Published - Herman2010p10805J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf
Supplemental Material - 2008jb006126-ds01.xls
Supplemental Material - 2008jb006126-txts01.pdf
", "abstract": "Two end\u2010member kinematic models of crustal shortening across the Himalaya are\ncurrently debated: one assumes localized thrusting along a single major thrust fault, the\nMain Himalayan Thrust (MHT) with nonuniform underplating due to duplexing, and the\nother advocates for out\u2010of\u2010sequence (OOS) thrusting in addition to thrusting along the\nMHT and underplating. We assess these two models based on the modeling of\nthermochronological, thermometric, and thermobarometric data from the central Nepal\nHimalaya. We complement a data set compiled from the literature with 114 ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar,\n10 apatite fission track, and 5 zircon (U\u2010Th)/He thermochronological data. The data are\npredicted using a thermokinematic model (PECUBE), and the model parameters are\nconstrained using an inverse approach based on the Neighborhood Algorithm. The model\nparameters include geometric characteristics as well as overthrusting rates, radiogenic heat\nproduction in the High Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) sequence, the age of initiation of\nthe duplex or of out-of-sequence thrusting. Both models can provide a satisfactory fit to the\ninverted data. However, the model with out-of-sequence thrusting implies an unrealistic\nconvergence rate \u226530 mm yr^(\u22121). The out-of-sequence thrust model can be adjusted to fit the\nconvergence rate and the thermochronological data if the Main Central Thrust zone is\nassigned a constant geometry and a dip angle of about 30\u00b0 and a slip rate of <1 mm yr^(\u22121). In\nthe duplex model, the 20 mm yr^(\u22121) convergence rate is partitioned between an overthrusting\nrate of 5.8 \u00b1 1.4 mm yr^(\u22121) and an underthrusting rate of 14.2 \u00b1 1.8 mm yr^(\u22121). Modern rock\nuplift rates are estimated to increase from about 0.9 \u00b1 0.31 mm yr^(\u22121) in the Lesser Himalaya to\n3.0 \u00b1 0.9 mm yr^(\u22121) at the front of the high range, 86 \u00b1 13 km from the Main Frontal Thrust.\nThe effective friction coefficient is estimated to be 0.07 or smaller, and the radiogenic\nheat production of HHC units is estimated to be 2.2 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5Wm^(\u22123). The midcrustal\nduplex initiated at 9.8 \u00b1 1.7 Ma, leading to an increase of uplift rate at front of the High\nHimalaya from 0.9 \u00b1 0.31 to 3.05 \u00b1 0.9 mm yr^(\u22121). We also run 3-D models by coupling\nPECUBE with a landscape evolution model (CASCADE). This modeling shows that the\neffect of the evolving topography can explain a fraction of the scatter observed in the data but\nnot all of it, suggesting that lateral variations of the kinematics of crustal deformation and\nexhumation are likely. It has been argued that the steep physiographic transition at the foot of\nthe Greater Himalayan Sequence indicates OOS thrusting, but our results demonstrate\nthat the best fit duplex model derived from the thermochronological and thermobarometric\ndata reproduces the present morphology of the Nepal Himalaya equally well.", "date": "2010-06-24", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research B", "volume": "115", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. no. B06407", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100719-092452020", "issn": "0148-0227", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100719-092452020", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Caltech" }, { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2008JB006126", "primary_object": { "basename": "2008jb006126-ds01.xls", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/byx87-cd721/files/2008jb006126-ds01.xls" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "2008jb006126-txts01.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/byx87-cd721/files/2008jb006126-txts01.pdf" }, { "basename": "Herman2010p10805J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/byx87-cd721/files/Herman2010p10805J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf" } ], "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Herman, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric; Copeland, Peter; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2x4x7-ska96", "eprint_id": 17952, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 23:35:29", "lastmod": "2026-04-11 23:37:33", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Copley-A", "name": { "family": "Copley", "given": "Alex" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Royer-J-Y", "name": { "family": "Royer", "given": "Jean-Yves" } } ] }, "title": "India-Asia collision and the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate: Implications for the forces driving plate motions", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Indian Plate; plate driving foces; Tibetan Plateau; tectonophysics: plate motions: general; tectonophysics: rheology: general; tectonophysics: dynamics: gravity and tectonics", "note": "\u00a9 2010 American Geophysical Union.\nReceived 21 May 2009; accepted 25 September 2009; published 17 March 2010. \nWe thank the Gordon and Betty Moore\nFoundation for financial support. This is Caltech Tectonics Observatory\ncontribution 121. C. DeMets and one anonymous reviewer provided useful\ncomments on the manuscript. The figures were produced using the Generic\nMapping Tools (GMT) [Wessel and Smith, 1995].\n\nPublished - Copley2010p7462J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf
", "abstract": "The plate motion of India changed dramatically between 50 and 35 Ma, with the rate of convergence between India and Asia dropping from ~15 to ~4 cm/yr. This change is coincident with the onset of the India-Asia collision, and with a rearrangement of plate boundaries in the Indian Ocean. On the basis of a simple model for the forces exerted upon the edges of the plate and the tractions on the base of the plate, we perform force balance calculations for the precollision and postcollision configurations. We show that the observed Euler poles for the Indian plate are well explained in terms of their locations and magnitudes if (1) the resistive force induced by mountain building in the Himalaya-Tibet area is ~5\u20136 \u00d7 10^(12) N/m, (2) the net force exerted upon the Indian plate by subduction zones is similar in magnitude to the ridge-push force (~2.5 \u00d7 10^(12) N/m), and (3) basal tractions exert a resisting force that is linearly proportional to the plate velocity in the hot spot reference frame. The third point implies an asthenospheric viscosity of ~2\u20135 \u00d7 10^(19) Pa s, assuming a thickness of 100\u2013150 km. Synthetic Euler poles show that crustal thickening in the Tibetan Plateau was the dominant cause of the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate.", "date": "2010-03-17", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research B", "volume": "115", "number": "B3", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. B03410", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20100413-094606252", "issn": "0148-0227", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20100413-094606252", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "121", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2009JB006634", "primary_object": { "basename": "Copley2010p7462J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2x4x7-ska96/files/Copley2010p7462J_Geophys_Res-Sol_Ea.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2010", "author_list": "Copley, Alex; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/6rfgf-ph417", "eprint_id": 16921, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:31:47", "lastmod": "2026-04-12 20:40:42", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Charreau-J", "name": { "family": "Charreau", "given": "Julien" } }, { "id": "Gumiaux-C", "name": { "family": "Gumiaux", "given": "Charles" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Augier-R", "name": { "family": "Augier", "given": "Romain" } }, { "id": "Chen-Yan", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Yan" } }, { "id": "Barrier-L", "name": { "family": "Barrier", "given": "Laurie" } }, { "id": "Gilder-S", "name": { "family": "Gilder", "given": "Stuart" } }, { "id": "Dominguez-S", "name": { "family": "Dominguez", "given": "St\u00e9phane" } }, { "id": "Charles-N", "name": { "family": "Charles", "given": "Nicolas" } }, { "id": "Wang-Qingchen", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Qingchen" } } ] }, "title": "The Neogene Xiyu Formation, a diachronous prograding gravel wedge at front of the Tianshan: Climatic and tectonic implications", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Xiyu Formation; magnetostratigraphy; Tianshan; gravel wedge progradation; shortening rates", "note": "\u00a9 2009 Elsevier B.V.\nReceived 25 February 2009; \nrevised 24 July 2009; \naccepted 28 July 2009. \nEditor: T.M. Harrison. \nAvailable online 28 August 2009.\n\nThis study was financed by the French ECLIPSE program, the\nChinese project kzcx3-sw-147 and 973 No 2005CB422101, PRA (T05-\n02/T06-04), the French ANR (ANR-05-BLAN-0143-01) and the\nGordon Betty Moore Foundation. We present our thanks to Dr. S.\nPeng and K. Chen for their supports to magnetostratigraphic sampling\nand to M. Laumonier and E. de Oliveira for their help in the laboratory.\nThis is Caltech Tectonics Observatory contribution 123.", "abstract": "The Tarim and Junggar basins in central Asia are capped by a thick pile of conglomerates, called the Xiyu\nFormation, that are commonly linked to a change in climate and/or accelerated uplift near the Plio-\nPleistocene boundary. In order to better understand their origin and significance, we carried out a combined\nstructural and magnetostratigraphic study in the Quilitage syncline (southern Tianshan), where the base of\nthe Xiyu conglomerates is observed at both sides of the syncline. A balanced cross-section shows that, even\nat a local-scale, the base of the Xiyu conglomerates cannot be regarded as a single continuous stratigraphic\nlayer. On the southern flank of the Quilitage syncline, we collected 172 samples collected for\nmagnetostratigraphic dating identify 17 polarity chrons that date the new section from 5.2 to ~1.7 Ma\nand constrain the base of the Xiyu conglomerate here at ~1.7 Ma. This is 4.2 Ma younger than the age of the\nXiyu previously found on the northern limb of the same syncline. Together with other magnetostratigraphic\nstudies carried out around the Tianshan, our study unambiguously demonstrates that the onset of deposition\nof the Xiyu conglomerates is diachronous, and that the conglomerates are systematically younger toward the\nbasin. Consequently, the Xiyu Formation should not be considered as a chronostratigraphic marker related to\nany particular tectonic or climatic event, but is instead a prograding gravel wedge that has prograded over\nthe underthrusting forelands. A synthesis of chronologic and structural results yields progradation rates over\nthe last 10 Ma on the order of ~2.0 mm/yr and ~3.9 mm/yr south and north of the Tianshan Mountains\nrespectively. These rates are comparable to the shortening rate across the Tianshan range, suggesting that\nunderthrusting is the main factor governing the progradation rate of the Xiyu Formation.", "date": "2009-10-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "287", "number": "3-4", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "298-310", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20091209-095229076", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20091209-095229076", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "French ECLIPSE program" }, { "agency": "Chinese project", "grant_number": "kzcx3-sw-147" }, { "agency": "Chinese project", "grant_number": "973 No 2005CB422101" }, { "agency": "PRA", "grant_number": "T05-02/T06-04" }, { "agency": "French L'Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR)", "grant_number": "ANR-05-BLAN-0143-01" }, { "agency": "Gordon Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "123", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.035", "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Charreau, Julien; Gumiaux, Charles; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9g9ak-sj141", "eprint_id": 15468, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-21 22:09:14", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 02:54:39", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Flouzat-M", "name": { "family": "Flouzat", "given": "Mireille" } }, { "id": "Bettinelli-P", "name": { "family": "Bettinelli", "given": "Pierre" } }, { "id": "Willis-P", "name": { "family": "Willis", "given": "Pascal" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "H\u00e9ritier-T", "name": { "family": "H\u00e9ritier", "given": "Thierry" } }, { "id": "Gautam-U", "name": { "family": "Gautam", "given": "Umesh" } } ] }, "title": "Investigating tropospheric effects and seasonal position variations in GPS and DORIS time-series from the Nepal Himalaya", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Time series analysis; Satellite geodesy; Transient deformation; Ionosphere/atmosphere interactions; Hydrology; Asia", "note": "\u00a9 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation \u00a9 2009 RAS. \n\nAccepted 2009 May 13. Received 2009 April 16; in original form 2009 February 9. \n\nWe are most grateful to M.R. Pandey and all our collaborators, at NSC and DMG, and at CEA/DASE for their dedicated effort, which permitted the deployment, maintenance, and operation of the cGPS stations. This study has benefited from discussions with Fran\u00e7ois Jouanne (LGCA, Universit\u00e9 de Savoie, France), Christophe Vigny and Rodolphe Cattin (Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, ENS, Paris). We are grateful to Jeff Freymuller and Becky Bendick for constructive reviews of the manuscript. Roger Bilham A. Waldersporsf, K. Heki, and an anonymous reviewer also provided helpful comments on an earlier version of that manuscript. Part of this work was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). It is based on observations with DORIS embarked on SPOTs, TOPEX/Poseidon and ENVISAT satellites. This paper is IPGP contribution 2491 and Tectonic Observatory contribution 103.\n\nPublished - Flouzat2009p5801Geophys_J_Int.pdf
", "abstract": "Geodetic time-series from continuous GPS (cGPS) and 1 DORIS stations across the Himalaya of central Nepal show strong seasonal fluctuations observed on the horizontal and vertical components. Because the fluctuations determined at the different stations have similar phase but different amplitudes, these observations would imply that the secular shortening across the range is modulated by a seasonal strain. Given the geographic and climatic setting, there is however a possibility that the GPS positions be biased by tropospheric effects. We process these data using two different software packages and two different analysis strategies. Our analysis shows evidence for 1-strong seasonal fluctuation of zenithal delays consistent with in situ meteorological data and two strong horizontal tropospheric gradients in particular in the EW direction, that is, parallel to the mountain front at Gumba, also detected in DORIS results. We show that the tropospheric effects cannot however be the source of the observed seasonality of horizontal strain. This study supports the view that the seasonal strain in the Himalaya is real and probably driven by seasonal surface load variations. Our study adds support to the view that seasonal variations of seismicity in the Himalaya reflects seasonal variations of geodetic strain.", "date": "2009-09", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geophysical Journal International", "volume": "178", "number": "3", "publisher": "Royal Astronomical Society", "pagerange": "1246-1259", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20090828-231037041", "issn": "0956-540X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090828-231037041", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales (CNES)" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "103", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04252.x", "primary_object": { "basename": "Flouzat2009p5801Geophys_J_Int.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9g9ak-sj141/files/Flouzat2009p5801Geophys_J_Int.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Flouzat, Mireille; Bettinelli, Pierre; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5ry7w-fcj85", "eprint_id": 14625, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-20 01:17:03", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 03:48:46", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Charreau-J", "name": { "family": "Charreau", "given": "Julien" } }, { "id": "Chen-Yan", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Yan" } }, { "id": "Gilder-S", "name": { "family": "Gilder", "given": "Stuart" } }, { "id": "Barrier-L", "name": { "family": "Barrier", "given": "Laurie" } }, { "id": "Dominguez-S", "name": { "family": "Dominguez", "given": "St\u00e9phane" } }, { "id": "Augier-R", "name": { "family": "Augier", "given": "Romain" } }, { "id": "Sen-Sevket", "name": { "family": "Sen", "given": "Sevket" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Gallaud-A", "name": { "family": "Gallaud", "given": "Audrey" } }, { "id": "Graveleau-F", "name": { "family": "Graveleau", "given": "Fabien" } }, { "id": "Wang-Qingchen", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Qingchen" } } ] }, "title": "Neogene uplift of the Tian Shan Mountains observed in the magnetic record of the Jingou River section (northwest China)", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Tian Shan, uplift, erosion, magnetostratigraphy, AMS, sedimentology, rotation", "note": "\u00a9 2009 American Geophysical Union.\nReceived 27 March 2008; accepted 15 December 2008; published 31 March 2009. \nThe French program ECLIPSE, the Chinese project kzcx3-sw-147 and 973 2005CB422101, PRA (T05-02/T06-04) and\nANR financed this study. We thank Guillaume Dupont-Nivet and an anonymous reviewer for their critical reviews that greatly improved the quality of the manuscript. This is IPGP contribution 2388.\nIndex Terms: 1520 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: Magnetostratigraphy; 1525 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: Paleomagnetism applied to tectonics: regional, global; 8108 Tectonophysics: Continental tectonics: compressional.\n\nPublished - Charreau2009p1441Tectonics.pdf
", "abstract": "The Tian Shan Mountains constitute central Asia's longest and highest mountain range. Understanding their Cenozoic uplift history thus bears on mountain building processes in general, and on how deformation has occurred under the influence of the India-Asia collision in particular. In order to help decipher the uplift history of the Tian Shan, we collected 970 samples for magnetostratigraphic analysis along a 4571-m-thick section at the Jingou River (Xinjiang Province, China). Stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetization isolate a linear magnetization component that is interpreted as primary. From this component, a magnetostratigraphic column composed of 67 polarity chrons are correlated with the reference geomagnetic polarity timescale between \u223c1 Ma and \u223c23.6 Ma, with some uncertainty below \u223c21 Ma. This correlation places precise temporal control on the Neogene stratigraphy of the southern Junggar Basin and provides evidence for two significant stepwise increases in sediment accumulation rate at \u223c16\u201315 Ma and \u223c11\u201310 Ma. Rock magnetic parameters also undergo important changes at \u223c16\u201315 Ma and \u223c11\u201310 Ma that correlate with changes in sedimentary depositional environments. Together with previous work, we conclude that growth history of the modern Tian Shan Mountains includes two pulses of uplift and erosion at \u223c16\u201315 Ma and \u223c11\u201310 Ma. Middle to upper Tertiary rocks around the Tian Shan record very young (<\u223c5 Ma) counterclockwise paleomagnetic rotations, on the order of 15\u00b0 to 20\u00b0, which are interpreted as because of strain partitioning with a component of sinistral shear that localized rotations in the piedmont.", "date": "2009-03-31", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Tectonics", "volume": "28", "number": "2", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "TC2008", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20090721-095714948", "issn": "0278-7407", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090721-095714948", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "ECLIPSE" }, { "agency": "Chinese Academy of Sciences", "grant_number": "kzcx3-sw-147" }, { "agency": "PRA", "grant_number": "T05-02/T06-04" }, { "agency": "Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)" }, { "agency": "973 Program of China", "grant_number": "2005CB422101" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2007TC002137", "primary_object": { "basename": "Charreau2009p1441Tectonics.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/5ry7w-fcj85/files/Charreau2009p1441Tectonics.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2009", "author_list": "Charreau, Julien; Chen, Yan; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/nma39-3v105", "eprint_id": 13312, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 23:50:14", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 05:47:28", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Charreau-J", "name": { "family": "Charreau", "given": "Julien" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Chen-Yan", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Yan" } }, { "id": "Dominguez-S", "name": { "family": "Dominguez", "given": "St\u00e9phane" } }, { "id": "Gilder-S", "name": { "family": "Gilder", "given": "Stuart" } } ] }, "title": "Miocene to present kinematics of fault-bend folding across the Huerguosi anticline, northern Tianshan (China), derived from structural, seismic, and magnetostratigraphic data", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "note": "\u00a9 2008 Geological Society of America. \n\nRevised manuscript received 28 July 2008. Manuscript accepted 28 July 2008. \n\nWe thank Ed Sobel and Amelia Hubert-Ferrari for helpful reviews. We are also grateful to Sebastien Leprince and Mathieu Da\u00ebron for fruitful discussions and help in the statistical analysis. This study was financed by the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers French program ECLIPSE, the Agence National pour la Recherche, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This is Caltech Tectonics Observatory contribution 89.", "abstract": "We combine surface structural measurements, subsurface seismic imaging, and magnetostratigraphic dating to retrieve, through geometric modeling, the detailed history of fold growth and sedimentation across the Huerguosi anticline, on the northern Tianshan piedmont, taking advantage of a beautifully exposed section of growth strata. The model assumes a fault-bend folding mechanism, consistent with subsurface fold geometry. The shortening history is obtained by least-squares fi tting of the measured dip angles of the growth strata. The shortening rate across the anticline is shown to have been remarkably constant: it increased only slightly from 0.84 \u00b1 0.04 mm/yr between 10 and 4 Ma to 1.14 \u00b1 0.02 mm/yr over the past 4 m.y. This approach also allows correcting syntectonic sedimentation rates for the effect of the fold growth and shows that the sedimentation rates in the piggyback basin increased abruptly from ~0.4 to ~0.7 mm/yr ca. 4 Ma.", "date": "2008-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geology", "volume": "36", "number": "11", "publisher": "Geological Society of America", "pagerange": "871-874", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:CHAg08", "issn": "0091-7613", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:CHAg08", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers" }, { "agency": "Agence National pour la Recherche" }, { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "89", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1130/G25073A.1", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Charreau, Julien; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rchg4-k3343", "eprint_id": 20788, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 11:10:01", "lastmod": "2026-04-12 13:52:26", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bettinelli-P", "name": { "family": "Bettinelli", "given": "Pierre" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Flouzat-M", "name": { "family": "Flouzat", "given": "Mireille" } }, { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "Laurent" } }, { "id": "Ramillien-G", "name": { "family": "Ramillien", "given": "Guillaume" } }, { "id": "Rajaure-S", "name": { "family": "Rajaure", "given": "Sudhir" } }, { "id": "Sapkota-S", "name": { "family": "Sapkota", "given": "Som" } } ] }, "title": "Seasonal variations of seismicity and geodetic strain in the Himalaya induced by surface hydrology", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "seismology; geodesy; tectonics; hydrology; Himalaya", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Elsevier.\n\nReceived 11 July 2007; revised 9 November 2007; accepted 11 November 2007. Editor: C.P. Jaupart. Available online 22 November 2007.\n\nWe are grateful to M.R. Pandey and all our collaborators,\nat NSC and DMG, and DASE at CEA, for\ntheir dedicated effort, which permitted the deployment,\nmaintenance, and operation of the Nepal seismic network\nand the CGPS stations. This study has benefited\nfrom discussions with Hugo Perfettini, Jean-Paul\nAmpuero, Rodolphe Cattin, and Frederic Perrier, and\nfrom insightful reviews by Roland Burgman and Roger\nBilham. Elisabeth Nadin is thanked for her help in\nediting this manuscript.", "abstract": "One way to probe earthquake nucleation processes and the relation between stress buildup and seismicity is to analyze the sensitivity of seismicity to stress perturbations. Here, we report evidence for seasonal strain and stress (~ 2\u20134 kPa) variations in the Nepal Himalaya, induced by water storage variations which correlate with seasonal variations of seismicity. The seismicity rate is twice as high in the winter as in the summer, and correlates with stress rate variations. We infer ~ 10\u201320 kPa/yr interseismic stress buildup within the seismicity cluster along the high Himalaya front. Given that Earth tides exert little influence on Himalayan seismicity, the correlated seasonal variation of stress and seismicity indicates that the duration of earthquake nucleation in the Himalaya is of the order of days to month, placing constraints on faults friction laws. The unusual sensitivity of seismicity to small stress changes in the Himalaya might be due to high pore pressure at seismogenic depth.", "date": "2008-02-20", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "266", "number": "3-4", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "332-344", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101112-154501489", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101112-154501489", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "75", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.021", "pub_year": "2008", "author_list": "Bettinelli, Pierre; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xrn40-1vn87", "eprint_id": 20811, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:55:49", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 17:23:59", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "L." } }, { "id": "Perrier-F", "name": { "family": "Perrier", "given": "F." } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J.-P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Sapkota-S", "name": { "family": "Sapkota", "given": "S." } }, { "id": "Gautam-U", "name": { "family": "Gautam", "given": "U." } }, { "id": "Tiwari-D-R", "name": { "family": "Tiwari", "given": "D. R." } } ] }, "title": "Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "earthquakes; Himalaya; hydroseismicity", "note": "\u00a9 2007 American Geophysical Union.\n\nReceived 22 December 2006; revised 26 February 2007; accepted 19 March 2007; published 26 April 2007.\nWe are most grateful to R. Bilham for his\ncomments and suggestions which greatly helped improving the scientific\ncontent and presentation of this manuscript. K. Heki also provided very\nuseful criticisms and suggestions. We thank the teams of DMG and DASE\nwho have contributed to the installation and maintenance of the stations and\nroutine processing of the seismic data. This is IPGP contribution number\n2222. This study benefited from support and thoughtful discussions with\nP. Tapponnier, G. King and M. R. Pandey.\n\nPublished - Bollinger2007GRL.pdf
", "abstract": "For the period 1995\u20132000, the Nepal seismic network recorded 37 \u00b1 8% fewer earthquakes in the summer than in the winter; for local magnitudes ML > 2 to ML > 4 the percentage increases from 31% to 63% respectively. We show the probability of observing this by chance is less than 1%. We find that most surface loading phenomena are either too small, or have the wrong polarity to enhance winter seismicity. We consider enhanced Coulomb failure caused by a pore-pressure increase at seismogenic depths as a possible mechanism. For this to enhance winter seismicity, however, we find that fluid diffusion following surface hydraulic loading would need to be associated with a six-month phase lag, which we consider to be possible, though unlikely. We favor instead the suppression of summer seismicity caused by stress-loading accompanying monsoon rains in the Ganges and northern India, a mechanism that is discussed in a companion article.", "date": "2007-04-26", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geophysical Research Letters", "volume": "34", "number": "8", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. L08304", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101115-115352564", "issn": "0094-8276", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101115-115352564", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "2222", "name": "IPGP" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2006GL029192", "primary_object": { "basename": "Bollinger2007GRL.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xrn40-1vn87/files/Bollinger2007GRL.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Bollinger, L.; Perrier, F.; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2vjyn-ykd06", "eprint_id": 20813, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 08:42:23", "lastmod": "2026-04-14 04:11:54", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Da\u00ebron-M", "name": { "family": "Da\u00ebron", "given": "Mathieu" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Charreau-J", "name": { "family": "Charreau", "given": "Julien" } } ] }, "title": "Modeling the shortening history of a fault tip fold using structural and geomorphic records of deformation", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "active folding and faulting; geomorphology", "note": "\u00a9 2007 Geophysical Union.\nReceived 21 April 2006; revised 4 October 2006; accepted 30 October 2006; published 10 March 2007.\nWe are most grateful to John Suppe, Aur\u00e9lia\nHubert-Ferrari, and Ramon Gonzalez-Mieres for sharing their results with\nus ahead of publication. We are also indebted to John Suppe, Martine\nSimoes, and St\u00e9phane Dominguez for fruitful discussion. M. Da\u00ebron is\ngrateful for the support of the Ecole Doctorale de l'\u00c9cole Polytechnique,\nwhich supported this work through a ''Jeune Post-Doc'' grant in 2005. This\nstudy was partly funded by the Gordon and Betty More Foundation. This is\nCaltech Tectonics Observatory contribution 48.\n\nPublished - Daeron_Avouac_Charreau-JGR-2007.pdf
", "abstract": "We present a methodology to derive the growth history of a fault tip fold above a basal detachment. Our approach is based on modeling the stratigraphic and geomorphic records of deformation, as well as the finite structure of the fold constrained from seismic profiles. We parameterize the spatial deformation pattern using a simple formulation of the displacement field derived from sandbox experiments. Assuming a stationary spatial pattern of deformation, we simulate the gradual warping and uplift of stratigraphic and geomorphic markers, which provides an estimate of the cumulative amounts of shortening they have recorded. This approach allows modeling of isolated terraces or growth strata. We apply this method to the study of two fault tip folds in the Tien Shan, the Yakeng and Anjihai anticlines, documenting their deformation history over the past 6\u20137 Myr. We show that the modern shortening rates can be estimated from the width of the fold topography provided that the sedimentation rate is known, yielding respective rates of 2.15 and 1.12 mm/yr across Yakeng and Anjihai, consistent with the deformation recorded by fluvial and alluvial terraces. This study demonstrates that the shortening rates across both folds accelerated significantly since the onset of folding. It also illustrates the usefulness of a simple geometric folding model and highlights the importance of considering local interactions between tectonic deformation, sedimentation, and erosion.", "date": "2007-03-10", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research B", "volume": "112", "number": "B3", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. B03S13", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101115-123245277", "issn": "0148-0227", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101115-123245277", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "48", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2006JB004460", "primary_object": { "basename": "Daeron_Avouac_Charreau-JGR-2007.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/2vjyn-ykd06/files/Daeron_Avouac_Charreau-JGR-2007.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2007", "author_list": "Da\u00ebron, Mathieu; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/np274-vk180", "eprint_id": 20863, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 07:05:53", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 14:42:41", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bettinelli-P", "name": { "family": "Bettinelli", "given": "Pierre" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Flouzat-M", "name": { "family": "Flouzat", "given": "Mireille" } }, { "id": "Jouanne-F", "name": { "family": "Jouanne", "given": "Fran\u00e7ois" } }, { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "Laurent" } }, { "id": "Willis-P", "name": { "family": "Willis", "given": "Pascal" } }, { "id": "Chitrakar-G-R", "name": { "family": "Chitrakar", "given": "Gyani Raja" } } ] }, "title": "Plate Motion of India and Interseismic Strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS Measurements", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "GPS; DORIS; interseismic deformation; tectonic plate convergence; Himalayas of Nepal", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Springer-Verlag.\nReceived: 4 November 2005. Accepted: 27 January 2006.\nWe are grateful to Jeff Freymueller and two anonymous\nreviewers for most helpful suggestions and comments, and to\nWill Featherstone for his careful editorial review of the manuscript. We\nalso thank Jeff Genrich for useful comments and suggestions. We are\nmost grateful to all the people who have contributed to the data acquisition,\nin particular M. Thankauri, B. Chaudhary, B. Kaffle (DMG,\nKathmandu); J.B. De Chabalier (Institut de Physique du Globe de\nParis (IPGP)), J. Lav\u00e9 (Laboratoire de G\u00e9ophysique Interne et de Tectonophysique\n(LGIT)), R. Cattin (Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure (ENS)).\nT. H\u00e9ritier, J. Rouault, and S. Carr\u00e9, all at Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie\nAtomique/D\u00e9partement Analyse Surveillance Environnement (CEA/\nDASE), have greatly contributed to this project. We thank Roger Bilham\nfor making available the GPS campaign data collected by him and his\ncolleagues at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental\nSciences (CIRES, University of Colorado). This study benefited\nalso from the GPS campaign data collected during the Centre National\nde la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers\n(CNRS/INSU) program IDYL-HIM. The realisation of the DORIS\ntime-series was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) under\na contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\n(NASA). This work was supported by the CEA, the CNRS IDYL-Him\nproject and the Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation. This is Caltech\nTectonics Observatory contribution number 32. The maps in this paper\nwere generated using the public-domain Generic Mapping Tools\n(GMT) software (Wessel and Smith 2001).", "abstract": "We analyse geodetically estimated deformation\nacross the Nepal Himalaya in order to determine the geodetic\nrate of shortening between Southern Tibet and India,\npreviously proposed to range from 12 to 21 mm yr^(\u22121). The\ndataset includes spirit-levelling data along a road going from\nthe Indian to the Tibetan border across Central Nepal, data\nfrom the DORIS station on Everest, which has been analysed\nsince 1993, GPS campaign measurements from surveys\ncarried on between 1995 and 2001, as well as data from continuous\nGPS stations along a transect at the logitude of Kathmandu\noperated continuously since 1997. The GPS data were processed in International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000\n(ITRF2000), together with the data from 20 International\nGNSS Service (IGS) stations and then combined using quasi observation\ncombination analysis (QOCA). Finally, spatially\ncomplementary velocities at stations in Southern Tibet, initially\ndetermined in ITRF97, were expressed in ITRF2000.\nAfter analysing previous studies by different authors, we\ndetermined the pole of rotation of the Indian tectonic plate to\nbe located in ITRF2000 at 51.409\u00b11.560\u00b0N and\u221210.915\u00b1\n5.556\u00b0E, with an angular velocity of 0.483\u00b10.015\u00b0. Myr^(\u22121).\nInternal deformation of India is found to be small, corresponding\nto less than about 2 mm yr^(\u22121) of baseline change\nbetween Southern India and the Himalayan piedmont. Based\non an elastic dislocation model of interseismic strain and\ntaking into account the uncertainty on India plate motion,\nthe mean convergence rate across Central and Eastern Nepal\nis estimated to 19 \u00b1 2.5 mm yr^(\u22121), (at the 67% confidence\nlevel). The main himalayan thrust (MHT) fault was found to\nbe locked from the surface to a depth of about 20km over a\nwidth of about 115 km. In these regions, the model parameters\nare well constrained, thanks to the long and continuous\ntime-series from the permanent GPS as well as DORIS data.\nFurther west, a convergence rate of 13.4 \u00b1 5 mm yr^(\u22121), as\nwell as a fault zone, locked over 150 km, are proposed. The\nslight discrepancy between the geologically estimated deformation\nrate of 21 \u00b1 1.5 mm yr^(\u22121) and the 19 \u00b1 2.5 mm yr^(\u22121)\ngeodetic rate in Central and Eastern Nepal, as well as the\nlower geodetic rate in Western Nepal compared to Eastern\nNepal, places bounds on possible temporal variations of the\npattern and rate of strain in the period between large earthquakes\nin this region.", "date": "2006-11", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geodesy", "volume": "80", "number": "8-11", "publisher": "Springer Verlag", "pagerange": "567-589", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101117-134557761", "issn": "0949-7714", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101117-134557761", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie Atomique (CEA)" }, { "agency": "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)" }, { "agency": "Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "32", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1007/s00190-006-0030-3", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Bettinelli, Pierre; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sxvc2-ca149", "eprint_id": 20840, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 06:52:32", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 20:23:29", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Ayoub-F", "name": { "family": "Ayoub", "given": "Fran\u00e7ois" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-7389-8400" }, { "id": "Leprince-S", "name": { "family": "Leprince", "given": "S\u00e9bastien" }, "orcid": "0000-0003-4555-8975" }, { "id": "Konca-O", "name": { "family": "Konca", "given": "Ozgun" } }, { "id": "Helmberger-D-V", "name": { "family": "Helmberger", "given": "Don V." } } ] }, "title": "The 2005, M_w 7.6 Kashmir earthquake: Sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Himalaya; Kashmir Earthquakes; coseismic deformation", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Elsevier B.V.\nReceived 6 April 2006; \nrevised 16 June 2006; \naccepted 16 June 2006. \nEditor: R.D. van der Hilst. \nAvailable online 17 August 2006.\nThis study has benefited from useful discussions with\nKerry Sieh, Chen Ji, James Jackson, Eric Fielding,\nMohamed Chlieh, Laurent Bollinger, Roland Burgmann.\nWe are most grateful to Bob Yeats and Barry\nParsons for helpful reviews.\n\nSupplemental Material - avouacEPSL2006SupplFigs.pdf
", "abstract": "We analyze the M_w 7.6 Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005, using sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images to measure ground deformation, and modeling seismic waveforms. The surface rupture is continuous over a distance of 75 km and cuts across the Hazara syntaxis reactivating the Tanda and the Muzaffarabad faults. North of Muzaffarabad the surface rupture coincides approximately with the MBT, on the southwestern flank of the syntaxis, although the two faults have opposite dip angles. The rupture terminates abruptly at the hairpin turn of the MBT showing a strong structural control. The fault offset is 4 m on average and peaks to 7 m northwest of Muzaffarabad. The rupture lasted about 25 s and propagated updip and bi-laterally ~2 km/s, with a rise time of 2\u20135 s. The shallowness and compactness of the rupture, both in time and space, provide an explanation for the intensity of destructions. This kind of analysis could be achieved as soon as a post-earthquake image is available, and would provide key information for early assessment of damages. The study sheds some light on seismic hazard in the Himalaya, and raises concern regarding the possibility of a repetition of the 1555 event which presumably ruptured the Himalayan front south of the Kashmir basin and may have reached a magnitude M_w > 8.", "date": "2006-09-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "249", "number": "3-4", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "514-528", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101116-151107763", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101116-151107763", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "47", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.025", "primary_object": { "basename": "avouacEPSL2006SupplFigs.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sxvc2-ca149/files/avouacEPSL2006SupplFigs.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Avouac, Jean-Philippe; Ayoub, Fran\u00e7ois; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/tc4qf-va868", "eprint_id": 20849, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:31:50", "lastmod": "2026-04-13 14:56:51", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "L." } }, { "id": "Henry-P", "name": { "family": "Henry", "given": "P." } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J. P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" } ] }, "title": "Mountain building in the Nepal Himalaya: Thermal and kinematic model", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "thermal model; temperature-time paths; inverted metamorphism; underplating; Himalayan orogen; Nepal Himalaya; Lesser Himalaya; Main Central Thrust; Main Himalayan Thrust; crustal tectonics", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Elsevier B.V.\nReceived 27 June 2005; \nrevised 24 December 2005; \naccepted 23 January 2006. \nEditor: V. Courtillot. \nAvailable online 10 March 2006.\nThe authors are thankful to Patrick Lefort, Maurice\nBrunel and Arnaud P\u00eacher for sharing with them their\nexperience of Himalayan tectonics. This study has also\nbenefited from discussion with Peter Copeland who\nkindly authorized us to use his collection of Ar/Ar ages.\nFinite-element computations were done with the FEAP\nprogram, developed by R. Taylor at the University of\nCalifornia at Berkeley. We are most grateful to T. Ehlers,\nP. Tapponnier, K. Whipple and anonymous reviewers\nfor their comments and suggestions which greatly\nhelped in improving the manuscripts. This is Caltech\nTectonics Observatory contribution no 34.", "abstract": "We model crustal deformation and the resulting thermal structure across the Nepal Himalaya, assuming that, since 20 Ma, shortening across the range has been primarily taken up by slip along a single thrust fault, the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) Fault, and that the growth of the Himalayan wedge has resulted mainly from underplating and to the development of a duplex at midcrustal depth. We show that this process can account for the inverse thermal metamorphic gradient documented throughout the Lesser Himalaya (LH), the discontinuity of peak metamorphic temperatures across the MCT, as well as the distribution of age of exhumation across the range. This study suggests that the metamorphic evolution of the range over about the last 20 million years is compatible with the kinematics of recent crustal deformation deduced from morphotectonic and geodetic studies.", "date": "2006-04-15", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "244", "number": "1-2", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "58-71", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101117-095022710", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101117-095022710", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "34", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.045", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Bollinger, L.; Henry, P.; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/mnnk8-ene98", "eprint_id": 21677, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 05:13:48", "lastmod": "2026-04-14 02:53:30", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Charreau-J", "name": { "family": "Charreau", "given": "Julien" } }, { "id": "Gilder-S", "name": { "family": "Gilder", "given": "Stuart" } }, { "id": "Chen-Yan", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Yan" } }, { "id": "Dominguez-S", "name": { "family": "Dominguez", "given": "St\u00e9phane" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Sen-Sevket", "name": { "family": "Sen", "given": "Sevket" } }, { "id": "Jolivet-M", "name": { "family": "Jolivet", "given": "Marc" } }, { "id": "Li-Yongan", "name": { "family": "Li", "given": "Yongan" } }, { "id": "Wang-Weiming", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Weiming" } } ] }, "title": "Magnetostratigraphy of the Yaha section, Tarim Basin (China): 11 Ma acceleration in erosion and uplift of the Tian Shan mountains", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Tian Shan; uplift; erosion; magnetostratigaphy; Tarim", "note": "\u00a9 2006 Geological Society of America.\n\nManuscript received 27 July 2005.\nRevised manuscript received 14 November 2005.\nManuscript accepted 16 November 2005.\n\nWe dedicate this paper to Shaozhu Wu, whose unselfish\nand invaluable contributions will be sorely\nmissed. We thank Ed Sobel, Rob Coe, John Suppe, and\nNeil Opdyke for their critical reviews. This study was\nfinanced by the French Institut National des Sciences\nde l'Univers program ECLISPE (Environnement et Climat\ndu Pass\u00e9: Histoire et Evolution) and the Chinese\nproject 2005CB422101. This is Institut de Physique du\nGlobe de Paris contribution 2100.", "abstract": "We report a magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic study of the Yaha section, located on the southern flank of the central Tian Shan mountains, Asia. Our results show a two-fold increase in sedimentation rate as well as marked changes in rock magnetic characteristics ca. 11 Ma. After 11 Ma, sedimentation rate remained remarkably constant until at least 5.2 Ma. These findings are consistent with sedimentary records from other sections surrounding the Tian Shan. We conclude that uplift and erosion of the Tian Shan accelerated ca. 11 Ma, long after the onset of the collision between India and Asia, and that the range rapidly evolved toward a steady-state geometry via a balance between tectonic and erosion processes.", "date": "2006-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geology", "volume": "34", "number": "3", "publisher": "Geological Society of America", "pagerange": "181-184", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-151927244", "issn": "0091-7613", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-151927244", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU)", "grant_number": "ECLIPSE" }, { "agency": "973 Program of China", "grant_number": "2005CB422101" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "2100", "name": "Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris contribution" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1130/G22106.1", "pub_year": "2006", "author_list": "Charreau, Julien; Gilder, Stuart; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/a81fr-8ak04", "eprint_id": 21678, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 03:05:57", "lastmod": "2026-04-14 18:21:04", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Charreau-J", "name": { "family": "Charreau", "given": "Julien" } }, { "id": "Chen-Yan", "name": { "family": "Chen", "given": "Yan" } }, { "id": "Gilder-S", "name": { "family": "Gilder", "given": "Stuart" } }, { "id": "Dominguez-S", "name": { "family": "Dominguez", "given": "St\u00e9phane" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Sen-Sevket", "name": { "family": "Sen", "given": "Sevket" } }, { "id": "Sun-Dongjiang", "name": { "family": "Sun", "given": "Dongjiang" } }, { "id": "Li-Yongan", "name": { "family": "Li", "given": "Yongan" } }, { "id": "Wang-Wei-Ming", "name": { "family": "Wang", "given": "Wei-Ming" } } ] }, "title": "Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section (northwest China): implications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan mountains", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Tianshan; uplift; magnetostratigraphy; AMS", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Elsevier B.V.\n\nReceived 2 June 2004; revised 2 November 2004; accepted 4 November 2004. Editor: E. Bard. Available online 24 December 2004. \n\nThis study was financed by the French program\nECLIPSE and the Chinese project 973 No.\nG1999043303 and No. 1999043509. We thank Peter\nMolnar and Lisa Tauxe for their very constructive\nreviews. This is IPGP contribution 2924.", "abstract": "In order to better constrain the tectonic evolution of central Asia under the influence of the India\u2013Asia collision, we carried out a magnetostratigraphic study at the Kuitun He section, on the northern flank of the Tianshan range (northwest China). A total of 801 samples were collected from a 1559-m-thick section, which is composed mainly of fluvio-lacustrine sandstone and conglomerate. Stepwise thermal and alternating field demagnetization isolated a linear magnetization component that decays univectorally toward the origin and likely represents a primary magnetization principally carried by magnetite. From this component, 29 magnetic polarity intervals were identified. They correlate between ~3.1 and ~10.5 Ma with the reference magnetic polarity time scale, indicating a relatively constant sedimentation rate with an average of 0.21\u00b10.01 mm/year. We also performed a suite of rock magnetic experiments designed to track time-transgressive changes in the sedimentary record. From the rock magnetic parameters, together with the constant sedimentation rate, we conclude that the Tianshan mountains were actively uplifting by ~10.5 Ma.", "date": "2005-01-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "230", "number": "1-2", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "177-192", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-152743244", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-152743244", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU)", "grant_number": "ECLIPSE" }, { "agency": "973 Program of China", "grant_number": "G1999043303" }, { "agency": "973 Program of China", "grant_number": "G1999043509" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "2924", "name": "IPGP" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2004.11.002", "pub_year": "2005", "author_list": "Charreau, Julien; Chen, Yan; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xd2mh-tw228", "eprint_id": 20889, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:44:31", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 23:31:39", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Toussaint-G", "name": { "family": "Toussaint", "given": "G." } }, { "id": "Burov-E", "name": { "family": "Burov", "given": "E." } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J.-P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" } ] }, "title": "Tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone: A thermomechanical numerical model", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "continental subduction; numerical modeling; Himalaya; rheology; mountain building", "note": "\u00a9 2004 American Geophysical Union.\n\nReceived 3 December 2003; revised 17 August 2004; accepted 15 September 2004; published 30 November 2004.\n\nWe deeply thank the Associated editor\nL. Ratschbacher and the reviewers (S. Cloetingh, R. Jamieson, and\nT. Geria) for constructive comments on the manuscript. We also benefited\nfrom discussions with L. Jolivet and L. LePourhiet. Par(o)avoz v7 use\nengine by A. Poliakov and Y. Podladchikov [Poliakov et al., 1993]. This\nresearch was supported in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\nThis is Caltech Tectonic Observatory Contribution 5. This study is not\nsupported by DYETI(INSU-CNRS).\n\nPublished - toussaint_tectonics2004.pdf
", "abstract": "We model evolution of a continent-continent collision and draw some parallels with the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya. We use a large-scale visco-plasto-elastic thermomechanical model that has a free upper surface, accounts for erosion and deposition and allows for all modes of lithospheric deformation. For quartz/olivine rheology and 60 mm/yr convergence rate, the continental subduction is stable, and the model predicts three distinct phases. During the phase 1 (120 km or 6% of shortening), deformation is characterized by back thrusting around the suture zone. Some amount of delaminated lower crust accumulates at depth. During phase 2 (120 km\u2013420 km or 6%\u201322% of shortening), this crustal root is exhumed (medium- to high-grade rocks) along a newly formed major thrust fault. This stage bears similarities with the period of coeval activity of the Main Central thrust and of the South Tibetan Detachment between 20\u201316 Myr ago. During phase 3 (>420 km or 22% of shortening), the crust is scraped off from the mantle lithosphere and is incorporated into large crustal wedge. Deformation is localized around frontal thrust faults. This kinematics should produce only low- to medium-grade exhumation. This stage might be compared with the tectonics that has prevailed in the Himalaya over the last 15 Myr allowing for the formation of the Lesser Himalaya. The experiment is conducted at constant convergence rate, which implies increasing compressive force. Considering that this force is constant in nature, this result may be equivalent to a slowing down of the convergence rate as was observed during the India-Asia collision.", "date": "2004-11-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Tectonics", "volume": "23", "number": "6", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. TC6003", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101118-110717109", "issn": "0278-7407", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101118-110717109", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation" } ] }, "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "5", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2003TC001604", "primary_object": { "basename": "toussaint_tectonics2004.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/xd2mh-tw228/files/toussaint_tectonics2004.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Toussaint, G.; Burov, E.; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4r8sp-0bv25", "eprint_id": 20897, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:43:12", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 23:56:38", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "L." } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J. P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Cattin-R", "name": { "family": "Cattin", "given": "R." } }, { "id": "Pandey-M-R", "name": { "family": "Pandey", "given": "M. R." } } ] }, "title": "Stress buildup in the Himalaya", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "seismic cycle; interseismic; microseismicity; geodesy; Himalaya; Nepal", "note": "\u00a9 2004 American Geophysical Union.\nReceived 26 November 2003; revised 16 July 2004; accepted 5 August 2004; published 20 November 2004.\nWe are most grateful to Yehuda Bock,\nRoger Bilham, and Jeffrey Freymueller for their comments and suggestions,\nwhich greatly helped improve this manuscript. This is Caltech Tectonics\nObservatory contribution number 8.\n\nPublished - bollinger_JGR2004b.pdf
", "abstract": "The seismic cycle on a major fault involves long periods of elastic strain and stress accumulation, driven by aseismic ductile deformation at depth, ultimately released by sudden fault slip events. Coseismic slip distributions are generally heterogeneous with most of the energy being released in the rupture of asperities. Since, on the long term, the fault's walls generally do not accumulate any significant permanent deformation, interseismic deformation might be heterogeneous, revealing zones of focused stress buildup. The pattern of current deformation along the Himalayan arc, which is known to produce recurring devastating earthquakes, and where several seismic gaps have long been recognized, might accordingly show significant lateral variations, providing a possible explanation for the uneven microseismic activity along the Himalayan arc. By contrast, the geodetic measurements show a rather uniform pattern of interseismic strain, oriented consistently with long-term geological deformation, as indicated from stretching lineation. We show that the geodetic data and seismicity distribution are reconciled from a model in which microseismicity is interpreted as driven by stress buildup increase in the interseismic period. The uneven seismicity pattern is shown to reflect the impact of the topography on the stress field, indicating low deviatoric stresses (<35 MPa) and a low friction (<0.3) on the Main Himalayan Thrust. Arc-normal thrusting along the Himalayan front and east-west extension in southern Tibet are quantitatively reconciled by the model.", "date": "2004-11-20", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research B", "volume": "109", "number": "B11", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. B11405", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20101118-132506328", "issn": "0148-0227", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20101118-132506328", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "8", "name": "Caltech Tectonics Observatory" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2003JB002911", "primary_object": { "basename": "bollinger_JGR2004b.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/4r8sp-0bv25/files/bollinger_JGR2004b.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Bollinger, L.; Avouac, J. P.; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31", "eprint_id": 21684, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:35:32", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 23:27:58", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "L." } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J. P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Beyssac-O", "name": { "family": "Beyssac", "given": "O." } }, { "id": "Catlos-E-J", "name": { "family": "Catlos", "given": "E. J." } }, { "id": "Harrison-T-M", "name": { "family": "Harrison", "given": "T. M." } }, { "id": "Grove-M", "name": { "family": "Grove", "given": "M." } }, { "id": "Goff\u00e9-B", "name": { "family": "Goff\u00e9", "given": "B." } }, { "id": "Sapkota-S", "name": { "family": "Sapkota", "given": "S." } } ] }, "title": "Thermal structure and exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "Himalaya; thermal structure; underplating; duplex; metamorphism; thermochronology", "note": "\u00a9 2004 American Geophysical Union.\n\nReceived 20 July 2003; revised 15 July 2004; accepted 19 July 2004; published 20 October 2004.\nThis research was funded by the Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie Atomique and by the PNRN Centre National pour la\nRecherche Scientifique program. We thank Department of Mines and Geology, National Seismic Center, for fieldwork assistance. Thermochronological work was accomplished with the invaluable aid of Eric Cowgill.\nWe are most grateful to the Associate Editor, Darrel Cowan, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which greatly helped improve this manuscript.\n\nAuxiliary material for this article contains a data set with thermometrical, structural, and thermochronological data for central western Nepal Lesser Himalayas.\n\nPublished - Bollinger2004p5015_Tectonics.pdf
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_README.txt
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_TS_Damauli.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_TS_Gorepani.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_TS_Kathmandu.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_TS_Kodari.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_TS_Marsyangdi.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_01.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_02.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_03.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_04.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_05.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_06.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_07.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_08.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_09.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_10.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_11.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_12.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_13.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_14.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_15.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_16.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_17.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_18.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_19.eps
Supplemental Material - 2003TC001564_Thermochronology_20.eps
", "abstract": "The Lesser Himalaya (LH) consists of metasedimentary rocks that have been scrapped off from the underthrusting Indian crust and accreted to the mountain range over the last ~20 Myr. It now forms a significant fraction of the Himalayan collisional orogen. We document the kinematics and thermal metamorphism associated with the deformation and exhumation of the LH, combining thermometric and thermochronological methods with structural geology. Peak metamorphic temperatures estimated from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material decrease gradually from 520\u00b0\u2013550\u00b0C below the Main Central Thrust zone down to less than 330\u00b0C. These temperatures describe structurally a 20\u00b0\u201350\u00b0C/km inverted apparent gradient. The Ar muscovite ages from LH samples and from the overlying crystalline thrust sheets all indicate the same regular trend; i.e., an increase from about 3\u20134 Ma near the front of the high range to about 20 Ma near the leading edge of the thrust sheets, about 80 km to the south. This suggests that the LH has been exhumed jointly with the overlying nappes as a result of overthrusting by about 5 mm/yr. For a convergence rate of about 20 mm/yr, this implies underthrusting of the Indian basement below the Himalaya by about 15 mm/yr. The structure, metamorphic grade and exhumation history of the LH supports the view that, since the mid-Miocene, the Himalayan orogen has essentially grown by underplating, rather than by frontal accretion. This process has resulted from duplexing at a depth close to the brittle-ductile transition zone, by southward migration of a midcrustal ramp along the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, and is estimated to have resulted in a net flux of up to 150 m^2/yr of LH rocks into the Himalayan orogenic wedge. The steep inverse thermal gradient across the LH is interpreted to have resulted from a combination of underplating and post metamorphic shearing of the underplated units.", "date": "2004-10-20", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Tectonics", "volume": "23", "number": "5", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. TC5015", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110111-091600174", "issn": "0278-7407", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110111-091600174", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie Atomique (CEA) (France)" }, { "agency": "PNRN Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique program" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2003TC001564", "primary_object": { "basename": "2003TC001564_Thermochronology_03.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_Thermochronology_03.eps" }, "related_objects": [ { "basename": "2003TC001564_Thermochronology_05.eps", "url": 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"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_Thermochronology_04.eps" }, { "basename": "2003TC001564_Thermochronology_08.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_Thermochronology_08.eps" }, { "basename": "2003TC001564_Thermochronology_15.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_Thermochronology_15.eps" }, { "basename": "2003TC001564_Thermochronology_17.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_Thermochronology_17.eps" }, { "basename": "2003TC001564_TS_Damauli.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_TS_Damauli.eps" }, { "basename": "2003TC001564_TS_Kodari.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_TS_Kodari.eps" }, { "basename": "Bollinger2004p5015_Tectonics.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/Bollinger2004p5015_Tectonics.pdf" }, { "basename": "2003TC001564_Thermochronology_02.eps", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/f2ewd-67q31/files/2003TC001564_Thermochronology_02.eps" } ], "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Bollinger, L.; Avouac, J. P.; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/976et-ea184", "eprint_id": 21685, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:19:32", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 18:26:28", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Beyssac-O", "name": { "family": "Beyssac", "given": "Olivier" } }, { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "Laurent" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" }, { "id": "Goff\u00e9-B", "name": { "family": "Goff\u00e9", "given": "Bruno" } } ] }, "title": "Thermal metamorphism in the lesser Himalaya of Nepal determined from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "restricted", "keywords": "Himalaya; graphitization; Raman spectroscopy; geothermometry; metamorphism", "note": "\u00a9 2004 Elsevier B.V.\n\nReceived 18 December 2003; received in revised form 6 May 2004; accepted 20 May 2004.\n\nField work was organized with the friendly\nassistance of our colleagues at the Department of\nMines and Geology in Katmandu. Raman spectroscopy\nmeasurements were performed at ENS Lyon\n(INSU national instrument). Maps were produced\nwith GMT software. Constructive and sensitive comments\nby Michael Tice and Brigitte Wopenka as well\nas editorial handling by Ken Farley are gratefully\nacknowledged.", "abstract": "The determination of metamorphic conditions is critical to the understanding of the formation of mountain belts. However, all collisional mountain belts contain large volumes of accreted sediments generally lacking metamorphic index minerals and are therefore not amenable to conventional petrologic investigations. By contrast, these units are often rich in carbonaceous material, making it possible to determine thermal metamorphism through Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM method), a technique that has been recently calibrated [Beyssac et al., J. Metamorph. Geol. 20 (2002) 859\u2013871]. The Lesser Himalaya (LH) is one of these problematic cases with a very poor mineralogy, but a key structural position within the Himalayan system that makes LH considered as diagnostic of the overall thermal behaviour of the orogen. This work demonstrates the performance of the RSCM technique and shows that this technique might thus be used to detect inter-sample variations as small as ~10\u201315 \u00b0C, but absolute temperatures can only be determined to \u00b150 \u00b0C due to the uncertainty on the calibration. This study reveals that the LH has undergone a large-scale thermal metamorphism, with temperature decreasing progressively from about 540 \u00b0C at the top to less than 330 \u00b0C within the deepest exhumed structural levels.", "date": "2004-08-30", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", "volume": "225", "number": "1-2", "publisher": "Elsevier", "pagerange": "233-241", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110111-092509212", "issn": "0012-821X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110111-092509212", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.023", "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Beyssac, Olivier; Bollinger, Laurent; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hav8t-9vb15", "eprint_id": 21681, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 02:05:26", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 23:42:26", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Perfettini-H", "name": { "family": "Perfettini", "given": "H." }, "orcid": "0000-0001-6829-5472" }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J.-P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" } ] }, "title": "Stress transfer and strain rate variations during the seismic cycle", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "earthquake cycle; postseismic relaxation; GPS; Geodesy and Gravity: Seismic deformations; Geodesy and Gravity: Rheology of the lithosphere and mantle; Seismology: Seismicity and seismotectonics; Seismology: Earthquake parameters; Seismology: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics", "note": "\u00a9 2004 American Geophysical Union.\n\nReceived 28 November 2003; revised 15 March 2004; accepted 10 May 2004; published 22 June 2004.\n\nWe are grateful to Massimo Cocco, Teruo\nYamashita, and Sandra Stancey for their comments which have been most\nhelpful to improve the manuscript. This is Caltech contribution 9001.\n\nPublished - Perfettini2004_p109_Journ_Geophys_Res.pdf
", "abstract": "The balance of forces implies stress transfers during the seismic cycle between the elastobrittle upper crust and the viscoelastic lower crust. This could induce observable time variations of crustal straining in the interseismic period. We simulate these variations using a one-dimensional system of springs, sliders, and dashpot loaded by a constant force. The seismogenic zone and the zone of afterslip below are modeled from rate-and-state friction. The ductile deeper fault zone is modeled from a viscous slider with Newtonian viscosity \u03bd. The force per unit length, F, must exceed a critical value F_c to overcome friction resistance of the fault system. This simple system produces periodic earthquakes. The recurrence period, T_(cycle), and the duration of the postseismic relaxation phase, which is driven dominantly by afterslip, then both scale linearly with \u03bd. Between two earthquakes, interseismic strain buildup across the whole system is nonstationary with the convergence rates V_i, just after each earthquake, being systematically higher than the value V_f at the end of the interseismic period. We show that V_i/V_f is an exponential function of \u03b1 = T_(cycle)/T_M \u221d \u0394\u03c4/(F \u2013 F_c ) \u221d \u0394\u03c4/(\u03bdV_ 0), where \u0394\u03c4 is the coseismic stress drop and V_0 is the long-term fault slip rate. It follows that departure from stationary strain buildup is higher if the contribution of viscous forces to the force balance is small compared to the coseismic stress drop (due to a low viscosity or low convergence rate, for example). This simple model is meant to show that the far-field deformation rate in the interseismic period, which can be determined from geodetic measurements, might not necessarily be uniform and equal to the long-term geologic rate.", "date": "2004-06-22", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geophysical Research B", "volume": "109", "number": "B6", "publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "pagerange": "Art. No. B06402", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-161256950", "issn": "0148-0227", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-161256950", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "other_numbering_system": { "items": [ { "id": "9001", "name": "Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1029/2003JB002917", "primary_object": { "basename": "Perfettini2004_p109_Journ_Geophys_Res.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hav8t-9vb15/files/Perfettini2004_p109_Journ_Geophys_Res.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Perfettini, H. and Avouac, J.-P." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jep2g-ck669", "eprint_id": 21680, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-22 01:44:15", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 23:49:54", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Jouanne-F", "name": { "family": "Jouanne", "given": "F." } }, { "id": "Mugnier-J-L", "name": { "family": "Mugnier", "given": "J. L." } }, { "id": "Gamond-J-F", "name": { "family": "Gamond", "given": "J. F." } }, { "id": "Le-Fort-P", "name": { "family": "Le Fort", "given": "P." } }, { "id": "Pandey-M-R", "name": { "family": "Pandey", "given": "M. R." } }, { "id": "Bollinger-L", "name": { "family": "Bollinger", "given": "L." } }, { "id": "Flouzat-M", "name": { "family": "Flouzat", "given": "M." } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "J. P." }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" } ] }, "title": "Current shortening across the Himalayas of Nepal", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "continental deformation; earthquake location; fault models; Himalayas; Nepal; plate convergence; satellite geodesy", "note": "\u00a9 2004 RAS.\n\nAccepted 2003 November 1. Received 2003 October 30; in original form 2002 March 22.\nArticle first published online: 2 Apr. 2004.\nIdylhim is a French-Nepali project sponsored by CNRS-INSU (France) programs IDYL, IT and PNRN, and the Idylhim members are N. L. Chaudury, G. R. Chitrakar, A. Galy, U. P. Gautam, J. P. Glot, B. Kaffle, B. P. Koirala, P. Leturmy, R. Ranabhat, S. N. Sapkota, P. L. Shrestha, M. C. Thakury, U. R. Timilsina, U. R. Tiwari, G. Vidal and B. De Voogd. The authors gratefully acknowledge the availability of Himalayan GPS data acquired by the Nepal Survey Department, the University of Colorado at Boulder and the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, with support from the US National Science Foundation. The maps in this paper were generated using the public domain Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software (Wessel & Smith 1998).\n\nPublished - Jouanne2004p1_Geophys_Journ_Int.pdf
", "abstract": "Underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Himalayas occurs during the Quaternary period along a gently north-dipping main basal detachment (main Himalayan thrust: MHT), from which the southernmost emergent ramp (main frontal thrust: MFT) branches. Historical seismicity shows that slip on the MHT is frequently accommodated through M > 8 shallow earthquakes, but shows a seismic gap in western Nepal. This absence of major historical earthquakes in western Nepal can be explained either by an aseismic slip on the MHT or a long-lived elastic strain accumulation. To test these hypotheses, the present-day displacement field has been measured for a GPS network formed of 35 sites. The updated solution presented in this paper combines data from 1995, 1997, 1998 and 2000 measurements. The lack of deformation (less than 3 \u2022 10^(\u22128) yr^(\u22121)) through the outer belt does not fit with a regional aseismic slip along the southern part of MHT. A less than 3 mm yr^(\u22121) aseismic slip could nonetheless affect restricted areas of the outer belt. In contrast, a strain accumulation of more than 30 \u2022 10^(\u22128) yr^(\u22121) is measured south of the Higher Himalayas, in a zone where an intense microseismicity reflects a stress build-up. It is presumably generated by locking of the aseismic creep that occurs along the MHT beneath the Higher Himalayas and Tibet. The displacement field is simulated by a dual-dislocation model that takes into account the pattern of microseismicity, and particularly a segmentation between central and western Nepal. The best fit between the measured and simulated displacement fields is obtained with 19 mm yr^(\u22121) thrust and 0\u20131 mm yr^(\u22121) dextral strike-slip components along a 117\u00b0NE dislocation locked to a depth of 20\u201321 km beneath western Nepal, and 19\u201320 mm yr^(\u22121) thrust and 0\u20132 mm yr^(\u22121) dextral strike-slip components along a 108\u00b0NE dislocation locked to a depth of 17\u201321 km beneath central Nepal. The width of the locked zone between the main frontal thrust and the creeping zone is of the same order, but rather greater, in western Nepal than in central Nepal. Therefore it is expected that M > 8 earthquakes could occur in western Nepal.", "date": "2004-04", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Geophysical Journal International", "volume": "157", "number": "1", "publisher": "Royal Astronomical Society", "pagerange": "1-14", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-155620364", "issn": "0956-540X", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-155620364", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02180.x", "primary_object": { "basename": "Jouanne2004p1_Geophys_Journ_Int.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/jep2g-ck669/files/Jouanne2004p1_Geophys_Journ_Int.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Jouanne, F.; Mugnier, J. L.; et al." }, { "id": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0f5gb-4kx76", "eprint_id": 21679, "eprint_status": "archive", "datestamp": "2023-08-19 13:09:21", "lastmod": "2026-04-15 20:36:03", "type": "article", "metadata_visibility": "show", "creators": { "items": [ { "id": "Poisson-B", "name": { "family": "Poisson", "given": "Blanche" } }, { "id": "Avouac-J-P", "name": { "family": "Avouac", "given": "Jean-Philippe" }, "orcid": "0000-0002-3060-8442" } ] }, "title": "Holocene Hydrological Changes Inferred from Alluvial Stream Entrenchment in North Tian Shan (Northwestern China)", "ispublished": "pub", "full_text_status": "public", "keywords": "alluvial stream, piedmont, fluvial incision, river profile, river slope, Tian Shan.", "note": "\u00a9 2004 The University of Chicago.\n\nManuscript received July 16, 2002; accepted October 16,\n2003.\nThis research was funded by the Commissariat \u00e0 l'Energie Atomique and by the Eclipse Centre National\nde la Recherche Scientifique program. We are\ngrateful to N. Mercier for indispensable help in doing\nOSL analysis and for allowing data release before\npublication. We thank F. M\u00e9tivier and S. Dominguez\nfor fruitful discussions and help in the\nfield. Two anonymous reviewers have provided\nmost helpful comments and suggestions.\n\nPublished - Poisson2004p231_Journ_Geol.pdf
", "abstract": "We analyze the possible contribution of climate change or tectonics on fluvial incision from the study of a case example along the northern flank of Tian Shan. The rivers that exit the high range fed large alluvial fans by the end of the last glacial period. They have since deeply entrenched the piedmont by as much as 300 m. We have surveyed several terraces that were cut and abandoned during river entrenchment, providing information on intermediate positions of the riverbed during downcutting. They suggest a gradual decline in river slope during a major phase of incision throughout the Holocene. Tectonic uplift affects only a zone about 5 km wide, corresponding to a growing anticline, and is shown to account for about 10% of total incision. Incision was therefore most probably driven by climate change. From observed fluvial incision, we estimate the water discharge in excess of that needed to carry the sediments supplied by hillslope erosion in the headwaters. We used a model based on a transport\u2010limited erosion law. The model predicts relaxation process with entrenchment in the upper reach, downstream progradation of the incision\u2010sedimentation line, and a progressive decrease of river slope during incision consistent with our observations. According to this model, river slope might be used as a proxy for specific discharge and then for volumetric discharge, provided that an assumption is made about river width variations. We conclude that river incision in the study area has resulted from dynamic adjustment of the hydrological system to the settlement of wetter conditions in the early Holocene, when water discharge might have been about three times as high as at present. Then, a rather arid climate with enhanced seasonality has likely prevailed from the mid\u2010Holocene (~6 ka B.P.) until now.", "date": "2004-03", "date_type": "published", "publication": "Journal of Geology", "volume": "112", "number": "2", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "pagerange": "231-249", "id_number": "CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-154436486", "issn": "0022-1376", "official_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110110-154436486", "rights": "No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.", "funders": { "items": [ { "agency": "Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00c9nergie Atomique (CEA) (France)" }, { "agency": "Eclipse Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique program" } ] }, "local_group": { "items": [ { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory" }, { "id": "Caltech-Tectonics-Observatory.-Indo-Asian-Collision-Zone" }, { "id": "Seismological-Laboratory" }, { "id": "Division-of-Geological-and-Planetary-Sciences" } ] }, "doi": "10.1086/381659", "primary_object": { "basename": "Poisson2004p231_Journ_Geol.pdf", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/0f5gb-4kx76/files/Poisson2004p231_Journ_Geol.pdf" }, "pub_year": "2004", "author_list": "Poisson, Blanche and Avouac, Jean-Philippe" } ]