoring force which is associated with the boat displacement is defined by the material, condition, and dimensions of the lines and the mooring geometry. From those results, an approximation to the restoring force is made so that a closed solution to the problem is possible. The periods of free oscillation determined by this method are compared to the results of some experiments conducted on a 26-foot boat with a displaced weight of approximately 7000 lbs. The experiments were performed using this small boat moored under different conditions: all lines taut, 4 inches slack in all lines, and 8 inches slack in all lines. These results compared favorably with the analytical results. \n\nThe response of seven small boats of various displaced weights were determined analytically to evaluate the range of important wave periods for this sample. The mooring dimensions of these boats were measured in situ and the theoretical approach developed was applied. The results indicate, for the samples considered, that the important range of periods of forced oscillation for excessive motions of these boats in surge was less than 10 secs. If stiff mooring systems had been employed for all of these boats the important wave period range for these motions could probably be reduced further. Due to the different mooring systems used, the response curves for some of the small boats were highly asymmetrical indicating the possibility of much greater motions in one direction than in another under the action of a periodic symmetrical force. \n\nA limited series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the proximity of flotation chambers which are used on some floating slips on the response of the moored boat. It was found that these chambers, as simulated in the laboratory, did not have a significant effect on the dynamic characteristics of the moored boat. However, they did act as floating breakwaters thereby reducing the transmitted wave energy.", "date": "2009-12-21", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-17", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-17", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z90C4SQF", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000082.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/dkepq-d8k40/files/TR000082.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Raichlen, Frederic" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wdpek-mtd07", "eprint_id": 26004, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:32:54", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:22", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lee-Jiin-Jen", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Jiin-Jen" } }, { "id": "Raichlen-F", "name": { "family": "Raichlen", "given": "Frederic" } } ] }, "title": "Wave induced oscillations in harbors with connected basins", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1971 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThe writers wish to express their appreciation to Professor Vito A. Vanoni for his continuing interest and many helpful suggestions throughout the course of the study. \n\nThe writers also would like to thank Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory, for his contribution in the construction and maintenance of the experimental equipment. Appreciation is also due to Mr. Robert L. Greenway who assisted with the construction of the apparatus; Mr. Carl Green who prepared the drawings; and Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh who typed the entire manuscript. \n\nThis research was supported by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-22-079-CIVENG-64-11. The experiments were conducted in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_26.pdf
", "abstract": "A linear, inviscid theory, termed the coupled basins theory, has been developed to analyze the response to periodic incident waves of an arbitrary shape harbor containing several interconnected basins. The region of consideration is divided into an open-sea region and several inner-basin regions (the number depending on the harbor geometry). The solution in each region is formulated as an integral equation in terms of the normal velocity at the entrance and/or at the common boundaries between regions. An approximate method is used to solve the integral equation by converting it to a matrix equation. The initially unknown boundary condition at the entrance is determined by matching the wave amplitudes and their normal derivatives at the harbor entrance and at all the common boundaries. The solution for the response and the amplitude distribution within the complete harbor can then be obtained. \n\nIt has been found that the coupled-basins theory gives results which agree well with experiments both for an irregular shape harbor as well as for a harbor composed of two connected circular basins. Various aspects of the response of harbors composed of several types of circular connected basins as well as circular harbors with rectangular entrance channels have been investigated. It is found that to a first approximation the response of a coupled harbor system can be constructed by superposing the response of the individual harbors \n\nCertain aspects of the effect of viscous dissipation on harbor resonance are discussed. Some attention is given to problems of scaling model results to the prototype harbor.", "date": "2009-12-21", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-26", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-26", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Army Corps of Engineers", "grant_number": "DA-22-079-CIVENG-64-11" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9SJ1HH5", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_26.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wdpek-mtd07/files/KH_R_26.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Lee, Jiin-Jen and Raichlen, Frederic" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a88qs-1rd55", "eprint_id": 25995, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:26:30", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:19", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cederwall-K", "name": { "family": "Cederwall", "given": "Klas" } } ] }, "title": "Buoyant slot jets into stagnant or flowing environments", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1971 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nI would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Norman H. Brooks for many valuable discussions on the subject of this study. For construction of the laboratory equipment, I am much indebted to Mr. Elton F. Daly, Supervisor of the Laboratory, and his assistants, Mr. Carl A. Green and Mr. Robert L. Greenway. A warm thank you is extended to Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh for typing this manuscript. The writer has had a stipend paid by the Swedish Board for Technical Developlllent (STU) during a temporary research appointment at the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Institute of Technology. The work has been supported by Research Grant No. 16070 DGY of the Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection Agency, entitled Dispersion in Hydrologic and Coastal Environments.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-25.pdf
", "abstract": "The diffusion following the release of a buoyant slot jet into a confined, uniformly flowing environment has been studied. A dimensionless analysis reveals the complexity of the problem; there are in general four governing dimensionless numbers. However, if the overall mixing and not the details of the process of diffusion is of importance, we can define basic flow regimes using a reduced number of parameters. \n\nExperiments were conducted first with a horizontal, buoyant slot jet into stagnant, ambient fluid. Observed trajectories and centerline dilutions were in good agreement with existing theories. In addition, two sets of experiments were perform ed with a vertical and a horizontal buoyant slot jet issuing into a uniformly flowing stream. A two-layer flow analysis provided the rationale for a classification of flow regimes. It was found that the mechanism of upstream intrusion of jet effluent is characterized primarily by a gross densimetric Froude number based on the ambient flow velocity and the buoyancy flux from the source. However, the formation of an upstream wedge may be hampered due to the effect of initial flux of momentum in the downstream direction. \n\nWhen the buoyant slot jet cannot entrain all the oncoming flow, while maintaining the typical jet or plume behavior, then the jet flow pattern breaks up and there is efficient mixing close to the source.", "date": "2008-11-20", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-25", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-25", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "grant_number": "16070 DGY" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9X9287W", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-25.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a88qs-1rd55/files/KH-R-25.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Cederwall, Klas" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d36h4-57m89", "eprint_id": 25994, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 20:51:50", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:31", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Synolakis-C-E", "name": { "family": "Synolakis", "given": "Constantine Emmanuel" } } ] }, "title": "The runup of long waves", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "I would like to acknowledge the support of my adviser Fred Raichlen throughout the progress of my work. I would also like to thank him for arranging for a major part of the funding for this study. In this regard, I acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation through the following contracts: ENV77-20499, CEE79-1234, CEE81-15457 and CEE84-10087. I am also grateful for the partial support of the Alexander Onassis Public Benefit Foundation. I would like to thank John List and Norman Brooks for supporting my earlier work with the contracts CME77-27398 and ENG77-10182 and EPA/CH2M Hill ENG-238.", "abstract": "This is a study of the fundamental physical processes of the runup of long waves with the objective to understand some coastal effects of tsunamis. \n\nThe runup of nonbreaking long waves on plane beaches is studied and an exact solution is developed for the runup of solitary waves. The maximum runup predicted by this solution is compared to laboratory data from this and other investigations and it is found to be in good agreement. A runup transducer was developed and deployed in the laboratory to provide data for the shape of the runup tongue. The exact solution is shown to model the details of the climb of the wave satisfactorily. \n\nThe runup of breaking long waves on plane beaches is investigated in the laboratory by studying different long waves and bores of [mite volume. The runup is shown to be a function of a momentum scale determined from the generation characteristics of the incoming wave. The runup number is introduced and it is demonstrated that it models the runup process adequately. It is also observed that arbitrary long waves have runup numbers smaller than, or at most equal to, the runup number of breaking solitary waves, suggesting that on a given plane beach breaking solitary waves run-up further than other long waves with similar generation characteristics. \n\nAn exact result is established for the force on an accelerating plate in a fluid with a free surface. The result is used to explain some of the results of this study and other results on the hydrodynamic forces on moving partitions. \n\nA technique is developed to generate arbitrary, long, continuously evolving waves at any desired location in a laboratory model. The technique is applied in the laboratory and it is shown to be successful in reproducing complex waveforms.", "date": "2007-09", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-61", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-61", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9348H9S", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-61.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d36h4-57m89/files/KH-R-61.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Synolakis, Constantine Emmanuel" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8ease-53c51", "eprint_id": 25955, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:43:18", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:08", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Fan-L-N", "name": { "family": "Fan", "given": "Loh-Nien" } } ] }, "title": "Turbulent buoyant jets into stratified or flowing ambient fluids", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1967 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThe writer wishes to express his deep gratitude to his advisor, Professor Norman H. Brooks, for suggestion of this project as well as guidance and encouragement offered throughout the investigation. He would also like to thank Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh for discussions and help given in the early stage of this study. To Professors Vito A. Vanoni and Fredric Raichlen he expresses thanks for their kind advice and assistance. For design and construction of laboratory equipment, the writer is much indebted to Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory. The assistance of Mr. Robert L. Greenway is also much appreciated.\nThe writer would like to express his gratitude to Messrs.\nJiin-jen Lee, Josephat K. Okoye and William W. Owens, Graduate Research Assistants, for their assistance in performing laboratory experiments and reducing data; to Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt for taking motion pictures and laboratory photographs; to Mr. Carl A. Green, Jr., for preparation of graphs and to Mrs. Patricia Rankin for her typing of the manuscript. This research was supported by research grants WP-00428 and WP-00680 of the U. S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, and research grant WP-01256-01 of the U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The experiments were conducted in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology. This report was submitted by the writer in May, 1967, as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology\nin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-15.pdf
", "abstract": "Theoretical and experimental studies were made on two classes of buoyant jet problems, namely:\n\n1) an inclined, round buoyant jet in a stagnant environment with linear density-stratification;\n\n2) a round buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream of homogeneous density.\n\nUsing the integral technique of analysis, assuming similarity, predictions can be made for, jet trajectory, widths, and dilution ratios, in a density-stratified or flowing environment. Such information is of great importance in the design of disposal systems for sewage effluent into the ocean or waste gases into the atmosphere. \n\nThe present study of a buoyant jet in a stagnant environment has extended the Morton type of analysis to cover the effect of the initial angle of discharge. Numerical solutions have been presented for a range of initial conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted for photographic observations of the trajectories of dyed jets. In general the observed jet forms agreed well with the calculated trajectories and nominal half widths when the value of the entrainment coefficient was taken to be \u03b1 = 0.082, as previously suggested by Morton. \n\nThe problem of a buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream was analyzed by assuming an entrainment mechanism based upon the vector difference between the characteristic jet velocity and the ambient velocity. The effect of the unbalanced pressure field on the sides of the jet flow was approximated by a gross drag term. Laboratory flume experiments with sinking jets which are directly analogous to buoyant jets were performed. Salt solutions were injected into fresh water at the free surface in a flume. The jet trajectories, dilution ratios and jet half widths were determined by conductivity measurements. The entrainment coefficient, \u03b1, and drag coefficient, Cd, were found from the observed jet trajectories and dilution ratios. In the ten cases studied where jet Froude number ranged from 10 to 80 and velocity ratio (jet: current) k from 4 to 16, a varied from 0.4 to 0.5 and Cd from 1.7 to 0.1. The jet mixing motion for distances within 250D was found to be dominated by the self-generated turbulence, rather than the free-stream turbulence. Similarity of concentration profiles has also been discussed.", "date": "2006-06-05", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-15", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-15", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-00428" }, { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-00680" }, { "agency": "Federal Water Pollution Control Administration", "grant_number": "WP-01256-01" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z99K485X", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-15.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8ease-53c51/files/KH-R-15.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Fan, Loh-Nien" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8k8ev-h0w98", "eprint_id": 25991, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:47:04", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:17", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Nairn-B-J", "name": { "family": "Nairn", "given": "Bruce James" } } ] }, "title": "Incipient transport of silt-sized sediments", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 0 1998 Bruce James Nairn All rights reserved. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThis report is same as the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer on May 19, 1998, to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science.\n\nSupported by: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Walter L. and Reta Mae Moore Fellowship.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-59.pdf
", "abstract": "Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the influence of stream bed shear stress and water chemistry on the sediment transport rate for silt-sized particles near the critical threshold for motion. Experiments were conducted in two large recirculating laboratory flumes, 40 m and 12 m long, with a small sediment bed 40 cm long. The sediment transport rate was determined from the volume of sediment eroded from this sediment bed per unit time. The smaller flume was filled with deionized water, to which specific electrolytes were added to vary the water chemistry. \n\nDimensional analysis predicted the sediment transport rate of non-cohesive material can be described by two dimensionless groups, one for transport and one for bed shear stress. A new transport model was developed on physical considerations for particles smaller than the thickness of the viscous sublayer, and supported this conclusion. \n\nSediment transport rates were measured in experiments using carefully cleaned glass beads (15 \u03bcm to 69 \u03bcm) in low ionic strength (10^-4 M) solution by measuring the elevation of the sediment bed along transects with a laser displacement meter every 10 to 30 minutes. The results supported the prediction that the dimensionless transport rate is solely a function of the dimensionless shear stress (Shields parameter) and the water composition, and not of the bed Reynolds number, when the latter is less than one. \n\nExperiments were conducted with NaCl and CaCl2 electrolytes at differing concentrations up to 10^-2 M, which reduced the transport rate by up to 2 to 3 orders of magnitude for the finest particles. Calcium was more effective at reducing the sediment transport rate than sodium. These trends were captured by the transport model, but additional work is required in estimating the inter-particle forces. \n\nA new criterion for initiation of motion is proposed based on a small dimensionless transport rate qs* = 0.01, corresponding to about 2% of the surface grains in motion. For bed Reynolds numbers u*d/v < 1, the equivalent Shields parameter for critical shear becomes [Greek tau]* = 0.075 for non-cohesive sediment. With cohesion, a new model is used to predict the change in the Shields curve for various dimensionless interparticle forces.", "date": "2005-10-20", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-59", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-59", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Andrew W. Mellon Foundation" }, { "agency": "Reta Mae Moore Fellowship" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9KW5CZF", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-59.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8k8ev-h0w98/files/KH-R-59.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Nairn, Bruce James" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vsjx1-p3v41", "eprint_id": 25990, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:55:51", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:15", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "List-E-J", "name": { "family": "List", "given": "E. John" } } ] }, "title": "Steady flow to tile drains above an impervious layer -- a theoretical study", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 The work reported herein was originally a portion of a thesis submitted to the University of Auckland, New Zealand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering. The major part of the computation was completed as a laboratory research project at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. \n\nThe author is indebted to Fletcher Industries, and the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand for financial assistance during 1962 and the California Institute of Technology for the use of its computing facilities. Numerous suggestions and assistance by Dr. C. M. Segedin (University of Auckland) and Dr. N. H. Brooks (California Institute of Technology) are gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of Mrs. Pat Rankin, Mr. F. C. Cammack and Mr. Paul Kochendorfer in the preparation of the manuscript is also gratefully acknowledged.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-9.pdf
", "abstract": "Existing analytical solutions for vertical influent seepage flow to an infinite series of tile drains underlain by an impervious layer do not adequately consider the free surface nor give solutions for the drain diameter (see Figure 1). \n\nThe theoretical investigations described herein basically sought to find a method whereby an engineer could find the required diameter, depth, and spacing of an adequate tile drainage system when given the ratio of infiltration to soil hydraulic conductivity and the depth of the impervious layer. \n\nFrom a study of the available literature it was decided the problem would be exceedingly difficult to solve exactly but it seemed as if an approximate solution of good accuracy could be obtained by approximating the shape of the impervious layer, where the flow is sluggish, and satisfying the conditions exactly at the free surface, a critical region of flow. Previously published solutions invariably adopt the opposite viewpoint, with a consequent loss in accuracy. The solution to the problem when the impervious layer is at infinite depth had been solved exactly using the rather laborious hodograph technique. This work employs to advantage an image method developed by Davison and Rosenhead (1940). \n\nDetailed results are obtained herein for the condition when no water stands over the tile lines and these are given in a graphical form which enables a ready computation of drain depth diameter and spacing when the field data are known (ratio of rate of infiltration to hydraulic conductivity and the depth of the impervious layer). A comparison with field results shows that the solutions are probably as accurate as could be desired. \n\nThe case which occurs when water stands over the tile lines has not been extensively tabulated for reasons explained in the report. \n\nA method is given whereby adequate tile drainage systems may be designed on a long term basis. The design curves given are not for intermittent unsteady flows such as irrigation schemes (a more difficult problem) but should prove exceedingly useful for engineers concerned with land reclamation schemes and marsh drainage.", "date": "2005-06-07", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-9", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-9", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9G73BM9", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-9.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vsjx1-p3v41/files/KH-R-9.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "List, E. John" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/43c41-c0b47", "eprint_id": 25987, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:42:12", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:09", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Goring-D-G", "name": { "family": "Goring", "given": "Derek Garard" } } ] }, "title": "Tsunamis -- the propagation of long waves onto a shelf", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1978 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nSeveral people assisted in the execution of this investigation and it is with sincere gratitude that the writer acknowledges their help here. Professor Fredric Raichlen, my thesis advisor, generously provided\nguidance, encouragement and assistance in all aspects of the\nproject. Professor Thomas J. R. Hughes gave advice and encouragement in the development of the finite element program. Discussions with Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh were of great help in the development of many of the numerical techniques used in the analysis and data reduction. His program, MAGIC, was used extensively, especially for plotting many of the figures. Fellow student Thierry Lepelletier of ten acted as a sounding board and his advice was helpful. Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory, gave invaluable assistance in all aspects of the design, construction and maintenance of laboratory equipment which made the experimental phase of this project a pleasure. Mr. Joseph J. Fontana and Mr. Richard\nEastvedt constructed the laboratory equipment; Mr. David Byrum assisted with the experiments and drafted the figures; Mr. Peter Chang and Miss Ella Wong assisted with the experiments and with data reduction; Mrs. Adelaide R. Massengale typed the manuscript. My wife, Trish, and children, Sonia and Todd, supported and helped me with the their patience and love.\n\nThe research was supported by NSF Grant Nos. ENV72-03587 and\nENV77-20499. The New Zealand Ministry of Works and Development generously granted the writer leave on full pay with allowances for the entire period of study. Experiments were conducted at the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-38.pdf
", "abstract": "The various aspects of the propagation of long waves onto a\nshelf (i.e., reflection, transmission and propagation on the shelf) are examined experimentally and theoretically. The results are applied to tsunamis propagating onto the continental shelf.\n\nA numerical method of solving the one-dimensional Boussinesq\nequations for constant depth using finite element techniques is presented. The method is extended to the case of an arbitrary variation in depth (i.e., gradually to abruptly varying depth) in the dirlection of wave propagation. The scheme is applied to the propagation of solitary waves over a slope onto a shelf and is confirmed by experiments.\n\nA theory is developed for the generation in the laboratory of long waves of permanent form, i.e., solitary and cnoidal waves. The theory, which incorporates the nonlinear aspects of the problem, applies to wave generators which consist of a vertical plate which moves horizontally. Experiments have been conducted and the results agree well with the generation theory. In addition, these results are used to compare the shape, celerity and damping characteristics of the generated waves with the long wave theories.\n\nThe solution of the linear nondispersive theory for harmonic\nwaves of a single frequency propagating over a slope onto a shelf is extended to the case of solitary waves. Comparisons of this analysis with the nonlinear dispersive theory and experiments are presented.\n\nComparisons of experiments with solitary and cnoidal waves with the predictions of the various theories indicate that, apart from propagation, the reflection of waves from a change in depth is a linear process except in extreme cases. However, the transmission and the propagation of both the transmitted and the reflected waves in general are nonlinear processes. Exceptions are waves with heights which are very small compared to the depth. For these waves, the entire process of propagation onto a shelf in the vicinity of the\nshelf is linear . Tsunamis propagating from the deep ocean onto the continental shelf probably fall in this class.", "date": "2005-04-20", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-38", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-38", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENV72-03587" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENV77-20499" }, { "agency": "New Zealand Ministry of Works and Development" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9MS3QPH", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-38.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/43c41-c0b47/files/KH-R-38.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Goring, Derek Garard" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jmmm9-hwd73", "eprint_id": 25989, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:57:29", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:13", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hammack-J-L-Jr", "name": { "family": "Hammack", "given": "Joseph Leonard, Jr." } } ] }, "title": "Tsunamis \u2014 A Model of Their Generation and Propagation", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1972 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThe writer wishes to express his sincere gratitude to his thesis advisor, Professor Fredric Raichlen, for his kind guidance and generous assistance \"above and beyond the call of duty\" throughout every phase of this investigation.\nThe writer also wishes to thank Professors Vito A. Vanoni,\nTheodore Y. T. Wu, and Jorg Imberger for many helpful discussions during the development of the theoretical analysis of this; study. Dr. Allen T. Y. Chwang also provided many stimulating comments and suggestions for which the writer is extremely grateful. A special debt of gratitude is owed to Mr. Elton IF. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory, whose continuing assistance during the design, construction, and maintainance of the experimental\nequipment made the laboratory phase of this investigation both possible and pleasurable. Appreciation is also extended to Mr. Robert L. Greenway who assisted in the construction and maintainance of the experimental equipment; to Mr. Carl A. Green who assisted in the\nlaboratory and performed the drafting of all figures appearing in this manuscript; and to Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh who worked so diligently in typing this manuscript. Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt also assisted in some of the photographic work. The writer also wishes to thank the California Institute of Technology for financial assistance and for providing a most stimulating environment in which to work. This research was supported by NSF Grants GK-2370 and GK-24716; experiments were conducted at the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Reasources.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-28.pdf
", "abstract": "A general solution is presented for water waves generated by\nan arbitrary movement of the bed (in space and time) in a two-dimensional fluid domain with a uniform depth. The integral solution which is developed is based on a linearized approximation to the complete (nonlinear) set of governing equations. The general solution is evaluated\nfor the {specific case of a uniform upthrust or downthrow of a block section of the bed; two time-displacement histories of the bed movement are considered.\n\nAn integral solution (based on a linear theory) is also developed for a three-dimensional fluid domain of uniform depth for a class of bed movements which are axially symmetric. The integral solution is evaluated for the specific case of a block upthrust or downthrow of a\nsection of the bed, circular in planform, with a time-displacement history identical to one of the motions used in the two-dimensional model.\n\nSince the linear solutions are developed from a linearized\napproximation of the complete nonlinear description of wave behavior, the applicability of these solutions is investigated. Two types of nonlinear effects are found which limit the applicability of the linear theory: (1) large nonlinear effects which occur in the region of generation\nduring the bed movement, and (2) the gradual growth of nonlinear effects during wave propagation.\n\nA model of wave behavior, which includes, in an approximate\nmanner, both linear and nonlinear effects is presented for computing wave profiles after the linear theory has become invalid due to the growth of nonlinearities during wave propagation.\n\nAn experimental program has been conducted to confirm both\nthe linear model for the two-dimensional fluid domain and the strategy suggested for determining wave profiles during propagation after the linear theory becomes invalid. The effect of a more general time-displacement history of the moving bed than those employed in the theoretical models is also investigated experimentally.\n\nThe linear theory is found to accurately approximate the wave behavior in the region of generation whenever the total displacement of the bed is much less than the water depth. Curves are developed and confirmed by the experiments which predict gross features of the lead wave propagating from the region of generation once the values of certain nondimensional parameters (which characterize the generation\nprocess) are known. For example, the maximum amplitude of the lead wave propagating from the region of generation has been found to never exceed approximately one-half of the total bed displacement. The gross features of the tsunami resulting from the Alaskan earthquake of 27 March 1964 can be estimated from the results of this study.", "date": "2005-04-20", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-28", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-28", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Caltech" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK-2370" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK-24716" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9NS0RSF", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-28.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jmmm9-hwd73/files/KH-R-28.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Hammack, Joseph Leonard, Jr." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4gybz-12g94", "eprint_id": 25988, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:38:17", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:11", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Zelt-J-A", "name": { "family": "Zelt", "given": "Jeffrey Alan" } } ] }, "title": "Tsunamis: The Response of Harbours With Sloping Boundaries to Long Wave Excitation", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1986 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThis study was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers CEE79-12434, CEE81-15457, and CEE84-10087. I would like to thank the Canadian government, who, through the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council, provided me with four years of personal financial support.\n\nSubmitted - TR000113.pdf
", "abstract": "The influence of sloping boundaries on long wave response of bays and harbours is studies in this work. Laboratory experiments are performed to help validate the theoretical analysis which is applicable to nonbreaking waves.\n\nA set of long wave equations in the Langrangian description is derived which includes terms to account for nonlinear, dispersive, and dissipative processes for wave propagation in two horizontal coordinates. A finite element model is developed based on these equations which is capable of treating arbitrary geometry and the runup of nonbreaking waves on a beach.\n\nAn analytical harbour response model, capable of treating narrow rectangular harbours with variable bathymetry and sidewall geometry, is developed and applied to several simple geometries. The model shows that for a given harbour length and entrance width, the resonant frequencies and the response of a harbour are very dependent on the harbour sidewall geometry and bathymetry.\n\nSome of the nonlinear effects of the runup of nonbreaking waves on a plane beach are discussed. In particular, the time average of the water surface time history at a fixed spatial location is negative and the wave crests are smaller than the troughs. Nonlinear effects do not alter the runup maxima or minima and the maximum fluid acceleration occurs at the point of maximum rundown of the wave.\n\nLaboratory experiments were performed to determine the long wave response of a narrow rectangular harbour whose still water depth decreases linearly between the harbour entrance and the shoreline. Good agreement with the finite element model was obtained, including the prediction of the depression of the mean water level within the harbour.\n\nA three-dimensional application of the finite element model treats the runup of solitary waves on a coastline with variable bottom topography and a curved shoreline. The results indicate the model can predict the trapping of wave energy along a sloping coastal margin, a process of fundamental importance for predicting potential tsunami damage.", "date": "2005-04-20", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-47", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-47", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CEE79-12434" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CEE79-12434" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CEE81-15457" }, { "agency": "Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9FX77C1", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000113.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4gybz-12g94/files/TR000113.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Zelt, Jeffrey Alan" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/21ceh-2hb75", "eprint_id": 25986, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:41:28", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:07", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Kennedy-J-F", "name": { "family": "Kennedy", "given": "John F. (John Fisher)" } } ] }, "title": "Stationary waves and antidunes in alluvial channels", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Final Report to U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service Contract USDA-12-14-100-995(41). \n\nThis project was carried out under the general supervision of Professors Vito A. Vanoni and Norman H. Brooks. The writer would like to express his appreciation for the guidance, generous assistance, and valuable criticism which they offered throughout the course of this investigation. \n\nThe writer is also indebted to the following persons for their contributions to the program: Mr. Douglas Christman, Mr. David Butterfield, and Mr. Robert C. Y. Koh for their assistance in performing the experiments, reducing the data, and preparing figures for this report; Mr. Elton F. Daly and Mr. Robert Greenway for modifying the flumes and building the manometer board and other miscellaneous apparatus; Mr. Carl Eastvedt for doing the photography; and Mrs. Barbara Hawk and Mrs. Joann Dodd for their assistance in preparing this report for reproduction. \n\nIn addition, the writer wants to thank Mr. Herb Osborne, Mr.\nFred Long, and Mr. Robert Piest of the Agricuitural Research Service, Oxford, Mississippi, for collecting, assembling and transmitting much of the field data on antidunes which is presented in table 5-3. \n\nMost of the material presented in this report was submitted by the writer to California Institute of Technology in 1960 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree (31).\n\nSubmitted - TR000067.pdf
", "abstract": "A theoretical and laboratory investigation was made of antidunes and associated stationary waves. The objectives were to determine the factors involved in the formation of antidunes, the characteristics of the stationary waves, and the effects of antidunes and waves on the friction factor and sediment transport capacity of streams.\n\n\nIn the potential flow solution for flow over a wavy bed it was hypothesized that the flow shapes the erodible sand bed by scour and deposition to conform to a streamline of the flow configuration for which the energy is a minimum. Under this hypothesis, flow over antidunes is the same as the segment of flow above an intermediate streamline of\nthe fluid motion associated with stationary gravity waves (waves with celerity equal and opposite to the flow velocity) in a fluid of infinite depth.\nFor a velocity V the wave length, L, is given by\n\nL = (2*pi*V^2)/g\n\nand waves break when their height reaches 0.142 L. Laboratory and field data for two-dimensional stationary waves and antidunes confirmed these relations. For the same velocity, short-crested, three-dimensional waves (rooster tails) have shorter wave lengths than two-dimensional\nwaves.\n\nForty-three experimental runs in laboratory flumes were made\nfor different depths and velocities and bed sands of two different sizes (0.549 mm and 0.233 mm). No general criterion for the formation of antidunes or the occurrence of breaking waves could be formulated because of inadequate knowledge of the complex sediment transport phenomenon. Qualitatively, it was found that for a given sand, the critical Froude number for the occurrence of breaking waves decreased as the depth was increased. Over a certain range of depth and velocity it was found that the flow formed waves and antidunes or was uniform depending on whether or not the flow was disturbed to form an initial wave. Waves\nthat did not break had no measurable effect on the transport capacity or friction factor, but breaking waves increased both of these quantities.", "date": "2005-01-21", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-2", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-2", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Department of Agriculture", "grant_number": "USDA-12-14-100-995(41)" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9QR4V22", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000067.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/21ceh-2hb75/files/TR000067.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Kennedy, John F. (John Fisher)" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gx7mm-ajz23", "eprint_id": 25984, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:24:23", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:03", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Fischer-H-B", "name": { "family": "Fischer", "given": "Hugo B." } } ] }, "title": "Longitudinal dispersion in laboratory and natural streams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1966 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nTo Dr. Norman H. Brooks, who suggested this project and was\nthroughout a source of constant and kind advice, assistance, and encouragement, the writer expresses his deepest gratitude. The writer also wishes to thank Dr. Vito A. Vanoni and Dr. Fredric Raichlen for their continuous advice and assistance. For his assistance and patient instruction in building the experimental set up, the writer is deeply indebted to Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory. Appreciation is also due Mr. Robert L. Greenway, who assisted with construction of the apparatus;\nMr. Leonard A. Fisher, who assisted in performing the experiments and analyzed much of the data; Mr. Ronald Handy, who prepared the drawings; Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin, who typed the manuscript; Mr. Frederick A. Wild, who constructed the conductivity probes; and Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt, who took all of the laboratory photographs.\nThe field experiments were carried out by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, as part of a project of the Washington District of the Water Resources Division under Mr. L. B. Laird, District Chief and Mr. J. F. Santos, Project Chief. The writer expresses his appreciation to the many members of the district staff who participated with him in data collection and analysis. Most of the drawings and photographs in Chapter VI were kindly supplied by the Washington District office.\n\nThe writer's study was supported by fellowships received under the National Defense Education Act (1962-65) and from the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation (1965-66).\nThe writer wishes to thank the U. S. Geological Survey for\npayment of laboratory research expenses under terms of Memorandum of Agreement No. 14-08-0001-10059 between the Geological Survey and the California Institute of Technology, under which the writer was a Research Participant. Except for the field studies, the research was\nperformed in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology.\nThis report is a minor revision of a thesis of the same title submitted by the writer in May 1966, to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - TR000077.pdf
", "abstract": "This study concerns the longitudinal dispersion of fluid particles which are initially distributed uniformly over one cross section of a uniform, steady, turbulent open channel flow. The primary focus is on developing a method to predict the rate of dispersion in a natural stream.\n\nTaylor's method of determining a dispersion coefficient, previously applied to flow in pipes and two-dimensional open channels, is extended to a class of three-dimensional flows which have large width-to-depth ratios, and in which the velocity varies continuously with lateral cross-sectional position. Most natural streams are included. The dispersion coefficient for a natural stream may be predicted from measurements of the channel cross-sectional geometry, the cross-sectional distribution of velocity, and the overall channel shear velocity.\nTracer experiments are not required.\n\nLarge values of the dimensionless dispersion coefficient D / rU* are explained by lateral variations in downstream velocity. In effect, the characteristic length of the cross section is shown to be proportional to the width, rather than the hydraulic radius. The dimensionless dispersion coefficient depends approximately on the square of the width to depth ratio.\n\nA numerical program is given which is capable of generating the entire dispersion pattern downstream from an instantaneous point or plane source of pollutant. The program is verified by the theory for two-dimensional flow, and gives results in good agreement with laboratory and field experiments.\n\nBoth laboratory and field experiments are described. Twenty-one laboratory experiments were conducted: thirteen in two-dimensional flows, over both smooth and roughened bottoms; and eight in three-dimensional flows, formed by adding extreme side roughness to produce lateral velocity variations. Four field experiments were conducted in the Green-Duwamish River, Washington.\n\nBoth laboratory and flume experiments prove that in three-dimensional flow the dominant mechanism for dispersion is lateral velocity variation. For instance, in one laboratory experiment the dimensionless dispersion coefficient D/rU* (where r is the hydraulic radius and U* the shear velocity) was increased by a factor of ten by roughening the channel banks. In three-dimensional laboratory flow, D/rU* varied from 190 to 640, a typical range for natural streams. For each experiment, the measured dispersion coefficient agreed with that predicted by the extension of Taylor's analysis within a maximum error of 15%. For the Green-Duwamish River, the average experimentally measured dispersion coefficient was within 5% of the prediction.", "date": "2004-06-14", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-12", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-12", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "National Defense Education Act" }, { "agency": "Fannie and John Hertz Foundation" }, { "agency": "USGS", "grant_number": "14-08-0001-10059" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9F769HC", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000077.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gx7mm-ajz23/files/TR000077.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Fischer, Hugo B." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/j04w0-dkt84", "eprint_id": 25983, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:46:43", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:01", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Kao-Timothy-W", "name": { "family": "Kao", "given": "Timothy W." } } ] }, "title": "Stability of two-layer stratified flow down an inclined plane", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1964 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThe author wishes to thank Professor N. H. Brooks for his\nencouragement during the course of this investigation. He is also indebted to Mr, Loh-Nien Fan, Graduate Research Assistant, who wrote the FORTRAN IV programs for the numerical computations of the curves in Figures 3 through 7. The computations were executed on an IBM 7094 computer of the Booth Computing Center of the California Institute of Technology. The project was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant WP-00428. The author also wishes to thank Mrs. Pat Rankin for her typing service.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-8.pdf
", "abstract": "The stability of flow down an inclined plank has been investigated for the case of a stratified fluid system consisting of two layers of viscous fluid of different densities. This problem is an extension of the works of Benjamin and Yih for a homogeneous fluid; thus their results are a special case of the solution for this more general problem. Asymptotic cases for long and short wave-length disturbances are considered, and the neutral stability curve is estimated. Reynolds numbers for the bifurcation point of the neutral curve are found for various ratios of density and depth of the two layers. For long waves, shear wave instability is also studied and is found to be damped. It is found that the addition of another film of fluid of lighter density over the original film destabilizes the original free surface disturbances.\n\nIt is hoped that this work will bear on problems of film flow stabilizing techniques, and will also be of interest in the study of the stability of undercurrents in reservoirs.", "date": "2004-06-14", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-8", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-8", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-00428" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9M043B1", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-8.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/j04w0-dkt84/files/KH-R-8.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Kao, Timothy W." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bm0qp-mbp34", "eprint_id": 25985, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:11:00", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:29:05", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "List-E-J", "name": { "family": "List", "given": "E. John" } } ] }, "title": "The stability and mixing of a density-stratified horizontal flow in a saturated porous medium", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1965 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nTo Professor Norman H. Brooks the writer expresses his gratitude and appreciation for the guidance and advice so kindly offered throughout the investigation. \nThe writer is also indebted to Dr. Robert C-Y Koh for numerous discussions on many aspects of the study and to Dr. P. G. Saffman for a discussion during the development of the instability theory. Financial assistance received by the writer in the form of Graduate Teaching Assistantships during 1963 and 1964, and a Graduate Research Assistantship during 1965, from the California Institute of Technology is gratefully acknowledged. The investigation was supported from May, 1964 by Research Grant WP-0068Q from the National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service. The experiments were carried out in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology.\nThe writer wishes to thank Mr. Elton F. Daly and Mr. Robert\nL. Greenway for their invaluable assistance in the design and construction of the laboratory equipment, Mr. Paul Kochendorfer for his willing aid in the laboratory and Mr. Carl Eastvedt for the photography. This report is a minor revision of a thesis of the same title submitted by the writer in May 1965, to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Mechanics.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-11.pdf
", "abstract": "The mixing of two miscible fluids in motion in a saturated isotropic porous medium and the stability of the density interface between them has been studied. The density interface was formed by a line source introducing a denser fluid into a uniform confined horizontal flow. It was shown that the half-body thus formed may be approximated to within the density difference by the shape when the densities are equal. The mixing of the two fluids by lateral dispersion along such an interface was investigated experimentally and it was found that up to density differences of at least 1 per cent there was no observable effect on the lateral dispersion coefficient.\n\nA theoretical investigation has been made of the stability of the uniform two-dimensional horizontal motion of two miscible fluids of different density in a saturated, isotropic, homogeneous porous medium. The fluid of higher density overlay the lower density fluid and both were moving with the same seepage velocity in the same direction. The analytical solution for the stability was obtained from the continuity equation, Darcy's law and the dispersion equation by investigating the stability of arbitrary sinusoidal perturbations to the velocity vector and the density profile prescribed by the lateral dispersion of one fluid into the other. A stability equation similar to the Orr-Sommerfeld equation was obtained and a neutral stability curve in a wave number-Rayleigh number plane was found by two approximate methods. The growth rates of instabilities were investigated for a linear density profile and it has been found that although the flow was always unstable the growth rates of unstable waves could be so low as to form a quasi-stable flow; examples of such flows have been demonstrated experimentally.", "date": "2004-06-14", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-11", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-11", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-0068Q" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9TH8JN0", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-11.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/bm0qp-mbp34/files/KH-R-11.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "List, E. John" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/00b8r-j3v68", "eprint_id": 25982, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:24:06", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:59", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sutherland-A-J", "name": { "family": "Sutherland", "given": "Alexander James" } } ] }, "title": "Entrainment of fine sediments by turbulent flows", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1966 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nFor his encouragement and invaluable advice the author expresses his sincere appreciation to Professor Vito A. Vanoni, who served as advisor during the course of this research. The author is also indebted to Professor Norman H. Brooks for his continuing interest in the work and for his willingness to discuss all aspects of it. For advice and assistance with all phases of the photographic work during the experimental program the author is indebted to Mr. Carl Eastvedt. For their assistance in the preparation of the final draft of this report the author extends his gratitude to Patricia Rankin, who so ably typed the manuscript, and to Ron Handy who prepared many of the\nfigures. The research was performed with the support of National Science Foundation Grants GI9194 and GK89. Financial assistance provided by the California Institute of Technology in the form of Graduate Teaching and Research Assistantships is also gratefully acknowledged. This report was submitted by the writer, in May 1966, as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in\npartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_13.pdf
", "abstract": "A study was made of the means by which turbulent flows entrain sediment grains from alluvial stream beds. Entrainment was considered to include both the initiation of sediment motion and the suspension of grains by the flow. Observations of grain motion induced by turbulent flows led to the formulation of an entrainment hypothesis. It was based on the concept of turbulent eddies disrupting the viscous sublayer and impinging directly onto the grain surface. It is suggested that entrainment results from the interaction between fluid elements within an eddy and the sediment grains.\n\nA pulsating jet was used to simulate the flow conditions in a turbulent boundary layer. Evidence is presented to establish the validity of this representation. Experiments were made to determine the dependence of jet strength, defined below, upon sediment and fluid properties. For a given sediment and fluid, and fixed jet geometry there were two critical values of jet strength: one at which grains started to roll across the bed, and one at which grains were projected up from the bed. The jet strength, K, is a function of the pulse frequency, [omega] , and the pulse amplitude, A, defined by\n\nK=A[omega]^-s\n\nwhere s is the slope of a plot of log A against log [omega]. Pulse amplitude is equal to the volume of fluid ejected at each pulse divided by the cross sectional area of the jet tube.\n\nDimensional analysis was used to determine the parameters by which the data from the experiments could be correlated. Based on this, a method was devised for computing the pulse amplitude and frequency necessary either to move or project grains from the bed for any specified fluid and sediment combination.\n\nExperiments made in a laboratory flume with a turbulent flow over a sediment bed are described. Dye injection was used to show the presence, in a turbulent boundary layer, of two important aspects of the pulsating jet model and the impinging eddy hypothesis. These were the intermittent nature of the sublayer and the presence of velocities with vertical components adjacent to the sediment bed.\n\nA discussion of flow conditions, and the resultant grain motion, that occurred over sediment beds of different form is given. The observed effects of the sediment and fluid interaction are explained, in each case, in terms of the entrainment hypothesis.\n\nThe study does not suggest that the proposed entrainment mechanism is the only one by which grains can be entrained. However, in the writer's opinion, the evidence presented strongly suggests that the impingement of turbulent eddies onto a sediment bed plays a dominant role in the process.", "date": "2004-06-09", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-13", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-13", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GI9194" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK89" }, { "agency": "Caltech" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9K0726N", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_13.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/00b8r-j3v68/files/KH_R_13.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Sutherland, Alexander James" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2pwh0-30s03", "eprint_id": 25981, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:07:56", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:57", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Raichlen-F", "name": { "family": "Raichlen", "given": "Fredric" } } ] }, "title": "Wave-induced oscillations of small moored vessels", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1965 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThe author would like to express his deep appreciation to Professor Vito A. Vanoni for his assistance and valuable criticism throughout the course of this investigation.\nThe construction and the maintenance of the wave basin and associated instrumentation was carried out by Elton Daly, Laboratory and Shop Supervisor and Robert Greenway, Laboratory Mechanic. A good deal of the system design can be attributed to the ingenuity of Elton Daly. The assistance of Carl Eastvedt, Senior Photographer and Robert W. Wilson, Laboratory Specialist, is appreciated. The drawings presented in this report were done by James Murray, Laboratory Technician. The writer wishes to thank Patricia Rankin for her assistance in typing and assembling this report. Some of the initial experimental work on the virtual mass coefficient and the damping coefficient was done by Loh-Nien Fan, Research Assistant.\nThis project is supported by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-22-079-CIVENG-64-11.\n\nSubmitted - TR000075.pdf
", "abstract": "The general objective of this research is to investigate the motion of small boats moored to fixed or floating platforms in a standing wave environment. The study is directed toward an understanding of the problems of mooring small craft in marinas and toward providing information that will assist in the planning and operation of marinas.\nThis report deals with the first phase of the experimental study concerning the surge motions of a simply moored body in a standing wave system. The body is a rectangular parallelpiped moored to a fixed support by means of a linear spring.\nIn general it can be stated that the inviscid theory proposed by Wilson (5) and Kilner (7) adequately describes the surge motion of this body for standing waves ranging from shallow-water to deep-water waves and for ratios of body length to wave length from 0.1 to 1.5. Agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical response curves is better for certain ranges of the ratio of the natural period of the body to the wave period than for others. This is attributed to the effect of wave generation by the body on its motion. The response curves become more selective with respect to frequency as the distance of the body from a reflecting surface increases. Therefore, coupling this with viscous effects it is possible to reduce the effect of resonance considerably simply by choosing the proper body location in its standing wave environment for a particular natural frequency.\nThe coefficient of virtual mass of the body in surge (ratio of width to length, 1:4) determined from simple free oscillations was found to correlate best with the ratio of draft to beam. For a variation of draft to beam from 0.25 to 0.95 the coefficient of virtual mass varied from approximately 1.1 to 1.25.\nThis study emphasizes the need for more field information on the characteristics of small craft, such as the elastic characteristics of the mooring system, natural frequencies of moored boats, and the relative importance of viscous effects upon boat motions.", "date": "2004-06-09", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-10", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-10", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Army Corps of Engineers", "grant_number": "DA-22-079-CIVENG-64-11" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9Z899CQ", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000075.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2pwh0-30s03/files/TR000075.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Raichlen, Fredric" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/92dhr-3ah59", "eprint_id": 25978, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:43:24", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:51", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Vanoni-V-A", "name": { "family": "Vanoni", "given": "Vito A." } } ] }, "title": "Measurements of critical shear stress for entraining fine sediments in a boundary layer", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1964 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThe main experiments reported herein were made by Antonio\nBacalso, Assistant Research Engineer. Some of the preliminary experiments and the development of techniques used subsequently were carried out by Robert C. Y. Koh, Graduate Research Assistant. Arthur N. Schmitt, Research Technician, was responsible for designing and developing much of the special apparatus used, and assisted in\ncarrying out some of the experiments. The construction and maintenance of the flume and other apparatus was carried out by Elton Daly, Laboratory and Shop Supervisor, and Robert Greenway, Laboratory Mechanic.\nThe project was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant RG-69 15.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_7.pdf
", "abstract": "Experiments were made in a flume 15-3/8 in. wide by 12 ft long to determine the shear stress for critical motion of fine sediment in a growing boundary layer. Determinations were made for two sediments, a quartz sand with geometric mean sieve size of 0. 102 mm and glass beads with geometric mean sedimentation diameter of 0. 037 mm.\nThe intensity of sediment motion was judged from the frequency of bursts of motion over a small area varying from 7 to 18 mm in diameter. When the burst frequency fell between 1/3 and 1 burst per second, critical conditions for inception of motion were considered to obtain.\nValues of shear velocity, u_*, and bed shear stress, \u03c4_0, for turbulent flow were determined from measured velocity profile data by essentially two methods. In the first the slope, N, of a straight line fitted to a semilogarithmic graph of velocity profile data was used in Eq. (8) to obtain u_*. In the other, values of point velocity, u, at a distance of .03 ft from the bed was substituted into the logarithmic equation for velocity distribution at a smooth wall, Eq. ( 5 ) , to obtain u_*. The data obtained from Eq. (8) and plotted on Fig. 14a show wider scatter than those calculated from Eq. (5) and plotted on Fig. 14b. The data obtained by means of Eq. (5) are considered the more reliable and are presented on a complete Shields diagram in Fig. 15.", "date": "2004-06-04", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-7", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-7", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "RG-69 15" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9BG2KX1", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_7.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/92dhr-3ah59/files/KH_R_7.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Vanoni, Vito A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v00bx-f0024", "eprint_id": 25980, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:36:37", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:55", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Koh-Robert-C-Y", "name": { "family": "Koh", "given": "Robert C. Y." } } ] }, "title": "Viscous stratified flow towards a line sink", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1964 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. January 1964.\n\nThe writer would like to express his gratitude for the guidance and advice offered by Professor Norman H. Brooks throughout the course of this investigation. He is also indebted to Professors Donald R. F. Harleman and Vito A. Vanoni for valuable criticisms of many aspects of the research. The financial assistance received from the following fellowships by the writer during his period of graduate study is gratefully acknowledged: 1961-62 (academic year), Corning Glass Works Foundation Fellowship in Engineering; 1962 (summer), Woodrow Wilson Fellowship;\n1963-64 (first term), Gillette Paper-Mate Fellowship in Engineering. The laboratory investigation was supported from September, 1962 through 1963 by Research Grant WP-00428 from the National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service. The experiments were\ncarried out in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology.\nFor their invaluable help in the design and construction of the laboratory equipment, the writer wishes to thank Mr. Elton F. Daly and Mr. Robert L. Greenway. For his help both in the laboratory and in analyzing the data, the writer wishes to express his gratitude to Mr. Loh-nien Fan.\nThis report is a minor revision of a thesis of the same title submitted by the writer in December, 1963, to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Mechanics. For her assistance in making the modifications and overseeing the publication of the present version of the work, the writer wishes to thank Mrs. Shirley Graham.\n\nSubmitted - TR000071-Report.pdf
Erratum - TR000071-Errata.pdf
", "abstract": "A theoretical and experimental investigation has been made for the problem of two-dimensional, viscous, incompressible, steady, slightly-stratified flow towards a line sink. The analytical solution was obtained from the Navier Stokes equations, the continuity equation, and the diffusion equation by making a boundary-layer-type assumption and by using a small perturbation technique based on a perturbation parameter proportional to the sink strength q. The effects of viscosity, diffusivity, and gravity have been included while the inertia effect is neglected in the zeroth order solution. The solution indicates that there exists a withdrawal layer which grows in thickness with the distance x from the sink at the rate x^(1/3) and that the velocity distributions u(y) are similar from one station x to another.\nTwenty-five tank experiments were performed using water stratified by means of either salt or temperature. Detailed measurements of the velocity field were made by means of photographs of vertical dye lines. The experiments verify the shape of the velocity profiles as well as their similarity in x as predicted by the theory. \nThe applicability of these results to the problem of selective withdrawal from a reservoir is discussed and compared with nonviscous solutions by Yih (6) and Kao (7).", "date": "2004-06-04", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-6", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-6", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Corning Glass Works Foundation" }, { "agency": "Woodrow Wilson Fellowship" }, { "agency": "Gillette Paper-Mate" }, { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-00428" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z96T0JKK", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000071-Errata.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v00bx-f0024/files/TR000071-Errata.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "TR000071-Report.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v00bx-f0024/files/TR000071-Report.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Koh, Robert C. Y." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ngbjn-s5e70", "eprint_id": 25979, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 04:13:55", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:53", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brooks-N-H", "name": { "family": "Brooks", "given": "Norman H." } }, { "id": "Blackmer-W-H", "name": { "family": "Blackmer", "given": "William H." } } ] }, "title": "Vortex energy dissipator for San Diego ocean outfall \u2013 laboratory investigations", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1962 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThe authors would like to express their appreciation to Professor Vito A. Vanoni for his assistance and valuable criticism, offered generously throughout the course of this investigation. The writers wish to acknowledge with sincere thanks the indispensable and capable assistence of the following members of the laboratory staff: Mr. Elton F. Daly for constructing the various models and offering innumerable practical suggestions; Mr. Robert L. Greenway for assisting in the construction of the models and performing much of the photographic work; Mr. Arthur N. Schmitt for assisting in the detailed designing of the models, running tests, and preparing many of the figures\nfor the report; Mr. Carl Eastvedt for still and motion-picture photography of the final large model; Mr. Ronald Parrrian for preparing some of the figures for the report; and finally Mrs. Shirley Graham for handling all\nsecretarial work, including typing the manuscript and coordinating its publication during absences of the authors following completion of the work.\n\nSubmitted - TR000070.pdf
", "abstract": "The sewage effluent from the new sewage treatment plant for the City of San Diego, located on a bluff 95 feet above sea level on Point Lorna, is discharged to the ocean through a long submarine outfall pipe. Under almost all conditions of flow, the hydraulic head at the treatment plant exceeds that required for flow through the outfall. Therefore, the excess energy must be dissipated in a special hydraulic drop structure located on the shoreline between the treatment plant and the ocean outfall.\nThe laboratory model investigation described herein basically sought to find a method for dissipating this excess energy safely without heavy entrainment of air into the flow in the ocean outfall. Such air entrainment could cause unsteady conditions of the pipe flow, and possibly bubbling at the point of discharge in the ocean, both of which must be avoided. The responsibility of this laboratory was to develop the hydraulic principles and a recommended hydraulic configuration which would provide assurance that the prototype to be designed by the sponsors (Holmes and Narver-Montgomery) would give satisfactory hydraulic performance.", "date": "2004-06-03", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-5", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-5", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9319SVM", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000070.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ngbjn-s5e70/files/TR000070.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Brooks, Norman H. and Blackmer, William H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0nk24-kew15", "eprint_id": 25977, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:45:06", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:50", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brock-R-R", "name": { "family": "Brock", "given": "Richard R." } } ] }, "title": "Development of roll waves in open channels", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1967 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nTo Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, the writer expresses his deepest appreciation for the advice and encouragement offered throughout the investigation. For their advice on various phases of the investigation the writer wishes to thank Dr. Norman H. Brooks and Dr. Fredric Raichlen. The writer is indebted to Mr. Elton Daly for the construction of the\nchannel used in this study. The writer also wishes to extend his gratitude to the following persons for their contributions to the project: Mr. Robert L. Greenway for assisting with the construction of the channel; Mr. Robert Dickenson and Mr. Edward Thompson for analyzing data and preparing drawings; Mr. Jiin-jen Lee for analyzing data;\nMr. Leonard Fisher for assisting with the preliminary experiments; Mr. Carl Green for preparing drawings; Mr. Carl Eastvedt for all the photographic work; Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin for typing the manuscript; Miss Sophia Yen for preparing tables; and Mrs. Patricia A. Brock for typing much of the first draft. Financial assistance was received by the writer in the form of a United States Public Health Service Training Grant (1963-64), Graduate Research Assistantship (1964-65) from the California Institute of\nTechnology, fellowship provided by the George H. Mayr Educational Foundation (1964-65), and National Science Foundation Graduate Traineeship (1965-66 and 1966-67). This assistance is gratefully acknowledged. The investigation was supported by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District from August 1964 to September 1966. Support for the\nlast year was from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The research was performed in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology. This report was submitted by the writer, in June 1967, as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy\nin Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_16.pdf
", "abstract": "This study is concerned with some of the properties of roll waves that develop naturally from a turbulent uniform flow in a wide rectangular channel on a constant steep slope. The wave properties considered were depth at the wave crest, depth at the wave trough, wave period, and wave velocity. The primary focus was on the mean values and standard deviations of the crest depths and wave periods at a given station and how these quantities varied with distance along the channel.\n\nThe wave properties were measured in a laboratory channel in which roll waves developed naturally from a uniform flow. The Froude number F (F = u_n/\u221agh_n, u_n = normal velocity, h_n = normal depth, g = acceleration of gravity) ranged from 3.4 to 6.0 for channel slopes S_0 of .05 and . 12 respectively. In the initial phase of their development the roll waves appeared as small amplitude waves with a continuous water surface profile. These small amplitude waves subsequently developed into large amplitude shock waves. Shock waves were found to overtake and combine with other shock waves with the result that the crest depth of the combined wave was larger than the crest depths before the overtake. Once roll waves began to develop, the mean value of the crest depths h_(max) increased with distance. Once the shock waves began to overtake, the mean wave period T_(av) increased approximately linearly with distance.\n\nFor a given Froude number and channel slope the observed quantities h_(max)/h_n, T' (T' = S_0 T_(av) \u221ag/h_n), and the standard deviations of h_(max)/h_n and T', could be expressed as unique functions of \u2113 /h_n (\u2113= distance from beginning of channel) for the two-fold change in h_n occurring in the observed flows. A given value of h_(max)h_n occurred at smaller values of \u2113/h_n as the Froude number was increased. For a given value of h_(max) /h_n the growth rate \u2202h_(max)/\u2202\u2113 of the shock waves increased as the Froude number was increased.\nA laboratory channel was also used to measure the wave properties of periodic permanent roll waves. For a given Froude number and channel slope the h_(max)/h_n vs. T' relation did not agree with a theory in which the weight of the shock front was neglected. After the theory was modified to include this weight, the observed values of h_(max)/h_n were within an average of 6.5 percent of the predicted values, and the maximum discrepancy was 13.5 percent.\n\nFor h_(max)/h_n sufficiently large (h_(max)/h_n > approximately 1.5) it was found that the h_(max)/h_n vs. T' relation for natural roll waves was practically identical to the h_(max)/h_n vs. T' relation for periodic permanent roll waves at the same Froude number and slope. As a result of this correspondence between periodic and natural roll waves, the growth rate \u2202h_(max)/\u2202\u2113 of shock waves was predicted to depend on the channel slope, and this slope dependence was observed in the experiments.", "date": "2004-06-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-16", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-16", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)" }, { "agency": "Caltech" }, { "agency": "George H. Mayr Educational Foundation" }, { "agency": "NSF Graduate Research Fellowship" }, { "agency": "Los Angeles County Flood Control District" }, { "agency": "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z95T3HF6", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_16.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0nk24-kew15/files/KH_R_16.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Brock, Richard R." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tsd8c-q6q27", "eprint_id": 25976, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:51:40", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:48", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Taylor-R-H", "name": { "family": "Taylor", "given": "Robert Hugh" } } ] }, "title": "Exploratory studies of open-channel flow over boundaries of laterally varying roughness", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1961 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nPart of the work performed under cooperative agreement No. 14-08-001-5864 between the U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, and the California Institute of Technology is reported herein.\n\nSubmitted - TR000069.pdf
", "abstract": "An exploratory study was made of open-channel flow over beds consisting either entirely or partially of large granular roughness. Steady, uniform flow was established at various depths and velocities over two types of beds, one rough over the entire width of a laboratory flume, the other rough only over half the width and smooth over the other half. Friction factors were determined for these flows, and detailed velocity distributions were measured in three runs.\n\nThe friction factors for the entirely rough beds compared closely with those predicted by the Karman-Prandtl equations, and the velocity distributions strongly suggested the existence of secondary circulation of the second kind.\n\nAnalysis is offered to show that subdivision of the cross section of a turbulent flow by curves normal to the equal velocity curves does not result in hydraulically independent zones of flow, in that there will be turbulent interchange of the longitudinal component of momentum among such zones; other methods of subdivision are considered and none found to be completely satisfactory.\n\nThe customary side-wall correction method is reviewed and found to have no explicit rational basis, and although it is recognized that the method gives reliable results in the situations to which it is usually applied, its application to widely different situations should be undertaken with caution.\n\nSuggestions for needed further research are offered.", "date": "2004-05-27", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-4", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-4", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "USGS", "grant_number": "14-08-001-5864" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9416V0D", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000069.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tsd8c-q6q27/files/TR000069.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Taylor, Robert Hugh" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xa80t-9rb50", "eprint_id": 25975, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:47:53", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:46", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Kennedy-J-F", "name": { "family": "Kennedy", "given": "J. F. (John Fisher)" } } ] }, "title": "Further laboratory studies of the roughness and suspended load of alluvial streams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1961 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nFinal Report to U. S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Contract USDA- 12-14-100-995 (41)\n\nSubmitted - TR000068.pdf
", "abstract": "A laboratory study was made to determine the variation with depth and velocity of the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics of a constant-discharge flow. Eight experimental runs were performed in a 60-foot long, 33.5-inch wide recirculating laboratory flume. The unit discharge for all runs was 0.50 cfs per ft. and the velocity was varied from 0.91 to 2.21 fps, corresponding to a change in depth from 0.550 to 0.228 ft. The bed sand used for these experiments had a geometric mean sieve diameter of 0.142 mm and a geometric standard deviation of 1.38.\n\nAs the velocity was increased, the bed form changed from a dune-covered configuration to a flat bed, with sand waves occurring at intermediate velocities. It was found that for the unit discharge and bed sand used in this investigation, two different velocities and sediment transport rates are possible for a given slope, or a given bed shear velocity; however, this multiplicity is possible only in the range of slope and shear velocity where major changes in the bed configuration occur since it is a result of large variations in the bed roughness. Therefore the slope or shear velocity cannot logically be used as an independent variable since neither of these quantities uniquely determines the velocity or transport rate. However, if the velocity is used as the independent variable for a constant-discharge flow, the slope, shear velocity, and friction factor are all uniquely determined. The sediment transport rate was found to be a single-valued, uniformly increasing function of velocity, and it can therefore be used in place of the velocity as the independent variable.\n\nA comparison of data from this investigation with data from previous investigations which used the same sand showed that even a small decrease in the amount of fine material in the bed sand can have a significant effect on the transport rate. However, even relatively large changes in the standard deviation of the bed material have a small effect on the friction factor.", "date": "2004-05-26", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-3", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-3", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Department of Agriculture", "grant_number": "USDA-12-14-100-995 (41)" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9086382", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000068.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xa80t-9rb50/files/TR000068.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Kennedy, J. F. (John Fisher)" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2ycgp-98014", "eprint_id": 25974, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:36:35", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:44", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wright-S-J", "name": { "family": "Wright", "given": "Steven Jay" } } ] }, "title": "Effects of ambient crossflows and density stratification on the characteristic behavior of round turbulent buoyant jets", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1977 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nSupported by; National Science Foundation Grant Numbers GK-35774X, ENG 75-02985 and ENG 75-02985 A01. \n\nI hardly know where to begin. To acknowledge everyone who helped me out at critical points would be difficult, if not impossible. This is especially true since I may not realize how such the help of others has contributed to my reaching this point. Let me try anyway. Even though I have thanked him many times, I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the efforts of Dr. John Roberson on my behalf.\nIt was at his suggestion that I first decided to apply to Caltech, so I can truly say that without him, I would not be here today. I would also like to recognize the efforts of Dr. Norman Brooks, especially in helping to turn this manuscript into something readable. I just hope that I can do as much for someone else sometime in the future.\nIt was also Dr. Brooks' suggestion that I pursue this area of research and he provided the impetus for my getting started in the right direction. At the time that many of the ideas presented in this manuscript were only halfway thought out, several valuable discussions with Dr. E. John\nList helped me to understand the problem. These discussions, class lectures, and an unpublished manuscript were helpful in providing the framework on which my understanding of the research was developed. Without Dr. List's guidance, It is safe to say that this research would be incomplete. I also want to thank Dr. Fredric Raichlen for h1a help and interest at various stages of my research. In particular, he helped me to get started developing the light probe, and this help is greatly appreciated.\nThere are of course, many others whose general comments and advice helped me out along the way. I would especially like to recognize Greg Gartrell, Phil Roberts, and Bob Koh for the contributions that they made to this research. The National Science Foundation supported this research under Grant Numbers CK-35774X, ENG-75-02985 and ENG 75-02985 AOL This financial support is greatly appreciated along with the assistance California Institute of Technology both in the form of research facilities and financial support. The laboratory experiments could not have been performed without the help of several individual. Elton Daly and Joe\nFontana bad to turn my half-completed sketches into final products, and their ability to do so never ceased to amaze me. In addition, Elton taught me enough along the way so that it will be easier for me to develop laboratory experiments in the future. Several others helped out during the course of the experiments including Linda Figueroa, Bob\nShultz, Dave Byrum, and Rich Eastvedt. It make me realize just how dependent on others I was just to list those names. Then there was the preparation of the manuscript. I would like to specially thank Joan Mathew for her patience and ability in deciphering the material that I gave to her and putting it in a presentable form. The same goes for Dave Byrum with respect to the drafting of the figures.\nAdelaide Massengale also assisted in the preparation of the manuscript. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the efforts of two special people who helped me so much, especially in getting through the difficult times. Vito Vanoni was a constant source of encouragement to me and\nthere were times that I really needed encouragement. Some of his enthusiasm for his profession and life in general rubbed off along the way and I im grateful for the interactions that I had with Vito. I am also grateful for the support and patience of my wife, Dayle. There were difficult times and times when I have been very busy, and I am afraid that I have neglected her in those situations. Now it's her turn to do the same to me as she begins to work on her degree. So I expect similar acknowledgment a few years from now. This report was submitted on May 17, 1977 as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering at the California Institute of Technology.\n\nSubmitted - TR000101.pdf
", "abstract": "This investigation considers a round, turbulent buoyant jet in an ambient crossflow that is either of uniform density or with a linear density stratification. The primary emphasis is the development of a fundamental understanding of the jet properties that are of interest in engineering design problems. These include jet trajectories, characteristic dilutions, and in the case of a stratified crossflow, the maximum and equilibrium heights of rise.\n\nMost previous studies of similar buoyant jet flows have used the integral method to solve for the jet characteristics. This approach requires an assumed relation for the rate of entrainment of ambient fluid by the jet, and also depends upon experimental evidence to estimate values for the coefficients in the assumed relation. Most previous experimental studies have been directed toward evaluating entrainment coefficients and have not considered a systematic investigation of the effects of the various jet and ambient flow parameters.\n\nA major objective of this investigation is to provide a basis for the interpretation and extension of the results from previous theoretical and experimental investigations. A systematic dimensional analysis is performed to define the basic problem and to provide approximate solutions without using the integral equations. The analysis indicates the types of experiments necessary to adequately describe general buoyant jet behavior and also provides a framework for the presentation of experimental data.\n\nThe approximate solutions for the jet characteristics were derived from the dimensional analysis by considering asymptotic descriptions of a general buoyant jet as different effects become predominant in determining the flow behavior. The limiting cases considered are for the jet behavior controlled by either its initial momentum or by its buoyancy for situations where the ambient velocity either is relatively large or approaches zero. Combinations of these four asymptotic descriptions can be used to approximately describe a general buoyant jet. Several different types of flow behavior can be expected, depending upon the relative magnitudes of various characteristic length scales associated with these buoyant jet flows. These different types of flow can be compared to the theoretical solutions proposed by other researchers, providing a basis for better understanding previous research.\n\nExperiments were performed to confirm the asymptotic relations developed in the analysis, to evaluate the coefficients in the relations, and to determine the limits of their applicability. The experimental configuration was a salt water jet discharged downward into a tank of less dense fluid with either uniform density or linear density stratification. The Boussinesq approximation implies that these results will be comparable to a buoyant jet rising in a less dense ambient fluid. The crossflow was simulated by towing the jet source along the water surface in the tank.\n\nJet trajectories and dilutions were measured for the experiments with an unstratified crossflow. For the experiments performed with the tank stratified, maximum and equilibrium heights of rise, a few trajectories, and jet dilutions were measured. The results of these various experimental measurements are presented in a unified manner to facilitate the application to design problems.\n\nThe experimental evidence indicated that the coefficients in the asymptotic relations were somewhat dependent upon the initial jet volume flux, an observation that has not been previously noted by other researchers. This variation can be expected from the dimensional analysis and is shown to be significant in some instances.", "date": "2004-05-06", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-36", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-36", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK-35774X" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG 75-02985" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG 75-02985 A01" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9J10138", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000101.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2ycgp-98014/files/TR000101.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Wright, Steven Jay" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pkj0x-2jj63", "eprint_id": 25967, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 21:39:05", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:32", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Ting-Francis-Chi-Kin", "name": { "family": "Ting", "given": "Francis Chi Kin" } } ] }, "title": "Interaction of water waves with a density-stratified fluid in a rectangular trench", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1989 Francis Chi Kin Ting All rights reserved. \nW. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThis study was funded by the Office of Naval Research Contract: N00014-84-C-0617. This report was published through support of the Miriam and Omar J. Lillevang fund at the California Institute of Technology. This report is essentially the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer on March 13, 1989 to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - TR000116.pdf
", "abstract": "The interaction of normally incident time-periodic water waves with a density-stratified fluid in a rectangular trench is studied experimentally and theoretically; the fluid outside the trench is homogeneous.\n\n\nThis investigation has focused on the excitation of internal waves in the trench by surface waves, and the effects of the internal oscillations on the waves on the free surface. The study shows that, when the frequency of the incoming surface waves corresponds to the natural frequency of oscillation of the internal waves in the trench, the amplitude of the internal waves becomes large compared to the amplitude of the surface waves. The effects of the internal waves on the surface waves were very small in the experiments.\n\n\nA two-layer model and a three-layer model are developed and applied to a particular constant-depth channel and trench configuration used in the experiments. The two-layer model is also applied to a rectangular trench in an infinite region. These models treat steady-state wave motions of infinitesimal amplitude for all ranges of fluid depth relative to the wavelength of the surface waves, and include a vigorous treatment of the effects of energy dissipation in the laminar boundary layers adjacent to the solid surfaces and at the density interface. In the two-layer model the stratified fluid in the trench is represented by two homogeneous fluids of different densities; in the three-layer model these two fluids are separated in between by a transition region of linear density variation.\n\n\nFresh water and salt water were used to model density stratification in the experiments. The effects of surface wave amplitude and density distribution on the internal motion in the trench were investigated for small density differences compared to the density of water. A new technique using a scanning laser beam and detect or system was developed to measure internal wave amplitudes. Satisfactory agreement with the theoretical predictions was obtained. The effects of nonlinearity and viscous dissipation on the internal motions were more pronounced when the depth of the heavier fluid was small compared to the wavelength of the internal waves in the trench.\n\n\nFor a trench in an infinite region, the two-layer model also predicts that large surface wave reflections occur when the trench is \"at internal resonance,\" and a significant portion of the incident wave energy can be dissipated within the trench.\n\n\nThe investigation has provided insight with regard to both the dynamics of wave-trench interaction and the design of navigation channels in density-stratified fluids for reducing the potential of wave-induced internal resonance.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-50", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-50", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Office of Naval Research (ONR)", "grant_number": "N00014-84-C-0617" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9B56GP2", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000116.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pkj0x-2jj63/files/TR000116.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Ting, Francis Chi Kin" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gaqdm-z3936", "eprint_id": 25961, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:43:12", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:20", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Vanoni-V-A", "name": { "family": "Vanoni", "given": "Vito A." } }, { "id": "Brooks-N-H", "name": { "family": "Brooks", "given": "Norman H." } }, { "id": "Kennedy-J-F", "name": { "family": "Kennedy", "given": "John F. (John Fisher)" } } ] }, "title": "Lecture notes on sediment transportation and channel stability", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1961 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nNotes prepared for a series of lectures for Technicians U. S. Department of Agriculture. Sponsored by Agricultural Research Service Research Service Contract 2206-ARS-61.\n\nSeptember 1960. (With minor corrections and additions, January, 1961).\n\nSubmitted - TR000066-Report.pdf
Erratum - TR000066-Errata.pdf
", "abstract": "These notes have been prepared for a series of lectures on\nsediment transportation and channel stability given by the authors to a group of engineers and geologists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture assembled at Caltech on September 12-16,1960. The material herein is not intended to serve as a complete textbook, because it covers only subjects of the one-week sequence of lectures Due to limitation of space and time, coverage of many subjects is brief and others are omitted altogether. At the end of each chapter the reader will find a selected list of references for more detailed study.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-1", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-1", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U S. Department of Agriculture", "grant_number": "2206-ARS-61" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9VH5KSC", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000066-Errata.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gaqdm-z3936/files/TR000066-Errata.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "TR000066-Report.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gaqdm-z3936/files/TR000066-Report.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Vanoni, Vito A.; Brooks, Norman H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vytt4-01155", "eprint_id": 25966, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 14:28:18", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:30", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "van-Ingen-C", "name": { "family": "van Ingen", "given": "Catharine" } } ] }, "title": "Observations in a sediment-laden flow by use of laser-doppler velocimetry", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1981 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nFinancial support for this research was provided by the California Institute of Technology, which provided the laboratory facilities and a Graduate Teaching Assistantship during 1976 and 1977, and the National Science Foundation under Grants ENG 75-15786 , ENG 77-10182, and CME 79-20311. \n\nThis report was submitted to the California Institute of\nTechnology on October 29, 1981, as a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.\n\n\nSupported by National Science Foundation Grant Numbers ENG75-15786, ENG77-10182, CME79-20311\n\nSubmitted - TR000107.pdf
", "abstract": "The laser-Doppler velocimetry technique was adapted for use in sediment-laden flows. The developed instrumentation was used to make one-dimensional, instantaneous measurements of both fluid and sediment grain velocities throughout the water column in such a flow. The velocimetry results were obtained in a steady, uniform flow over a natural sediment bed in the high-transport, flat bed regime.\n\nLaser-Doppler velocimetry is particularly attractive for use in sediment-laden flows as no calibration is required and no probe is introduced into the flow field. Measurements of the fluid velocity and the occurrence and velocity of individual sediment grains are possible with the instrumentation developed in this study. The major difficulties encountered are the possible conditional sampling, hence possible biasing, of the fluid velocity data and the failure of the instrumentation to record or resolve individual sediment grains at higher sediment transport rates. The instrumentation employed in this study is still in the developmental stages and suggestions for its improvement are given.\n\nDespite the difficulties encountered, the data obtained in this study give some insights into the mechanics of suspension and entrainment of sediment during transport by water. The longitudinal turbulence intensity does not seem to be significantly affected by the presence of suspended sediment; the turbulence intensities observed in the sediment-laden flow of this study do not differ greatly from the values reported by previous investigators for clear fluid flows. The mean and standard deviation of the sediment grain velocity were observed to be less than those for the fluid velocity in the lower portion of the flow, but respectively greater near the water surface.\n\nThe data demonstrate the shortcoming of the continuum approach to the mechanics of the suspension on sediment. The length (or time) scales of the fluid turbulence are smaller than the length (or time) scale of a set of sediment grains required to define suspended sediment concentration. Near the water surface, where the velocimeter acts as a grain counter, the probability density functions of the sediment grain inter-arrival times, the time between the detection of successive sediment grains, were observed to be negative exponentials. The transport of individual sediment grains might be modeled as a Poisson process.\n\nThis work is the foundation of an ongoing experimental program of direct measurements of the fine-scale, time-fluctuating characteristics of sediment-laden flows. This study developed and implemented instrumentation capable of making such measurements and established a conceptual framework for the subsequent interpretation of the data obtained. Two-dimensional measurements, with improved instrumentation, will give additional insights into the mechanics of sediment transport.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-42", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-42", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG 75-15786" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG 77-10182" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CME 79-20311" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9QF8QTP", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000107.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vytt4-01155/files/TR000107.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "van Ingen, Catharine" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/34q02-pdh34", "eprint_id": 25964, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:04:38", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:26", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Chen-Jing-Chang", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Jing-Chang" } } ] }, "title": "Studies on gravitational spreading currents", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1980 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThe writer wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his\nthesis advisor. Professor E. J. List. who offered much guidance, encouragement, and valuable criticism throughout this investigation. Several talks with Professors Vito A. Vanoni and Norman H. Brooks always gave a long lasting comfortable feeling, which is especially needed in the life of a graduate student at Caltech. His office mate. Dr. Greg Gartrell, Jr., helped in many phases in accomplishing this research and shared many ups and downs of the research life.\nThe writer would also like to thank Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the Shop and Laboratory, and Mr. Joe Fontana for their assistance in designing and constructing the experimental set up and their patience in teaching him how to play cribbage during lunch time. Appreciation is also due Mr. David Byrum, who helped in setting up equipment and taking photographs; Mrs. Adelaide R. Massengale, who typed the manuscript; and Mrs. Joan Mathews, who typed some parts of the earlier draft. For financial aid of his graduate studies at Caltech, the writer is grateful to The Li Foundation Inc., New York for a two-year (1974-76) Fellowship and to the California Institute of Technology for Graduate Laboratory Assistantship (1974-75), and Graduate Research Assistantship (1975-present). The\nfinancial support for this research work from the National Science Foundation through Grant Nos. GK-35774X, ENG75-02985, and ENG77-27398 is greatly appreciated.\nFinally, the author wishes to thank his parents and every\nmember of his family for their continuous encouragement for a higher education over the past years, and his wife, Yuan-Lin, for her sacrifice in putting up with most of her time alone, days and nights. Without the strong spiritual support from each member of the family, completing this research work would have been impossible. This thesis is dedicated to his beloved Grandfather.\n\nSubmitted - TR000105.pdf
", "abstract": "The objective of this investigation is to examine the buoyancy-driven gravitational spreading currents, especially as applied to ocean disposal of wastewater and the accidental release of hazardous fluids, such as liquefied natural gas.\n\nA series of asymptotic solutions are used to describe the displacement of a gravitationally driven spreading front during an inertial phase of motion and the subsequent viscous phase. Solutions are derived by a force scale analysis and a self-similar technique for flows in stagnant, homogeneous, or linearly density-stratified environments. The self-similar solutions for inertial-buoyancy currents are found using an analogy to the well-known shallow-water wave propagation equations and also to those applicable to a blast wave in gasdynamics. For the viscous-buoyancy currents the analogy is to the viscous long wave approximation to a nonlinear diffusive wave, or thermal wave propagation. Other similarity solutions describing the initial stage of motion of the flow formed by the collapse of a finite volume fluid are developed by analogy to the expansion of a gas cloud into a vacuum. For the case of a continuous discharge there is initially a starting jet flow followed by the buoyancy-driven spreading flow. The jet mixing zone in such flows is described using Prandtl's mixing length theory. Dimensional analysis is used to derive the relevant scaling factors describing these flows.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-40", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-40", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK-35774X" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG75-02985" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG77-27398" }, { "agency": "Department of Energy (DOE)", "grant_number": "EY-76-G-03-1305" }, { "agency": "Caltech President's Fund" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9000023", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000105.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/34q02-pdh34/files/TR000105.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Chen, Jing-Chang" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8rkxk-1z413", "eprint_id": 25963, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 12:24:49", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:25", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Gartrell-G-Jr", "name": { "family": "Gartrell", "given": "Gregory, Jr." } } ] }, "title": "Studies on the mixing in a density-stratified shear flow", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1979 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThere are so many people to whom I owe so much, I feel I could write another volume the size of this one and still not thank everyone adequately. There are several friends who have been especially helpful over the last few years, and who have contributed to this work in many vital ways; I am sincerely grateful for the time, effort and friendship these people have offered me. The two people to whom I owe the most are Professors Norman H. Brooks and E. John List. Dr. Brooks, my principal advisor on this project, suggested the topic and provided patient guidance and understanding as the work progressed. His warm sense of humor brightened countless days for me, and he always provided encouragement when it was needed. Dr. List has been especially helpful. He has provided encouragement and friendship, and has always been willing to share a few moments to discuss new ideas and provide helpful insights. I owe more than I can ever repay to these two friends. I would especially like to thank Elton Daly, whose special genius has never ceased to amaze me. No matter what needed to be built in the laboratory, Elton always had a better, simpler way to do it. He has been a close friend and an inspiration to me.\nThere are several other people who made valuable contributions to this work. I would like to thank Dr.\nRobert C.Y. Koh, who provided help in the data analysis and whose \"MAGIC\" language saved me hours of programming. I would also like to thank Professor Fred Raichlen, with\nwhom I had many valuable discussions.\n\nProfessor Vito A. Vanoni deserves special thanks for the time and help he provided. His awesome dedication and vitality acted as a constant encouragement. Joan Mathews typed a seemingly endless thesis, and retyped the corrected versions, a Sisyphean task. She provided friendship throughout the past years, and kind encouragement when it was greatly needed the last few weeks. I am truly thankful.\nDuring the summer of 1977, I participated in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. My visit there as a pre-doctoral fellow provided me with the opportunity not only to meet with many interesting and knowledgeable people, but also to take some time to reflect on this research and to hear fresh ideas. I returned from Woods Hole with a deeper understanding of the subject, and an enthusiasm that has stayed with me to this day. I would like to thank the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Geophysical\nFluid Dynamics Program for the support they provided. I would also like to thank Professor George Veronis, who directed the program, and Professor Mllrten T. Landahl, with whom I had many worthwhile discussions, and who taught me so much about the subject of turbulence. No one can conduct an experimental program alone, and in this instance I had valuable help from Joe Fontana, Rich Eastvedt and Dave\nByrum. The fine talents of Joe Fontana and Rich Eastvedt turned rough sketches into apparatus that not only worked as intended, but also looked like works of art. Dave Byrum provided help with the experiments, especially the photography, and did a magnificent job with more drawings\nthan he or I would ever care to see again. I would also like to thank Phil Cormier, who helped take data and\nwho, along with Dale Ota, helped in the data reduction. This research could never have been completed without the signal processor for the laser-Doppler system. Marc Donner designed and built the first working model. I would also like to thank Larry McClellan and Catharine van Ingen for their help. There are several others who provided friendship, advice and assistance. I would specially like to thank Jill Pankow, Steve Wright, Phil Roberts, Jacqueo Lavalle and Jing-Chang Chen. I want to thank Kary Eichbauer for her love and encouragement and patience. I hope I can\ngive as much aa she continues with a task similar to this one. I would like to thank the California Institute of Technology for providing facilities which made this study possible, and the National Science Foundation for providing financial support under Grants GK35774X, ENG75-02985, ENG77-27398; the Environmental Protection Agency under Grant T-900137; the National Institutes of Environmental Health Science under Training Grant 5T01 8800004-15 and the Ford Motor Company Fund/Ford Energy Research Program. This report was submitted on May 22, 1979 as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science at the California Institute of Technology.\n\nSubmitted - TR000104.pdf
Erratum - TR000104-errata.pdf
", "abstract": "The objective of this study was to examine in a fundamental way the mixing processes in a stably-stratified shear flow. The results of the experimental program have yielded information on the nature of turbulence and mixing in density-stratified fluids. The results can be applied to such problems as the determination of the spreading and mixing rates of heated effluents discharged to lakes or the ocean, as well as to many geophysical problems.\n\nAn experimental investigation was made to measure the mixing in a two-layered density-stratified shear flow in a flume 40-meters long, with a cross-section of 110 cm wide by 60 cm deep. Both mean temperatures and the mean velocities of the two layers could be independently controlled, and steps were taken to ensure that the temperatures and velocities of the two layers remained nearly constant at the inlet. The relative density difference between the layers was 10^-3 or less. A laser-Doppler velocimeter, designed for this study, allowed measurements of two components of velocity simultaneously, while a sensitive thermistor was used to measure the temperature. The temperature and velocity measurements were recorded and later analyzed.\n\nThe initial mixing layer which developed at the inlet was found to be dominated by large, two-dimensional vortex structures. When the flow was sufficiently stratified, these structures would collapse in a short distance and the flow would develop a laminar shear layer at the interface. It was found that the bulk-Richardson number , where is the maximum-slope thickness of the temperature profile, attained a maximum value of between 0.25 and 0.3 when the mixing layer collapsed.\n\nDownstream, much less turbulent mixing took place in the stratified flows than homogeneous flows. The depth-averaged turbulent diffusivities for heat and momentum were often 30 to 100 times smaller in stratified flows than in homogeneous flows. The turbulence downstream was found to be dominated by large turbulent bursts, during which the vertical turbulent transport of momentum, heat and turbulent kinetic energy are many times larger than their mean values. It was found these bursts were responsible for most of the total turbulent transport of momentum, heat and turbulent kinetic energy, even though the bursts were found only intermittently.\n\nThe flux Richardson number, Rf, in the flow was examined and found to be related to the local mean-Richardson number in many cases. When production of turbulent kinetic energy from the mean shear,\n , was the largest source of turbulent kinetic energy, it was found that Rf < 0.3, and when the flow was strongly stratified, then Rf < 0.2. If the diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy \n was the largest source of turbulent kinetic energy, then the flux-Richardson number often attained large values, and the quantity was found to be a more useful parameter than Rf. It was found that, in almost all cases, the rate at which the potential energy of the fluid increased due to turbulent mixing was much less than the estimated rate of viscous dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-39", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-39", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "GK35774X" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG75-02985" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG77-27398" }, { "agency": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "grant_number": "T-900137" }, { "agency": "National Institutes of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS)", "grant_number": "5T01 8800004-15" }, { "agency": "Ford Motor Company Fund for Energy Research" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9RJ4GCS", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000104-errata.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8rkxk-1z413/files/TR000104-errata.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "TR000104.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/8rkxk-1z413/files/TR000104.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Gartrell, Gregory, Jr." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1kacq-ay365", "eprint_id": 25971, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 02:58:37", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:40", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Petroff-C-M", "name": { "family": "Petroff", "given": "Catherine M." } } ] }, "title": "The Interaction of Breaking Solitary Waves with an Armored Bed", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1993 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThis report is essentially the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer on February 26,1993, to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Award\nNO. CTS-8812187. This report was published with the assistance of the Miriam and Omar J. Lillevang fund at Caltech.\n\nSubmitted - TR000121.pdf
", "abstract": "This study investigates the interaction of breaking waves with a bed of loose angular material with a median grain size of 4.8 mm. It is motivated by the engineering problem of determining rock sizes for revetments used as protection for structures in the coastal zone and by the need for an understanding of the mechanics of material movement under waves. Both the effect of the bed on the velocities and accelerations in breaking and non-breaking waves, and the effect of breaking waves on the movement of bed material is measured.\n\nVelocities in breaking waves are measured at elevations approaching the bottom boundary, both for the case of a level bed of graded angular material and for a flat plate at the same location. By changing the water depth and the initial conditions of the incident wave, the relative size of the rock with respect to the breaking wave height is varied. Material movement resulting from the wave passage is measured and compared to the breaking wave height and to the turbulent shear determined near the bed. Using velocity and acceleration records near the rock bed together with observations of rock motion, the mechanics of material movement under waves are investigated.\n\nThe roughness elements in the bed are found to have a large effect on both the mean and fluctuating velocities in the wave near the bottom. Evidence is shown of the existence of an inner layer where individual pieces of bed material influence the flow over the bed. A method for determining the maximum mean shear under a single wave is presented. Mean vertical velocities are measured to be not negligible near the bed and are shown to produce convective accelerations of the same order as the accelerations due to turbulent fluctuations.\n\nThe movement of bed material is compared with the calculated shear on the bed and with local velocities and accelerations measured very close to the individual rocks. The mean size of the material moved in the bed is found to vary with the amount of shear on the bed. When adjusted for the mean size of the moved material, the calculated shears correspond well with the criterion for critical shear from the Shields curve used in steady flow. From the observed movement of particles during the passage of a wave and the measured velocities and accelerations in the wave, inertial forces are found to contribute to particle movement, especially in the regions before and after wave crest passage.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-55", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-55", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CTS-8812187" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z97M05W9", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000121.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1kacq-ay365/files/TR000121.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Petroff, Catherine M." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q8gnf-90p39", "eprint_id": 25968, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 22:42:18", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:34", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Ng-K-Y", "name": { "family": "Ng", "given": "Kit Yin" } } ] }, "title": "Thermal plumes from staged multiport diffusers in a uniform quiescent environment", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Submitted - TR000117.pdf
", "abstract": "The behavior of thermal plumes discharged from staged diffusers has been investigated experimentally. A staged diffuser is a type of submerged multiport diffuser characterized by an offshore orientation of the individual nozzles. It is commonly employed for the discharge of heated water from coastal power plants into the ocean because of its effective mixing capability, which does not depend on the prevailing longshore-current directions.\n\nExperiments have been performed to measure the temperature distribution of the plume in quiescent receiving water. The three-dimensional thermal field is reconstructed from the results of two groups of measurements, the centerline experiments in which the temperature in the vertical plane along the diffuser axis is measured, and the scanning experiments in which the lateral temperature profiles are measured. The emphasis is on a homogeneous ambient receiving water, but a few illustrative experiments with ambient stratification have been carried out. The number of variables associated with the problem is very large, making it difficult to perform a generic study. Nevertheless, five of the variables (the number of ports, n, the initial jet diameter, D[sub]0, the horizontal orientation of the jet, [Greek alpha], the total discharge flow rate, Q[sub]T0, and the water depth, H) have been examined.\n\nExperimental observations support the hypothesis of a near field dominated by momentum jet mixing, and an intermediate field dominated initially by turbulent mixing and eventually by gravitational spreading. H, n and D[sub]0 are the governing parameters in both the near field and the intermediate field. By coupling dimensional analysis with experimental results, several empirical relationships have been established to give a first-order approximation relating the mean characteristics of the plume to the governing parameters. It is found that the near-field dilution can be described adequately by the simple jet model with an adjustment factor based on n. The dilution in the intermediate field, however, s relatively insensitive to n. It is also concluded that the horizontal orientation of the jet +-25[degrees] to the diffuser axis, helps to spread the plume over a wider extent, thereby reducing the maximum temperature rise. Results from stratified experiments indicate that for weak stratification, the dynamics of the plume are not significantly modified.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-51", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-51", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9DJ5CKH", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000117.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q8gnf-90p39/files/TR000117.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Ng, Kit Yin" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/472jg-gsj87", "eprint_id": 25969, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 23:07:47", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:36", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Elliott-A-H", "name": { "family": "Elliott", "given": "Alexander H." } } ] }, "title": "Transfer of solutes into and out of streambeds", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1990 Alexander Hewgill Elliott All Rights Reserved. \n\nW. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nNotice: This is the final report to the U.S. Geological Survey for Grant No. 1408-0001-61488. Grantee: California Institute of Technology. Principal Investigators: Norman H. Brooks, James J. Morgan, Robert C. Y. Koh Title of proposal: Contaminant Exchange Processes Between Water and Sediment Beds in Rivers Project period: July 15, 1987-January 14, 1990. This report has also been submitted to the California Institute of Technology by the author as a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science.\n\nSubmitted - TR000118.pdf
", "abstract": "Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the mechanisms and rates of bed/stream exchange of non-reactive solutes for beds of medium and fine sand. Experiments were conducted under steady flow conditions with and without sediment transport in a recirculating flume. Flat beds and beds covered with ripples or triangular bedforms were studied. The net mass exchange was determined by measuring concentration changes in the main flow. The penetration of the solute (fluorescent dye) into the bed was also observed visually.\n\nTwo key exchange mechanisms, 'pumping' and 'turnover', were identified. Pumping is the movement of pore water into and out of the bed due to flows induced by pressure variations over bedforms (ripples and dunes). Turnover occurs as moving bedforms trap and release interstitial fluid.\n\nPredictive models based on the details of the exchange processes were developed. A residence time distribution approach was used. The models do not require calibration. Appropriate scaling variables were identified.\n\nWith stationary bedforms the exchange is strongly influenced by pumping. The predictions of net mass exchange based on models of pumping with periodic bedforms show good agreement with the measured exchange in the initial stages of the experiments (hours to days). The models under-predict the exchange later in the experiments. The deviation is associated with the large-scale and somewhat random features in the penetration of the dye cloud. Such features are expected to influence the net exchange for large time in natural streams.\n\nWhen the bedforms move slowly in relation to the characteristic pore water velocity, turnover can be neglected and pumping dominates. A model based on a random distribution of bedform sizes provides a good prediction of the mass exchange with slowly-moving bedforms.\n\nWith rapidly-moving bedforms, turnover dominates the exchange at the start of the experiments, when the solute penetration is limited to the maximum bedform scour depth. The scour depth can be predicted well. Later the depth of penetration is greater than the scour depth and the model predictions.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-52", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-52", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "USGS", "grant_number": "1408-0001-61488" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z96H4FC2", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000118.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/472jg-gsj87/files/TR000118.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Elliott, Alexander H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9qznp-9yg63", "eprint_id": 25972, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 04:09:53", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:42", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Eylers-H", "name": { "family": "Eylers", "given": "Hinrich" } } ] }, "title": "Transport of adsorbing metal ions between stream water and sediment bed in a laboratory flume", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1994 Hinrich Eylers All Rights Reserved. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThis report is essentially the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer on April 7, 1994, to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science.\n\nThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BCS-9105965. The Government has certain rights in this material. The financial support for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant number BCS-9 105965. Startup funding was provided by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Most of the analytical work necessary in my research would have be impossible without the ICP-MS in the Environmental Analysis Center. I am thankful to Peter Green for teaching me the use of this instrument and for being available whenever problems appeared (and being my carpool partner).\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-56.pdf
", "abstract": "The transport of adsorbing metal ions (copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium) between the water column and the sand bed in a 5 meter long recirculating laboratory flume with bottom bedforms has been investigated. A non-adsorbing tracer, lithium, was used simultaneously to observe the exchange of water between bed and water column. The presence of bedforms and associated pumping increases the exchange rate by several orders of magnitude over molecular processes.\n\nThe concentrations of initially added metal ions were monitored both in the circulating overlying water and in the pore-water of the sediment bed. The sand used for the bed was composed of over 99% silica, with geometric means of 500 [microns] and 195 [microns]. Before each run, the sand was acid-washed at pH 3.5 to provide reproducible experimental conditions. The chemical composition of the recirculating water was controlled and steady flow conditions were maintained in the experiments.\n\nBatch experiments were performed to investigate the chemical partitioning of the selected metal ions to the sand grain surfaces. The adsorption of zinc onto silica was modeled in detail and binding constants were determined. The observed adsorption of the metal ions in the flume experiments compared well with batch adsorption data.\n\nThe transfer of metal ions into and out of a bed covered with stationary bedforms is dominated by advective pumping caused by pressure fluctuations over the bed. A residence-time model based on pressure-driven advective flow and linear equilibrium partitioning of the pollutant to the sediment was developed and describes the observed metal ion exchange between sediment and water column well. Increased partitioning of the metal ion onto the sediment leads to an increase of the amount of tracer stored within the sediment bed. Furthermore, the concentrations of metal ions released from the bed after passing of an initial pulse in the overlying water will be lower, but longer lasting for stronger partitioning, leading to tailing in the water column for long times. For a bed with moving bedforms, the main mechanism for mass exchange is the trapping and release of overlying water by the traveling bedform. The transport of metal ions can be approximately described for the initial phase of the experiment, but large deviations from the model occur for long times.\n\nThe models do not require calibration since the parameters for transport into and out of the bed can be derived from flow conditions, sediment parameters, bedform dimensions and adsorption characteristics of the tracer on the sand. Criteria for the applicability of the models and appropriate scaling variables are identified. The experimental results are presented in nondimensional form.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-56", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-56", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "BCS-9105965" }, { "agency": "Andrew W. Mellon Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9V9860K", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-56.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9qznp-9yg63/files/KH-R-56.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Eylers, Hinrich" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rfyaj-j8j34", "eprint_id": 25965, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:30:19", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:28", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lepelletier-T-G-T-G", "name": { "family": "Lepelletier", "given": "Thierry G. (Thierry Georges)" } } ] }, "title": "Tsunamis - harbor oscillations induced by nonlinear transient long waves", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1980 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nSupported by National Science Foundation Grant Numbers ENV72-03587 and ENV77-20499.\n\nSubmitted - TR000106.pdf
", "abstract": "The process of excitation of harbors and bays by transient nonlinear long waves is investigated theoretically and experimentally. In addition, nonlinear shallow water waves generated in a closed rectangular basin by the motion of the basin are also examined.\n\nTwo numerical methods based on finite element techniques are used to solve the weakly nonlinear-dispersive-dissipative equations of motion and are applied to the basin excitation problem and the transient harbor oscillation problem, respectively. In the latter case, the open sea conditions are simulated by including a radiative boundary condition in time at a finite distance from the harbor entrance. Various dissipative effects are also included. In addition to the numerical results, analytical solutions are presented to investigate certain particular aspects of basin and harbor oscillations (e.g., the effects of viscous dissipation in a harbor with simple geometry).\n\nExperiments conducted in the closed rectangular basin indicate that for a continuous excitation at or near a resonant mode of oscillation the linear theory becomes inadequate and the nonlinear-dispersive-dissipative theory must be used. For a transient excitation the validity of the linear theory depends on the value of the Stokes parameter. Indeed, some features not predicted by the linear theory can be directly inferred from the magnitude of this parameter.\n\nExperiments on the continuous wave induced oscillations of a narrow rectangular harbor with constant depth show that at the first resonant mode convective nonlinearities can be neglected and a linear dissipative solution is sufficient to describe the waves inside the harbor. At the second resonant mode which corresponds to a longer harbor relative to the length of the incident wave, nonlinear convective effects become important and must be incorporated into the numerical model. Also the characteristics of various sources of dissipation which reduce resonance in the harbor are investigated experimentally. The sources considered include, among others, laminar boundary friction, leakage losses underneath the harbor walls, and energy dissipation due to flow separation at the entrance of the harbor.\n\nThe good agreement obtained between the experiments and the nonlinear numerical model developed in this study suggests that this model could be used with some confidence to predict the response characteristics of prototype harbors. As an example, the results of this study have been applied to the response of Ofunato Bay (Japan) to the tsunami generated by the Tokachi-Oki earthquake of May 16, 1968. The model has been used to investigate the effects of convective nonlinearities on the bay oscillations and also to determine the efficiency of the breakwater which was built to reduce the effects of tsunamis at Ofunato.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-41", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-41", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENV72-03587" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENV77-20499" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9V69GJD", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000106.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rfyaj-j8j34/files/TR000106.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Lepelletier, Thierry G. (Thierry Georges)" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zc0vk-t1918", "eprint_id": 25970, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 02:38:16", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:38", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Ramsden-J-D", "name": { "family": "Ramsden", "given": "Jerald Day" } } ] }, "title": "Tsunamis : forces on a vertical wall caused by long waves, bores, and surges on a dry bed", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1993 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThis report is essentially the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer on November 18, 1992, to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nThis research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Grants CEE-8410087, CES-8719931, and BCS-9115422. The high speed motion picture camera was purchased with funds provided by the Miriam G. and Omar J. Lillevang Fund at Caltech.\n\nSubmitted - TR000120.pdf
", "abstract": "The major objective of this study has been to investigate experimentally the forces and overturning moments produced by tsunamis on vertical walls. The experimental results are compared with several analytical and numerical models. Several types of waves were used in a horizontal tank including solitary waves, undular bores, turbulent bores, and surges on a dry bed. Bores produced from breaking solitary waves in a tilting wave tank were also investigated. Various measurements were made, including the incident wave celerity, the wave profile, the runup, force, overturning moment, and pressure time histories. The impact process of the bores in the tilting wave tank were recorded with high-speed movies.\n\nThe wave profiles in the horizontal tank were defined using a laser induced-fluorescence system (LIF) which allows the free surface on a two-dimensional plane in the center of the wave tank to be recorded. This method was developed to measure accurately the surface elevation profile of turbulent high-speed flows which is difficult to measure reliably either with conventional flow visualization techniques or intrusive devices such as wave gages. The LIF method was also used to determine the runup on the wall.\n\nStrong vertical accelerations were shown to occur during the reflection of bores and steep solitary waves at a vertical wall. These reduced the force on the wall relative to a hydrostatic force computed from the maximum runup height on the wall. The accelerations also cause the maximum force to occur before and after the maximum runup for steep solitary waves and bores, respectively. For these cases, the maximum measured force and overturning moment were always less than computed from the maximum measured runup on the wall using hydrostatic considerations. The maximum force due to surges on a dry bed was also less than the hydrostatic force calculated from the maximum runup height on the wall. For all the dry bed cases studied, the maximum runup height on the wall was between 1.46 and 1.62 times the velocity head computed from the celerity of the incident surge. For the entire range of wave conditions of this study, the maximum relative runup occurred for a bore with a relative wave height of 1.23, and produced a runup equal to 3.8 times the velocity head computed from the wave celerity.\n\nThe maximum measured water surface slopes along the front of long waves, bores, and dry bed surges were computed from the measured wave profiles. At the transition from undular bores to turbulent bores, there was a discontinuity in the maximum water surface slope where the slope increased by a factor of 2.5 to three for turbulent bores. This discontinuity corresponded with a rapid increase in the measured runup, force, and moment on the wall.\n\nThe properly normalized force on a vertical wall due to the impingement of a bore on a mildly sloping beach is shown to be equivalent to the force produced by a bore of constant volume on a horizontal bed. This implies the results from the horizontal wave tank experiments can be used to estimate the loads expected from bores propagating on mild beaches with slopes ranging up to 0.02m/m.\n\nTwo numerical models were compared with the experimental results. A boundary integral element model, which solves the potential flow problem subject to the full nonlinear free surface boundary conditions, predicted the loads imposed on the wall due to steep solitary waves quite well. A finite difference model of the Navier-Stokes equations was also used to simulate the reflection of solitary waves and mild turbulent bores at a vertical wall. This finite difference model predicted the solitary wave loads quite well; however, it over-predicted the steepness of the incident bore profiles and produced a force-time history with a high amplitude and short-duration peak, which was not observed in the measurements. Except for this sharp peak, the agreement of the finite difference model with the experimental results was quite reasonable.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-54", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-54", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CEE-8410087" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CES-8719931" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "BCS-9115422" }, { "agency": "Caltech Miriam G. and Omar J. Lillevang Fund" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9CC0XN3", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000120.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zc0vk-t1918/files/TR000120.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Ramsden, Jerald Day" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/82jmk-bee98", "eprint_id": 25962, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:53:06", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:22", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lee-Jiin-Jen", "name": { "family": "Lee", "given": "Jiin-Jen" } } ] }, "title": "Wave induced oscillations in harbors of arbitrary shape", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1969 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThe writer wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his thesis advisor, Professor Fredric Raichlen, who suggested this research problem and offered the most valuable guidance and encouragement throughout every phase of this investigation. The advice and encouragement oi Professors Vito A. Vanoni and Norman H. Brooks are also deeply appreciated. The writer also wishes to express his appreciation to Professors Theodore Y. T. Wu, Thomas K. Caughey, Herbert B. Keller, and Donald S. Cohen for the helpful discussions during the development of the theoretical analysis of this problem. The help from Professor James J. Morgan and Mr. Soloukid Pourian in developing the technique for controlling corrosion of the wave energy dissipators is very much appreciated.\nThe writer is deeply indebted to Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory, for his assistance and patient instruction in both designing and building the experimental set up. Appreciation is also due Robert L. Greenway who assisted with the construction of the\nexperimental apparatus; Mr. Albert F. W. Chang who assisted in the computer programming; Mr. Joseph L. Hammack who assisted in performing experiments and reducing data; Messes. George Chan, Yoshiaki Daimon, and Claude Vidal who assisted in data reduction; Mr. Carl Green who prepared the drawings; Mr. Carl Eastvedt who did the photographic work; Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh who typed the manuscript; and Mrs. Patricia Rankin who offered many valuable suggestions in preparing the manuscript. The writer also wishes to\nexpress his sincere appreciation to his officemate, Mr. Edmund A. Prych, for friendly and helpful advice during the last three years. This research was supported by the U. S. Army corps of Engineers under Contract DA-22-079-CIVENG-64- 11. The experiments were conducted in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology. Except for Appendix V, this report was submitted by the writer in November, 1969, as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - TR000085.pdf
", "abstract": "Theoretical and experimental studies were conducted to investigate the wave induced oscillations in an arbitrary shaped harbor with constant depth which is connected to the open-sea. A theory termed the \"arbitrary shaped harbor\" theory is developed. The solution of the Helmholtz equation, \u2207^2f + k^af = 0, is formulated as an integral equation; an approximate method is employed to solve the integral equation by converting it to a matrix equation. The final solution is obtained by equating, at the harbor entrance, the wave amplitude and its normal derivative obtained from the solutions for the regions outside and inside the harbor.\n\nTwo special theories called the circular harbor theory and the rectangular harbor theory are also developed. The coordinates inside a circular and a rectangular harbor are separable: therefore, the solution for the region inside these harbors is obtained by the method of separation of variables. For the solution in the open-sea region, the same method is used as that employed for the arbitrary shaped harbor theory. The find solution is also obtained by a matching procedure similar to that used for the arbitrary shaped harbor theory. These two special theories provide a useful analytical check on the arbitrary shaped harbor theory.", "date": "2004-04-30", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-20", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-20", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Army Corps of Engineers", "grant_number": "DA-22-079-CIVENG-64-11" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9222RQS", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000085.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/82jmk-bee98/files/TR000085.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Lee, Jiin-Jen" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qeyxp-v5022", "eprint_id": 25960, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 06:19:15", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:18", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Fan-Loh-Nien", "name": { "family": "Fan", "given": "Loh-Nien" } }, { "id": "Brooks-N-H", "name": { "family": "Brooks", "given": "Norman H." } } ] }, "title": "Numerical solutions of turbulent buoyant jet problems", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1969 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology. \n\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful suggestions of Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh during the investigation. They are also indebted to Messrs. Carl A . Green, Jr. , William W. Owens, and Edward Thompson for their assistance in preparing graphs and to Mrs. Patricia Rankin for her typing and assembling of this report. This research was supported by research grants WP-00428 and WP-00680 of the U. S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, and research grant WP-01256 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (now renumbered 16000DGY).\n\nSubmitted - TR000083-errata.pdf
Submitted - TR000083.pdf
", "abstract": "Theoretical solutions were obtained for four classes of turbulent buoyant jet problems, namely,\n\n\t1) an inclined, round buoyant jet in a stagnant, uniform ambient fluid;\n\n\t2) an inclined, round buoyant jet in a stagnant ambient fluid with linear density-stratification;\n\n\t3) an inclined, slot buoyant jet in a stagnant, uniform ambient fluid;\n\n\t4) an inclined, slot buoyant jet in a stagnant ambient fluid with linear density-stratification.\n\nThis report is a summary of the numerical simulations on buoyant jets in stagnant environments carried out in connection with previous investigations by Fan (10), Fan and Brooks (12) and Brooks and Koh (8). Using the integral type of analysis, assuming similarity, predictions can be made for jet trajectory, widths, and dilution ratios, in a uniform or density-stratified environment without ambient currents. Numerical solutions have been presented in dimensionless form for a wide range of initial conditions including the effect of the initial angle of discharge.\n\nProblems with non-linear density profiles are not readily treated in generalized non-dimensional form. Rather it is more feasible to make case by case calculations using dimensional variables. A program for such calculations for a round jet is available in a technical memorandum by Ditmars (16).\n\nThese solutions are useful in the design of disposal systems for sewage effluent into the ocean or cooling water into a lake.", "date": "2004-04-29", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-18", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-18", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-00428" }, { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-00680" }, { "agency": "U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)", "grant_number": "WP-01256" }, { "agency": "Federal Water Pollution Control Administration", "grant_number": "16000DGY" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9PR7SX8", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000083-errata.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qeyxp-v5022/files/TR000083-errata.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "TR000083.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/qeyxp-v5022/files/TR000083.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Fan, Loh-Nien and Brooks, Norman H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/as8q9-hkt13", "eprint_id": 25957, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 14:28:43", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:13", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brownlie-W-R", "name": { "family": "Brownlie", "given": "William R." } } ] }, "title": "Prediction of flow depth and sediment discharge in open channels", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1981 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nSupported by National Science Foundation Grant Numbers ENG-77-10182 and CME 79-20311.\n\nSubmitted - TR000108.pdf
", "abstract": "In recent years, attempts have been made to develop numerical models for unsteady flows in channels with sediment transport. The work presented in Reports KH-R-43A and KH-R-43B was conducted to analyze two essential ingredients of any numerical model: the relationship between the hydraulic variables (slope, depth, and velocity), and the predictor of sediment concentration.\n\nReport KH-R-43A presents a detailed analysis of the two components and examines their role in numerical modeling. Six hydraulic relationships and 13 sediment concentration predictors are examined and compared. New relationships are then developed which appear to be more accurate than the existing techniques. Finally, the new relationships are utilized in a numerical unsteady flow, moveable bed model which uses a four-point implicit finite difference solution scheme.\n\nThe data base utilized in the first report is presented in Report KH-R-43B. The data base contains 7,027 records (5,263 laboratory records and 1,764 field records), in 77 data files. Not all records were used in the final analyses, but they have been included in an attempt to provide a historically complete set of alluvial channel observations.\n\nThe material presented in these reports is essentially the same as the thesis submitted by the author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A common list of references, with data sources separated from other references, has been included in both reports.", "date": "2003-12-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-43A.1021", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-43A.1021", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENG-77-10182" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CME 79-20311" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9KP803R", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000108.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/as8q9-hkt13/files/TR000108.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Brownlie, William R." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xw1hz-50j54", "eprint_id": 25959, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 02:54:33", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:17", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Forman-S-M", "name": { "family": "Forman", "given": "Selena M." } } ] }, "title": "Transport of nonlinearly adsorbing compounds between stream water and sediment bed in a laboratory flume", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1998 Selena M. Forman. All rights reserved. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of Technology.\n\nThis report is same as the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer on May 26,\n1998, to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for\nthe degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science.\n\nThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Awards BCS-9105965 and BES-9421491. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions\nor recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-58.pdf
", "abstract": "The exchange of nonlinearly adsorbing compounds between stream water and sediment beds covered with stationary bedforms was investigated in laboratory experiments. The dominant physical exchange process is advective pumping caused by dynamic pressure variations over dunes on the bed. Observations of net mass exchange of cationic surfactants in a 5-meter long recirculating flume were used to validate the exchange model, which is based on the hydraulics of advective pumping and nonlinear adsorption isotherms derived from batch experiments.\n\nThe flume experiments were conducted under steady, uniform flow conditions. The pH and ionic strength of the flume water was controlled by adding sodium chloride and sodium\nbicarbonate to deionized water. The sand was washed prior to every experiment. The mass exchange of cationic surfactants and bromide was determined by measuring the depletion of these compounds in the overlying water column as it mixed with the clean porewater from the bed. Porewater concentration profiles were acquired to monitor the penetration depth of the compounds in the bed. Bromide was used as a conservative tracer to observe the hydraulics of water exchange between the bed and the overlying water. Garnet sand was used as the model sediment because it had heterogeneous properties similar to natural sediments.\n\nThe net mass exchange with a bed covered with stationary bedforms was greater than the exchange with a flat bed. The mass exchange of the cationic surfactants versus time observed in the flume experiments could not be modeled using linear adsorption; however, linear approximations provided upper and lower limits on the exchange. The total mass transfer of the cationic surfactants to the bed increased with their hydrocarbon chain lengths.\n\nThe model for the exchange of nonlinearly adsorbing compounds solves the advection equation to track the transport of the compounds within the bed and computes the net mass flux through the bed surface. Nonlinear adsorption was modeled by the means of four different isotherm equations fitted to the batch adsorption data. The effect of the choice of isotherm on the exchange models for the flume experiments was found to be very small. The model generally predicted the flume results well without calibration. Additional model simulations were performed to provide a sensitivity analysis for the model inputs.", "date": "2003-12-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-58", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-58", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "BCS-9105965" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "BES-9421491" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9QJ7F8V", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-58.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xw1hz-50j54/files/KH-R-58.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Forman, Selena M." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q6cg0-fn839", "eprint_id": 25958, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 05:49:11", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:15", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Li-Ying", "name": { "family": "Li", "given": "Ying" } } ] }, "title": "Tsunamis: Non-Breaking and Breaking Solitary Wave Run-Up", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2000 Ying Li All Rights Reserved. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. California Institute of \nTechnology.\n\nThis report is essentially the thesis of the same title submitted by the author on May 2000 to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the\nrequirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering.\n\nThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Award CMS-9523414. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.\n\nSubmitted - KH-R-60.pdf
", "abstract": "This study considers the run-up of non-breaking and breaking solitary waves on a smooth sloping beach. A non-linear theory and a numerical model solving the non-linear shallow water equations (NLSW) were developed to model this physical process. Various experiments to obtain wave amplitude time-histories, water particle velocities, wave free surface profiles, and maximum run-up were conducted and the results were compared with the analytical and numerical models.\n\nA higher order theoretical solution to the non-linear shallow water equations, which describes the non-breaking wave characteristics on the beach, was sought and is presented in this study. The solution was obtained analytically by using the Carrier and Greenspan (1958) hodograph transformation. It was found that the non-linear theory agreed well with experimental results. The maximum run-up predicted by the non-linear theory is larger than that predicted by Synolakis (1986) at the order of the offshore relative wave height for a given slope. This correction for non-breaking waves on beach decreases as the beach slope steepens, and increases as the relative incident solitary wave height increases.\n\nA unique run-up gage that consists of a laser and a photodiode camera was developed in connection with this study to measure the time-history of the tip of the run-up tongue of a non-breaking solitary wave as it progresses up the slope. The results obtained with this run-up gage agree well with other measurements, and this technique provides a simple and reliable way of measuring run-up time-histories. The run-up of breaking solitary waves was studied experimentally and numerically since no fully theoretical approach is possible. The wave characteristics such as wave shape and shoaling characteristics, and, for plunging breakers, the shape of the jet produced are presented. The experimental results show that wave breaking is such a complicated process that even sophisticated numerical models cannot adequately model its details.\n\nTwo different plunging wave breaking and resultant run-up were found from the experiments. The point where the tip of the incident jet produced by the plunging breaking wave impinges determines the characteristics of the resulting splash-up. If the jet impinges on a dry slope, no splash-up occurs and the plunging breaker simply collapses. If the impingement point is located on the free surface, splash-up including a reflected jet is formed, which further increases the turbulence and energy dissipation associated with wave breaking. It is hypothesized that both clockwise and counterclockwise vortices may be generated by the impinging plunging jet and the reflected jet associated with the splash-up when the jet impinges on the front face of a breaking wave or on the still water surface in front of the wave.\n\nIf only the run-up process and maximum run-up are of interest, the wave and the water flow produced after breaking can be simplified as a propagating bore, which is analogous to a shock wave in gas dynamics. A numerical model using this bore structure to treat the process of wave breaking and propagation was developed. The non-linear shallow water equations were solved using the weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) shock capturing scheme employed in gas dynamics. Wave breaking and propagation is handled automatically by this scheme and no ad-hoc term is required. A computational domain mapping technique proposed by Zhang (1996) is used in the numerical scheme to model the shoreline movement. This numerical scheme is found to provide a somewhat simple and reasonably good prediction of various aspects of the run-up process. The numerical results agree well with the experiments corresponding to the run-up on a relatively steep slope (1:2.08) as well as\non a more gentle slope (1:19.85).\n\nA simple empirical estimate of maximum run-up based on energy conservation considerations is also presented where the energy dissipation associated with wave breaking was estimated using the results from the numerical model. This approach appears to be useful and the maximum run-up predicted agrees reasonably well with the experimental results.\n\nThe splash-up of a solitary wave on a vertical wall positioned at different locations on a gentle slope was also investigated in this study to understand the degree of protection from tsunamis afforded by seawalls. It was found that the effect of breaking wave kinematics offshore of the vertical wall on the splash-up is of critical importance to the maximum splash-up. The maximum slope of the front face of the wave upon impingement of the wave on the wall, which represents the maximum water particle acceleration, was important in defining the maximum sheet splash-up as well as the trend for splash-up composed of drops and spray.", "date": "2003-12-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-60", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-60", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CMS-9523414" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9G44N7F", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-60.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/q6cg0-fn839/files/KH-R-60.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Li, Ying" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rtqne-xk361", "eprint_id": 25954, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:37:24", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:06:46", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Papanicolaou-P-N", "name": { "family": "Papanicolaou", "given": "Panayiotis Nikolas" } } ] }, "title": "Mass and momentum transport in a turbulent buoyant vertical axisymmetric jet", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Submitted - TR000112.pdf
", "abstract": "The entrainment and mixing processes in an axisymmetric vertical turbulent buoyant jet and its transition from a jet to a plume have been studied. The ambient fluid is of uniform density and calm except for the flow induced by the jet, and the density variations are assumed small.\n\nA systematic set of experiments was carried out to examine turbulent buoyant jet behavior over a wide range of initial jet Richardson numbers. All experiments were performed in a glass wall tank with dimensions 1.15m x 1.15m x 3.30m deep, equipped with a jet flow source and an instrument carriage to enable the velocity and concentration measurements in the entire jet flow field.\n\nThe axial and radial velocity components and the concentration of a Rhodamine 6G dye were measured simultaneously at the same point of the jet flow field using a two-reference beam laser-Doppler velocimeter combined with a laser induced fluorescence measuring device. From the time signals of the axial and radial velocity components (w) and (u) and the concentration (c) of the Rhodamine 6G dye, information was obtained concerning the mean values, turbulent fluctuations and correlations between w, u and c, up to 100 jet and 80 plume diameters downstream of the jet exit.\n\nMore specifically, the mean flow (including the spread rate of the mean velocity and tracer concentration profiles and distribution along the jet axis) and the turbulent structure (including the profile of turbulence intensity, turbulent mass flux of a tracer and turbulent momentum flux) were investigated as a function of distance from jet origin made dimensionless by a characteristic length scale based on jet buoyancy and momentum fluxes. The results from a detailed dimensional analysis were verified experimentally. It was determined that the turbulent flux of a tracer (or buoyancy) varied from 6-10% for jets and was 15-20% of the total for plumes. The turbulent momentum flux was found to be 15% of the local momentum flux transported by the mean flow.\n\nWhile the profiles of w and c and the turbulent velocity profiles are found to be much the same for both jets and plumes, the turbulence intensity profiles of the concentration take higher values in plumes than in jets. More rapid dilutions were obtained in buoyancy driven plumes than in momentum driven jets.\n\nUseful information concerning engineering applications is provided from the experimental constants derived.", "date": "2003-05-29", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-46", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-46", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9SQ8XCQ", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000112.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rtqne-xk361/files/TR000112.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2003", "author_list": "Papanicolaou, Panayiotis Nikolas" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/beckc-y2x37", "eprint_id": 26000, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 20:34:13", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:55", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Liang-Liyuan", "name": { "family": "Liang", "given": "Liyuan" } } ] }, "title": "Effects of surface chemistry on kinetics of coagulation of submicron iron oxide particles (\u03b1-Fe_2O_3) in water", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "I would like to express my appreciation for the help and fellowship I have received from my friends and colleagues during the course of my research. I am particularly grateful to Professor J. J. Morgan for his guidance, help and tolerance, and for introducing me to the world of surface chemistry. I would also like to thank Professor Norman Brooks for his encouragement, and the other members of my examination committee: Professors M. Hoffmann, R. Flagan, and G. Rossman. \n\nProfessor J. Westall of Oregon State University and Professor F. M. M. Morel of MIT provided helpful insights into the application of surface chemical models. Professors W. Stumm of EAWAG, P. Gschwend of MIT, and C. O'Melia of Johns Hopkins University also gave useful suggestions. \n\nI would like to thank the following people. Simon Davies for helping me to start my laboratory work; Sue Larson for introducing me to the use of Mie theory; Bill Munger for assisting me in using the IC and TOC instruments; Scott Northrop and Ranajit Sahu for making the BET measurements. Elton Daly, Joe Fontana and Rich Eastvedt played an invaluable role in making effective instruments according to the vaguest specifications. Rueen-Fang Wang helped me get familiar with the idiosyncrasies of the Keck computers, and made numerous helpful suggestions throughout my research. Her kindness and friendship provided vital support throughout the many vicissitudes of my work. \n\nThe following people have aided my research, either by giving specific help, or by generally improving the quality of life in Keck Laboratory, and are much appreciated: Elaine Granger, Joan Matthews, Rayma Harison, Gunilla Hastrup, Bob Koh, Sandy Brooks, Chi Kin Ting, Imad Hannoun, Pratim Biswas, Dennis Lyn, Kit Yin Ng, David James, Terri Olson and Michael Scott. \n\nI am grateful for the financial support provided by a fellowship from Jessie Smith Noyes, Inc., and for funding from the Mellon Foundation. \n\nI would like to thank my parents whose spiritual support was always apparent in spite of the great distance separating us across the Pacific Ocean. \n\nFinally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my husband, David, who has supported me with love, patience, and good humor throughout my work. \n\nThis report was submitted to the California Institute of Technology in May 1988 as a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science.", "abstract": "Particles in the colloidal size range, i.e. smaller than 10^(-6) meter, are of interest in environmental science and many other fields of science and engineering. Since aqueous oxide particles have high specific surface areas they adsorb ions and molecules from water, and may remain stable in the aqueous phase with respect to coagulation. Submicron particles collide as a result of their thermal energy, and the effective collision rate is slowed by electric repulsion forces. A key to understanding particle stability and coagulation is the role of simple chemical changes in the water altering the electrostatic repulsion forces between particles. \n\nExperiments using hematite particles (\u03b1-Fe_2O_3, 70nm in diameter) reveal important features of coagulation dynamics. Three experimental techniques are employed: (1) Light scattering measurements to yield quantitative information on the rate of the initial coagulation process; (2) electrokinetic measurements to provide information about the sign and magnitude of the electrical charge on the aqueous oxide particles; (3) acid-base titration and equilibrium adsorption to obtain the intrinsic equilibrium constants for surface species. \n\nThe acid-base titration data indicate that the pH_(zpc) of the synthesized hematite colloid is 8.5. This is also supported by the electrophoretic mobility measurements. In the presence of non-specific adsorbing ions (such as Na^+ and Ca^(2+), etc.), the coagulation of a hematite colloid is achieved mainly by compression of the diffuse layer and Schulze-Hardy Rule is exhibited for non-specific electrolytes. Specifically adsorbed counter ions (such as phosphate) are able to reduce the surface charge of aqueous oxide particles, and the critical coagulation concentrations are dependent on the value of the pH, and are much less than those predicted by DLVO theory. In inorganic media, we found that the order of the effectiveness in causing hematite particles to coagulate is: \n\nphosphate>sulfate>chloride at pHcalcium>sodium~potassium at pH>pH_(zpc) \n\nThe adsorption study reveals that phthalate ions specifically adsorb on hematite particles. The process is most likely due to carboxylic group bonding to the surface. Hematite coagulation rates in the presence of poly-aspartic acid (PAA) demonstrate that the polyelectrolyte is very effective in causing the colloid to coagulate. When the PAA concentration is increased beyond the critical coagulation concentration, the particles are stabilized; this is attributed to the reversal of surface potential as a result of the adsorption of PAA. Similar features are observed in the initial coagulation rates when naturally occurring organics (fulvic and humic acid from Suwannee River) are used. \n\nThe adsorption of lauric acid on hematite was investigated and the results interpreted in terms of the energy contributed by the specific chemical, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The initial coagulation rates of hematite particles and the electrophoretic mobilities with respect to fatty acid concentration both show systematic variations as a function of the numbers of carbons in the acid. Hydrophobic interaction may account for these observations since the specific chemical energy appears to be the same for all the fatty acids studied, and the electrostatic contribution is also similar at the same extent of adsorption.", "date": "1988-05", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:AC-5-88", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:AC-5-88", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "AC-5-88.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/beckc-y2x37/files/AC-5-88.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1988", "author_list": "Liang, Liyuan" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wbmff-qvb62", "eprint_id": 25999, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 19:31:16", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:53", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Skjelbreia-J-E", "name": { "family": "Skjelbreia", "given": "James Eric" } } ] }, "title": "Observations of breaking waves on sloping bottoms by use of laser Doppler velocimetry", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "My adviser, Fredric Raichlen, had constant involvement throughout this study and was a guiding influence for the work presented. He was responsible for arranging my support and for suggesting the topic of this thesis; for this, he is gratefully acknowledged. \n\nMembers of my thesis committee, Norman Brooks, Tom Caughey, John List, and Ted Wu, each of whom I came to know quite well through their excellent teachings, insightful discussions and joyful friendships, were a tremendous influence on me and helped shape the professional character that I have today. Gentlemen, it was my pleasure to have gotten to know each of you and to have had you all on my thesis committee; thanks for everything, you will not be forgotten. \n\nPersons which might be categorized as support personnel for this study, but were really much more than that, at least to me, include: Elton Daly, Rich Eastvedt, Joe Fontana, Rayma Harrison, Gunilla Hastrup and Joan Mathews. How lucky it was to have had you around, and yes, it's true, this thesis would not have been possible without you. Thank you, thank you all. \n\nFriends, each that know who they are, were so very important to me. All contributing to this thesis in one form or another and to a greater or lesser extent. Sharing good times and bad, we survived; thanks for the help in pulling me through. \n\nCaltech, I'd like to thank you, if such a thing is possible. You're a very special place and such a wonderful place to do one's graduate studies. Thank you very much Caltech for all the experiences you have given me. \n\nThis study was funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers MSM83-ll374, CEE83-ll374 and CEE79-l2434. \n\nThis report is essentially the thesis of the same title submitted by the writer May 20, 1987 to the California Institute of Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.", "abstract": "Wave breaking is investigated experimentally by use of laser doppler velocimetry for two cases: a plunging breaker and a spilling breaker. Specifically, emphasis is given to the kinematics at breaking, the early breaking phase, and the turbulent wake generated from wave breaking. A significant contribution is provided on the amplitude behavior for a solitary wave on a beach, as it is the solitary wave that is used to conduct this study. Associated with the use of the solitary wave, a technique of flow field construction by repeated measurement with an LDV is presented. \n\nFour well defined regions of the shoaling-through-breaking solitary wave on a beach are identified and termed according to the wave amplitude behavior within each region. They are: the zone of gradual shoaling, the zone of rapid shoaling, the zone of rapid decay and the zone of gradual decay. The plunging wave case studied exhibited a definite transitional zone, between the previously known -1/4 and -1 power laws, following a power law of -3/5. \n\nVelocity fields for a plunger and a spiller at the point of breaking are measured and the corresponding acceleration fields are computed for each. The results show good qualitative comparison to those obtained by theoretical approaches, however, no clear mechanism is demonstrated to initiate breaking for the spilling breaker studied. \n\nThe existence of counter-rotating vortices, generated from breaking, is established from velocity measurements of the flow taken during the early breaking phase and within the turbulent wake of the plunging breaker studied. The measurements indicate that the size of the vortices are roughly the same as the undisturbed depth at the point of breaking. Turbulent intensities determined within the wake of the plunging breaker illustrate its character and show that level of turbulent intensity does not progressively decrease behind the turbulent source.", "date": "1987-05", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-48", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-48", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9P26W21", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_48.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wbmff-qvb62/files/KH_R_48.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1987", "author_list": "Skjelbreia, James Eric" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/12jwq-p0d86", "eprint_id": 26018, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 18:58:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:18", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Lyn-D-A", "name": { "family": "Lyn", "given": "Dennis Anthony" } } ] }, "title": "Turbulence and turbulent transport in sediment-laden open-channel flows", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Copyright \u00a91986 by Dennis A. Lyn. All rights reserved. \n\nA number of people have contributed, directly or indirectly, to the work reported here. Prof. N.H. Brooks, my advisor, suggested the general field of sediment transport as an impossible area of research, instantly seducing the innocent, and generally allowed me the freedom to go on my own wild goose chases. Vito Vanoni provided constant encouragement even when he was not, perhaps, in total agreement with all of my ideas. Jim Skjelbreia, Dimitri Papantoniou, and Panos Papanicolaou helped signally in the areas involving instrumentation, data acquisition and computing hardware. The presence of Peter Goodwin, my co-conspirator in sediment-transport intrigues, substantiated my suspicion that somebody else besides myself was still interested in sediment-transport research. Cathy van Ingen got me started on the nuts-and-bolts of experimental work, and bequeathed the essential data acquisition software. Comments on an early draft of some of the ideas in Chap. 3 by Profs. D. Coles and J. Imberger were also useful. The general critique of Prof. J. List should also be acknowledged. The artisans of the Hydraulics Lab shops, Elton Daly, Rich Eastvedt, Joe Fontana, and Leonard Montenegro, facilitated experimental work, not only by their technical prowess, but also by their agreeable character. Jeff Zeit, my fellow Canadian, introduced me to the beauties of TEX, thereby delaying the completion of this document by, at least, a couple of years. \n\nA possibly harrowing experience was made certainly bearable, at times pleasurable, by those with whom I came into daily contact (in addition to those already noted above): Joan (pronounced Jo-anne) Mathews, Rayma Harrison, Gunilla Hastrup, Bob Koh, Jin Jwang Wu, Liyuan Liang, Chi Kin Ting, Imad Hannoun, and of course my office mates, the departed Pratim Biswas and the still (and for some time to come) present Kit Yin Ng (pronounced ?). \n\nFinancial support for the work reported here was provided by the National Science Foundation through grant CEE-7920311 until 1983, and grant MSM-8611127 for 1986, and by discretionary funds from the James Irvine Professorship. The author received personal support during the period 1981-82 in the form of a Haagen-Smit/Tyler Fellowship, and during the period 1982-85 from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada in the form of post-graduate fellowships. This report is essentially identical to the thesis submitted by the author in September, 1986 in partial fulfillment o[ the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. \n\nLastly, I would like to dedicate this work to my mother, whose example of stoicism and perseverance stood me in good stead during the frustrations of research.\n\nSubmitted - TR000115.pdf
", "abstract": "Some aspects of turbulence in sediment-laden open-channel flows are examined. A conceptual model based on similarity hypotheses rather than the traditional mixing-length closures is proposed. It is argued that, over a wide range of laboratory conditions, the main effect of the suspended sediment on the flow is confined to a layer near the bed. If such a distinct layer can be discerned, then this is separated from the outer flow by an inertial subregion in which the mean-velocity profile is approximately logarithmic, with an associated von K\u00e0rman constant of \u2248 0.4, i.e., the same value as in single-phase flows. It is further shown that power-law profiles may be derived from general similarity arguments and asymptotic matching. These implications contrast with those of previous models in which changes in the mean-velocity profile are supposed to occur throughout the flow or primarily in the flow far from the bed. Length and concentration scales appropriate to sediment-laden flows are suggested. \n\nAn experimental study was also undertaken. Both the saturated case, in which a sand bed was present, and the unsaturated case, in which a sand bed was absent, were investigated. The study was restricted to nominally flat beds, composed of three well sorted sands (median grain diameters ranged from 0.15 mm to 0.24 mm). A two-component laser-Doppler-velocimetry system was used for velocity measurements. Suction sampling was used to measure local mean concentrations. The major points of the conceptual model are supported by the experimental results. Higher-order statistics of the velocity field were found to exhibit little evidence of any effect on the outer flow, supporting the view that the effect of the suspended sediment is felt primarily in the inner region. This contrasts with the predictions of recent models that propose an analogy between sediment-laden flows and weakly stable density-stratified flows.", "date": "1986-12", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-49", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-49", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9J964BP", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000115.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/12jwq-p0d86/files/TR000115.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1986", "author_list": "Lyn, Dennis Anthony" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d03pd-5fb23", "eprint_id": 25997, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 16:55:55", "lastmod": "2023-12-22 19:50:02", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Houseworth-J-E", "name": { "family": "Houseworth", "given": "James Evan" } } ] }, "title": "Longitudinal dispersion in nonuniform isotropic porous media", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "This research project has enlisted the support of several people whom I would like to thank. \n\nNorman Brooks, my advisor, has provided an excellent environment for doing research. While allowing me the freedom necessary to explore different ideas, as well as providing essential, constructive criticisms during the course of the research, he has been a constant source of encouragement. His support is deeply appreciated. \n\nMany thanks are due Bob Koh, who has given generous assistance and advice concerning computational and data acquisition problems encountered. Bob's computer programs were used extensively for data processing and computer graphics, and his random number generator is the basis of the one used for this work. \n\nThe assistance of Elton Daly, who has been instrumental in the design and construction of the experimental apparatus, is greatly appreciated. Consultation sessions with Elton were essential in translating concepts into actual experimental equipment. \n\nThe help of all the shop staff members is also appreciated. Rich Eastvedt gave considerable assistance in the construction and installation of experimental apparatus. Joe Fontana also provided valuable assistance, particularly in the design and construction of the conductivity probes. Leonard Montenegro helped locate and assemble the components of the data acquisition system used for conductivity measurements. \n\nI wish to thank Rayma Harrison and Gunilla Hastrup, who have cheerfully tracked down a large number of books and papers needed for this research. \n\nMuch appreciation is due the staff members who assisted in the production of this text. Joan Mathews and Mary Ann Gray efficiently handled the onerous task of typing the equations. The illustrations and graphics labeling were produced with great skill by Theresa Fall and Joseph Galvin. \n\nI am ever grateful to Pat Rankin for making sure my stipends and tuition support were not overlooked in the tangle of administrative paperwork. \n\nFinally, I thank my wife, Pat, for her assistance in putting together the text and, most of all, for her love and support through the years. \n\nThis study was supported by the Caltech Environmental Quality Laboratory with gift funds from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and Southern California Edison Company (from the 1981 Tyler Ecology- Energy Prize received by S.C.E.).", "abstract": "A theoretical and experimental investigation has been made of the longitudinal dispersion of chemically and dynamically passive solutes during flow through nonuniform, isotropic porous media. Both theoretical and experimental results are limited to the high Peclet number, low Reynolds number flow regime. The goal of the theoretical investigation is to provide a quantitative method for calculating the coefficient of longitudinal dispersion using only measurable structural features of the porous medium and the characteristics of the carrying fluid and solute. A nonuniform porous medium contains variations in grain scale pore structure, but is homogeneous at the macroscopic level for quantities such as the permeability or porosity. \n\nA random capillary tube network model of nonuniform porous media is developed which uses a pore radius distribution and pore length distribution to characterize the grain scale structure of porous media. The analysis gives the asymptotic longitudinal dispersion coefficient in terms of integrals of kinematic properties of solute particles flowing through individual, random capillary tubes. However, shear dispersion within individual capillary tubes is found to have negligible impact on the overall longitudinal dispersion in porous media. The dispersion integrals are evaluated using a Monte Carlo integration technique. An analysis of the permeability in nonuniform porous media is used to establish a proper flow field for the analysis of longitudinal dispersion. \n\nThe experimental investigation of longitudinal dispersion is carried out by measuring (with conductivity probes) the development of an initially sharp miscible displacement interface. The experimentally determined longitudinal dispersion coefficients are found to be greater in nonuniform media than in uniform media when compared using Peclet numbers based on the geometric mean grain diameter. The experimental breakthrough curves also display highly asymmetrical shapes, in which the \"tail\" of the breakthrough is longer than would be expected from advection-diffusion theory. \n\nAlthough the theoretical model does not predict the tailing behavior, it is found that the leading portion of the breakthrough curve is described by advection-diffusion theory. The theoretically determined longitudinal dispersion coefficients lie roughly within a factor of 1.35 of the measured values. \n\nThe material presented in this report is essentially the same as the thesis submitted by the author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.", "date": "1984-06", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-45", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-45", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/d03pd-5fb23", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-45.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/d03pd-5fb23/files/KH-R-45.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1984", "author_list": "Houseworth, James Evan" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9a13p-d1380", "eprint_id": 26017, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:49:26", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:11", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Valioulis-I-A", "name": { "family": "Valioulis", "given": "Iraklis Anestis" } } ] }, "title": "Particle collisions and coalescence in fluids", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "To Professor E. John List for his guidance and friendship. Working with him made me the envy of my colleagues at Caltech. \n\nTo Dr. Henry J. Pearson who taught me that methodology and patience are the keys to successful research. \n\nTo Dr. R. C. Y. Koh whose computer expertise facilitated the completion of this work. \n\nTo Professors N. H. Brooks and R. C. Flagan whose comments were often a source of inspiration for me. \n\nTo Melinda Hendrix-Werts and Joan Mathews who have been instrumental in the editing of this Thesis. \n\nFinancial support for this work was provided by NOAA/Sea Grant NA80AA-D-00120, NOAA grant NA80RA-DO-0084 and a Mellon Foundation Grant to the Environmental Quality Laboratory at Cal tech.", "abstract": "Coagulation, in the physical context, is looked upon here first from the fundamental perspective of collision and coalescence of individual particles. A Monte Carlo technique is used to investigate the particle size distribution in a suspension of coagulating particles when one or more collision mechanisms operate. The effect of interparticle forces - hydrodynamic, van der Waals' and electrostatic - on the collision probability of the particles is examined. The results obtained are used to evaluate the well-known dynamic equilibrium hypothesis according to which an equilibrium particle size distribution is assumed to exist under the action of a given collision mechanism. It is shown that dimensional analysis cannot, in general, be used to predict steady state particle size distributions, mainly because of the strong dependence of the interparticle forces on the sizes of the interacting particles. \n\nThe insight into particle kinetics thus gained from the Monte Carlo simulation of collision processes is used to develop a numerical simulation of a rectangular settling basin. The computer model follows the spatial and temporal development of the influent particle size distribution towards the outlet of the tank, accounting for all of the basic kinetics of particle collision and coalescence processes and including transport processes such as particle settling, advection, resuspension and turbulent mixing. The influence of the particle size-density relationship and floc deaggregation by turbulent shearing are also modeled. Of necessity, modeling of some of these processes has been somewhat empirical since the physical and biochemical nature of the flocs are unique to a particular suspension and their determination requires experimental work. The results of the simulations performed indicate that the particle size-density relationship, the collision efficiencies between flocs and the influent particle size distribution are of major importance to the performance of the sedimentation basin. Clearly, further modifications, Improvements and trials are needed in order to use the model for the design of new facilities. Nevertheless, the computer model may serve as a guide for selection of several design and operation variables for the successful treatment of a particular waste or the selective removal of pollutants whose concentration depends on the shape of the effluent particle size distribution.", "date": "1983-03", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-44", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-44", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z92805JT", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_44.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9a13p-d1380/files/KH_R_44.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1983", "author_list": "Valioulis, Iraklis Anestis" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0ad7q-6s713", "eprint_id": 26019, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 15:40:54", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:20", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Stone-A-T", "name": { "family": "Stone", "given": "Alan Thomas" } } ] }, "title": "The reduction and dissolution of Mn(III) and Mn(IV) oxides by organics", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 1983 Alan Thomas Stone. All Rights Reserved. \n\nI wish to thank my advisor James J. Morgan for directing his attention towards my project and my welfare, and for allowing me freedom and flexibility in research. I would also like to thank those who encouraged me to enter this work: my mother, my father, Rena Zafiriou, and George Helz. \n\nA number of fellow students and associates contributed to this work through their advice, support, and friendship: Howard Liljestrand, Jim Young, Jim Hunt, Steve Johnston, Windsor Sung, Scott Boyce, Bruce Faust, Roger Bales, Connie Senior, and many others. Michael Barcelona and Simon Davies provided direction and much encouragement. \n\nMichael Hoffmann, Fred Anson, George Rossman, and John List kindly served on my examining committees. Michael Hoffmann's continual support and interest is greatly appreciated. Robert Koh helped with computational problems, both in person and indirectly through the program MAGIC. George Rossman, Roger Aines, Heinz Lowenstam, and Sten Samson assisted me in characterizing manganese oxides, and their help and enthusiasm was appreciated. \n\nDiscussions with researchers from other institutions, especially Walter Schneider, David Waite, and William Sunda were quite helpful. \n\nThe staff of Keck Labs went to great lengths to assist with whatever problems arose, especially Elaine Granger and Joan Matthews. \n\nI would like to thank my family for following my progress, and also Marty Gould, Dan Zwillinger, and the Alams (Alam, Natasha, and Mishi), close friends who always welcomed my company. \n\nFinancial support from the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation Fellowship, Union Oil of California, and the President's Fund is gratefully acknowledged.", "abstract": "Although it is known that manganese oxides are solubilized by reduction in anoxic waters, the chemical processes are poorly understood. A study of the reduction and dissolution of manganese oxide suspensions by twenty-seven organic substrates that have chemical structures similar to those of natural organics was undertaken to determine the rates and mechanisms of the solubilization reactions. Dissolution of suspensions by hydroquinone in the pH range 6.5 < pH < 8.5 is described by the following experimental rate law: \n\nd[Mn^(2+)]/dt = k_l{H^+}^(0. 46) [HQ]^(1.0) (Mn_T - [Mn^(2+)]) \n\nwhere [Mn^(2+)] is the amount of dissolved manganese, [HQ] is the hydroquinone concentration, and Mn_T is the initial amount of manganese oxide. The apparent activation energy of the reaction was found to be +37 kJ/mole. The Mn(III,IV) oxide suspension was prepared by oxidizing a Mn(OH)_2(s.) suspension with oxygen, and has a composition characterized by MnO_(1.66). Suspension particles were between 0.2 and 1.0 microns in diameter. Calcium and phosphate were found to inhibit the dissolution reaction, by adsorbing on the oxide surface. \n\nDihydroxybenzenes and methoxyphenols dissolved the suspensions at appreciable rates. Of the aliphatic substrates examined, only ascorbate, oxalate, and pyruvate dissolved the oxide. Dissolution by marine fulvic acid was found to be photocatalyzed. \n\nA model was developed to explain the observed rate dependence and the relative reactivity of different organic substrates. The model assumes that complexes between substrate and surface sites form prior to electron transfer and dissolution. The pH dependence is not explained by this model; involvement of H^+ in the dissolution of reduced surface sites may be responsible for the observed fractional order with respect to H^+.", "date": "1983-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:AC-1-83", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:AC-1-83", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "AC-1-83.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0ad7q-6s713/files/AC-1-83.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1983", "author_list": "Stone, Alan Thomas" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/deqcj-g7748", "eprint_id": 25956, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:52:43", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:28:11", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brownlie-W-R", "name": { "family": "Brownlie", "given": "William R." } } ] }, "title": "Compilation of alluvial channel data : Laboratory and field", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Submitted - TR000109.pdf
", "abstract": "In recent years, attempts have been made to develop numerical models for unsteady flows in channels with sediment transport. The work presented in Reports KH-R-43A and KH-R-43B was conducted to analyze two essential ingredients of any numerical model: the relationship between the hydraulic variables (slope, depth, and velocity), and the predictor of sediment concentration.\n\nReport KH-R-43A presents a detailed analysis of the two components and examines their role in numerical modeling. Six hydraulic relationships and 13 sediment concentration predictors are examined and compared. New relationships are then developed which appear to be more accurate than the existing techniques. Finally, the new relationships are utilized in a numerical unsteady flow, moveable bed model which uses a four-point implicit finite difference solution scheme.\n\nThe data base utilized in the first report is presented in Report KH-R-43B. The data base contains 7,027 records (5,263 laboratory records and 1,764 field records), in 77 data files. Not all records were used in the final analyses, but they have been included in an attempt to provide a historically complete set of alluvial channel observations.\n\nThe material presented in these reports is essentially the same as the thesis submitted by the author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A common list of references, with data sources separated from other references, has been included in both reports.", "date": "1981-01-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-43B", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-43B", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "ENV-77-10182" }, { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CME 79-20311" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z96T0JM1", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000109.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/deqcj-g7748/files/TR000109.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1981", "author_list": "Brownlie, William R." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sxkr7-0xc45", "eprint_id": 29103, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:48:35", "lastmod": "2024-01-13 05:50:49", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Strickler-A", "name": { "family": "Strickler", "given": "A." } } ] }, "title": "Contributions to the Question of a Velocity Formula and Roughness Data for Streams, Channels and Closed Pipelines", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The preparation of this translation was supported by the National Science Foundation, under Grant CME 79-20311.\n\nPublished - T-10__1981.pdf
", "abstract": "This widely referenced, but seldom seen report is of both historic\nand engineering interest. While much of the work presented has since\nbeen eclipsed by more recent work, the velocity equation for open\nchannels (Eq. 37) is still in use. It is interesting to learn how this\nequation came into being, particularly in light of the fact that it\npredates the well known von Karman-Prandtl logarithmic velocity distribution\nequation. Also of interest, is the plethora of velocity equations\nfor open channels and pipes, which existed over sixty years ago\n(particularly when one considers that the search for a satisfactory\nequation continues to this day). A final benefit of this translation is\nthat the extensive tabulations of data have been preserved for a new\nconstituency.\nEvery attempt has been made to translate as literally as possible,\nto preserve the flavor of the original report. Therefore, certain\nphrases may seem somewhat awkward. A few archaic German idioms required\na somewhat looser translation. The data in Tables 1 through 14 have\nbeen reproduced directly from the original report, with the substitution\nof captions in English. Therefore, the data entries contain commas\nwhich should be replaced by decimal points to convert to the North\nAmerican convention.\nThe preparation of this translation was supported by the National\nScience Foundation, under Grant CME 79-20311. Special thanks to Joan\nMathews and Melinda Hendrix-Werts for their excellent typing and to\nTheresa Fall, for preparation of the tables and figures.", "date": "1981-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20120202-142837599", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120202-142837599", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "NSF", "grant_number": "CME 79-20311" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Roesgen-T", "name": { "family": "Roesgen", "given": "Thomas" } }, { "id": "Brownlie-W-R", "name": { "family": "Brownlie", "given": "William R." } } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "T-10__1981.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sxkr7-0xc45/files/T-10__1981.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1981", "author_list": "Strickler, A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b0twc-mvm10", "eprint_id": 26002, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:37:57", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:06", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Sung-W", "name": { "family": "Sung", "given": "Windsor" } } ] }, "title": "Catalytic effects of the \u03b3-FeOOH (lepidocrocite) surface on the oxygenation removal kinetics of Fe(II) and Mn(II)", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "I wish to thank my advisor, James J. Morgan, for his patience. His timely criticisms were very helpful. \n\nThanks are due to the following professors who have served on my committees: F. C. Anson, N. H. Brooks, R. C. Flagan, W. L. Johnson, W. J. North and G. R. Rossman. R. B. Burns at MIT has been a most stimulating professor during my undergraduate days and continues to be of much support. \n\nTechnical help has been invaluable from the following: P. E. Duwez, S. Kotake and S. Samson for X-ray diffraction. R. Potter and G. R. Rossman for instructions on the infrared spectroscopy work. J. B. Earnest kindly did the BET surface area measurements for me in his spare time at JPL. Heartfelt thanks are due to Elaine Granger for typing my manuscript efficiently. \n\nDiscussions with J. R. Hunt and J. R. Young have helped clear my thinking. I thank their patience for those uninvited walk-in discussions. Mr. and Mrs. K. Y. Ho and Mr. and Mrs. Z. K. Sung provided much needed moral support. \n\nCaltech has been an enjoyable institution to pursue academic work. Classical guitar lessons with D. Denning provided cultural breaks. Financial support from the Dupont and Union Oil companies is gratefully acknowledged.", "abstract": "Previous investigations of Fe(II) oxygenation had resulted in a wide range in the reported rate constant(s). While Fe(II) oxygenation rates are fast in simple laboratory systems (seconds to minutes when pH > 7), actual rates observed in natural waters can be orders of magnitude lower. Conversely, while Mn(II) oxygenation rates are slow in laboratory systems (days when pH < 9), much faster rates are observed in natural waters or implicated in model studies. \n\nThe influences of ionic strength, temperature and anions on the Fe(II) homogeneous oxygenation rates were examined in this study. Other rate constants from the literature were successfully incorporated into this framework. Complexation by major anions (e.g., SO_4^(2-) and Cl^-) and ionic strength effects were sufficient to account for the retardation of Fe(II) oxygenation in seawater. Autocatalysis of Fe(II) oxygenation was observed for pH > 7. A general integrated autocatalytic rate expression suitable for Fe(II) or Mn(II) oxygenation was used to interpret laboratory-obtained kinetic data. Oxidation of Fe(II) in various laboratory systems with characteristics like those of natural water was shown to form the allotrope \u03b3-FeOOH. The \u03b3-FeOOH surface was shown to be an excellent catalyst for Fe(II) and Mn(II) oxygenation. \n\nThe \u03b3-FeOOH surface obtained by oxidizing milli-molar levels of Fe(II) in 0.7 M NaCl was studied in the following ways: surface charge characteristics by acid/base titration; adsorption of Mn(II) and surface oxidation of Mn(II). A rate law was formulated to account for the effects of pH and the amount of surface on the surface oxidation rate of Mn(II). The presence of milli-molar levels of \u03b3-FeOOH was shown to reduce significantly the half-life of Mn(II) in 0.7 M NaCl from hundreds of hours to hours. The \u03b3-FeOOH surface was shown to be as effective as colloidal MnO_2 in catalysing Mn(II) oxygenation.", "date": "1980-12", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:AC-12-80", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:AC-12-80", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "AC-12-80.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b0twc-mvm10/files/AC-12-80.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1980", "author_list": "Sung, Windsor" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sgdzh-ksr47", "eprint_id": 26007, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:12:37", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:28", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Hunt-J-R", "name": { "family": "Hunt", "given": "James Robert" } } ] }, "title": "Coagulation in continuous particle size distributions; theory and experimental verification", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "I wish to thank my advisor, James Morgan, for his support and patience during my graduate studies. He sets an excellent example of a researcher and a teacher. \n\nThe following professors kindly served on my examination committees: R. C. Flagan, S. K. Friedlander, G. R. Gavalas, E. J. List, and P. G. Saffman. \n\nDiscussions with Michael Barcelona, Howard Liljestrand, and James Young provided considerable help in the laboratory. \n\nCaltech is fortunate in having such a helpful and dedicated staff. The Environmental Engineering Librarian, Rayma Harrison, and her assistant, Gunilla Hastrup, were always cheerful, even with late afternoon questions. The secretarial staff, Elaine Granger, Joan Mathews, Bonnie Kimble, and Adelaide Massengale, provided considerable support in getting things accomplished. Joan Mathews skillfully typed the thesis and always maintained the highest quality. Technical help was freely supplied by Dave Byrum, Elton Daly, Richard Eastvedt, and Joe Fontana. \n\nFurthermore, I must thank Dana Hunt for her occasional naps which allowed a substantial amount of the writing and editing of this thesis. When Dana's naps became shorter and more time was needed on campus, Marjorie Hunt, my mother, kindly helped out. My spouse, Kristine Hunt, provided financial, editorial, and moral support as needed. \n\nThe following organizations were generous in their support to Caltech and this research: U. S. Public Health Service, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Union Oil Company, Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, Inc., and NOAA Office of Sea Grant.", "abstract": "Previous theories for particle coagulation are not readily applicable to the continuous particle size distributions encountered in natural waters. By extending concepts developed in the analysis of aerosol dynamics, predictions of continuous particle size distributions were obtained dimensionally for size intervals dominated by Brownian, shear, differential sedimentation coagulation and gravitational settling. A dynamic steady state size distribution was assumed to exist, maintained by a constant flux of particle volume through the distribution. Predictions have been successfully compared with the shapes of particle size distributions measured in oceanic waters. \n\nAn experimental program was designed to test the predictions with cleaned clay and silica minerals in artificial seawater. A series of batch experiments was conducted at fluid shear rates of 1/2 to 32 sec^(-1) in a rotating cylinder apparatus. During the experiments, total suspended volumes were determined from suspension optical absorbance, and particle size distributions were measured with a Coulter Counter-multichannel analyzer system. The volume flux through the distribution was estimated from the rate of suspended particle volume removal, which was second order in suspended volume and depended on the fluid shear rate. \n\nThe Brownian and shear coagulation predictions were verified for the kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite clays. The three clays were significantly different in the regions of Brownian and shear coagulation dominance and in the volume removal rates at low fluid shear rates. At higher shear rates the volume removal rates declined because of aggregate breakup by fluid shear in the rotating cylinder apparatus. Differences in the clay coagulation and breakup characteristics were explained by variations in clay aggregate porosities. Experiments with silica did not agree with predictions because the silica particles were not destabilized in seawater. Predictions for differential sedimentation coagulation and gravitational settling could not be tested because of larger aggregate breakup by the Coulter Counter. \n\nThe theoretical predictions have direct application to particle coagulation in oceanic waters and possible application to more complex systems, such as estuarine waters and water and wastewater treatment operations.", "date": "1980-05", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:AC-5-80", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:AC-5-80", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "AC-5-80.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sgdzh-ksr47/files/AC-5-80.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1980", "author_list": "Hunt, James Robert" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b9csy-jsf10", "eprint_id": 26001, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:01:34", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:02", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Morgan-J-J", "name": { "family": "Morgan", "given": "J. J." } }, { "id": "Liljestrand-H-M", "name": { "family": "Liljestrand", "given": "H. M." } } ] }, "title": "Measurement and interpretation of acid rainfall in the Los Angeles Basin", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The technical assistance of Sylvia Garcia in chemical analysis is appreciated, as is that of Elton Daly, Joe Fontana and Rich Eastvedt in constructing sampling apparatus. The help of colleagues at various universities in the Los Angeles area in placing samplers is acknowledged. \n\nThis report was submitted in fulfillment of ARB Agreement #A7-ll0-30, \"Measurement and Interpretation of Acid Rainfall in the Los Angeles Basin\" by Caltech under the partial sponsorship of the California Air Resources Board. \n\nDisclaimer: The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the contractor and not necessarily those of the California Air Resources Board. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as either an actual or implied endorsement of such products.", "abstract": "The purpose of the work was to define the extent, degree and pertinent chemical characteristics of acid precipitation in the Los Angeles Basin of Southern California. Precipitation samplers were placed at nine locations: Pasadena, Azusa, Big Bear Lake, Central Los Angeles, Long Beach, Mt. Wilson, Riverside, Westwood and Wrightwood. A total of 533 individual samples were analyzed from the nine locations, and 38 different storms were sampled at one or more of the locations. Increments of precipitation collected during a storm were analyzed for pH, titration acidity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, fluoride, bromide, orthophosphate, total phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, organic carbon and suspended solids. \n\nThe mean acidity in the Fall-Spring 1978-79 period ranged from a high of 38.4 \u03bcequiva1ents/1iter at Pasadena to a low of 2.45 \u03bcequiva1ents/liter at Big Bear Lake, with corresponding mean pH's of 4.41 at Pasadena and 5.42 at Big Bear Lake. \n\nAt Pasadena, individual sample (0.25 inch increments of precipitation) acidities ranged from 1600 \u03bcequiva1ents/1iter to -8.1 \u03bcequivalents/liter, and individual sample pH's ranged from 2.89 to 6.24. Incremental sampling during storms revealed significant changes in pH and chemical composition with time, with early stages of precipitation generally showing low pH and high nitrate and sulfate concentrations. \n\nFor the Fall-Spring 1978-79 period the mean ratio of nitrate to non-sea salt sulfate in precipitation varied from 0.4 at Long Beach to 2.8 at Big Bear Lake. The mean ratio at Pasadena was 0.9. Data on chemical composition of precipitation indicate that the observed net acidity is the result of partial neutralization of the strong acids H_2SO_4 and HNO_3 by basic NH_3 and metal carbonates and oxides from soil dust. The relative extent of mixing of acids and bases varies considerably with location in the Basin. At Pasadena, mean Fall-Spring 1978-79 concentrations suggest that the net acidity, 38.5 \u03bceq/l, results from mixing of 31.4 \u03bceq/l of HNO_3, 35.6 \u03bceq/l, of H_2SO_4, 21.1 \u03bceq/l, of NH3, and 7.4 \u03bceq/l, of alkalinity from soil dust. \n\nNitrate and nitrite in rainfall at Pasadena are correlated significantly with rainfall intensity, atmospheric ozone concentration and atmospheric nitric oxide concentrations. The same correlation is found for sulfate in rainfall. Inverse correlation of nitrates and sulfate with rainfall intensity is taken to reflect a rainfall dilution effect. For both nitrate and sulfate in rainfall a correlation is observed with Pb aerosol and total aerosol particulate matter.", "date": "1980-02", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:AC-2-80", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:AC-2-80", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "AC-2-80.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/b9csy-jsf10/files/AC-2-80.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1980", "author_list": "Morgan, J. J. and Liljestrand, H. M." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s4vmq-exx21", "eprint_id": 26021, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 11:49:08", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:28", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Vanoni-V-A", "name": { "family": "Vanoni", "given": "Vito A." } } ] }, "title": "Sediment studies in the Brazilian Amazon River Basin", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writer wishes to acknowledge the friendly cooperation of the staff of the Belem office. Without this cooperation, the report would not have been possible. In particular, the help of Eduardo Basso, Director WMO-UNDP is acknowledged. Mr. E. Terezo visited the writer in Pasadena, California during preparation of the report. Because of his intimate knowledge of the Amazon, he was able to help greatly in locating sediment stations and in explaining topographic and geomorphic features of the Basin. Mr. Carlos Osorio and Mr. F. D. Queiros furnished the writer with important information on the area. The writer wishes to acknowledge the help of Iran de Mendonca Coutinho of SUDAM for his help in making contact with organizations responsible for sediment data and in assisting with office analyses and calculations. Finally, the writer wishes to acknowledge the friendly assistance of the members of the stenographic pool, engineering draftsmen and other members of the staff.", "abstract": "The work was to be carried out as part of WMO's participation in the United Nations Development Project (UNDP) on Hydrology and Climatology of the Brazilian Amazon River Basin under the direction of Eduardo Basso, Project Manager. This project is carried out in cooperation with The General Directorate for Amazon Development of the Brazilian Government (SUDAM).", "date": "1979", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "World Meteorological Organization", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-P-168", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-P-168", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_P_168.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/s4vmq-exx21/files/KH_P_168.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1979", "author_list": "Vanoni, Vito A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hyx2w-mwn41", "eprint_id": 26006, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:44:28", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:22", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Wu-Frank-H-Y", "name": { "family": "Wu", "given": "Frank H. Y." } }, { "id": "Koh-Robert-C-Y", "name": { "family": "Koh", "given": "Robert C. Y." } } ] }, "title": "Mathematical model for multiple cooling tower plumes", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writers would like to express their gratitude to Professors Norman H. Brooks and John F. Kennedy for providing valuable comments and suggestions during the investigation. They would also like to thank Drs. Mostafa Shirazi and Larry Winianski for several stimulating discussions on the project. \n\nThe work reported herein was supported by EPA Grant Number (5) R-803989-01-1.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_37.pdf
", "abstract": "A mathematical model is developed resulting in a computer program for the prediction of the behavior of plumes from multiple cooling towers with multiple cells. A general integral method based on the conservation of mass, momentum, energy (heat), and moisture fluxes (before and after plume merging), were employed in the prediction scheme. The effects of ambient stratifications of temperature, moisture, and wind are incorporated in the model. \n\nAn axisymmetric round plume is assumed to be emitted from each individual cell before interference with neighboring plumes. A finite length slot plume in the central part and two half round plumes at both ends of the merged plume were used to approximate the plume after merging. The entrainment and drag functions are calculated based on the modified merged plume shape. \n\nThe computer output provides the predicted plume properties such as excess plume temperature, humidity and liquid phase moisture (water droplet), plume trajectory, width, and dilution at the merging locations and the beginning and ending points of the visible part of the plumes. Detailed printout and contour plots of excess temperature and moisture distribution can also be obtained if desired. \n\nBased on comparison with laboratory data this model gives good predictions for the case of dry plumes (no moisture involved). It should be noted that several empirical coefficients are as yet not accurately known. Verification of this model for the wet plume (such as for prototype cooling tower plumes) and the determination of the values for these empirical coefficients to be used in prototype applications must await detailed comparison with field data.", "date": "1977-07", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-37", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-37", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "grant_number": "(5) R-803989-01-1" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9610X85", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_37.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hyx2w-mwn41/files/KH_R_37.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1977", "author_list": "Wu, Frank H. Y. and Koh, Robert C. Y." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cx3vn-ftz60", "eprint_id": 26016, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 10:24:19", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:07", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Naheer-E", "name": { "family": "Naheer", "given": "Ehud" } } ] }, "title": "Stability of bottom armoring under the attack of solitary waves", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writer wishes to express his gratitude to his thesis advisor, Professor Fredric Raichlen, who suggested this research problem and offered his advice throughout every phase of the investigation. The advice and encouragement of Professors Vito A. Vanoni, Norman H. Brooks, and Peter S. Eagleson are also deeply appreciated. \n\nThe writer also wishes to thank Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh and Dr. Sasson R. Somekh for the long discussions which helped in developing the procedures used in the experimental investigation. \n\nA special thanks is owed to Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory, whose assistance during the design, construction, and maintenance of the experimental equipment made it possible to solve almost any problem in the laboratory phase of the investigation. Thanks are also due to Mr. Joseph J. Fontana, Mr. Robert Shultz, Mr. William G. Stone, Mr. Robert L. Greenway, and Mr. Carl A. Green who assisted in the construction and maintenance of the experimental equipment; to Mr. Walter Beckmann and Miss Sally Weaks, who helped in reducing the experimental data; to Mr. Gregory Gartrell and Mr. Philip J. W. Roberts, who reviewed the original manuscript, and to Mrs. Joan L. Mathews, Mrs. Shirley A. Hughes, and Mrs. Linda Rorem who typed it; and to Mr. David Byrum who performed the drafting of the figures appearing in this manuscript. \n\nThe writer also wishes to thank the California Institute of Technology for financial assistance and for providing the facilities for this study. The experiments were conducted in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. Thanks are also due to the Humanities Fund, Inc., for the Boris Bakhmeteff Research Fellowship which was awarded to the writer in 1972. The research was supported by National Science Foundation Grants GK-3l8D2X, ENG7l-D2367 AD3, and ENG75-l5786 AD1. \n\nThe deepest gratitude is expressed by the writer to his wife, Daphna, for her understanding, patience, and encouragement during the period of his graduate study. \n\nThis report was submitted by the writer on May 5, 1976 as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; it is reproduced here unchanged.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_34.pdf
", "abstract": "An empirical relationship is presented for the incipient motion of bottom material under solitary waves. Two special cases of bottom material are considered: particles of arbitrary shape, and isolated sphere resting on top of a bed of tightly packed spheres. \n\nThe amount of motion in the bed of particles of arbitrary shape is shown to depend on a dimensionless shear stress, similar to the Shields parameter. The mean resistance coefficient used in estimating this parameter is derived from considerations of energy dissipation, and is obtained from measurements of the attenuation of waves along a channel. A theoretical expression for the mean resistance coefficient is developed for the case of laminar flow from the linearized boundary layer equations and is verified by experiments. \n\nFor the case of a single sphere resting on top of a bed of spheres, the analysis is based on the hypothesis that at incipient motion the hydrodynamic moments which tend to remove the sphere are equal to the restoring moment due to gravity which tends to keep it in its place. It is shown that the estimation of the hydrodynamic forces, based on an approach similar to the so-called \"Morison's formula\", in which the drag, lift, and inertia coefficients are independent of each other, is inaccurate. Alternatively, a single coefficient incorporating both drag, inertia, and lift effects is employed. Approximate values of this coefficient are described by an empirical relationship which is obtained from the experimental results. \n\nA review of existing theories of the solitary wave is presented and an experimental study is conducted in order to determine which theory should be used in the theoretical analysis of the incipient motion of bottom material. \n\nExperiments were conducted in the laboratory in order to determine the mean resistance coefficient of the bottom under solitary waves, and in order to obtain a relationship defining the incipient motion of bottom material. All the experiments were conducted in a wave tank 40 m long, 110 cm wide with water depths varying from 7 cm to 42 cm. The mean resistance coefficient was obtained from measurements of the attenuation of waves along an 18 m section of the wave tank. Experiments were conducted with a smooth bottom and with the bottom roughened with a layer of rock. The incipient motion of particles of arbitrary shape was studied by measuring the amount of motion in a 91 cm x 50 cm section covered with a 15.9 mm thick layer of material. The materials used had different densities and mean diameters. The incipient motion of spheres was observed for spheres of different diameters and densities placed on a bed of tightly packed spheres. The experiments were conducted with various water depths, and with wave height-to-water depth ratios varying from small values up to that for breaking of the wave. \n\nIt was found that: (a) The theories of Boussinesq (1872) and McCowan (1891) describe the solitary wave fairly accurately. However, the differences between these theories are large when used to predict the forces which are exerted on objects on the bottom, and it was not established which theory describes these forces better. (b) The mean resistance coefficient for a rough turbulent flow under solitary waves can be described as a function of D_s, h, and H, where D_s is the mean diameter of the roughness particles, h is the water depth, and H is the wave height. (c) Small errors in the determination of the dimensionless shear stress for incipient motion of rocks result in large errors in the evaluation of the diameter of the rock required for incipient motion. However, it was found that the empirical relationship for the incipient motion of spheres can be used to determine the size of rock of arbitrary shape for incipient motion under a given wave, provided the angle of friction of the rock can be determined accurately.", "date": "1977-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-34", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-34", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z99S1P0K", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_34.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cx3vn-ftz60/files/KH_R_34.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1977", "author_list": "Naheer, Ehud" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4tf60-bmx57", "eprint_id": 25996, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:36:47", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:40", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Foley-M-G", "name": { "family": "Foley", "given": "Michael G." } } ] }, "title": "Scour and fill in ephemeral streams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writer would like to express his deep appreciation to his advisor, Dr. Robert P. Sharp, for suggesting this project and providing patient guidance, encouragement, support, and kind criticism during its execution. Similar appreciation is due Dr. Vito A. Vanoni for his guidance and suggestions, and for generously sharing his great experience with sediment transport problems and laboratory experiments. \n\nDrs. Norman H. Brooks and C. Hewitt Dix read the first draft of this report, and their helpful comments are appreciated. Mr. Elton F. Daly was instrumental in the design of the laboratory apparatus and the success of the laboratory experiments. Valuable assistance in the field was given by Mrs. Katherine E. Foley and Mr. Charles D. Wasserburg. Laboratory experiments were conducted with the assistance of Ms. Carol E. Lyons, Mr. Eduardo S. Espiritu, Miss Jill E. Bechtold, Mr. David C. Crocker, Miss Judith S. Greengard, Mr. Craig S. MacInnes, Mr. Randall B. Page, and Mr. Dennis W. New. Thesis preparation was greatly aided by the participation of Mrs. Joan L. Mathews and Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin. \n\nPermission to pursue the field study in the Los Padres National Forest was kindly granted by the U. S. Forest Service. Field work for this project was supported by Geological Society of America Penrose Grant 1716-73. Laboratory support was by National Science Foundation Grant GK 31802, U. S. Army Research Office Grant DAHC04-74-G-0189, and research funds generously made available by Dr. Robert P. Sharp and by the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology. \n\nThis report was submitted by the writer on 28 October 1975 as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology. Since the experimental work was conducted in the Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, this report is being issued in the Keck Lab KH-R series.", "abstract": "The classical concept that mean bed elevation over an entire stream reach is lowered by scour during flood-wave passage and is restored by deposition in the waning flood phase (mean-bed scour and fill) can be challenged. The alternative that both scour and fill occur concurrently at different migrating loci within a reach (local scour and fill) is more consistent with published field data. The field and laboratory investigations reported herein suggest that mean-bed scour and fill in a uniform channel is minor compared to local scour and fill caused by bedform migration, and that maximum local scour and fill may occur on the waning flood in some instances. \n\nThe field experiment, utilizing a rectilinear array of buried maximum-scour indicators (scour-cords), produced data for contouring of maximum scour and fill in an ephemeral streambed during two floods. In the first flood, 24 em of scour and fill was measured for a bankfull flow depth of 23 cm. In the second, maximum scour and fill was at least 66 cm for a bankfull flow depth of 34 cm. \n\nEstimates of antidune amplitudes for the two floods, based on theoretical models and laboratory and field observations, are 28 to 64 cm and 48 to 97 cm, respectively. This indicates that all scour and fill measured by the scour-cord array could have been caused by antidune migration. \n\nLaboratory experiments were conducted in an 18 m-long open-circuit flume with automated sediment and water input-rate controls. A series of experiments in a 26.7 cm-wide sand-bed channel with rigid walls, at grade for a simulated flood patterned after those typical of ephemeral streams, showed that mean-bed scour and fill was less than 3 percent of local scour and fill. For these experiments, mean sand size was 0.3 mm, channel slope was .009, maximum water depth was 40 mm, maximum local scour and fill was 22 mm, and maximum mean-bed scour and fill was 0.6 mm. Maximum mean bed elevation variation was thus only two sand-grain diameters. Fill occurred at peak flow followed by scour to the pre-flood mean bed elevation on the waning flood. Maximum local scour and fill took place near the end of the simulated floods, when bedform amplitudes were the greatest. \n\nA series of simulated-flood experiments in a sand-bed channel with erodible sand banks showed scour and fill behavior qualitatively similar to that of the rigid-wall channel. Bank erosion, channel meandering, and braiding prevented quantitative scour and fill measurements in these alluvial-bank experiments. Measured flow and bedform parameters and scour and fill data derived from small laboratory scour-chains were compatible with those estimated from the theoretical model used in the field experiment.", "date": "1975-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-33", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-33", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9FJ2DRB", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-33.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4tf60-bmx57/files/KH-R-33.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1975", "author_list": "Foley, Michael G." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wn580-tjx77", "eprint_id": 26015, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:30:43", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:11:04", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Kotsovinos-N-E", "name": { "family": "Kotsovinos", "given": "Nikolas E." } } ] }, "title": "A study of the entrainment and turbulence in a plane buoyant jet", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "I wish to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my advisor, Professor Ericson John List, whose inspired guidance, insight, perspicacious criticism and enthusiasm were invaluable to this research. \n\nI am greatly indebted to Professors Norman H. Brooks and Donald Coles, whose advice and interest in this research continuously stimulated and inspired me. I am grateful to Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh for numerous discussions, and to Dr. J\u00f6rg Imberger for his personal interest, encouragement and friendship during the incipient period of my graduate studies. I wish also to express my deepest respect and appreciation to Professor Vito Vanoni for his kind interest and encouragement throughout my research. \n\nI gratefully acknowledge that the enthusiastic teaching of Professor Themis Xanthopoulos provided me with the necessary stimulation to pursue graduate studies. \n\nI thank the California Institute of Technology for providing me with financial support through Graduate Teaching and Research Assistantships, and for its superb research environment facilities. Financial assistance provided by the National Science Foundation, under Grant ENG75-02985, is greatly appreciated. \n\nI am indebted to Mr. Elton F. Daly and Mr. Joseph Fontana for their invaluable assistance in the construction of the laboratory equipment, and Mr. Bob Shultz for the preparation of the graphs. I thank also Mrs. Joan Mathews for her patience in typing this manuscript. \n\nFinally, I thank my wife, Kathy, whose love, support and understanding were essential during the course of this work. \n\nThis report was submitted by the writer in May 1975 as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.", "abstract": "The entrainment and mixing processes in a two-dimensional vertical turbulent buoyant (heated) jet in its transition state from a pure jet to a pure plume have been studied. The ambient fluid is of uniform density and non-flowing except for the flow induced by the jet. Density variations are assumed small. \n\nThe equations of motion integrated across the jet have been carefully examined and it has been found that the kinematic buoyancy flux of a heated plume and the kinematic momentum flux of a pure jet are not in general conserved. It has been proven that the flow in a two-dimensional pure jet is not self-preserving. \n\nA systematic set of experiments was carried out to examine turbulent buoyant jet behavior for a wide range of initial Richardson numbers (or densimetric Froude numbers). Values of the Richardson number, which describes the relative importance of buoyancy in a jet, extended from the value appropriate for a pure jet (zero) to that appropriate for a plume (approximately 0.6). The buoyant jet temperature and velocity fields were measured using calibrated fast response thermistors and a laser Doppler velocimeter respectively. The velocity and temperature data obtained were recorded magnetically in digital form and subsequently processed to extract both mean and fluctuating values of temperature and velocity. \n\nThe structure of the mean flow (including the spreading rate of the mean velocity and temperature profiles, velocity and temperature distribution along jet axis, and the heat flux profile), the turbulence structure (including the profile of turbulence intensity and turbulent heat transfer, probability density distribution of temperature and velocity, skewness and flatness factor of temperature fluctuations) and the large scale motions (intermittency, profile of maximum and minimum temperature, frequency of crossing of hot/cold, cold/hot interface) of a buoyant jet were investigated as a function of the jet Richardson number. It was determined that the turbulent heat transfer and the turbulent intensity increase with increasing the Richardson number. The spreading rate of the transverse mean velocity and temperature profiles were found to be independent of the Richardson number. The turbulent buoyancy flux in a fully developed buoyant jet has been found to be a significant fraction (38%) of the axial buoyancy flux.", "date": "1975-08", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-32", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-32", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9K935G2", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_32.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wn580-tjx77/files/KH_R_32.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1975", "author_list": "Kotsovinos, Nikolas E." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fxw8q-6yt05", "eprint_id": 315, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 00:42:34", "lastmod": "2023-10-13 20:37:18", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Raichlen-F", "name": { "family": "Raichlen", "given": "Fredric" } } ] }, "title": "The effect of waves on rubble-mound structures", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\"Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 7 copyright 1975 by Annual Reviews, www.annualreviews.org\"\n\nPublished - RAIarfm75.pdf
", "abstract": "For thousands of years breakwaters have been built at or near the coast to protect harbors or coastlines from wave attack. One of the earliest known harbor protection schemes was devised in about 2000 B.C. for the Port of Pharos on the open coast of Egypt; it had a rubble-mound breakwater approximately 8500 ft long composed of large blocks of stone with smaller stone filling the spaces between blocks (Savile 1940). \n\nUntil the development of experimental laboratory techniques to investigate the effect of waves on breakwaters, these structures were designed primarily from experience gained from other similar structures. It is the purpose of this review to discuss various aspects of the hydrodynamics of wave attack on such structures and the relation of certain analytic considerations and experimental results to the design of a rubble-mound. \n\nA breakwater built as a rubble-mound is constructed by placing material of various sizes layer by layer (or unit by unit) until the desired cross-section shape is achieved. Generally, the units are not structurally connected, so that the integrity of the rubble-mound depends on features such as the weight of the material, the interlocking nature of the material, and the cross section of the structure. Usually the structure is built with material graded from smaller sizes in the core to larger material armoring the face against wave attack. The armor layer may be composed of quarry-stone, if it is available in the required sizes and is economically feasible to use. When these conditions are not met, specially designed concrete units for armoring the face of the rubble-mound have been developed that tend to interlock better than rock when properly placed; hence, it may be possible to use armor units lighter than the required quarry-stone. \n\nOver the years numerous geometric shapes have been developed for such armor units, with each shape generally introduced in an attempt to improve on the interlocking characteristics of its predecessors. To mention only a few, various names used for different units are: tribars, tetrapods, quadripods, and dolosse. A brief description of two of these is presented; for a more detailed discussion of shape along with drawings of the units the interested reader is directed to CERC (1966) and Hudson(1974). Tribars, which consist basically of three circular cylinders connected by a yoke of three cylinders, are usually placed in a uniform geometric pattern on the face of the rubble-mound. Dolosse are shaped like the letter \"H\" with the vertical legs rotated 90\u00b0 to each other, and are generally placed randomly on a rubble-mound face. It is the effective interlocking of dolosse that leads to the use of random placement techniques. \n\nObviously an important aspect in the design of a rubble-mound is its stability under wave attack. This subject is discussed in detail, along with descriptions of the basis for certain design approaches currently used. The support of these design criteria as well as their limitations are discussed with reference to available experimental data. \n\nThree other aspects of the effect of waves on rubble-mounds are treated in this review: wave run-up, transmission, and overtopping. Run-up is defined as the vertical height above still water level to which waves incident upon a structure can be expected to travel up the face of the structure. Wave run-up is important in defining both the amount of wave energy transmitted over and through permeable rubble-mounds and also the quantity of water that may be expected to overtop the structure. \n\nIn each of the following sections the discussion is directed toward understanding the fluid-mechanic aspects of the various problems and the features and the shortcomings of analytical and experimental models used in connection with the design of breakwaters constructed as rubble-mounds.", "date": "1975-01", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics", "volume": "7", "publisher": "Annual Reviews", "pagerange": "327-356", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:RAIarfm75", "issn": "0066-4189", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:RAIarfm75", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "129", "name": "KH-P" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.1146/annurev.fl.07.010175.001551", "primary_object": { "basename": "RAIarfm75.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fxw8q-6yt05/files/RAIarfm75.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1975", "author_list": "Raichlen, Fredric" }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/td7qb-p0886", "eprint_id": 26014, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 09:07:05", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:58", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "List-E-J", "name": { "family": "List", "given": "E. J." } }, { "id": "Koh-Robert-C-Y", "name": { "family": "Koh", "given": "R. C. Y." } } ] }, "title": "Interpretations of results from hydraulic modeling of thermal outfall diffusers for the San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Work performed under SCE P. O. No. U2254001.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_31.pdf
", "abstract": "This report presents and interpretation of results obtained during the hydraulic model study previously documented in \"Hydraulic Modeling of Thermal Outfall Diffusers for the San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant\" which described the hydraulic laboratory studies conducted to investigate outfall configurations for the thermal discharge from proposed Units 2 and 3 at the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, jointly owned by the Southern California Edison Company and San Diego Gas and Electric Company. \n\nA number of different experimental investigations were performed to develop the conceptual design for the new Units 2 and 3 discharge diffusers. The primary reason for the investigations was the new California thermal standards (essentially ambient temperature increment less than 4\u00b0F), which in effect precluded the use of shoreline or single outlet discharges for new units and necessitated the use of multiport diffusers. \n\nThe result of the investigations of different diffuser concepts was the establishment of a preliminary design for the discharge structures for Units 2 and 3, each consisting of a diffuser 2500 ft long containing 76 discharge nozzles with a nominal discharge velocity of 13 ft/sec. This preliminary design was later modified somewhat by the engineers of the Southern California Edison Company (SCE) in consideration of other factors such as structural requirements, cost, construction problems, and more accurate bathymetric details at the site. As a result the final design for each diffuser contains 63 discharge ports of diameters varying from 21.85 to 23.9 inches. The discharge ports are nozzle-riser assemblies at alternate angles of \u00b125\u00b0 with respect to the longitudinal axis of the diffuser and 20\u00b0 up from horizontal. The nozzles are positioned approximately 6 ft from the ocean bottom. The diffusers are aligned perpendicular to shore and extend from approximately 3500 ft to 8500 ft offshore. \n\nThe performance of the final diffuser design was evaluated in a series of confirming tests. The major results will be summarized and discussed in section 3 of this report. \n\nSections 3 and 4 will also include projections and elaborations on several aspects of the diffuser performance to be expected in the prototype. The possible interactions of the proposed diffuser operation with existing site factors such as ocean currents, water temperature, heat losses, and the existing power plant (Unit 1) will also be discussed in section 4.", "date": "1974-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-31", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-31", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Southern California Edison", "grant_number": "U2254001" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9PZ56SR", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_31.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/td7qb-p0886/files/KH_R_31.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1974", "author_list": "List, E. J. and Koh, R. C. Y." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wc9dc-12239", "eprint_id": 26008, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:48:36", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:31", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Koh-Robert-C-Y", "name": { "family": "Koh", "given": "Robert C. Y." } }, { "id": "Brooks-N-H", "name": { "family": "Brooks", "given": "Norman H." } }, { "id": "List-E-J", "name": { "family": "List", "given": "E. John" } }, { "id": "Wolanski-Eric-J", "name": { "family": "Wolanski", "given": "Eric J." } } ] }, "title": "Hydraulic modeling of thermal outfall diffusers for the San Onofre nuclear power plant", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Final Report to the Southern California Edison Company. Work performed under SCE P.O. No. T2062905. \n\nThe writers wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of many members of the staff of the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. We make particular mention of Elton Daly, Joe Fontana, Carl Green and Bill Stone for their efforts in the erection and instrumentation of the basin and models; Max Irvine, Phil Roberts, and Noks Kotsovinos, graduate research assistants; Robert Stecher, Mafred Chu and Bruce Bennett, undergraduate assistants; and Pat Rankin and Arvilla Stanton for their assistance in the typing and preparation of this report. \n\nParticular thanks are also due to Martin Leonard for his assistance during the final confirming tests. \n\nMr. Ken Meddock of the Southern California Edison Company also participated part time and provided liaison with the Southern California Edison Company.\n\nSubmitted - TR000095.pdf
", "abstract": "Various hydraulic model tests were performed in connection with the design and performance of the offshore thermal outfalls for the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (jointly owned by the Southern California Edison Company and the San Diego Gas and Electric Company)near San Clemente, California. These include model investigations of: (i) the multiple port discharges for the proposed Units 2 and 3, (ii) the existing submerged single outlet from Unit 1, (iii) the discharge of heated water from the Units 2 and 3 intakes during heat treatment, and (iv) hydraulic characteristics of discharge ports. \n\nOn the basis of these investigations, the diffusion structure for each of the proposed new units was designed to be 2500 feet long aligned perpendicular to shore. The diffuser for Unit 3 will extend from 3500 to 6000 feet from shore, and that for Unit 2 from 6000 to 8500 feet from shore. Each diffuser will have 63 discharge nozzles aimed offshore (\u00b125\u00b0 from the pipe axis, 20\u00b0 above horizontal). The momentum of the discharge produces and offshore drift of the diluted warm-water plume. \n\nThe maximum temperature rise on the surface caused by the discharge was found to decrease with increasing longshore current speed, and the discharge momentum from the jets was effective in preventing significant re-entrainment in the event of reversing or low currents. \n\nAlthough the California thermal discharge requirements specify a maximum surface temperature increase of 4\u00b0F (beyond 1000 feet from the discharge structure), the laboratory target maximum was established at 2.5\u00b0F, to account for possible model-prototype differences and unmodeled effects. The hydraulic model studies showed that the proposed outfall design meets the laboratory target value for a variety of possible longshore current conditions; therefore, it is predicted that the prototype outfall operation will meet the California thermal discharge requirements.", "date": "1974-01-15", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-30", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-30", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Southern California Edison", "grant_number": "T2062905" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9TQ5ZGN", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000095.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/wc9dc-12239/files/TR000095.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1974", "author_list": "Koh, Robert C. Y.; Brooks, Norman H.; et el." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fpfkb-vtq63", "eprint_id": 26005, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 08:09:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:20", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Brooks-N-H", "name": { "family": "Brooks", "given": "Norman H." } } ] }, "title": "Dispersion in hydrologic and coastal environments", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writer wishes to acknowledge with appreciation the support of this broad long-term grant by the EPA (and predecessor agencies) under Grant No. 16070 DGY, for which Mr. Richard Callaway served as EPA Program Officer. \n\nThe contributions of all the other research collaborators whose names appear as authors on the publication list in Section XII were essential to the success of this project. To them I express my special gratitude for their capable work which made the project possible. \n\nStaff assistance in the Keck Laboratory is acknowledged in each of the individual publications as appropriate; however, the writer wishes to express special thanks to Mrs. Pat Rankin for typing this report and preparing it for publication.", "abstract": "This report summarizes the results of a five-year laboratory research project on various flow phenomena of importance to transport and dispersion of pollutants in hydrologic and coastal environments. The results are useful in two general ways: first, to facilitate the prediction of ambient water quality from effluent characteristics in various water environments; and secondly, to provide the basis for design of systems (like outfalls) required to meet given ambient water quality requirements. \n\nThe results for buoyant jets may be used for the design of waste-water outfalls in oceans, reservoirs, lakes, and large estuaries. Particular emphasis is given to line sources (or slot jets) which represent long multiple-outlet diffusers, which are necessary for all large discharges to get high dilutions. \n\nFor reservoirs which are density stratified, the results include formulations for prediction of selective withdrawal, and a simulation procedure for predicting reservoir mixing by systems which pump water from one level to the other. \n\nFor application to rivers and estuaries, laboratory flume experiments were made to measure transverse mixing of buoyant or heavy tracer flows, as well as for neutral-density flows. \n\nAbstracts for all publications and reports resulting from the project are given as an appendix to the report.", "date": "1972-12", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-29", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-29", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9ZG6Q6C", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_29.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fpfkb-vtq63/files/KH_R_29.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1972", "author_list": "Brooks, Norman H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xxa4d-xn793", "eprint_id": 26013, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:33:10", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:53", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Taylor-B-D", "name": { "family": "Taylor", "given": "Brent D." } } ] }, "title": "Temperature effects in alluvial streams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writer would like to express deep appreciation to his advisor Professor Vito A. Vanoni for kind guidance, encouragement, and generous assistance during this investigation. \n\nThe writer would also like to thank Professor Norman H. Brooks for initially interesting him in graduate study at Caltech; and he and Professor Fredric Raichlen for their helpful interest in the temperature-effects study. \n\nDuring the experimental investigation and thesis preparation skillful and considerate assistance was given by Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh, Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin, Mr. Elton F. Daly, Mr. Robert L. Greenway, Mr. Carl A. Green, Jr., Mr. Ronald G. Patterson, and Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt. To each of these people the writer offers his sincere thanks. \n\nThe writer wishes also to thank the Civil Engineering Department at the California Institute of Technology for making possible four years of graduate study in an atmosphere of creativity and excellence. \n\nThis research was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. GK 3910. \n\nThis report was submitted by the writer on August 2, 1971 as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.\n\nSubmitted - KH_R_27.pdf
Erratum - KH_R_27_Errata.pdf
", "abstract": "A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine the effects of water temperature on sediment discharge close to the bed (bed-load discharge), and on bed roughness and geometry in alluvial, open-channel flows. \n\nThree types of experiments were made: 1) Low-transport, flat-bed experiments in which all of the sediment discharged moved as bed load; 2) high-transport, flat-bed experiments with fine sands wherein there was considerable suspended sediment discharge; and 3) a series of experiments where the discharge was kept constant and the velocity varied to produce ripple, dune, and flat-bed configurations. The experiments were made in pairs. In each pair the velocity and depth were the same or nearly the same, but in one experiment the water temperature was from 15\u00b0C to 20\u00b0C higher than in the other. \n\nIt was found that in low-transport, flat-bed flows where particle transport is by rolling and sliding along the bed, a 15\u00b0C to 20\u00b0C increase in water temperature can produce a relatively large change in sediment discharge. The nature of this change depends on the flow condition at the bed. With hydrodynamically smooth flow there is an increase in sediment discharge with increase in water temperature; whereas in transition from smooth to rough an increase in water temperature effects a reduction in sediment discharge. With fully-rough flow which obtains at boundary Reynolds numbers larger than approximately 200, sediment discharge does not depend on water temperature. A phenomenological explanation has been presented for these observed temperature effects on sediment discharge. \n\nIn high-transport, flat-bed flows with suspended sediment transport, it was observed that the temperature effects on bed-load discharge are qualitatively the same as those which obtain in low-transport, flat-bed flows of approximately the same boundary Reynolds numbers. \n\nIt was also found that under certain flow conditions a change in water temperature alone can cause a change in bed form. The nature of this change in bed form seems to be related to the boundary Reynolds numbers R'_(*b) of the flows. For R'_(*b) less than a value near 8 bed form transitions were accomplished at lower velocities in a warm water flow than in a cold water flow at the same discharge; whereas for larger values of R'_(*b) contrary temperature effects on bed form transitions have been observed.", "date": "1971-08", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-27", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-27", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z93776PN", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_27.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xxa4d-xn793/files/KH_R_27.pdf" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "KH_R_27_Errata.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xxa4d-xn793/files/KH_R_27_Errata.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "1971", "author_list": "Taylor, Brent D." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pafv0-b3c48", "eprint_id": 26012, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:15:31", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:51", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Okoye-J-K", "name": { "family": "Okoye", "given": "Josephat K." } } ] }, "title": "Characteristics of transverse mixing in open-channel flows", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writer expresses his deepest gratitude to his adviser, Dr. Norman H. Brooks, who suggested this project and was constantly a source of unwavering advice, assistance, and encouragement. \n\nThe writer also wishes to thank Dr. Vito A. Vanoni and Dr. Frederic Raichlen for their kind advice and assistance, and Dr. E. John List for his comments during the writing of the thesis. \n\nFor his invaluable assistance and instruction in the design and construction of the laboratory equipment, the writer is especially indebted to Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory. The assistance of Robert L. Greenway in the construction of the apparatus is also much appreciated. \n\nThe writer also wishes to thank Mr. Carl A. Green, Jr., for the preparation of the drawings; Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt for the photography; Mrs. Alrae Tingley for typing the manuscript; and Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin and Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh for their helpful secretarial aid. The writer also appreciates the efforts of the laboratory assistants: Messrs. Raul Basu, George Chan, Yoshiaki Daimon, Brady Farrand, Edward F. Thompson, W. H. Waggy, Paul T. Wegener, and Mashio Yatsuzuka who performed various duties during the investigation. \n\nThis study was supported by the Federal Water Quality Administration (formerly Federal Water Pollution Control Administration) through Grants No. 16000 DGY and No. 16070 DGY. The experiments were conducted in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources of the California Institute of Technology. \n\nThis report was submitted in November, 1970, as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Science.\n\nSubmitted - TR000088.pdf
", "abstract": "The transverse spreading of a plume generated by a point source in a uniform open-channel flow is investigated. A neutrally-buoyant tracer was injected continuously at ambient velocity through a small round source at a point within the flow. Tracer concentration was measured in situ at several points downstream of the source using conductivity probes. \n\nTracer concentration was analyzed in two phases. \n\nIn Phase I, time-averaged concentration was evaluated, its distribution within the plume determined, and characteristic coefficients of transverse mixing calculated. It was shown that the transverse mixing coefficient varied with the flow level and was highest near the water surface where flow velocity was greatest. In contrast to previous speculation, the ratio of the depth-averaged coefficient of transverse mixing D-_z to the product of the (bed) shear velocity u_* and the flow depth d was not a constant but depended on the aspect ratio \u03b3 = d/W, where W = flume width. For laboratory experiments D-_z/u_*d decreased from .024 to 0.093 as \u03b3 increased from 0.015 to 0.200. \n\nIn Phase II, the temporal fluctuation of tracer concentration was studied in three sections. In the first, the intermittency factor technique was used to delineate three regions of the plume cross section: an inner core where tracer concentration c(t) was always greater than the background C_b; an intermittency region where c(t) was only intermittently greater than C_b; and the outer region where C_b was never exceeded. Dimensional analysis furnished universal curves for prediction of the geometric characteristics of the three regions. In the second section, the entire plume, at a fixed station, was treated as a fluctuating cloud. Variances characterizing the fluctuation of the plume centroid and the variation of the plume width were calculated and compared. In the third section, the intensity and probability density of the concentration fluctuations at fixed points were calculated. The distribution of the peak-to-average ratio was also determined. \n\nFinally the results of the two phases of study were interrelated to evaluate their contributions to the transverse spreading of the plume.", "date": "1970-11", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-23", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-23", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9BR8Q5V", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000088.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/pafv0-b3c48/files/TR000088.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Okoye, Josephat K." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ac21j-9tg84", "eprint_id": 25998, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:13:00", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:46", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Cederwall-K", "name": { "family": "Cederwall", "given": "Klas" } }, { "id": "Ditmars-J-D", "name": { "family": "Ditmars", "given": "John D." } } ] }, "title": "Analysis of air-bubble plumes", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "The writers would like to acknowledge valuable discussions with Drs. Norman H. Brooks and E. John List. For typing the manuscript we are indebted to Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh. \n\nThis work has been supported by the Federal Water Quality Administration, Research Grant No. 16070 DGY. The first writer has had a stipend paid by the Swedish Board of Technological Development (STU) and the second writer a U. S. Public Health Service Training Grant.", "abstract": "The air-bubble plume induced by the steady release of air into water has been analyzed with an integral technique based on the equations for conservation of mass, momentum and buoyancy. This approach has been widely used to study the behavior of submerged turbulent jets and plumes. The case of air-bubble induced flow, however, includes additional features. In this study the compressibility of the air and the differential velocity between the rising air bubbles, and the water are introduced as basic properties of the air-bubble plume in addition to a fundamental coefficient of entrainment and a turbulent Schmidt number characterizing the lateral spreading of the air bubbles. \n\nTheoretical solutions for two- and three-dimensional air-bubble systems in homogeneous, stagnant water are presented in both dimensional and normalized form and compared to existing experimental data. The further complication of a stratified environment is briefly discussed since this case is of great practical interest. \n\nThis paper is to be considered as a progress report, as future experimental verification of various hypotheses is needed.", "date": "1970-09", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-24", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-24", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9707ZD0", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH-R-24.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/ac21j-9tg84/files/KH-R-24.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Cederwall, Klas and Ditmars, John D." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3swf-dth82", "eprint_id": 26011, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-09-20 23:43:02", "lastmod": "2023-09-20 23:43:02", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Ditmars-J-D", "name": { "family": "Ditmars", "given": "John D." } } ] }, "title": "Mixing of density-stratified impoundments with buoyant jets", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "To Dr. Norman H. Brooks, who was a continuous source of guidance, kind advice, and encouragement throughout this study, the writer expresses his sincere gratitude. \n\nThe writer is also indebted to Dr. Vito A. Vanoni and Dr. Fredric Raichlen for their comments and encouragement during this study and to Dr. E. John List for his comments during the writing of the thesis. \n\nFor their ready assistance in constructing and modifying the experimental apparatus, the writer extends sincere thanks to Mr. Elton F. Daly, Supervisor of the Shop and Laboratory, and to Mr. Robert L. Greenway. Appreciation is also due Mr. Carl A. Green, Jr., who prepared the drawings; Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh, who typed this manuscript and earlier drafts, Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt, who did the photographic work; Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin, who provided many secretarial services for this study; and Messrs. Yoshiaki Daimon, Steven S. Watkins and Paul T. Wegener, who assisted in performing the experiments and reducing the data. \n\nThis research was supported by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration through Grants No. 16000 DGY and No. 16070 DGY and was conducted in the W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources at the California Institute of Technology. The writer gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance received as a U. S. Public Health Service Trainee (1966-70) and a National Science Foundation Trainee (1965-66). \n\nThis report was submitted by the writer in August, 1970, as a thesis with the same title to the California Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering.", "abstract": "This study is an investigation of the mixing of density-stratified impoundments by means of buoyant jets created by a pumping system. The deterioration of water quality which often occurs in density-stratified lakes and reservoirs may be counteracted by mixing. The physical aspects of the mixing process are the primary concern of this study, although several implications regarding changes in water quality are indicated. \n\nA simulation technique is developed to predict the time-history of changes in the density-depth profiles of an impoundment during mixing. The simulation model considers the impoundment closed to all external influences except those due to the pumping system. The impoundment is treated in a one-dimensional sense, except for the fluid mechanics of the three-dimensional jet and selective withdrawal of pumping system. The numerical solution to the governing equations predicts density profiles at successive time steps during mixing, given the initial density profile, the area-depth relation for the impoundment, the elevations of intake and jet discharge tubes, and the jet discharge and diameter. The changes due to mixing in the profiles of temperature and of a conservative, non-reacting tracer can be predicted also. \n\nThe results of laboratory experiments and two field mixing experiments in which density-stratified impoundments were mixed using pumping systems show that the simulation technique predicts the response of the impoundment reasonably well. \n\nThe results of a series of simulated mixing experiments for impoundments which have prismatic shapes and initially linear density profiles are given in dimensionless form. For these special conditions, the efficiency of the pumping system increased as the jet densimetric Froude number decreased, and the time required for complete mixing was a fraction of the characteristic time, T \u2264 V-/Q (where V- is the impoundment volume included between intake and jet elevations and Q is the pumped discharge). \n\nRecommendations are made for the application of the generalized results and for the use of the simulation technique for lakes and reservoirs which are not closed systems.", "date": "1970-09", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-22", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-22", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9GH9FW5", "primary_object": { "basename": "KH_R_22.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/r3swf-dth82/files/KH_R_22.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Ditmars, John D." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tw9yk-t3r69", "eprint_id": 26010, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 07:06:12", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:10:40", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Prych-E-A", "name": { "family": "Prych", "given": "Edmund A." } } ] }, "title": "Effects of density differences on lateral mixing in open-channel flows", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "This study, one of a group of investigations at the California Institute of Technology titles \"Dispersion in Hydrologic and Coastal Environments,\" was funded by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration through Grants No. 16000 DGY and No. 16070 DGY. During the study the writer also received financial assistance in the form of stipends and tuition payments while a U.S. Public Health Service Trainee (1967-1970) and while a National Science Foundation Trainee (1966-1967). The writer thanks each of these agencies for their support. \n\nTo Dr. Norman H. Brooks, adviser and fruitful source of \"the right questions,\" the writer expresses his sincere gratitude. The writer also thanks Dr. Vito A. Vanoni for comments made during the study, and Dr. E. John List for his comments during the writing of this report. \n\nFor their assistance in constructing and modifying laboratory equipment, the writer offers a hearty thanks to Mr. Elton F. Daly, supervisor of the shop and laboratory; to Mr. Robert L. Greenway, his talented assistant; and to Mr. Carl A. Green, Jr., who also prepared most of the drawings in this text. A warm thank you is extended to Mrs. Arvilla F. Krugh, for typing this manuscript; to Mr. Carl T. Eastvedt, for doing the photographic work; and to Mrs. Patricia A. Rankin, for performing many of the secretarial duties for this project. The writer also acknowledges the efforts of the student assistants who performed a variety of tasks during this investigation; they are: Messrs. Raul Basu, George Chan, Yoshiaki Daimon, Edward F. Thompson, W. H. Waggy, Paul T. Wegener, and Mashio Yatsuzuka. \n\nThis report was submitted in May 1970 as a Ph. D. thesis by the author to the California Institute of Technology.\n\nSubmitted - TR000086.pdf
", "abstract": "This study investigates lateral mixing of tracer fluids in turbulent open-channel flows when the tracer and ambient fluids have different densities. Longitudinal dispersion in flows with longitudinal density gradients is investigated also. \n\nLateral mixing was studied in a laboratory flume by introducing fluid tracers at the ambient flow velocity continuously and uniformly across a fraction of the flume width and over the entire depth of the ambient flow. Fluid samples were taken to obtain concentration distributions in cross-sections at various distances, x, downstream from the tracer source. The data were used to calculate variances of the lateral distributions of the depth-averaged concentration.When there was a difference in density between the tracer and the ambient fluids, lateral mixing close to the source was enhanced by density-induced secondary flows; however, far downstream where the density gradients were small, lateral mixing rates were independent of the initial density difference. A dimensional analysis of the problem and the data show that the normalized variance is a function of only three dimensionless numbers, which represent: (1) the x-coordinate, (2) the source width, and (3) the buoyancy flux from the source. \n\nA simplified set of equations of motion for a fluid with a horizontal density gradient was integrated to give an expression for the density-induced velocity distribution. The dispersion coefficient due to this velocity distribution was also obtained. Using this dispersion coefficient in an analysis for predicting lateral mixing rates in the experiments of this investigation gave only qualitative agreement with the data. However, predicted longitudinal salinity distributions in an idealized laboratory estuary agree well with published data.", "date": "1970-05", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:KH-R-21", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-21", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "doi": "10.7907/Z9416V1V", "primary_object": { "basename": "TR000086.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tw9yk-t3r69/files/TR000086.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1970", "author_list": "Prych, Edmund A." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zgm6h-att56", "eprint_id": 25993, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 03:01:52", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:28", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Vanoni-V-A", "name": { "family": "Vanoni", "given": "Vito A." } }, { "id": "Brooks-N-H", "name": { "family": "Brooks", "given": "Norman H." } } ] }, "title": "Laboratory studies of the roughness and suspended load of alluvial streams", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "Final Report to Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Missouri River Division, Contract DA-25-075-eng-3866. \n\nThe writers are indebted to Dr. George Nomicos for performing all the experiments in the 10.5-inch flume (Chap. V, Tables 7 and 8, and Chap. VII, Table 13). The data dealing with stabilized-bed experiments (Table 13 and Figs. 31-35) have been previously presented and discussed by Nomicos in his doctoral thesis (40). \n\nThe writers also wish to acknowledge Mr. Hugh S. Bell, Jr., for his assistance in building apparatus, making experiments in the 33.5-inch flume, reducing the data, and preparing figures for this report; Mr. Stephen Emanuel for his general aid in the experimental program, Mr. Elton F. Daly for his part in the construction of the new trusses and other flume apparatus, and Miss Ann Rankin for assistance in preparing this final report for reproduction. \n\nIn addition, the writers want to thank Dr. Luna B. Leopold of the U. S. Geological Survey for assembling and transmitting the field data presented in Table 10 for the Rio Grande River at Bernalillo, New Mexico.", "abstract": "This report describes research work done under Contract No. DA-25-075-eng-3866 with the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division, Omaha, during the period 1954-1957, on problems of suspended load transport in alluvial streams. \n\nA total of 94 experimental runs were made in two laboratory flumes charged with fine sand of several size distributions. Special attention was given to the variation of the friction factor caused by the changing bed configuration and the damping effect of suspended sediment. The relationship between the sediment transportation rate and the hydraulic variables was also investigated. Most of the runs (General Studies, Chap. V) were made with the bed of the flume completely covered with loose sand but some special runs (Special Studies, Chap. VII) were made with the sand bed chemically solidified in place to prevent sediment transport while preserving the bed configuration previously generated by a natural flow of the same velocity with loose sand. The principal laboratory results are as follows: \n\n1. The friction factor f for a stream with a movable sand bed may vary several fold, being highest at low or medium flow velocities and lowest at high velocity. \n\n2. The principal cause of the variation in f is the appearance of dunes at low or medium velocities and disappearance at high velocities. \n\n3. A secondary cause for the reduction in f for high sediment transport rates is the damping effect of the suspended sediment on the turbulence, and the concomitant reduction in the turbulent diffusion coefficients. The maximum observed reduction due directly to the sediment load was only about 28 percent. \n\n4. The discharge and sediment transportation rate are not unique functions of depth and slope because of the variable roughness. Slope (or shear) must probably be considered a dependent variable for alluvial streams because several equilibrium flows can yield the same slope and shear stress. \n\nThe laboratory data are compared with similar data for natural streams, and the most promising existing analyses for roughness and sediment load are discussed in the light of the present findings. In addition, a critical review of early and recent literature on the resistance of sediment-laden streams is presented in Chapter II.", "date": "1957-12-01", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:SedLabRpt-E-68", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:SedLabRpt-E-68", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "SedLabRpt_E_68.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zgm6h-att56/files/SedLabRpt_E_68.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1957", "author_list": "Vanoni, Vito A. and Brooks, Norman H." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1hysg-j4j53", "eprint_id": 25992, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 00:27:42", "lastmod": "2023-10-24 16:09:26", "type": "monograph", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Shields-A", "name": { "family": "Shields", "given": "A." } } ] }, "title": "Application of similarity principles and turbulence research to bed-load movement", "ispublished": "unpub", "full_text_status": "public", "abstract": "[No abstract]", "date": "1936", "date_type": "published", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "id_number": "CaltechKHR:HydroLabpub167", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:HydroLabpub167", "rights": "You are granted permission for individual, educational, research and non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display and performance of this work in any format.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "W.-M.-Keck-Laboratory-of-Hydraulics-and-Water-Resources" }, { "id": "Hydrodynamics-Laboratory" } ] }, "contributors": { "items": [ { "id": "Ott-W-P", "name": { "family": "Ott", "given": "W. P." } }, { "id": "van-Uchelen-J-C", "name": { "family": "van Uchelen", "given": "J. C." } } ] }, "primary_object": { "basename": "Sheilds.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/1hysg-j4j53/files/Sheilds.pdf" }, "pub_year": "1936", "author_list": "Shields, A." } ]